4th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)

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Germans got within 20 yards (18 m). The tactic was successful and time after time the Germans were beaten back. In between German infantry attacks, the defenders came under almost constant mortar and artillery bombardment, which was responsible for the destruction of the divisional ammunition dump. At one stage Major Powell of 156 Para discovered that he and his men were surrounded when the British units on either side of them pulled back without informing them. Asking for permission to withdraw, he gained the impression that headquarters had forgotten about them or thought they had been wiped out. The gaps in the perimeter did allow individual German snipers to infiltrate brigade positions and the Glider Pilots had to send out dedicated anti-sniper patrols to hunt them down. Patrols from both sides moved around the brigade's area and anyone caught in the open during daylight was liable to be confronted by the other side and shot. Touring his brigade positions, Brigadier Hackett, Lieutenant-Colonel Thompson of the artillery and the

1200:. Those men that did cross the river were to go into the line under command of the 4th Parachute Brigade. Despite the urgent need for reinforcements, the operation did not begin until 03:00. Only twelve boats were available and by dawn, 200 Poles had been carried across the river. While en route to reinforce 'D' Squadron GPR, the Poles were caught in the open by machine-gun fire, killing their commander, Captain Gazurek, and another man. Pinned down all day, the Poles only reached the glider pilots' position after dark. After welcoming the Poles to the brigade, Brigadier Hackett departed for headquarters and was caught in the open during a mortar barrage and wounded again . The seriously injured Hackett was taken to the CCS in the Hartenstein Hotel, and command of 4th Parachute Brigade given to Lieutenant-Colonel Iain Murray of the Glider Pilot Regiment. That afternoon a truce was agreed to allow evacuation of British wounded from inside the perimeter. Over 450 wounded including Brigadier Hackett were taken into German captivity. 925:

brigade headquarters, he was informed by Lieutenant-Colonel Mckenzie of the division's staff about the change in plans, explaining that 11 Para was to be detached from his brigade to support the push into Arnhem. At the same time the KOSB, until then responsible for defending the northern side of the landing grounds, were attached to 4th Parachute Brigade to replace 11 Para. Meanwhile, the KOSB still had to defend landing-zone 'L', to protect gliders arriving on day three. While Hackett formulated a new plan, Mckenzie returned to divisional headquarters, to be informed on his arrival that 60 German tanks were approaching Arnhem from the north. Transport aircraft passing over occupied channel ports had confirmed German suspicions of a second lift such that they were able to give their troops at Arnhem forty-five minutes advance notice of the allies' arrival. Prepared in advance for such an eventuality, a

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of five officers and sixty men in 156 Para. Two officers with one hundred men in 11 Para and thirty men in 10 Para. With their losses in men and vehicles beginning to tell, German troops attacking the perimeter changed tactics and now tended to rely more on artillery and mortars than on infantry and armour to break through the British line. However, in the attacks on Lonsdale Force, the Germans persisted in attacking in company strength supported by one or two armoured vehicles. The method employed by the Germans was a tank or SP gun would move up and down a street blowing holes in the house walls. This would be followed up by supporting infantry who would try and use the holes to gain entry to the houses. During the day men from Lonsdale Force and the 21st Independent Company stalked and destroyed two SP guns then engaged the supporting infantry.

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Para bringing up the rear. Virtually surrounded, the brigade fought a running hand-to-hand battle with German infantry supported by armour as they attempted to break through. During the fighting commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Des Voeux and the second in command of 156 Para were killed in action. Another high ranking casualty was the commanding officer of 10 Para Lieutenant-Colonel Ken Smyth, who was wounded and became a prisoner of war. With 156 Para leading, the remnants of the brigade carried out a bayonet charge and cleared the Germans from a large hollow which provided some shelter for the exhausted troops. Pinned down all day and with their numbers dwindling, at 17:00 Brigadier Hackett led a charge towards the divisions position, only the Brigadier and 150 men made it.

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same time 10 Para, closely followed by German armoured vehicles and under mortar fire, reached the clearing. The leading companies had just cleared the woods and started across open ground when the gliders arrived. In the confusion, with both groups under fire, each thought the other was the enemy and began shooting back. The Polish anti-tank battery was virtually destroyed and although some vehicles got away the majority of their guns were trapped in the burning gliders. Some of the pursuing German troops tried to cross the landing zone only to suffer heavy casualties at the hands of the defending KOSB companies. In the confusion, 'A' Company KOSB, covering the withdrawal of 10 Para, was cut off and eventually forced to surrender.

1058: 1250:. During the day's fighting, some units had become isolated and never received the order to evacuate. Those capable of taking part were formed into groups of fourteen (the maximum capacity of the boats) and guided to the river by men from the Glider Pilot Regiment who during the day had reconnoitred and marked out two routes to the river. Under cover of an artillery barrage the evacuation started at 22:00. German infiltration of the perimeter caused problems during the withdrawal and some groups got into fire fights or were captured. When they reached the river, priority was given to the wounded and regardless of rank the soldiers waited in line for their turn to get into the boats. 1112: 914: 1139:. Although unable to cross the river, the Poles at least relieved the pressure on the troops at Oosterbeek, when the Germans diverted 2,400 troops to contain them. By now the division had made first contact with XXX Corps 11 miles (18 km) to the south and could call upon the guns of 64 Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery to break up German attacks. The Poles arrival rejuvenated the Germans, at 18:40 Lonsdale Force was attacked. The next attack came at 19:05 in the west and 10 Para were attacked at 20:10. First, houses holding 10 Para were set alight then assaulted by German infantry, but they continued to hold out. 977: 1176:

positions which broke up the assault. Attacks continued all morning and a shortage of hand held anti-tank weapons allowed German tanks to safely approach the brigade's positions. The tanks targeted the houses shooting up a room at a time, forcing the defenders out and into trenches dug in the gardens. Both units managed to hold out, however their situation was officially described as "grim". The numbers of British casualties exhausted all available medical supplies and wound dressings. Those wounded who required urgent treatment were now directed to the Schoonoord Hotel, which was in German hands.

1148: 28: 936:–Arnhem road, in order to capture their three objectives, first the high ground overlooking Johanna Hoeve farm, next the woods near to Lichtenbeek House and finally the high ground at Koepel. The delay in England meant it was 17:00 before the brigade started moving. With the element of surprise gone and no intelligence on the German dispositions, 156 Para headed for the first objective. Followed by 10 Para slightly behind and to their left. Bringing up the rear was the brigade reserve 4th Field Squadron, 84: 66: 1263:

missing or prisoners of war. Their total casualties amounted to seventy-eight per cent, and while severe they were not the highest in the division. The 1st Airlanding Brigade suffered eighty–one per cent casualties, slightly lower than the eighty–eight per cent figure for the overall division. The 4th Parachute Brigade never recovered from the battle of Arnhem and was disbanded, those men who had been evacuated were used to reform the battalions of the 1st Parachute Brigade.

