1006:
55:
1172:
802:
371:
339:
3285:
934:
3306:
and
Corsica. They caused Mussolini to topple from power, and they brought his successors to surrender. They drew more and more German military resources into a stubborn defence of the Italian peninsula, and helped the Yugoslavs to pin down within their spirited country thousands of Axis troops. Eventually, the Allies delivered a solid blow from southern France against the German forces which were opposing the Allied drive from the beaches of Normandy! They made Marseilles available for Allied use and they occupied northern Italy and Greece." Howe further notes that "Hitler had always accepted the principle that the Mediterranean was an area of paramount Italian interest just as, farther north, German interests were exclusive.
2299:
1050:
1017:
3096:
406:
388:
1130:
1028:
1039:
1061:
546:
727:
1201:
590:
988:
973:
1072:
441:
836:
778:
424:
1119:
322:
3226:
1083:
622:
606:
1095:
898:
712:
880:
1190:
517:
485:
694:
645:
1102:
574:
999:
819:
502:
355:
3724:
3358:
46:
3087:. Further reinforcements of Nazis with weapons was supposed to be sent but the mission failed within days as the Nazi commandos landed 300 km away from their target destination and lost their weapons. They were soon arrested by the British and faced execution as spies, however they were released several years after World War II ended. Gottfried MĂŒller, one of the Nazi parachuters, would later write and publish a book describing his experiences in Kurdistan named âIm brennenden Orientâ ('The Burning Orient'), which was published in Germany in 1959.
862:
457:
75:
916:
95:
9417:
961:
532:
3249:, the third and larger offensive was launched at the end of the year. Over December 1941 into early 1942, Allied forces pushed the Italian-German forces back through Libya to roughly the limit of the previous Operation Compass advance. Taking advantage of the Allied position, German and Italian forces counter-attacked and pushed back the Allies to Gazala, west of Tobruk. As both sides prepared offensives, the Axis forces struck first and inflicted a big defeat upon the Allied forces during the
1941:, and severely undermined the strategic position of Germany, resulting in German divisions being deployed to Africa and Italy and total German losses (including those captured upon final surrender) being over two million. Italian losses amounted to around 177,000 men with a further several hundred thousand captured during the process of the various campaigns. British losses amount to over 300,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, and total American losses in the region amounted to 130,000.
86:
308:
2932:
2831:
1158:
1151:
1112:
2182:
In the aftermath of the
Italian invasion of Abyssinia, British and Italian forces in North Africa were reinforced. Due to various Italian moves, in July 1937, the British decided "that Italy could not now be regarded as a reliable friend" and preparations began to bring "the defences of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ports up-to-date". In 1938, a weak armoured division was established in Egypt and further army and air force reinforcements were dispatched from Britain.
1950:
471:
1141:
2170:
761:
661:
744:
2445:
558:
66:
2558:
2282:(Giarabub) in Libya and arrangements began in Egypt, to accommodate a much larger force. Preparations to reinforce the Iraqi army were made and Palestinian security forces were to be reduced to the minimum. British forces in East Africa were to study operations to destroy the Italian forces and support local risings, all in support of the main Allied offensive, which was planned to be launched from
3049:. Atlas aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in Mandatory Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and recruiting and arming anti-British Palestinians by buying their support with gold. The plan failed utterly, and no meaningful action could be undertaken by the commandos. Three of the participants were arrested by the
2949:, British and Indian units invaded Syria and Lebanon from Palestine in the south on 8 June 1941. Vigorous resistance was met from the Vichy French but superior Allied infantry equipment and numbers overwhelmed the defenders. More attacks were launched at the end of June and early July from Iraq into northern and central Syria, by
3268:. It ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and of gaining access to the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. As the Eighth Army pushed west across the desert, capturing Libya, German and Italian forces occupied southern France and landed in Tunisia. On 8 November, Allied forces launched
3860:
with orders to fire on the French if necessary. A crisis began as
British armoured cars and troops then reached the Syrian capital Damascus following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added the French ordered a ceasefire; following which the French
3704:
defended by
Italian troops commanded by Admiral Mascherpa, who resisted the German air offensive before the landing of British support troops, which was invaded by the Germans who landed by sea and air on 12 November and surrendered four days later. The remaining British garrisons were then evacuated
3687:
resulted as both
Germany and the Allies scrambled to occupy them after the surrender of Italy in early September 1943. The main island of Rhodes was swiftly secured by German forces, but British garrisons were established on most islands by mid-September. German air superiority, tactical prowess, and
3448:
was sunk by the
Luftwaffe on 9 September. In the occupied areas of southern Europe and the Mediterranean, German forces rapidly disarmed and captured Italian troops, putting down any resistance they offered in Yugoslavia, southern France and Greece. Meanwhile, on 16 September, a German airborne force
3305:
After liberating French North Africa and clearing the enemy from the
Italian colonies, the Allies sought to bring the entire French empire effectively into the war against the Axis powers. They reopened the Mediterranean route to the Middle East. They went on from Africa to liberate Sicily, Sardinia,
3300:
on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war. On 8 November 1942, American forces entered combat in North Africa with
Operation Torch, which "transformed the Mediterranean from a British to an Allied theater of war", "succeeding operations in the Mediterranean area proved far more extensive
3205:
were damaged too severely to leave. The defence of the island ensured that the Allies had an advantage in the fight to control the
Mediterranean and as the garrison recovered from periods of intense bombing, aircraft, submarines and light surface ships resumed attacks on Axis supply ships, leading to
2875:
Before the coup, Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that
Germany would recognise the independence of Iraq from the British Empire. There had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British. On 3 May, German Foreign Minister
2253:
was signed between the United Kingdom, France and Turkey and British military forces were authorised to begin discussions with the Turkish general staff; a further conference was held during March 1940. Within a week of the Italian occupation of Albania, France and the United Kingdom "announced they
2181:
of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom "disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations." Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement.
2160:
Italian foreign policy went through two stages during the Fascist regime. Until 1934â35, Mussolini followed a "modest ... and responsible" course and following that date there was "ceaseless activity and aggression". "Prior to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini had made military agreements
2901:
and transport them to Iraq. The French also agreed to allow passage of other weapons and material and loaned several airbases in northern Syria to Germany, for the transport of German aircraft to Iraq. Between 9 May and the end of the month, about 100 German and about 20 Italian aircraft landed on
2479:
and Rommel himself was officially under Italian command. But Rommel seized on the weakness of his opponents and without waiting for his forces to fully assemble, rapidly went on the offensive. In MarchâApril 1941, the German and Italian forces defeated the British forces and forced the British and
2867:
in Transjordan. The new regime planned to refuse further concessions to the United Kingdom, to retain diplomatic links with Fascist Italy and to expel the most prominent pro-British politicians. The plotters considered the United Kingdom to be weak and believed that its government would negotiate
2620:
troops into the country, because Britain could not spare enough forces to guarantee victory. They had, however, accepted aid from the RAF in their war with the Italians in Albania. As it became likely Germany would attack Greece, four British divisions were switched from North Africa to reinforce
2129:
and the United Kingdom had to be challenged. Through armed conquest, the north and east African colonies would be linked and this 'prison' destroyed. Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". On 2
2718:
After moving through south-eastern Yugoslavia, the Germans had been able to turn the Allied flank, cutting off Greek units in the east of the country. Greek forces in central Macedonia were isolated from the Commonwealth forces moving up in an attempt stabilise the front, with the Germans then
2668:
both fought the occupying forces and collaborated with them against the communists. The Partisans eventually gained recognition from the Allies as the sole resistance movement. With help from both the Soviets and the Western Allies, they turned into a formidable fighting force and successfully
2905:
On 30 April, the Iraqi Army surrounded and besieged RAF Habbaniya; the base had no operational aircraft but the RAF converted trainers to carry weapons and a battalion of infantry reinforcements was flown in. German and Italian aircraft supported the Iraqi army and British reinforcements were
2714:
did not receive adequate troop reinforcements and was quickly overrun by the Germans, who then outflanked the Greek forces at the Albanian border, forcing their surrender. British, Australian and New Zealand forces were overwhelmed and forced to retreat, with the ultimate goal of evacuation.