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ordered 11 Para still in the outskirts of Arnhem to support the advance of 4th Parachute Brigade by occupying the high ground on the north-west outskirts of Arnhem. At 14:30 the battalion was caught in the open and subjected to a mortar attack. The attacked caused heavy casualties including the commanding officer lieutenant-Colonel George Lea, unable to proceed around 150 of the survivors were forced to withdraw towards Oosterbeek.

812: 745:, under Operation Tuxedo the brigade would be parachuted in to support operations if any of the five invasion beaches experienced difficulties. Tuxedo was the only operation planned where the brigade would act as an independent formation whereas 13 other operations were prepared which would have deployed the entire 1st Airborne Division. However, the speed of the Allied advance towards the 730: 346: 910:(KOSB). Elsewhere German attacks were only stopped by bombardments from the division's 75 mm artillery guns. The 4th Parachute Brigade's paratroops jumped from between 800 and 100 feet (244 and 30 m) through German machine gun fire, yet despite the enemy having encroached to within range of the drop zone, the brigade landed with only minor casualties. 859:"They could forget what they had been told. Being put down where we were, with surprise gone and the opposition alerted, and given the German capability for a swift and violent response to any threat to what really mattered, they could expect their hardest fighting and worst casualties, not in defence of the final perimeter, but in trying to get there." 1167:, had fought through and linked up with the Poles at Driel. That night the brigade made the first attempt to get men of the Polish Parachute Brigade across the Rhine. Under the command of Captain Harry Brown of the brigade's engineer squadron, fifteen men with a makeshift fleet of six boats, managed to transport fifty-five Poles across the river. 1082:"This is the fourth day of fighting and camera work is almost out of the question. All day we have been under shell, mortar and machine gun fire. We are completely surrounded and our perimeter is becoming smaller every hour, now it is a matter of fighting for our lives. If our land forces don't make contact with us soon then we've had it". 832:

1st Parachute Brigade, most of 1st Airlanding Brigade and divisional troops would be on the first lift. The airlanding brigade would remain at the landing grounds and defend them during the following day's lifts, while the parachute brigade set out alone to capture the bridges and ferry crossing on the

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The battalions were then allocated positions on the eastern side of the perimeter, but by now they were battalions in name only. 156 Para had just 53 men under Major Geoffrey Powell, while 10 Para were only slightly better off with 60 men although all its battalion officers were missing. As a result,

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At daylight 4th Parachute Brigade started moving east towards the division at Oosterbeek, where the KOSB, moving through the night, had already arrived. Only the parachute battalions and brigade troops remained outside of the village. The order of march was 10 Para followed by brigade troops then 156

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Once the brigade arrived, many of the Germans around the drop zone withdrew or offered no further resistance. The first unit on the ground, 10 Para, attacked and destroyed the Dutch SS Wachbattalion while Brigadier Hackett personally captured ten Germans shortly after landing. When Hackett arrived at

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The 1st Airborne Division had the required airlift capacity to deliver all three parachute brigades with their glider borne anti-tank weapons or two of the parachute brigades and the airlanding brigade on day one. However, instead the vast majority of the division's vehicles and heavy equipment, plus

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The 1st Airborne Division had taken 11,500 men to Arnhem where 1,440 were killed and just over half, some 5,960 men, were prisoners of war of whom 3,000 had been wounded before capture. Of the 4th Parachute Brigade's 2,170 men who arrived in Arnhem, 252 were killed, 462 were evacuated and 1,456 were

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Three hours later 156 Para had covered about 6 miles (9.7 km), and as darkness fell they came up against a strong German defensive position which they were unable to outflank in the dark. The battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel des Voeux, out of contact with brigade headquarters,

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The previous day's attacks had contracted the division's perimeter; it was now about 1,000 yards (910 m) wide at the river, stretching north for 2,000 yards (1,800 m) where it widened out to around 1,200 yards (1,100 m). The brigade's three original parachute battalions now consisted

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anti-tank projectile engaged in a fight with German armoured vehicles for which he would be awarded the Victoria Cross. Elsewhere around the brigade's positions the Germans mounted a number of small attacks, at times supported by armour. Shortage of ammunition made the defenders hold fire until the

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The buildup of vehicles and men trying to use the crossing at Wolfheze caused a bottleneck and made progress slow. Rather than wait, brigade headquarters, the KOSB and 156 Para chose to head up and over the railway embankment on foot. Once south of the railway line Support and 'B' Company, 156 Para

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In Arnhem at around 03:30, the leading units of 11 Para reached 1st Parachute Brigade and the 2nd South Staffords, just as they started a new attempt to fight through to the bridge. As the battalion had just arrived and had no appreciation of the ground, it was held in reserve and played no part in

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at Grave required two lifts while the British 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem would need three lifts. Whereas the two American divisions delivered at least three quarters of their infantry in their first lift, the 1st Airborne's similar drop used only half its infantry capacity and the remainder to

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The crossing was not secure and when the Germans realised something was happening they opened fire with machine-guns and targeted the south bank with artillery fire, sinking some boats or killing their crews. At dawn the evacuation ended with around 500 men still waiting on the north bank. A small

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of I Airborne Corps, decided not to reinforce the position north of the Rhine. Instead they ordered the Corps staff to prepare a plan to withdraw the division (Operation Berlin). The evacuation of the surviving 2,500 men able to make the crossing was to begin at 20:45. The evacuation would be

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After holding out in Arnhem for four nights and three days, the 2nd Parachute Battalion surrendered overnight. At Oosterbeek there was around 3,000 men of the 1st Airborne Division dug in to form a perimeter. Everything including ammunition was now in short supply and most of the men had not eaten

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As both battalions headed for the railway line, gliders carrying the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade's vehicles and artillery arrived at landing zone 'L'. The KOSB still defending the area were holding out against repeated German attacks but the landing ground was in range of the Germans guns. At the

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By now the perimeter along the river was only about 700 yards (640 m) wide. In the south-east a large force of Germans managed to break through the brigade's perimeter and overran one of the division's artillery batteries, located at the rear of Lonsdale Force. The other artillery batteries

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attack to relieve the pressure on the South Staffords. Only the intervention of Major-General Urquhart, just freed from where he had been trapped, stopped the 11 Para assault. Having recognised the futility of the battle Urquhart was not prepared to reinforce failure. At 11:00 the Major-General

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asked to speak to Brigadier Hackett. He explained they were about to attack the area supported by an artillery and mortar barrage. He knew there were wounded in the nearby Casualty Clearing Station (CCS) and suggested that the brigade's forward positions were moved 600 yards (550 m) back.

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Both battalions were still in contact with the Germans during the withdrawal with 10 Para to the north having the furthest to travel to reach the relative safety of the rail crossing. By 15:00 it became obvious that the Germans were already in front of the battalion. Now, as well as fighting a

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The day began with a four-hour artillery and mortar bombardment and all indications were of an attack in force on 156 Para and 'D' Squadron GPR. At 07:42 the attack started and at 07:50, by now under intense pressure, Brigade headquarters called down artillery fire almost on top of their own

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In the east about 400 men, the remnants of 11 Para, the 1st Parachute Brigade and the 2nd South Staffordshires, having failed to break through to the trapped 2nd Parachute Battalion were trickling back towards Oosterbeek. They were gathered together and eventually placed under the command of

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On 18 September, day two of the operation, bad weather over England kept the second lift on the ground and the first troops did not arrive in the Netherlands until 15:00. The delay gave the Germans time to approach the northern landing grounds and engage the defenders from the 7th Battalion,

855:'Y', as early as possible on Monday 18 September 1944. The brigade's objective was to capture the high ground north-west of Arnhem. In their last briefing before departure, Brigadier Hackett dismissed all officers except for the battalion commanders and the brigade staff and told them; 310:. After a short delay the brigade headed out for its objective. When only halfway there, however, the remaining two battalions were confronted by prepared German defences. The brigade, having suffered heavy losses, was eventually forced to withdraw. The next day, weakened by fighting at 1095:

Headquarters 4th Parachute Brigade began to function again and a small number of stragglers from the parachute battalions were reunited with their units. The brigade was now responsible for all units in the eastern half of the perimeter. In descending order from north to south were the

973:, and the battalion suffered heavy losses. At one stage 'A' Company penetrated the German line, but before they could dig in, all their officers were killed or wounded. Short of ammunition, the remaining men were counter-attacked by the Germans and driven back. 756:

The brigade's next operation was scheduled for early September 1944. Codenamed Comet, the plan called for the 1st Airborne Division's three brigades to land in the Netherlands and capture three river crossings. The first of these was the bridge over the

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Hackett refused to move, not least because to do so would have placed divisional headquarters 200 yards (180 m) behind the new German front line. Although the expected artillery barrage did arrive, no rounds landed in the area of the CCS.

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in Oosterbeek. The Germans continued to pressure 4th Parachute Brigade and 10 Para dug in around Wolfheze. 156 Para to their south came under constant attack leading to fighting at close quarters throughout the night and into the next morning.

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and into Oosterbeek where the division's support units waited. The change of direction was further complicated by the lack of vehicle crossings along the railway line—there were only two, one at Wolfheze and the other at Oosterbeek.

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became mixed up with 10 Para making towards Wolfheze, while the battalion headquarters and other two companies headed further south. At 20:30 divisional headquarters issued orders for all units to fall back on a position around the

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and the Ede–Arnhem road across the brigade's expected route. Repeated assaults by both battalions could not find a way through. Advancing through heavy woodland, 156 Para were confronted by infantry supported by mortars,

337:. During the battle of Arnhem, the brigade's total casualties amounted to seventy-eight per cent, and the 4th Parachute Brigade was disbanded rather than reformed, the survivors being posted to the 1st Parachute Brigade. 993:

By 14:00 the 4th Parachute Brigade was no further forward. With casualties mounting, Brigadier Hackett asked Major-General Urquhart's permission to withdraw south of the railway line. His intention was to move through

1222:. In the afternoon, more Germans managed to infiltrate the perimeter. Only intervention by the guns of 64 Medium Regiment firing on the British positions prevented the division's headquarters from being overrun. 1213:

and SP guns, came close to cutting the defenders off from the river and were only defeated by the artillery, followed up by bayonet and grenade counter-attacks. Lonsdale Force spent the rest of the day in

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killed in action. In December 1943, the 11th Parachute Battalion, which had been working independently in the Mediterranean, rejoined the brigade. The only operation they had been involved in was a

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destroyed some of 10 Para's transport. The battalion counterattacked, capturing the guns and a nearby farm building they were using. The brigade advance restarted at 07:00, but by now the

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Landings by the 1st Allied Airborne Army's three divisions began in the Netherlands on 17 September 1944. Although allocation of aircraft for each division was roughly similar, the

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in the north and their paratroops south of the river. Once all units were in place, the division was to form a defensive ring around the Arnhem bridges until relieved by the advance of

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With 11 Para still in Palestine, the 4th Parachute Brigade only had the 10th and 156th Battalion's available to take part in the landings. On 9 September 1943, the same day as the

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number of men tried to swim across and some made it to the far bank. Of the men left behind, 200 evaded capture and reached the safety of the south bank over the following days.

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opened fire on the Germans from a range of 50 yards (46 m) and requested infantry as well as anti-tank weapons to come to their assistance. The German force including two

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was turned over to parachute duties and, on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. This was later to become the

3634: 3196: 669:, the northernmost point of their advance, before being ordered back to Taranto. Playing no further part in operations in Italy, the brigade was withdrawn by sea to the 385:, on 10 February 1941. The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in 3629: 3639: 3488: 3379: 894:

of 1st Airlanding Brigade assumed command of the division on September 18. Subsequent problems in Arnhem forced Hicks to change the divisional plan. Only the

3189: 1128:, Tiny Maddon, were caught in the open by mortar fire. Maddon was killed outright while Hackett and Thompson were both wounded and taken to the house of Mrs 655: 219: 3591: 3583: 3274: 559:

was proposed, only the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades were up to strength. Slapstick was in part a deception operation to divert German forces from the

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Captain Peter Barron of the brigade's anti-tank battery was given command of 10 Para. One of the official war photographers inside the perimeter wrote:

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A fresh German assault on Lonsdale Force in the south-east saw the Germans demolish defended houses with high explosives or set them on fire with

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on Fallschirmjäger defending the town. Two days later, having been only involved in minor skirmishes, the brigade occupied Bari and Brindisi.

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Two days later than expected, the parachute battalions of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade landed south of the River Rhine to the east of

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Although the first day's landings on 17 September were successful, over the night of 17–18 September, divisional commander

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in the Middle East on 1 December 1942. Upon formation it consisted of the brigade headquarters, signals company, defence

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Major-General Urquhart later commented on how surprised he was that the Germans never attempted an overall coordinated attack.