2868:
with their new government regardless of its legality. On 17 April, Rashid Ali, on behalf of the "National Defence Government" asked Germany for military assistance in the event of war with the British. Ali attempted to restrict British rights guaranteed under
2784:
When Italy entered the war the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany. The Italian Legation in Baghdad became the centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by
3519:
As the campaign in Italy continued, the rough terrain prevented fast movement and proved ideal for defence, the Allies continued to push the German and RSI forces northwards through the rest of the year. The German prepared defensive line called the
3851:
by France in May 1945. French forces then tried to quell the protests but concern with heavy Syrian casualties forced Winston Churchill to oppose French action there. After being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle he ordered British forces under general
2719:
falling on the rear of the main Greek army facing the Italians in Macedonia. The German advance into Greece was made easier because the bulk of the Greek Army was engaged fighting the Italians on the Albanian front in the north of the country.
2722:
The Greeks were forced to capitulate, ending resistance on the mainland by the end of the month. Abandoning most of its equipment, the Commonwealth force retreated to the island of Crete. From 20 May, the Germans attacked the island by using
2105:)". Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. Italy was a "prisoner in the Mediterranean" and had to break the chains of British and French control. Corsica,
3139:) was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the Malta. Malta was 60 miles (97 km) from Sicily and one of the first targets of the Italian army and the
3127:
Gibraltar commanded the entrance to the Mediterranean and had been a British fortress since the early 18th century. The territory provided a strongly defended harbour, from which ships could operate in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.
2010:" and that it would be in other countries' best interests to aid in this expansion. The regime wanted "hegemony in the MediterraneanâDanubianâBalkan region" and the gaining of world power by the conquest "of an empire stretching from the
2193:
to provide centralised command for British army units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. All three branches of the British military were made equally responsible for the defence of the area. The authority of MEC included
3330:. After shattering the Axis defence on the Mareth Line, the Allies squeezed Axis forces into a pocket around Tunis. Axis resistance in Africa ended on 13 May 1943, with the unconditional surrender of nearly 240,000 men, who became
2161:
with the French and formed a coalition with the British and French to prevent German aggression in Europe." The Ethiopian War "exposed vulnerabilities and created opportunities that Mussolini seized to realise his imperial vision"
2888:
to Iraq to lead a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime but the British quickly learned of the German arrangements through intercepted Italian diplomatic transmissions. On 6 May, in accordance with the
2389:
while France was still able to resist. When France surrendered, Mussolini gave instructions for his generals to prepare an offensive. On 10 August, he instructed his forces to be prepared to attack in conjunction with the
3168:
in Greece in September 1941. The flotilla was to operate against British supply convoys to Allied forces on Malta and in Tobruk. On 7 December, control of the 23rd Flotilla was transferred from Kernével to Field Marshal
2238:. If necessary, command would be exerted as far away as the Caucasus and the Indian Ocean. The purpose of the command was to be "the western bastion of defence of India", keep British supply lines open to India and the
2918:
and a pro-British government. The defeat of the rebellion saw the defeat of the German-Italian attempt to entrench an Axis state in Iraq and worsened relations between the UK and Vichy France, culminating in the
2793:, who had fled from the British Mandate of Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. In January 1941, there was a political crisis within Iraq as Rashid Ali resigned as
2318:
On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom and next day the British Commonwealth declared war on Italy. The fleets of Italy, France and the United Kingdom began the hostilities of the
2273:
against British positions in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean region increased. In late 1939, with the assumption that Britain would soon be at war with Italy, planning began for attacks to capture
3500:, armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique. In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian
2499:, and a small German force pressed eastwards, retaking all territory lost to Operation Compass, and advanced into Egypt. By the end of April, Sollum had fallen and the important Halfaya Pass captured.
1234:
3887:
between Palestinian Arabs and Jews broke out and lasted until the British withdrawal of the territory in May 1948, which later drew in neighbouring nations into the conflict, causing the start of the
3393:
and airborne landings. The German and Italian forces were unable to prevent the Allied capture of the island but evacuated most of their troops and equipment to the mainland before the Allies entered
3198:
were delivered, which very much improved the defensive situation, although food, ammunition, and fuel were still short. Supply runs during lulls in the bombing kept Malta in being but many ships like
2987:
soon after the German invasion but the number of ships available was limited and convoys were vulnerable to German air and submarine attack. Supplies were also sent from American pacific ports to
2382:
on 3 July 1940, after it refused to sail to Britain or the French West Indies and demobilise, as part of a larger plan to stop the French fleet from falling into German or Italian hands.
3416:. The Italian government signed the surrender the same day, believing they would be given time to make preparations against the anticipated German intervention. The Allies announced the
192:
2621:
Greek Army. The advanced guards of these troops began arriving in March 1941, triggering the entry of German forces into Bulgaria, which made clear the German intent to invade Greece.
3401:
deposed Mussolini, the Italian leader, who was subsequently arrested. The new government announced that it would continue the war but secretly commenced negotiations with the Allies.
2366:
was signed. Italy gained a 50 kilometres (31 mi) demilitarised zone inside France (as well as similar zones where Italian and French colonies met). Italian occupation forces
1227:
2753:
has accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame for his country's defeat from himself to his ally, Italy. It nevertheless had serious consequences for the Axis war effort in the
9458:
2957:, the rear of the Vichy forces defending Beirut from the advance from the south. Negotiations for an armistice were started on 11 July and surrender terms signed on 14 July.
2413:
by invading Greece on 28 October. The Greek army repulsed the Italian attack and commenced a counter-offensive on 14 November, which pushed Italian forces back into Albania.
7988:
3528:, an amphibious assault at Anzio behind the line was intended to break it, but did not have the desired effect. The line was eventually broken by frontal assault at the
7733:
2137:
Mussolini lauded the conquest as a new source of raw materials and location for emigration and speculated that a native army could be raised there to "help conquer the
7334:
1220:
2848:
and Rashid Ali proclaimed himself Chief of the "National Defence Government." The Golden Square deposed al-Hashimi and restored Rashid Ali. Ali did not overthrow the
2710:
forces in anticipation of the German attack. The Greek army found itself outnumbered in its effort to defend against both Italian and German troops. As a result, the
9339:
7350:
5830:
Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R. N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
7677:
1847:
Despite the large size of the theatre, the various campaigns were not seen as neatly separated areas of operations but part of a vast, contiguous theatre of war.
7273:
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Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The European Theatre
2397:
On 9 September, Italian aircraft start preparation bombardments for the invasion of Egypt. Four days later, Italian infantry attacked and advanced as far as
2676:, Greece, with British air and material support, repelled the initial Italian attack and a counter-attack in March 1941. When the German invasion, known as
7306:
7252:
6438:
5870:
Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The Asian Theatre
7770:
7259:
6875:
3435:. German forces which had escaped from Sicily were concentrated against Avalanche, while additional forces were brought in to occupy Rome and disarm the
1338:
6285:
5129:
3147:
biplanes. After the first Italian air attacks it became clear that Malta could be defended and in early July, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve
2731:
despite suffering heavy casualties. They then flew in more troops and were able to capture the rest of the island by 1 June. With their victory in the
1383:
2436:
ended with the Italians losing the desert oasis of Kufraâa vital link between Italian east and north Africaâwhich was located in south-eastern Libya.
2066:. Covert motives were for Italy to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean, capable of challenging France or Britain and gaining access to the
7656:
7096:
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3110:
1278:
6949:
6329:
2695:
2367:
2307:
7386:
6698:
2860:
2303:
1835:
The British referred to this theatre as the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre (so called due to the location of the fighting and the name of
7205:
6507:
4732:
2245:
Upon the establishment of MEC, it was ordered to co-ordinate with the French military in the Middle East and Africa as well as liaise with the
9211:
5553:. United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Washington DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
2428:
in February 1941. Following this success, British forces adopted a defensive position in North Africa and redeployed most troops to Greece in
1753:
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7967:
7944:
7458:
6380:
6350:
5125:
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1005:
376:
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2999:
was widely viewed as pro-German by the allies. Following the Shah's refusal to open Iran up as a supply route for war materiel to the USSR;
8097:
7953:
7937:
7909:
7150:
6357:
3905:
3884:
3122:
2863:. The leaders of the "National Defence Government" proceeded to arrest many pro-British citizens and politicians but many escaped through
2757:. Enno von Rintelen, who was the military attaché in Rome, emphasises, from the German point of view, the strategic mistake of not taking
8854:
7921:
7833:
7777:
7740:
7015:
5548:
3880:
2872:
of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, when he insisted that newly arrived British troops quickly be transported through Iraq and to Palestine.