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with Waffen SS infantry. The fight was likened to a "snowball fight with grenades" and at least one tank was destroyed with a

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had reached the road bridge as strong German defences had stopped the other battalions. Hicks decided that the 2nd Battalion,

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The lack of air transport meant that the division's two available brigades had to be transported by sea. They would cross the

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Overnight a second attempt was made to reinforce 1st Airborne Division with Polish paratroops using boats belonging to the

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of 11 Para. Known as "Lonsdale Force", in the following day's fighting two of its men would be awarded the Victoria Cross,

358: 725:(left) during an inspection of Des Vouex's 156th Parachute Battalion, part of Hackett's 4th Parachute Brigade, March 1944. 1313: 957: 606: 494: 484: 390: 170: 393:, as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions. These battalions were assigned to the 3450: 3445: 3289: 3269: 3254: 2216: 2191: 620: 3573: 3460: 3455: 3440: 3435: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3149: 3107: 3088: 3050: 3009: 2990: 2968: 2930: 2911: 2845: 1349: 895: 738: 520: 500:

Facilities and weather conditions at Kibret proved to be unsuitable for airborne operations, so the brigade moved to

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gliders (for the artillery, vehicles and crews), were scheduled to arrive furthest away from Arnhem on Ginkel Heath

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Hackett was examined by a German doctor who suggested he was put out of his misery, his wounds being inoperable.

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in Palestine to continue their training. The brigade came to full strength in May 1943, and in June was sent to

41:(left & second left): John (Jackie) Burns & Lance Corporal Noel Rosenberg (both 10 Platoon/"C" Company, 884: 410: 300: 1405:

The division used 696 gliders during the operation, each crewed by two pilots who were fully trained soldiers.

3387: 1272: 598: 3354: 1642: 1023: 1014:, the highest British military decoration, for his actions while in command of the battalion's rear guard. 899: 733:

Paratroopers adjust their parachute harnesses during a large-scale airborne forces exercise, 22 April 1944.

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In 1943, the 4th Parachute Brigade, although still part of the 1st Airborne Division, was kept out of the

463:(11 Para), created from a cadre of 156 Para. The brigade's battalions all had the same composition: three 650:(who had succeeded "Boy" Browning in command back in April), observing the action, was hit by a burst of 985:

the attack. By dawn and under intense fire, the attack faltered and 11 Para were ordered to carry out a

276:. The brigade did not see action in France, being instead placed on standby for an emergency during the 3532: 1292: 872: 786: 491: 406: 3117: 2814: 848: 806: 544: 245:, but played no part in the invasion. Instead the brigade first saw action in September 1943, during 242: 45:); (third left Alfred John Ward HQ 4th Brigade Driver for Hackett and; (right) Polish paratrooper. 1376: 1353: 1160: 1105: 627: 602: 560: 524: 254: 2131: 2111: 1057: 3181: 2023: 1111: 953: 902:

and 11 Para would link up with the 1st Parachute Brigade in an attempt to reach their objective.

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In England the brigade trained for operations in North-West Europe under the supervision of the

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and now numbering around 150 men, the brigade eventually reached the divisional position at

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United States Army in World War 2, Mediterranean Theater of Operations, Salerno to Cassino

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Inside the division's perimeter, a jeep burns after being hit during a mortar bombardment.

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rearguard action, they had to capture positions between themselves and the railway line.

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In September 1944, the brigade formed part of the second day's parachute landings at the

246: 149: 431:, stands on a vehicle and talks to men of the 4th Parachute Brigade, North Africa, 1943. 2978: 2881: 2136: 2116: 2028: 1243: 1238: 966: 770: 722: 548: 531:, 2nd (Oban) Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery, Royal Artillery and 4th Parachute Squadron, 424: 413: 382: 273: 1100:, 156 Para, 'D' Squadron GPR, 10 Para at the Oosterbeek crossroads, 'C' Squadron GPR, 639: 3167: 3145: 3125: 3103: 3084: 3065: 3046: 3024: 3005: 2986: 2964: 2945: 2926: 2907: 2888: 2867: 2841: 2212: 2187: 1164: 1051: 976: 742: 646:. During the battalion's assault on the roadblock, the division's GOC, Major-General 630:, the brigade landed at Taranto unopposed. Their first objective was the airfield of 552: 480: 362: 277: 944:

decided to stay where they were for the night and continue the advance in daylight.

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before being withdrawn. By the end of the year, the 4th Parachute Brigade was in

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garrison surrendered and the company was relieved by men of the 1st Battalion,

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Airborne prisoners of war many of them wounded, being marched into captivity.

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by a shortage of transport aircraft. The 1st Airlanding Brigade took part in

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platoons, along with a Headquarters Company. The brigade's first commander,

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Hackett decided the brigade would advance between the railway line and the

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30 miles (48 km) inland. En route to the airfield near the town of

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The Red Beret: the Story of the Parachute Regiment at War, 1940-1945

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mobile unit had been dispatched towards the likely landing grounds.

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Impressed by the successful German airborne operations, during the

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Map of the Arnhem area showing the planned drop and landing zones.

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and three parachute battalions. The battalions assigned were the

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attacks, the remnants of the brigade were evacuated south of the

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Lieutenant-Colonel Smyth died of his wounds while in captivity.

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Airborne infantry brigades of the British Army in World War II

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On the second day, 4th Parachute Brigade's lift of ninety-two

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Men at the parachute school assault course, North Africa 1943.

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1942–1944 Photo taken by Sgt Mike Lewis British Army Film Unit

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from north to south, and was modelled on the evacuation from

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September 1944. Men of the 4th Parachute Brigade (4 Bde) in

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In 1947, a new 4th Parachute Brigade was raised as part of

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In the south-east Lonsdale Force's Major Cain armed with a

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Glider Pilots searching Oosterbeek for German infiltrators.

920:

and paratroops silhouetted against the sky as they descend.

665:

By 19 September 1943 the 4th Para Brigade had reached

638:, 10 Para came up against a German roadblock defended by a 568: 326: 3043:

The Second World War 1939-1945 Army — Airborne Forces

306:, to divert one of the brigade's battalions to assist the 3083:. Long Preston, United Kingdom: Magna large print books. 690: 563:

and also an attempt to seize intact the Italian ports of

447:(156 Para), raised from British servicemen in India, the 2866:: Defense Department Army, Government Printing Office. 741:. Although they were not scheduled to take part in the 654:

fire and killed. At the same time, the 156th Battalion

257:. Largely unopposed, the brigade captured the ports of 2887:. St Ives, United Kingdom: Headline Publishing Group. 721:

with Brigadier Hackett (right) and Lieutenant Colonel

3166:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. 3102:. Newton Abbot, United Kingdom: David & Charles. 2963:. London, United Kingdom: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2275: 3635:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1944

467:, each comprising a company headquarters, and three 3393:

53rd (Worcester Yeomanry) Airlanding Light Regiment

3064:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books. 2278:"OPERATION 'MARKET GARDEN' [...] (BU 1121)" 2120:(Supplement). 23 November 1944. pp. 5375–5376. 321:After a week of being subjected to almost constant 3350:2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 3124:(4 ed.). Torrington, United Kingdom: Joseph. 2880: 2140:(Supplement). 2 November 1944. pp. 5015–5016. 519:In 1944, the brigade also had under their command 3630:Military units and formations established in 1942 2983:Arnhem 1944: the Airborne Battle, 17–26 September 1346:Lieutenant-Colonel Sir W. de Briancourt des Voeux 823:landing at Nijmegen would use only one lift. The 3640:Airborne infantry brigades of the United Kingdom 3606: 1237:, commander of XXX Corps and Lieutenant-General 280:. Between June and August 1944 the speed of the 3045:. London, United Kingdom: Imperial War Museum. 689:sized parachute assault on the Greek island of 1686: 1684: 867:, were to arrive on day three, dropping their 3411:6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment 3197: 3144:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. 3136: 3023:. Santa Ana, California: Graphic Publishers. 3004:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. 2944:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. 2942:Airborne: World War II Paratroopers in Combat 2775: 2773: 2673: 2671: 369:to investigate the possibility of creating a 284:obviated the need to deploy airborne forces. 2451: 2449: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2009: 2007: 1970: 1968: 1940: 1938: 1869: 1867: 1159:South of the river, the first unit from the 960:had established a blocking position between 373:of 5,000 parachute troops. On 22 June 1940, 3059: 2977: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2276:Smith, D M (Sergeant) (20 September 1944). 2244: 2242: 2032:(Supplement). 30 January 1945. p. 669. 1812: 1810: 1681: 1564:"1st Airborne Divisional Signals 1942-1944" 1183:shells. At midday a German officer under a 612:, would be sent to reinforce the landings. 3204: 3190: 2958: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2668: 2499: 2497: 1583: 1581: 1291:. In 1950, the brigade was renumbered the 980:Brigade headquarters jeeps and signallers. 26: 3097: 2854: 2446: 2162: 2063: 2004: 1965: 1935: 1864: 1752: 1750: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1359:2nd (Oban) Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery, 601:in the Middle East, under the command of 3158: 3116: 2961:Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918-1945 2920: 2324: 2239: 2130: 2110: 2022: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1807: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1224: 1146: 1110: 1056: 975: 912: 810: 728: 712: 435:The 4th Parachute Brigade was formed at 418: 344: 216:British Army during the Second World War 2999: 2883:Arnhem: Jumping the Rhine 1944 and 1945 2782: 2494: 1773: 1771: 1578: 1464: 952:Early the next day an attack by German 3607: 3078: 2985:. New York, New York: Westview Press. 2835: 1846: 1819: 1747: 1590: 1549: 1303: 1298: 1233:South of the river Lieutenant-General 182:Emblem of the British Airborne Forces. 3185: 3037: 2939: 2901: 2878: 2811:"4th Parachute Brigade (Territorial)" 1876: 1632: 1618: 1604: 593:. If the landing was successful, the 253:, as part of the early stages of the 3018: 2838:Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden 1768: 1509: 1098:1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron 1010:of 10 Para was awarded a posthumous 875:60 miles (97 km) to the south. 3615:Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom) 3100:The Allied Forces in Italy, 1943-45 2906:. London, United Kingdom: Cassell. 2304: 1266: 295:. Problems reaching the bridges in 13: 3451:195th (Airlanding) Field Ambulance 3446:181st (Airlanding) Field Ambulance 3060:Peters, Mike; Buist, Luuk (2009). 2217:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 2192:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1535:"4 Parachute Brigade appointments" 1289:14th Battalion, Parachute Regiment 1285:11th Battalion, Parachute Regiment 1281:10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment 1102:21st Independent Parachute Company 890:was reported missing so Brigadier 14: 3651: 3461:225th (Parachute) Field Ambulance 3456:224th (Parachute) Field Ambulance 3441:133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance 3436:127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance 3365:7th King's Own Scottish Borderers 3118:Saunders, Hilary Aidan St. George 1350:133rd (Parachute) Field Ambulance 843:(for the paratroops), forty-nine 765:, the second the bridge over the 551:and the 1st Parachute Brigade in 299:forced the divisional commander, 3431:16th (Parachute) Field Ambulance 3355:2nd South Staffordshire Regiment 3039:Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H. 3000:Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). 2803: 2794: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 1417: 1309:Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Smyth 863:The division's fourth unit, the 828:deliver vehicles and artillery. 527:, 2nd Airlanding Light Battery, 471:. Each had a Support Company of 237:The brigade was assigned to the 185: 82: 64: 3275:9th (Eastern and Home Counties) 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2230: 2205: 2180: 2153: 2144: 2124: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2016: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1956: 1947: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1855: 1837: 1828: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1759: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1672: 1663: 1566:. 