3563:
of 1945. From 1944 to the end of war, the Italian Front was made up of a multi-national Allied force of Americans (including segregated
7826:
6551:
3580:
3420:
on 8 September and German forces implemented plans to occupy the Italian peninsula. On 9 September, American and British forces of the
1535:
1463:
2475:, to bolster the Italians with a mission to block further Allied attempts to drive the Italians out of the region. It's commander was
54:
9463:
9332:
7960:
6343:
6301:
787:
279:
Italy ceded all its African colonies to the Allies, restored Albanian independence, and gave some territory to Yugoslavia and Greece
9181:
6993:
6767:
6530:
6396:
6207:
5580:
Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 â June 1941
1574:
1547:
3516:), published in 1991, led to the term "Italian Civil War" being used more frequently by Italian and international historiography.
8076:
7873:
7525:
6903:
6403:
6315:
6251:
3568:
2420:
on the night of 12/13 November. After assembling enough forces the British launched a counter-attack upon the Italians in Egypt.
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3524:(parts of which were called the Gustav Line) proved a major obstacle to the Allies at the end of 1943, halting the advance.
3011:. Iranian oil fields were secured and the line of supply to Russia established and maintained for the remainder of the war.
1854:
a new Roman Empire, while the Allies aimed to retain the status quo. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, and immediately
9108:
8515:
8401:
7566:
7026:
7022:
7000:
6604:
5790:
3614:, the remaining German and RSI forces in Northern Italy were defeated by the British 8th Army and the U.S. 5th Army in the
3592:
2508:
2352:
1937:
The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre had the longest duration of the World War II, resulted in the destruction of the
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7011:
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surrendered to the Allies which entered the town the following day. The Yugoslavs had to leave the town some days after.
3529:
2394:. While his generals did not believe they were prepared, they were ordered to push forward without any solid objectives.
1733:
1157:
766:
666:
2448:
Italy and its colonies before WWII are shown in red. Pink areas were annexed for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (
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Allied forces which had been sent to Greece in October 1944 after the German withdrawal, were attacked by the leftist
2953:. By 8 July, north-east Syria had been captured and elements of Iraqforce had advanced up the river Euphrates towards
2906:
dispatched to Iraq from Transjordan and India. The larger but poorly trained Iraqi force was defeated and Baghdad and
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8202:
8019:
7601:
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5153:
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and occupied Iran in August 1941. The Shah, who urged his military not to resist the invasion, was deposed and his
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8543:
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2019:
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939:
537:
251:
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was created to fight against the puppet government headed by Mussolini and its German allies, alongside the large
2339:
began, as the British launched minor raids and conducted patrols along the LibyanâEgyptian border and on 17 June,
1743:
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8124:
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3190:
Bombing and the naval blockade led to food and commodity shortages and rationing was imposed on the inhabitants.
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1718:
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had promised to give all the help in their power if Greek and Romanian independence were threatened and if the
2131:
1667:
921:
2628:. They captured Yugoslavia in 11 days and partitioned it among themselves and newly formed client states: The
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5834:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press.
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5815:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press.
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within two days in early October. A massive 50-day-long aerial campaign was launched against the island of
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landing in various places across French North Africa. In December 1942, after a 101-day British blockade,
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Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany, 1944 and 1945 â The Greatest Airborne Battles in History
3260:, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, British forces went onto the offensive in October. The
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and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi (160 km) east to
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6308:
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3747:. The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and fanned out north and east to join up with the
3619:
3386:
3327:
2677:
2409:
began in August and annexed the colony. After crossing the Albanian border, Italian forces began the
2386:
2359:
1509:
1475:
1350:
1323:
6852:
3029:
and took place in October 1944. It involved five soldiers: three who were previously members of the
8831:
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7861:
7854:
7511:
7171:
7143:
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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume II The Germans come to the Help of their Ally (1941). 1956
5800:
3654:
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3584:
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was subsequently set up in northern Italy as the successor state to the former fascist government.
3421:
3405:
3378:
3362:
3289:
3237:
During 1941, the British launched several offensives to push back the Axis forces in North Africa.
3042:
2790:
2786:
2641:
2363:
1907:
1792:
theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean,
1525:
6868:
6845:
2735:
the Germans had secured their southern flank and turned their attention towards the Soviet Union.
2370:
an 832 km (321 sq mi) area of France, which included 28,500 people and the town of
9253:
9197:
9067:
8927:
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8265:
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8067:
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7179:
7157:
7103:
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the absence of Allied reinforcements doomed the Allied effort, however. German forces, including
3623:
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3458:
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2898:
2617:
2579:
2336:
2051:
1927:
1562:
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1101:
980:
867:
476:
240:
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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941). 1954
1890:
planned to capture the Middle East with a view to possibly attacking the southern border of the
1443:
8945:
8838:
8640:
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8494:
8387:
8357:
8140:
8028:
7754:
7545:
7129:
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6627:
6597:
5807:, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) .
3989:
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The Germans were unable to prevent the Italian fleet sailing to Malta, although the battleship
3417:
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2877:
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1911:
1875:
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297:
228:
110:
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reinforcements in the Mediterranean joined in the bombing but during a lull in early 1942, 61
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British forces in the Middle East were ordered to avoid provocation. Following the defeat of
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1027:
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507:
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which was breaking out of the Normandy beachhead. In early September supreme command of the
2355:
began with Italian attacks in East Africa, although ground combat did not start until July.
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9115:
8766:
8723:
8693:
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8429:
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2007:
1931:
1923:
1825:
1704:
649:
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8:
9378:
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8508:
7642:
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6691:
5891:. New Studies in European History. trans. A. Belton. London: Cambridge University Press.
3678:
3432:
3398:
3242:
3053:
a few days after their landing. The German commander was captured in 1946 and the fifth,
3034:
2838:
On 1 April, Rashid Ali, along with four senior Army and Air Force officers known as the "
2685:
2259:
2215:
2186:
2063:
2011:
1836:
1758:
1638:
1333:
1054:
6135:
5951:
Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II
4748:
Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen MilitĂ€rattachĂ©s in Rom 1936â1943
3723:
3357:
2991:
in Soviet-flagged ships but Allied planners wished to open another supply route through
2432:, leaving a weak force garrisoning the gains made from Operation Compass. In March, the
1212:
9371:
9204:
9129:
9083:
9053:
8961:
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but managed to delay the Allied advance by defensive operations, most notably with the
3246:
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2897:
government to release war materials, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in the
2750:
2626:
Germans, Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians made quick work of the Royal Yugoslav army
2534:
2533:, was forced to surrender by 18 May which effectively ended the campaign, allowing the
2425:
2199:
2059:
1411:
1140:
1038:
1032:
749:
446:
45:
5406:
From Jerusalem to the Lion of Judah and Beyond: Israel's Foreign Policy in East Africa
3968:
9362:
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5873:
5854:
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5698:
5681:
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5602:
5583:
5554:
5533:
5514:
5495:
5476:
5453:
5430:
5424:
5409:
5390:
5371:
5352:
5333:
5311:
5305:
5290:
5271:
5149:
4755:
4712:
4680:
3993:
3981:
3789:
3736:
3718:
3588:
3540:
3477:
3413:
3352:
3253:. The routed Allied forces retreated to Egypt where they made a stand at El Alamein.
3238:
3170:
3144:
3140:
3066:
2856:
2673:
2575:
2462:
2421:
2417:
2410:
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2043:
1915:
1903:
1895:
1863:
1817:
1643:
1482:
1458:
1343:
1205:
1049:
1010:
965:
411:
5832:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941)
5085:
3501:
2149:
and within two days had occupied the country. In May 1939, Italy formally allied to
9281:
9274:
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8882:
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8633:
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8237:
8090:
8037:
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7798:
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6912:
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5096:
3985:
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In Syria, nationalist protests were on the rise at the continued occupation of the
3822:
3752:
3627:
3576:
3331:
3319:
3250:
3148:
3046:
2844:
2746:
2522:
2429:
2348:
2255:
2122:
2015:
2003:
1781:
1453:
1431:
1106:
1082:
1071:
627:
579:
32:
6454:
5813:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
5073:
1866:, but it was not until the introduction of German forces that it and neighbouring
1134:
94:
74:
9304:
9016:
8931:
8889:
8787:
8730:
8598:
8380:
8371:
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7475:
7451:
6705:
5673:
5241:
5143:
4754:] (in German). TĂŒbingen/Stuttgart: R. Wunderlich. pp. 90, 92â93, 98â99.