216 Parachute Signal Squadron 1527: 1518: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1203: 1198:43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 1191: 1170: 1142: 1086: 1030: 947: 878: 516:of the 1st Airlanding Brigade. 249:, an amphibious landing at the 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1318:Lieutenant-Colonel Iain Murray 940:, acting in an infantry role. 595:British 78th Infantry Division 1: 3388:1st Airlanding Light Regiment 3360:2nd King's Own Royal Regiment 1430: 908:King's Own Scottish Borderers 644:German 1st Parachute Division 521:133 Parachute Field Ambulance 274:invasion of North-West Europe 220:Mediterranean and Middle East 218:. Formed in late 1942 in the 2902:Dover, Major Victor (1981). 2557:Peters and Buist, pp.250–251 2150:Peters and Buist, pp.197–198 2042:Peters and Buist, pp.183–184 1383: 1356:Lieutenant-Colonel W. Alford 1108:and finally Lonsdale Force. 1092:for over twenty-four hours. 900:South Staffordshire Regiment 865:1st Polish Parachute Brigade 821:U.S. 101st Airborne Division 599:8th Indian Infantry Division 340: 7: 1643:"Obituary, Major John Pott" 1331:Lieutenant-Colonel K. Smyth 1293:44th Parachute Brigade (TA) 825:U.S. 82nd Airborne Division 658:, carried out a successful 451:(10 Para), formed around a 10: 3656: 3533:Special Air Service Troops 2959:Harclerode, Peter (2005). 2813:. Paradata. Archived from 1795:Peters and Buist, pp.59–60 1744:Peters and Buist, pp.40–41 1717:Peters and Buist, pp.20–26 1257: 796: 708: 407:general officer commanding 232:156th Parachute Battalions 3582: 3564: 3541: 3487: 3469: 3419: 3401: 3378: 3328: 3223: 3140:; McBride, Angus (1981). 3098:Rosignoli, Guido (1989). 3021:Silent Wings Savage Death 3002:British Commandos 1940–46 2921:Ferguson, Gregor (1984). 2286:Imperial War Museum (IWM) 1344:156th Parachute Battalion 1279:. It was composed of the 807:Operation Berlin (Arnhem) 792: 545:Allied invasion of Sicily 445:156th Parachute Battalion 282:subsequent Allied advance 243:Allied invasion of Sicily 181: 176: 164: 159: 145: 135: 125: 115: 105: 95: 77: 59: 51: 25: 20: 3370:12th Devonshire Regiment 3290:11th Special Air Service 2836:Badsey, Stephen (1993). 1377:Royal Army Service Corps 1369:4th Parachute Squadron, 1354:Royal Army Medical Corps 1335:11th Parachute Battalion 1329:10th Parachute Battalion 1322: 1161:Guards Armoured Division 787:1st Allied Airborne Army 538: 525:Royal Army Medical Corps 497:on 4 January 1943. 461:11th Parachute Battalion 455:from the 2nd Battalion, 449:10th Parachute Battalion 414:Frederick "Boy" Browning 255:Allied invasion of Italy 3340:1st Royal Ulster Rifles 3142:The Special Air Service 3062:Glider Pilots at Arnhem 3019:Nigl, Alfred J (2007). 2779:Peters and Buist, p.296 2767:Peters and Buist, p.287 2758:Peters and Buist, p.283 2749:Peters and Buist, p.282 2722:Peters and Buist, p.273 2704:Peters and Buist, p.274 2677:Peters and Buist, p.270 2620:Peters and Buist, p.258 2602:Peters and Buist, p.254 2566:Peters and Buist, p.249 2539:Peters and Buist, p.245 2512:Peters and Buist, p.237 2455:Peters and Buist, p.234 2266:Peters and Buist, p.224 2177:Peters and Buist, p.207 2101:Peters and Buist, p.209 2092:Peters and Buist, p.186 2083:Peters and Buist, p.193 2074:Peters and Buist, p.185 2060:Peters and Buist, p.184 2013:Peters and Buist, p.174 1992:Peters and Buist, p.164 1974:Peters and Buist, p.173 1944:Peters and Buist, p.168 1914:Peters and Buist, p.169 1873:Peters and Buist, p.144 1861:Peters and Buist, p.127 1452:Shortt and McBride, p.4 896:2nd Parachute Battalion 803:Operation Market Garden 409:(GOC) of the division, 379:1st Parachute Battalion 293:Operation Market Garden 154:Operation Market Garden 39:Operation Market Garden 3528:6th Airlanding Brigade 3503:1st Airlanding Brigade 3215:airborne units of the 3079:Powell, Colin (2004). 2311:IWM Collections Search 1816:Peters and Buist, p.60 1786:Peters and Buist, p.59 1735:Peters and Buist, p.31 1726:Peters and Buist, p.28 1708:Peters and Buist, p.18 1277:16th Airborne Division 1230: 1216:close quarters battles 1152: 1116: 1084: 1070: 981: 958:9th SS Panzer Division 921: 861: 816: 749:and then onwards from 734: 726: 610:Charles Walter Allfrey 510:2nd Parachute Brigades 432: 425:Sir Bernard Montgomery 403:1st Airlanding Brigade 359:British Prime Minister 350: 3556:6th Airborne Division 3551:1st Airborne Division 3523:5th Parachute Brigade 3518:4th Parachute Brigade 3513:3rd Parachute Brigade 3508:2nd Parachute Brigade 3498:1st Parachute Brigade 3479:Glider Pilot Regiment 2940:Guard, Julie (2007). 2879:Clark, Lloyd (2008). 1228: 1150: 1114: 1080: 1060: 979: 916: 857: 814: 797:Further information: 732: 716: 699:Durham Light Infantry 457:Royal Sussex Regiment 422: 399:1st Parachute Brigade 395:1st Airborne Division 348: 308:1st Parachute Brigade 239:1st Airborne Division 200:4th Parachute Brigade 130:1st Airborne Division 21:4th Parachute Brigade 3592:Deception formations 3265:7th (Light Infantry) 2638:Urquhart, pp.153–154 1275:and assigned to the 969:(SP gun) as well as 561:main Allied landings 269:, preparing for the 241:, just prior to the 3345:1st Border Regiment 2979:Middlebrook, Martin 2817:on 17 December 2013 1648:The Daily Telegraph 1337:Lieutenant-Colonel 1304:Commanding officers 1299:Brigade composition 967:self propelled guns 557:Operation Slapstick 429:British Eighth Army 427:, commander of the 389:, and creating the 247:Operation Slapstick 150:Operation Slapstick 3574:1st Airborne Corps 2800:Middlebrook, p.455 2407:Powell, pp.237–239 2282:archive.iwm.org.uk 2236:Powell, pp.198–199 2213:"Casualty Details" 2188:"Casualty Details" 2137:The London Gazette 2117:The London Gazette 2029:The London Gazette 1678:Harclerode, p. 262 1479:Harclerode, p. 218 1239:Frederick Browning 1231: 1153: 1117: 1071: 982: 922: 817: 735: 727: 621:Lieutenant General 607:Lieutenant-General 597:in Sicily and the 549:Operation Ladbroke 490:, was replaced by 485:Lieutenant-Colonel 433: 391:Parachute Regiment 383:Operation Colossus 351: 208:parachute infantry 110:Parachute infantry 3600: 3599: 3300:13th (Lancashire) 3260:6th (Royal Welch) 3173:978-1-84415-537-8 3071:978-1-84415-763-1 3030:978-1-882824-31-1 2951:978-1-84603-196-0 2923:The Paras 1940-84 2894:978-0-7553-3637-1 2856:Blumenson, Martin 2380:Clark, pp.194–195 1765:Urquhart, pp.5–10 1537:. Order of Battle 1165:Household Cavalry 1024:Hartenstein Hotel 743:Normandy landings 675:fighting in Italy 553:Operation Fustian 363:Winston Churchill 278:Normandy landings 214:formation of the 206:, specifically a 193: 192: 46: 3647: 3310:16th (Staffords) 3295:12th (Yorkshire) 3217:Second World War 3206: 3199: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3160:Urquhart, Robert 3155: 3133: 3113: 3094: 3075: 3056: 3034: 3015: 2996: 2974: 2955: 2936: 2917: 2904:The Sky Generals 2898: 2886: 2875: 2851: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2292:on 23 April 2013 2288:. Archived from 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1963: 1962:Powell, pp.74–84 1960: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1616: 1613: 1602: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1560: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488:Ferguson, pp.7–9 1486: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1373:Major A. Perkins 1273:Territorial Army 1267:Territorial Army 1048:John Baskeyfield 1041:Richard Lonsdale 971:fighter aircraft 799:Battle of Arnhem 773:and finally the 751:Paris northwards 739:I Airborne Corps 648:George Hopkinson 617:Salerno landings 355:Battle of France 289:Battle of Arnhem 189: 88: 86: 85: 70: 68: 67: 32: 30: 18: 17: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3578: 3560: 3537: 3491: 3483: 3465: 3422: 3415: 3397: 3374: 3331: 3324: 3226: 3219: 3210: 3180: 3174: 3152: 3110: 3091: 3072: 3053: 3031: 3012: 2993: 2971: 2952: 2933: 2914: 2895: 2864:Washington D.C. 2848: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740:Urquhart, p.168 2739: 2735: 2731:Urquhart, p.169 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713:Urquhart, p.167 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686:Urquhart, p.171 2685: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2665:Urquhart, p.170 2664: 2660: 2656:Urquhart, p.159 2655: 2651: 2647:Urquhart, p.158 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629:Urquhart, p.153 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611:Urquhart, p.152 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593:Urquhart, p.148 2592: 2588: 2584:Urquhart, p.147 2583: 2579: 2575:Urquhart, p.146 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521:Urquhart, p.137 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503:Urquhart, p.124 2502: 2495: 2491:Saunders, p.262 2490: 2486: 2482:Urquhart, p.132 2481: 2477: 2473:Urquhart, p.129 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434:Urquhart, p.125 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398:Urquhart, p.122 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2362:Urquhart, p.121 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2302: 2295: 2293: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690:Saunders, p.148 1689: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1629:Blumenson, p.95 1628: 1619: 1615:Blumenson, p.94 1614: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1587:Urquhart, p.225 1586: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497:Rosignoli, p.24 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1371:Royal Engineers 1361:Royal Artillery 1325: 1306: 1301: 1269: 1260: 1248:First World War 1206: 1194: 1173: 1145: 1132:for treatment. 1106:RASC Detachment 1089: 1065:to the west of 1033: 1008:Lionel Queripel 954:88 mm guns 950: 938:Royal Engineers 881: 809: 795: 711: 677:amounted to 11 660:flanking attack 640:Fallschirmjäger 632:Gioia del Colle 628:U.S. Fifth Army 603:British V Corps 541: 533:Royal Engineers 529:Royal Artillery 514:glider infantry 502:RAF Ramat David 465:rifle companies 365:, directed the 343: 251:port of Taranto 196: 166: 152: 100:Airborne forces 83: 81: 65: 63: 47: 12: 11: 5: 3653: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403:Reconnaissance 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3270:8th (Midlands) 3267: 3262: 3257: 3255:5th (Scottish) 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3156: 3150: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3095: 3089: 3076: 3070: 3057: 3051: 3035: 3029: 3016: 3010: 2997: 2991: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2950: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2899: 2893: 2876: 2852: 2846: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2802: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2323: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2238: 2229: 2204: 2179: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2123: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2015: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1934: 1932:Urquhart, p.79 1925: 1916: 1907: 1905:Urquhart, p.73 1898: 1896:Urquhart, p.60 1889: 1887:Urquhart, p.75 1875: 1863: 1854: 1852:Urquhart, p.72 1845: 1843:Urquhart, p.76 1836: 1834:Urquhart, p.61 1827: 1825:Tugwell, p.258 1818: 1806: 1804:Ferguson, p.27 1797: 1788: 1779: 1767: 1758: 1756:Tugwell, p.241 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1699:Urquhart, p.16 1692: 1680: 1671: 1662: 1631: 1617: 1603: 1601:Ferguson, p.13 1589: 1577: 1548: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1367: 1357: 1347: 1341: 1332: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1235:Brian Horrocks 1205: 1202: 1193: 1190: 1172: 1169: 1144: 1141: 1130:Kate ter Horst 1088: 1085: 1045:Lance-Sergeant 1032: 1029: 1012:Victoria Cross 949: 946: 880: 877: 794: 791: 710: 707: 671:United Kingdom 540: 537: 375:No. 2 Commando 342: 339: 312:close quarters 194: 191: 190: 183: 179: 178: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 157: 156: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 72:United Kingdom 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3652: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3603: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3471:Glider Pilots 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305:15th (King's) 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3151:0-85045-396-8 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138:Shortt, James 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3109:0-7153-9212-3 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3090:0-7505-2224-0 3086: 3082: 3081:Men at Arnhem 3077: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3052:0-901627-57-7 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3011:1-84176-986-X 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992:0-8133-2498-X 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970:0-304-36730-3 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2932:0-85045-573-1 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2913:0-304-30480-8 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847:1-85532-302-8 2843: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2548:Powell, p.263 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2431: 2425:Powell, p.240 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2389:Powell, p.237 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2353:Powell, p.244 2350: 2344:Powell, p.246 2341: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2263: 2257:Powell, p.214 2254: 2245: 2243: 2233: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2156: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2051:Powell, p.140 2048: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2008: 1998: 1989: 1983:Powell, p.120 1980: 1971: 1969: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1762: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1675: 1666: 1651:. 