3948:
3876:
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3269:
3072:
2915:
2890:
2806:
2798:
2775:
2732:
2724:
2672:
Following the Italian invasion on 28 October 1940, which is usually known as the
2664:, soon broke out. A more ambivalent, predominantly Serb paramilitary movement of
2661:
2541:. A number of Italian garrisons continued to hold out, but the last of these, at
2521:
in February 1941. Landings were subsequently conducted in British Somaliland and
2496:
2401:
before digging in, 80 mi (130 km) west of the main British position at
2332:
2178:
1878:, while Axis interference in the Middle East caused fighting to spread as far as
1829:
1797:
1621:
1542:
1303:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1087:
1043:
992:
824:
265:
174:
138:
117:
9416:
3100:
Five Malta-based RAF pilots sitting in front of a Beaufighter and a Spitfire at
2416:
The Royal Navy inflicted a major setback upon the Italian Royal Navy during the
2141:. "Almost as soon as the Abyssinian campaign ended, Italian intervention in the
9311:
8847:
8773:
6818:
6677:
6042:(14). London: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 852â854. 13 July 1940.
5332:. First published as The Spanish Civil War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5095:("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist
3693:
3505:
3199:
3165:
2794:
2699:
2538:
2424:
drove the Italians out of Egypt and resulted in the destruction of the Italian
2279:
2106:
2082:
2067:
1997:
1938:
1805:
1557:
1552:
1076:
960:
313:
3780:
At the end of the war in Europe, on 1 May 1945, troops of the 4th Army of the
1906:
halted Axis interference in North Africa by May 1943. The Allies then invaded
9452:
9122:
7040:
6889:
6728:
6063:
6047:
5685:
5558:
5325:
4752:
Mussolini as an ally. Memories of the German military attachĂ© in Rome 1936â43
3853:
3842:
3638:
3472:, while other Italian troops continued to fight alongside the Germans in the
3450:
3374:
3264:
marked a watershed in the Western Desert Campaign and turned the tide in the
3079:
and create a Kurdish uprising against the British with assistance from local
2814:
2681:
2328:
2154:
1851:
1785:
1150:
1145:
1111:
1094:
1021:
987:
972:
699:
327:
236:
207:
194:
6113:
2185:
With rising tension in Europe, in June 1939, the United Kingdom established
1361:
85:
9421:
9225:
7518:
7423:
7054:
6417:
6181:
5906:
5117:
4914:
4759:
3980:
While the fighting around the Mediterranean formed the longest fought over
3960:
3759:
and the 6th Army Group moved out of the Mediterranean Theatre and into the
3662:
3618:. Mussolini attempted to escape to Switzerland, but was captured and later
3497:
3156:
3133:
3076:
3054:
3038:
2972:
2931:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2853:
2830:
2738:
2711:
2597:
2518:
2476:
2467:
2402:
2398:
2340:
2286:. Troops in Sudan were also asked to consider launching operations against
2235:
2150:
2071:
2047:
1967:
1891:
1821:
1793:
1394:
1200:
1171:
1123:
1118:
1016:
841:
807:
717:
595:
393:
246:
186:
5931:
Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935â1940
3665:
with the Allies), ordered German and RSI armed forces in Italy to make an
3622:
by Italian partisans along with the high-ranking Fascist officials of the
3310:
Allied forces were placed under the command of a Supreme Allied Commander
2545:, surrendered in November. Small groups of Italian troops carried out the
9060:
9046:
8708:
7377:
7198:
7183:
6537:
5889:
Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War
4672:
3809:
3706:
3556:
3555:, the Italian campaign became of secondary importance to both sides. The
3521:
3485:
2988:
2984:
2946:
2707:
2562:
2526:
2514:
2094:
2046:
and harked back to the Roman empire. The regime also sought to establish
1949:
1813:
1789:
1518:
1436:
998:
851:
682:
360:
182:
178:
6055:
2335:(RAF) aircraft attacked Italian positions inside Libya. On 11 June, the
8415:
8168:
8147:
7033:
6366:
6294:
5804:
5680:. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. Ballantine.
5268:
Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
3642:
2728:
2688:, then a vassal of Italy, from which the Italian troops had attacked.
2375:
2311:
2169:
1862:, which would remain under siege for over 2 years. Italian forces then
1426:
1416:
1065:
605:
5492:
The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II
2698:, creating a second front. Greece received a small reinforcement from
2465:
by dispatching armour and motorised divisions. Germany dispatched the
8678:
8083:
7880:
7691:
7482:
7437:
3797:
3191:
3184:
3084:
3026:
2996:
2950:
2911:
2703:
2691:
2110:
1987:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.
1887:
1162:
462:
6958:
5829:
3595:
as well as members of the British and French empires, including the
3175:
6942:
6670:
6083:
3785:
3732:
3548:
3273:
3187:
in northern Italy, as more U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean.
3101:
2980:
2849:
2239:
2027:
2023:
3879:
between Arabs and Jews. Following the end of World War II and the
3875:
Prior to the war, the British Mandate of Palestine was faced with
3427:
in Operation Avalanche and more British airborne troops landed at
3025:
Operation Atlas was carried out by a special commando unit of the
2517:, the British launched a counter-attack against the Italians from
2444:
5799:
5530:
And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War
3793:
3696:
commandos, launched a counter-offensive, capturing the island of
3510:
Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralitĂ della Resistenza
3428:
3394:
3129:
3114:
2810:
2327:
soon began, with the first Italian air attack on 11 June. In the
2270:
2203:
2086:
2031:
1984:
259:
65:
5494:. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas.
4677:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940â1941
3160:
began operations in the Mediterranean with establishment of the
2557:
1843:
and the German informal official history of the fighting is the
550:
7559:
6150:
3857:
3848:
3826:
3744:
3740:
3514:
A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance
3489:
3481:
3318:. Axis forces were caught between the Allied armies during the
3230:
2954:
2802:
2779:
2542:
2492:
2488:
2461:
In North Africa, the Italians responded to the defeat of their
2371:
2275:
2266:
2231:
2126:
2090:
1809:
563:
490:
2910:
were captured. Ali and his supporters fled the country and an
2249:
and possibly the Greek General Staff. On 19 October 1939, the
7747:
3756:
3701:
3080:
3007:
placed on the throne as titular head of an allied controlled
2907:
2864:
2758:
2495:
on the LibyanâEgyptian border. The main Axis force began the
2287:
2211:
2207:
2190:
2138:
2102:
1845:
Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939â1941.
5766:] (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
5695:
Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933â1940
2817:, from whence he was flown to Basra and given refuge on the
2405:. In East Africa, after some initial offensive actions, the
3992:
was fought from 1939 to 1945, the war's longest continuous
3731:
On 15 August 1944, in an effort to aid their operations in
3533:
3311:
3229:
British gunners cleaning a 3.7-inch anti-aircraft gun near
3180:
2380:
the French fleet in the North African port of Mers-el-KĂ©bir
2242:, and keep the Middle Eastern oilfields out of Axis hands.
2219:
2195:
2118:
2098:
1816:
in Italy surrendered. However, fighting would continue in
5513:. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5217:
5215:
3697:
3342:
3301:
than intended. One undertaking was to lead to the next".
1242:
858:
5055:
3206:
fuel and supply shortages for the Axis forces in Libya.
2570: Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the
2097:
and "French territory east of the River Var (to include
2385:
When Italy entered the war, there were no plans for an
1982: Territories to be transformed into client states.
1874:. Allied and Axis forces fought back and forth across
16:
Major theatre of operations during the Second World War
6812:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
5509:
Fage, J. D.; Crowder, Michael; Oliver, Roland (1984).
5212:
3071:
In 1943 a small team of German agents parachuted into
9459:
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
6101:
5330:
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936â1939
5091:, 1943â1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book
4711:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bonn. p. 506.
4705:
Hitlers Strategie. Politik und KriegfĂŒhrung 1940â1941
3143:; the air defence of Malta comprised six obsolescent
2914:
was signed, restoring the monarchy of Faisal II, the
5550:
Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West
4861:
4604:
4602:
3763:fighting as one of three Allied army groups on the
3412:landed in the toe of Italy on 3 September 1943, in
1960: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;
5736:
5511:The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1940 to 1975
5445:
3453:rescued Mussolini from the mountain resort in the
6104:[The Unknown Resistance in East Africa].
5990:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
5508:
4982:
4980:
3911:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
3385:Following the Allied victory in North Africa the
3179:) in Italy. Additional bases were established in
3111:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
2561:Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the
9450:
5948:
5739:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
5346:
4775:
4599:
1930:in the north, lasting until 2 May 1945 with the
912:
528:
6102:"La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale"
2640:and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the
1800:. The fighting started from 10 June 1940, when
6136:Mediterranean sources and US Official accounts
5349:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
4977:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4475:
4473:
4062:
4060:
3963:unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945 but
3829:during December of that year, which began the
3712:
2525:, while an expedition from the Sudan moved on
2343:was captured. On 20 June, Mussolini began the
2293:
2145:" began. On 7 April 1939, Mussolini began the
1914:authorized by the royal government, causing a
498:
165:(4 years, 11 months and 5 days)
6166:
5307:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe
4709:Hitler's Strategy. Politics & War 1940â41
4188:
4186:
3871:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
2134:began when Italian forces invaded Abyssinia.
2077:On 30 November 1938, Mussolini addressed the
2006:claimed that Italy needed an outlet for its "
1953:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.
1391:
1377:
1228:
467:
5475:] (in Italian). Baldini & Castoldi.
5012:
5010:
4825:
4816:
4745:
4545:
4245:
4243:
4176:
4174:
3906:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)
3480:. Although other European countries such as
3123:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)
420:
5970:World War II: The Definitive Visual History
5148:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
4784:
4766:
4470:
4404:Bulletin of International News, pp. 852â854
4057:
6173:
6159:
5653:
5387:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939â1942
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4699:
4183:
4074:
4072:
4032:
4030:
3739:â the invasion of Southern France between
3607:and forces raised in Mandatory Palestine.
3083:who were seeking to create an independent
2809:, learnt of a plot to arrest him and fled
1796:, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and
1384:
1370:
1235:
1221:
757:
657:
618:
258:Beginning of the Communist regimes in the
6099:
5993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5466:
5285:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.).
5132:at the University of Munchen (in German).
5061:
5007:
4240:
4171:
4048:
3727:Allied fleets landing in Southern France.
3630:surrendered to the Allies along with the
3389:in Operation Husky on 10 July 1943, with
3326:and a temporary defensive success at the
2764:
2616:, the Greeks had been reluctant to allow
1886:. With confidence high from early gains,
894:
876:
723:
708:
123:Italian warships on formation during the
6077:
5986:
5967:
5448:The Second World War: A Military History
5443:
5429:. New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press.
5347:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
5265:
5103:("History of Italy") by the same author.
4867:
3861:withdrew from Syria the following year.
3722:
3356:
3283:
3224:
3094:
2930:
2829:
2556:
2443:
2297:
2269:, the threat of an Axis attack from the
2168:
1976: Claimed territories to be annexed;
1948:
930:
513:
402:
6108:(in Italian). Rivista Italiana Difesa.
5927:
5886:
5692:
5672:
5634:
5532:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
5169:
5167:
5165:
4952:
4950:
4891:
4834:
4671:
4509:
4069:
4027:
3683:The brief campaign in the Italian-held
3559:north of Rome was not broken until the
2121:and Tunisia would need to be taken and
1181:
690:
9451:
8027:
8005:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5905:
5757:
5734:
5615:
5596:
5527:
5489:
5365:
5324:
3916:Timeline of the North African campaign
3672:
3343:Italian campaign and Italian Civil War
3288:U.S. troops taken prisoner during the
3090:
3014:
2407:Italian conquest of British Somaliland
2310:in shades of yellow and striped blue,
815:
144:American soldiers fighting during the
8876:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
8308:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
7954:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7910:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
7008:Rape during the occupation of Germany
6154:
6010:Malta: The Last Great Siege 1940â1943
6007:
5867:
5848:
5780:
5714:Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe
5711:
5577:
5422:
5403:
5384:
5284:
5233:
5141:
5124:of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the
5084:See the books from Italian historian
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
3770:
3583:, Greeks, anti-fascist Italians, the
3459:puppet government headed by Mussolini
3075:with the goal of covertly sabotaging
3021:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine)
2926:
2801:; civil war loomed. On 31 March, the
2392:German invasion of the United Kingdom
2304:Occupied and annexed zones by Germany
1922:commenced between the Allied-aligned
1774:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre
1365:
1246:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre
1216:
109:Italian soldiers charging during the
26:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre
7998:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
7023:Rape during the liberation of France
6080:"Nazis planned Palestine subversion"
5909:(1982) . Liddell-Hart, Basil (ed.).
5546:
5368:Regional Security in the Middle East
5303:
5266:Aly, Götz; Chase, Jefferson (2008).
5246:. Time Incorporated. pp. 25â26.
5239:
5176:
5162:
5089:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
5074:Storia della guerra civile in Italia
4947:
4554:
4144:
3060:
3041:who were close collaborators of the
2893:, Germany concluded a deal with the
2834:British troops taking cover in Iraq.
2680:, began on 6 April, the bulk of the
2509:East African Campaign (World War II)
6100:Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994).
5949:Stockings, C.; Hancock, E. (2013).
4679:. London: Allen Lane. p. 178.
4587:Fage, Crowder & Oliver, p. 461.
2945:In Operation Exporter, Australian,
116:German FallschirmjÀgers during the
13:
8224:German invasion of the Netherlands
6497:Weather events during World War II
6092:
5972:. New York, NY: Dorling Kimberly.
5637:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move
4635:Stockings & Hancock, pp. 78â82
4360:
3967:still fought until the end of the
3825:movement, resulting in clashes in
3337:
2935:Australian troops in Lebanon, 1941
2636:. In spring 1941, Italy created a
2487:fell back to the fortress port of
2480:Commonwealth forces into retreat.
2081:on the goal of capturing Albania,
137:British troops on Iraq during the
14:
9495:
8855:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
6129:
5310:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson.
3610:On April 28, two days before the
3279:
3214:
2995:. Though officially neutral, the
2547:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
2362:with Germany and on 24 June, the
1828:â during the early stages of the
9464:African theatres of World War II
9415:
6180:
6034:"The Franco-Italian Armistice".
5801:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
5718:Germany and the Second World War
5289:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis.
5224:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5135:
5106:
5078:
5067:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
3539:Following the fall of Rome, the
3492:also had partisan movements and
3292:march through a Tunisian village
2741:later blamed the failure of his
2485:Australian 9th Infantry Division
2262:considered it vital to resist."
1199:
1188:
1170:
1156:
1149:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1015:
1004:
997:
986:
971:
959:
932:
914:
896:
878:
860:
834:
817:
800:
776:
759:
742:
725:
710:
692:
659:
643:
620:
604:
588:
572:
556:
544:
530:
515:
500:
483:
469:
455:
439:
422:
404:
386:
369:
353:
337:
320:
306:
93:
84:
73:
64:
53:
44:
5760:Histoire militaire de la France
5658:. Littlehampton Book Services.
4998:
4989:
4968:
4959:
4938:
4929:
4907:
4873:
4852:
4843:
4807:
4798:
4739:
4693:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4210:Playfair (1954), pp. 31â32, 459
4204:
4195:
4162:
4153:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
3439:in central and northern Italy.
3349:Italian campaign (World War II)
3209:
2789:, the British appointee as the
2749:'s failed conquest of Greece.
2456:
2439:
2018:". The Fascists had designs on
1839:), the Americans called it the
1824:had been dispatched to aid the
130:British tanks on the attack in
9102:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
6805:Territorial changes of Germany
6713:Indonesian National Revolution
6078:Fountain, Rick (5 July 2001).
6036:Bulletin of International News
5785:. All About History. Imagine.
5678:Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory
5490:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. (2015).
5452:. London: St. Martin's Press.
5145:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949
4039:
4018:
4009:
3974:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3616:Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
3597:3rd Algerian Infantry Division
3530:Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino
3476:; this period is known as the
3397:on 17 August. On 25 July, the
2502:
1926:in the south and Axis-aligned
1:
8502:Japanese invasion of Thailand
8453:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
8217:German invasion of Luxembourg
6591:Mediterranean and Middle East
6012:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
5987:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994).
5928:Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002).
5253:
5240:Luce, Henry Robinson (1945).
5099:as the fifteen volume of the
4662:Playfair (1956), pp. 148â149.
4054:Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 467
3669:to the Allies on 2 May 1945.
3593:South Africans and Rhodesians
3119:Siege of Malta (World War II)
2684:was on the Greek border with
2358:On 22 June, France signed an
2347:, just before the end of the
1944:
1582:Mediterranean and Middle East
9474:History of the Mediterranean
8409:Invasion of the Soviet Union
8098:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
7409:Independent State of Croatia
5934:. Cornell University Press.
5735:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999).
5093:L'Italia della guerra civile
4849:Playfair (1956), pp. 194â195
4458:Playfair (1954), pp. 209â210
4228:Playfair (1954), pp. 31, 457
4003:
3901:List of World War II battles
3864:
3324:Battle of the Kasserine Pass
3173:, Commander in Chief South (
2797:of Iraq and was replaced by
2743:invasion of the Soviet Union
2630:Independent State of Croatia
2589:Independent State of Croatia
2578:and the areas making up the
1841:Mediterranean Theater of War
1812:, until 2 May 1945 when all
1563:Manchuria and Northern Korea
886:Independent State of Croatia
7:
9393:End of World War II in Asia
9233:Western invasion of Germany
8740:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
8717:Second Battle of El Alamein
8287:Hundred Regiments Offensive
8259:Battle of the Mediterranean
8112:Italian invasion of Albania
6279:Air warfare of World War II
6071:
6027:
5872:. Vol. II. McFarland.