5 July 2005 1650: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1536: 1530: 1521: 1515:Ferguson, p.9 1512: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1461:Moreman, p.91 1458: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1211:Panther tanks 1201: 1199: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1149: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1126:brigade major 1122: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1061:The woods at 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1000: 997: 991: 988: 987:left flanking 978: 974: 972: 968: 963: 959: 955: 945: 941: 939: 935: 930: 928: 919: 915: 911: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886: 885:Major-General 876: 874: 870: 869:glider troops 866: 860: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 829: 826: 822: 813: 808: 804: 800: 790: 788: 784: 783:Market Garden 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 731: 724: 720: 715: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:Mark W. Clark 622: 618: 613: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 585: 581: 580:Mediterranean 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 493: 489: 488:Kenneth Smyth 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 430: 426: 421: 417: 415: 412: 411:Major-General 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 347: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302: 301:Major-General 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 195:Military unit 188: 184: 180: 175: 172: 169: 163: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 80: 76: 73: 62: 58: 54: 50: 44: 40: 36: 29: 24: 19: 16: 3625:Paratroopers 3602: 3517: 3163: 3141: 3121: 3099: 3080: 3061: 3042: 3020: 3001: 2982: 2960: 2941: 2922: 2903: 2882: 2859: 2837: 2819:. Retrieved 2815:the original 2805: 2796: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2695:Clark, p.228 2691: 2682: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2530:Clark, p.202 2526: 2517: 2508: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2464:Clark, p.196 2460: 2443:Clark, p.197 2439: 2430: 2421: 2416:Clark, p.207 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2335:Clark, p.194 2314:. Retrieved 2310: 2305:IWM (2013). 2294:. Retrieved 2290:the original 2281: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2248:Clark, p.168 2232: 2220:. Retrieved 2207: 2195:. Retrieved 2182: 2159:Powell, p.85 2155: 2146: 2135: 2126: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2027: 2018: 2001:Badsey, p.56 1997: 1988: 1979: 1958: 1953:Powell, p.65 1949: 1928: 1923:Powell, p.60 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1761: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1674: 1669:Dover, p. 82 1665: 1653:. Retrieved 1646: 1568:. Retrieved 1539:. Retrieved 1529: 1524:Powell, p.19 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1470:Guard, p.218 1466: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1314:John Hackett 1270: 1261: 1252: 1232: 1207: 1204:25 September 1195: 1192:24 September 1178: 1174: 1171:23 September 1158: 1154: 1143:22 September 1134: 1118: 1094: 1090: 1087:21 September 1081: 1076: 1072: 1050:, and Major 1034: 1031:20 September 1020: 1016: 1001: 992: 983: 951: 948:19 September 942: 931: 923: 918:C-47 Dakotas 904: 892:Philip Hicks 888:Roy Urquhart 882: 879:18 September 862: 858: 838: 830: 818: 755: 736: 703:RAF Regiment 664: 642:unit of the 636:Castellaneta 614: 577: 542: 518: 499: 495:John Hackett 434: 405:. The first 352: 320: 304:Roy Urquhart 286: 236: 199: 197: 171:John Hackett 139: 126:Part of 90:British Army 43:156 Para. Bn 15: 3320:151st/156th 2132:"No. 36774" 2112:"No. 36807" 2024:"No. 36917" 1506:Guard, p.37 1443:Otway, p.21 1379:detachment 1220:Gammon bomb 1052:Robert Cain 834:River Rhine 775:River Rhine 747:River Seine 683:other ranks 656:San Basilio 652:machine gun 589:with their 477:machine gun 335:River Rhine 146:Engagements 136:Nickname(s) 3609:Categories 3423:Ambulances 3332:Battalions 3330:Airlanding 3227:Battalions 2821:31 October 2791:Nigl, p.77 2371:Nigl, p.76 1777:Nigl, p.75 1431:References 1312:Brigadier 1185:white flag 1181:incendiary 1067:Oosterbeek 962:Oosterbeek 767:River Maas 759:River Waal 584:Royal Navy 459:, and the 437:RAF Kibrit 387:Derbyshire 367:War Office 316:Oosterbeek 291:, part of 167:commanders 160:Commanders 140:Red Devils 35:Oosterbeek 3584:Deception 3543:Divisions 3380:Artillery 3225:Parachute 2872:631290895 2307:"BU 1121" 2303:See also 1384:Footnotes 1366:A. Haynes 1244:Gallipoli 927:Waffen SS 873:XXX Corps 853:drop zone 847:and nine 723:Des Vouex 719:George VI 492:Brigadier 397:with the 341:Formation 323:artillery 3489:Brigades 3162:(2007). 3120:(1950). 3041:(1990). 2981:(1994). 2858:(1969). 2222:21 April 2197:21 April 1655:20 April 1570:25 April 1541:19 April 1287:and the 1063:Wolfheze 996:Wolfheze 849:Hamilcar 763:Nijmegen 701:and the 679:officers 605:, under 587:cruisers 582:in four 573:Brindisi 512:and the 469:platoons 423:General 401:and the 331:infantry 259:Brindisi 204:airborne 177:Insignia 3213:British 3130:2927434 2316:3 April 2296:3 April 1258:Outcome 1246:in the 1005:Captain 709:England 695:Italian 687:company 681:and 90 591:escorts 565:Taranto 506:Tripoli 481:carrier 441:platoon 267:England 212:brigade 202:was an 165:Notable 120:Brigade 60:Country 37:during 3170: 3164:Arnhem 3148: 3128: 3106: 3087: 3068: 3049: 3027: 3008: 2989: 2967: 2948: 2929: 2910: 2891: 2870: 2844: 1339:G. Lea 1283:, the 1163:, the 1104:, the 805:, and 793:Arnhem 779:Arnhem 693:. The 667:Foggia 473:mortar 357:, the 297:Arnhem 271:Allied 87: 78:Branch 69: 52:Active 3566:Corps 3421:Field 1364:Major 1323:Units 1137:Driel 1038:Major 845:Horsa 841:C-47s 771:Grave 717:King 539:Italy 453:cadre 371:corps 3315:17th 3285:11th 3280:10th 3168:ISBN 3146:ISBN 3126:OCLC 3104:ISBN 3085:ISBN 3066:ISBN 3047:ISBN 3025:ISBN 3006:ISBN 2987:ISBN 2965:ISBN 2946:ISBN 2927:ISBN 2908:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2868:OCLC 2842:ISBN 2823:2011 2318:2013 2298:2013 2224:2011 2199:2011 1657:2011 1572:2011 1543:2011 1121:PIAT 571:and 569:Bari 479:and 329:and 327:tank 263:Bari 261:and 230:and 228:11th 224:10th 198:The 116:Size 106:Role 96:Type 3250:4th 3245:3rd 3240:2nd 3235:1st 934:Ede 777:at 769:at 761:at 691:Kos 626:'s 619:by 3611:: 2862:. 2784:^ 2772:^ 2670:^ 2496:^ 2448:^ 2326:^ 2309:. 2284:. 2280:. 2241:^ 2215:. 2190:. 2164:^ 2134:. 2114:. 2065:^ 2026:. 2006:^ 1967:^ 1937:^ 1878:^ 1866:^ 1809:^ 1770:^ 1749:^ 1683:^ 1645:. 1634:^ 1620:^ 1606:^ 1592:^ 1580:^ 1551:^ 1352:, 1295:. 1054:. 836:. 801:, 789:. 705:. 575:. 567:, 535:. 523:, 475:, 361:, 325:, 318:. 234:. 226:, 210:, 3205:e 3198:t 3191:v 3176:. 3154:. 3132:. 3112:. 3093:. 3074:. 3055:. 3033:. 3014:. 2995:. 2973:. 2954:. 2935:. 2916:. 2897:. 2874:. 2850:. 2825:. 2320:. 2300:. 2226:. 2201:. 1659:. 1574:. 1545:. 1069:.

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4th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)

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