5720:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5287:The History of World War II
4746:von Rintelen, Enno (1951).
4267:Playfair (1954), pp. 51, 53
3894:
3713:Invasion of southern France
3470:Italian resistance movement
3466:Italian Co-Belligerent Army
3457:where he was being held. A
3361:Men of the 10th Battalion,
3262:Second Battle of El Alamein
2574:, the area merged with the
2537:to be re-established under
2321:Battle of the Mediterranean
2294:Initial military operations
2251:Treaty of Mutual Assistance
2147:Italian invasion of Albania
125:Battle of the Mediterranean
10:
9500:
9319:Naval bombardment of Japan
8687:First Battle of El Alamein
8606:Battle of Christmas Island
8551:Japanese invasion of Burma
8315:Italian invasion of Greece
8231:German invasion of Belgium
8203:German invasion of Denmark
8176:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
8045:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
6302:Comparative military ranks
5853:. Vol. I. McFarland.
5764:Military History of France
5654:Mack Smith, Denis (1982).
5408:. Bloomington: IUniverse.
5389:. New York: Random House.
5142:Payne, Stanley G. (2011).
4885:Kurdistan Memory Programme
4551:Playfair (1956), pp. 33â35
4533:Playfair (1956), pp. 19â40
4294:Playfair (1954), pp. 48â49
4276:Playfair (1954), pp. 24â25
3868:
3840:
3807:
3775:
3716:
3676:
3532:in the spring of 1944 and
3373:, climbing the heights of
3346:
3258:First Battle of El Alamein
3218:
3108:
3064:
3051:Transjordan Frontier Force
3018:
2964:
2938:
2852:and named a new Regent to
2773:
2650:complex guerrilla uprising
2552:
2506:
2345:Italian invasion of France
2164:
2132:Second ItaloâEthiopian War
1995:
163:10 June 1940 â 23 May 1945
9408:
9240:BratislavaâBrno offensive
9180:
9171:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
8908:
8795:Allied invasion of Sicily
8749:
8655:Aleutian Islands campaign
8627:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
8574:
8565:Greek famine of 1941â1944
8460:Second Battle of Changsha
8365:German invasion of Greece
8333:
8210:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
8185:
8123:
8018:
7899:
7625:
7535:
7376:
7079:
7070:
6828:
6653:
6545:North and Central Pacific
6506:
6268:
6261:
6188:
5968:Sturgeon, Alison (2009).
5578:Jentz, Thomas L. (1998).
5547:Howe, George F. (1993) .
5467:De Felice, Renzo (1995).
5444:Corrigan, Gordon (2011).
4935:Blair (1996), pp. 395â404
4596:Cernuschi, 1994, pp. 5â74
4123:Beevor (2006). pp. 135â6.
3803:
3543:(6 June 1944) that began
3328:Battle of the Mareth Line
3057:, succeeded in escaping.
2646:Governatorato di Dalmazia
1402:
1254:
952:
287:
155:
38:
30:
25:
9484:Theaters of World War II
8832:Allied invasion of Italy
8809:Solomon Islands campaign
8558:Third Battle of Changsha
8155:First Battle of Changsha
8061:Second Sino-Japanese War
6994:German military brothels
6860:United States war crimes
5887:Rodogno, Davide (2006).
5693:Mallett, Rovert (2003).
5304:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) .
5258:
4488:Playfair (1956), pp. 2â5
3921:
3836:
3749:American 12th Army Group
3655:Heinrich von Vietinghoff
3632:National Republican Army
3585:2nd New Zealand Division
3474:National Republican Army
3406:Allied invasion of Italy
3363:Royal Berkshire Regiment
3290:Battle of Kasserine Pass
2791:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
2787:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni
2642:Governorship of Dalmatia
2638:Montenegrin client state
2605: Areas occupied by
2364:Franco-Italian Armistice
2308:Italian occupation zones
1991:
1894:. Devastating losses in
1568:pre-war border conflicts
104:Clockwise from top left:
9469:History of North Africa
9254:Second Guangxi campaign
9109:Philippines (1944â1945)
8613:Battle of the Coral Sea
8516:Fall of the Philippines
8162:Battle of South Guangxi
8068:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
7467:Italian Social Republic
5781:Overy, Richard (2014).
5601:. Vol. I. Osprey.
5599:Italian Army, 1940â1945
5597:Jowett, Philip (2000).
5528:Fraser, David (1999) .
5370:. New York: Routledge.
5209:Corrigan (2011), p. 523
4795:Playfair (1956), p. 178
4772:Playfair (1956), p. 177
4569:Jentz, pp. 128â129, 131
4560:Playfair (1956), p. 160
4440:Playfair (1954), p. 207
4357:Playfair (1954), p. 118
4348:Playfair (1954), p. 112
4330:Playfair (1954), p. 109
4321:Playfair (1954), p. 100
4258:Playfair (1954), p. 458
3667:unconditional surrender
3624:Italian Social Republic
3314:Mediterranean, General
3296:Following the Japanese
3221:Western Desert Campaign
2960:
2899:French Mandate of Syria
2884:to secretly return Dr.
2769:
2669:liberated the country.
2596: Area occupied by
2580:Governorate of Dalmatia
2529:. The Italian Viceroy,
2337:Western Desert Campaign
2302:France during the war;
2002:During the late 1920s,
1928:Italian Social Republic
1850:Fascist Italy aimed to
1784:. The vast size of the
868:Italian Social Republic
241:Italian Social Republic
8839:Armistice of Cassibile
8641:Battle of Dutch Harbor
8592:Battle of the Java Sea
8495:Attack on Pearl Harbor
8395:SyriaâLebanon campaign
8388:Battle of South Shanxi
8358:Invasion of Yugoslavia
8141:Battle of the Atlantic
7755:Korean Liberation Army
7461:(until September 1943)
7418:(until September 1944)
7396:(until September 1944)
5868:Ready, J. Lee (1985).
5849:Ready, J. Lee (1985).
5758:Martel, André (1994).
5697:. Palgrave Macmillan.
5674:Macksey, Major Kenneth
5616:Keegan, John (1997) .
5582:. New York: Schiffer.
5404:Carol, Steven (2012).
5366:Bilgin, Pinar (2005).
5230:Sturgeson, pp. 274â275
5025:Sturgeon, pp. 212â213.
4974:Weinberg, pp. 260â263.
4881:"History of the Kurds"
4644:Weinberg, pp. 221â222.
4497:Martel (1994), p. 108.
4431:Weinberg, pp. 145â146.
4303:Playfair (1954), p. 54
4285:Playfair (1954), p. 41
4219:Playfair (1954), p. 33
4201:Playfair (1954), p. 12
4132:Playfair (1954), p. 24
4105:Playfair (1954), p. 21
3990:Battle of the Atlantic
3936:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3735:, the Allies launched
3728:
3536:was captured in June.
3418:Armistice of Cassibile
3382:
3308:
3298:attack on Pearl Harbor
3293:
3266:North African Campaign
3234:
3106:
2975:had been sent via the
2941:SyriaâLebanon Campaign
2936:
2921:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
2878:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2842:", seized power via a
2835:
2765:Middle East operations
2712:Metaxas defensive line
2610:
2453:
2452:in China is not shown)
2360:armistice at Compiegne
2315:
2234:and the shores of the
2174:
2036:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1988:
953:Commanders and leaders
111:North African campaign
9003:Second Battle of Guam
8899:Bengal famine of 1943
8869:Second Battle of Kiev
8825:Battle of the Dnieper
8530:Battle of Wake Island
8402:East African campaign
8344:Battle of South Henan
7989:atrocities by Germans
7762:Korean Volunteer Army
6736:Occupation of Germany
6490:Music in World War II
6008:Wragg, David (2003).
5743:. London: Routledge.
5712:Maier, Klaus (1991).
5635:Latimer, Jon (2001).
5423:Clark, Lloyd (2008).
5221:Sturgeon, pp. 304â305
4904:Sturgeon, pp. 180â181
4312:Playfair (1954) p. 53
4180:Playfair (1954), p. 8
4168:Playfair (1954), p. 7
4015:Blair (1996), p. xiii
3889:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
3877:inter-ethnic violence
3869:Further information:
3841:Further information:
3792:occupied the town of
3726:
3612:death of Adolf Hitler
3387:Allies invaded Sicily
3371:British 56th Division
3360:
3303:
3287:
3228:
3196:Supermarine Spitfires
3098:
2967:Operation Countenance
2934:
2833:
2755:North African theatre
2572:province of Ljubljana
2560:
2473:Operation Sonnenblume
2447:
2353:East African Campaign
2301:
2247:Turkish General Staff
2172:
2079:Fascist Grand Council
1996:Further information:
1952:
1778:theatre of operations
1493:Yugoslavian Partisans
1195:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
978:Franklin D. Roosevelt
784:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
250:(concurrently in the
9479:History of West Asia
9289:Surrender of Germany
8767:Battle of West Hubei
8724:Guadalcanal campaign
8694:Battle of Stalingrad
8620:Battle of Madagascar
7387:Albania protectorate
7174:(formerly Swaziland)
6883:Wehrmacht war crimes
6699:Expulsion of Germans
6483:Art and World War II
6381:British contribution
6330:Governments in exile
5783:Book of World War II
5618:The Second World War
5385:Blair, Clay (1996).
5116:to French historian
5112:See as examples the
5052:Keegan, pp. 292â293.
5034:Keegan, pp. 291â292.
5004:Keegan, pp. 288â290.
4917:. GuĂ°mundur Helgason
4653:Keegan, pp. 129â139.
4617:Keegan, pp. 120â121.
4159:Martel, pp. 178, 198
4078:Salerno, pp. 105â106
4024:Woodman (2004), p. 1
3934:Participated in the
3626:. On May 1, Marshal
3504:in his books, while
3316:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3276:fell to the Allies.
3162:23rd U-boat Flotilla
2819:Insect-class gunboat
2549:until October 1943.
1932:Surrender of Caserta
9379:Potsdam Declaration
9268:Italy (Spring 1945)
9031:Liberation of Paris
8488:Siege of Sevastopol
7499:(until August 1944)
7402:Wang Jingwei regime
7224:from September 1943
7184:from September 1944
7122:from September 1944
6982:Romanian war crimes
6973:Persecution of Jews
6959:Croatian war crimes
6929:Japanese war crimes
6743:Occupation of Japan
6692:First Indochina War
6404:Military production
6316:Declarations of war
5620:. London: Pimlico.
5270:. London: Picador.
5122:Corriere della Sera
4965:Overy, pp. 134â137.
4956:Overy, pp. 130â131.
4701:Hillgruber, Andreas
4045:Martel, p. 184, 198
3755:moved from AFHQ to
3679:Dodecanese campaign
3673:Dodecanese Campaign
3433:Operation Slapstick
3410:British Eighth Army
3243:Operation Battleaxe
3091:Gibraltar and Malta
3035:Mandatory Palestine
3015:Mandatory Palestine
2531:Duke Amedeo d'Aosta
2450:Tientsin concession
2351:. During June, the
2290:in southern Libya.
2260:Romanian Government
2187:Middle East Command
2173:Middle East Command
2012:Strait of Gibraltar
1837:Middle East Command
1055:Emmanouil Tsouderos
416:(from October 1940)
204: /
9372:Surrender of Japan
9205:Battle of Iwo Jima
9054:Belgrade offensive
8467:Siege of Leningrad
8351:Battle of Shanggao
8280:British Somaliland
8245:Dunkirk evacuation
8196:Norwegian campaign
8134:Invasion of Poland
7961:Japanese prisoners
6922:Italian war crimes
6853:British war crimes
6768:Soviet occupations
6552:South-West Pacific
6439:Allied cooperation
6397:Military equipment
4995:Overy, pp. 148â149
4944:Overy, pp. 120â121
4542:Latimer, pp. 43â45
3771:Post-war conflicts
3729:
3685:Dodecanese Islands
3647:Commander-in-Chief
3569:Japanese-Americans
3545:Operation Overlord
3399:Italian government
3383:
3377:shortly after the
3294:
3247:Operation Crusader
3235:
3107:
3043:mufti of Jerusalem
3033:religious sect in
3001:the allies invaded
2937:
2927:Operation Exporter
2902:Syrian airfields.
2836:
2751:Andreas Hillgruber
2611:
2607:Kingdom of Hungary
2535:Empire of Ethiopia
2454:
2316:
2306:in shades of red,
2200:British Somaliland
2175:
2130:October 1935, the
2125:, France, Greece,
2008:surplus population
1989:
1910:, resulting in an
1695:French West Africa
1536:South West Pacific
1444:Denmark and Norway
904:Kingdom of Albania
447:Yugoslav Partisans
9446:
9445:
9404:
9403:
9247:Battle of Okinawa
9146:Burma (1944â1945)
8980:Mariana and Palau
8760:Tunisian campaign
8585:Fall of Singapore
8509:Fall of Hong Kong
8252:Battle of Britain
8105:Operation Himmler
8014:
8013:
7678:Dutch East Indies
7314:Southern Rhodesia
7066:
7065:
6966:Genocide of Serbs
6869:German war crimes
6846:Soviet war crimes
6839:Allied war crimes
6685:Division of Korea
6664:Chinese Civil War
6462:Strategic bombing
6374:Manhattan Project
6019:978-0-85052-990-6
6000:978-0-521-44317-3
5979:978-0-7566-4278-5
5960:978-9-00425-459-6
5953:. Boston: BRILL.
5941:978-0-8014-3772-4
5913:. Da Capo Press.
5911:The Rommel Papers
5898:978-0-521-84515-1
5879:978-0-89950-117-8
5860:978-0-89950-129-1
5750:978-0-415-16325-5
5727:978-0-19-822885-1
5704:978-0-333-74814-5
5665:978-0-297-78005-2
5608:978-1-85532-864-8
5520:978-0-521-22409-3
5501:978-0-70062-075-3
5459:978-0-312-57709-4
5436:978-0-87113-989-4
5415:978-1-4697-6129-9
5377:978-0-415-32549-3
5358:978-0-415-16111-4
5317:978-0-582-30470-3
5277:978-0-8050-8726-0
4858:Churchill, p. 288
4781:Churchill, p. 224
4718:978-3-76375-923-1
4686:978-0-7139-9712-5
4608:Weinberg, p. 217.
4578:Weinberg, p. 211.
4479:Weinberg, p. 210.
4192:Fraser, pp. 18â19
3994:military campaign
3881:UN Partition Plan
3737:Operation Dragoon
3719:Operation Dragoon
3659:Operation Sunrise
3551:victories on the
3541:Normandy landings
3526:Operation Shingle
3496:governments with
3478:Italian Civil War
3425:landed at Salerno
3414:Operation Baytown
3408:started when the
3379:invasion of Italy
3353:Italian Civil War
3274:French Somaliland
3239:Operation Brevity
3171:Albert Kesselring
3145:Gloster Gladiator
3141:Regia Aeronautica
3077:Kirkuk oil fields
3067:Operation Mammoth
3061:Operation Mammoth
3039:Palestinian Arabs
3009:puppet government
2674:Greco-Italian War
2666:royalist Chetniks
2576:province of Fiume
2422:Operation Compass
2418:Battle of Taranto
2411:Greco-Italian War
2387:invasion of Egypt
2284:French Somaliland
2202:, Cyprus, Egypt,
2143:Spanish Civil War
2026:, large parts of
1767:
1766:
1688:Strategic bombing
1604:Mediterranean Sea
1359:
1358:
1274:Mediterranean Sea
1211:
1210:
1206:Reza Shah Pahlavi
1011:Charles De Gaulle
966:Winston Churchill
283:
282:
264:Beginning of the
9491:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9422:World portal
9420:
9419:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9307:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9282:Prague offensive
9277:
9275:Battle of Berlin
9270:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9228:
9221:
9219:Vienna offensive
9214:
9207:
9200:
9198:Battle of Manila
9193:
9173:
9164:
9155:
9148:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9088:
9079:
9072:
9063:
9056:
9049:
9042:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8982:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8941:
8939:KorsunâCherkassy
8934:
8923:
8901:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8841:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8781:Bombing of Gorky
8776:
8769:
8762:
8742:
8735:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8648:Battle of Midway
8643:
8636:
8634:Battle of Gazala
8629:
8622:
8615:
8608:
8601:
8594:
8587:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8544:Battle of Borneo
8539:
8537:Malayan campaign
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8481:Bombing of Gorky
8476:
8474:Battle of Moscow
8469:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8326:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8238:Battle of France
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8114:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8091:Munich Agreement
8086:
8079:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8047:
8040:
8025:
8024:
8007:
8000:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7976:Soviet prisoners
7970:
7963:
7956:
7947:
7940:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7916:German prisoners
7912:
7892:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7447:
7445:French Indochina
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7369:
7360:
7353:
7344:
7337:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7292:from August 1944
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7175:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7077:
7076:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7018:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6936:Nanjing Massacre
6931:
6924:
6915:
6913:Nuremberg trials
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6646:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6517:Asia and Pacific
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6448:
6446:Mulberry harbour
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6288:
6281:
6266:
6265:
6254:
6247:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6087:
6067:
6023:
6004:
5983:
5964:
5945:
5924:
5902:
5883:
5864:
5845:
5826:
5809:Butler, J. R. M.
5796:
5792:978-1910-155-295
5777:
5754:
5742:
5731:
5708:
5689:
5669:
5650:
5631:
5612:
5593:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5561:. Archived from
5543:
5524:
5505:
5486:
5463:
5451:
5440:
5419:
5400:
5381:
5362:
5343:
5321:
5300:
5281:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5210:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5160:
5159:
5139:
5133:
5130:Thomas Schlemmer
5110:
5104:
5097:Indro Montanelli
5082:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4975:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4889:
4888:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4626:Overy, pp. 68â71
4624:
4618:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4377:Overy, pp. 56â57
4375:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4181:
4178:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4067:
4064:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4013:
3997:
3986:Second World War
3978:
3972:
3958:
3952:
3947:Participated in
3945:
3939:
3932:
3856:into Syria from
3761:European Theatre
3651:German 10th Army
3628:Rodolfo Graziani
3561:Spring offensive
3494:collaborationist
3332:prisoners of war
3320:Tunisia Campaign
3251:Battle of Gazala
3233:, 19 August 1941
3149:Hawker Hurricane
3137:James Somerville
3047:Amin al-Husseini
2971:Supplies to the
2805:of Iraq, Prince
2678:Operation Marita
2604:
2595:
2586:
2569:
2523:Italian Ethiopia
2430:Operation Lustre
2349:Battle of France
2256:Greek Government
2016:Strait of Hormuz
2004:Benito Mussolini
1981:
1975:
1965:
1959:
1924:Kingdom of Italy
1920:battle for Italy
1826:Greek government
1804:declared war on
1782:Second World War
1754:French Indochina
1397:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1329:Italian mainland
1249:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:Benito Mussolini
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
990:
983:
976:
975:
964:
963:
945:
942:
938:
936:
935:
927:
924:
920:
918:
917:
909:
906:
902:
900:
899:
891:
888:
884:
882:
881:
873:
870:
866:
864:
863:
846:
840:
838:
837:
830:
827:
823:
821:
820:
812:
811:(from 1940-1942)
806:
804:
803:
795:Co-belligerents:
782:
780:
779:
772:
771:(from 1941-1944)
769:
765:
763:
762:
754:
753:(from 1940-1944)
748:
746:
745:
738:
735:
731:
729:
728:
720:
716:
714:
713:
705:
702:
698:
696:
695:
672:
669:
665:
663:
662:
654:
650:Kingdom of Italy
648:
647:
646:
638:Co-belligerents:
633:
630:
626:
624:
623:
615:
609:
608:
600:
594:
592:
591:
584:
578:
576:
575:
568:
562:
560:
559:
549:
548:
547:
540:
536:
534:
533:
525:
521:
519:
518:
510:
506:
504:
503:
495:
489:
487:
486:
479:
475:
473:
472:
461:
459:
458:
451:
450:(from July 1941)
445:
443:
442:
435:
432:
428:
426:
425:
417:
414:
410:
408:
407:
399:
398:
392:
390:
389:
381:
375:
373:
372:
365:
359:
357:
356:
349:
343:
341:
340:
333:
332:
326:
324:
323:
312:
310:
309:
255:
252:European theatre
219:
218:
216:
215:
214:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
157:
156:
146:Italian campaign
97:
88:
77:
68:
57:
48:
33:Second World War
23:
22:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9449:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9414:
9412:
9400:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9338:
9333:Atomic bombings
9331:
9324:
9317:
9310:
9303:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9176:
9169:
9158:
9151:
9144:
9135:
9128:
9121:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9091:
9082:
9075:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9036:
9029:
9024:Eastern Romania
9022:
9017:Warsaw Uprising
9015:
9010:Tannenberg Line
9008:
9001:
8996:Western Ukraine
8994:
8985:
8978:
8969:
8960:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8926:
8917:
8904:
8897:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8846:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8788:Battle of Kursk
8786:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8676:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8599:St Nazaire Raid
8597:
8590:
8583:
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8444:
8437:
8423:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8381:Anglo-Iraqi War
8379:
8372:Battle of Crete
8370:
8363:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8329:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8301:Eastern Romania
8299:
8292:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8119:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8066:
8059:
8052:
8043:
8036:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7987:
7980:
7975:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7943:
7936:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7895:
7888:
7879:
7872:
7867:
7862:Western Ukraine
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7806:Northeast China
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7505:Slovak Republic
7503:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7476:Empire of Japan
7474:
7465:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7392:
7385:
7372:
7365:
7356:
7349:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7178:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7062:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7021:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6988:Sexual violence
6987:
6980:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6911:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6757:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6718:
6711:
6706:Greek Civil War
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6649:
6642:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6531:South-East Asia
6529:
6522:
6515:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6390:Military awards
6388:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6277:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6179:
6132:
6127:
6118:
6116:
6106:Rivista Storica
6095:
6093:Further reading
6090:
6074:
6033:
6030:
6020:
6001:
5980:
5961:
5942:
5921:
5899:
5880:
5861:
5842:
5823:
5793:
5774:
5751:
5728:
5705:
5666:
5647:
5628:
5609:
5590:
5568:
5566:
5540:
5521:
5502:
5483:
5460:
5437:
5416:
5397:
5378:
5359:
5340:
5318:
5297:
5278:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5243:Time, Volume 45
5238:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5163:
5156:
5140:
5136:
5111:
5107:
5101:Storia d'Italia
5083:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:Keegan, p. 292.
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:Keegan, p. 291.
5015:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4915:"23rd Flotilla"
4913:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4892:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
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4780:
4776:
4771:
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4698:
4694:
4687:
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4607:
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4568:
4564:
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4528:
4523:
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4457:
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4417:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:Weinberg, p. 73
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:Bell, pp. 72â73
4086:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3979:
3975:
3969:Battle of OdĆŸak
3959:
3955:
3949:Operation Achse
3946:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3897:
3873:
3867:
3845:
3839:
3831:Greek Civil War
3812:
3806:
3778:
3773:
3721:
3715:
3681:
3675:
3381:, October 1943.
3355:
3347:Main articles:
3345:
3340:
3338:Southern Europe
3282:
3270:Operation Torch
3223:
3217:
3212:
3125:
3109:Main articles:
3105:
3093:
3073:Iraqi Kurdistan
3069:
3063:
3023:
3017:
2969:
2963:
2943:
2929:
2916:Kingdom of Iraq
2891:Paris Protocols
2799:Taha al-Hashimi
2782:
2776:Anglo-Iraqi War
2774:Main articles:
2772:
2767:
2733:Battle of Crete
2662:Josip Broz Tito
2660:, commanded by
2624:In April 1941,
2609:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2555:
2511:
2505:
2497:Siege of Tobruk
2459:
2442:
2434:Battle of Kufra
2333:Royal Air Force
2296:
2179:Nyon Conference
2167:
2000:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1864:attacked Greece
1830:Greek Civil War
1798:Southern Europe
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1650:Other campaigns
1644:Southern France
1553:Burma and India
1548:South-East Asia
1543:Franco-Thai War
1398:
1392:
1390:
1360:
1355:
1351:Alpes-Maritimes
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1177:Philippe Petain
1169:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1099:
1092:
1088:Pietro Badoglio
1080:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1044:Josip Broz Tito
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1003:
996:
995:
993:Harry S. Truman
985:
984:
970:
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266:Greek Civil War
249:
212:
210:
206:
203:
198:
195:
193:
191:
190:
189:
175:Southern Europe
164:
151:
139:Anglo-Iraqi War
118:Battle of Crete
102:
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100:
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17:
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5:
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9389:
9382:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9352:
9349:South Sakhalin
9345:
9344:
9343:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
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9285:
9278:
9271:
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8844:
8843:
8842:
8828:
8821:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8777:
8774:Battle of Attu
8770:
8763:
8755:
8753:
8747:
8746:
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8578:
8572:
8571:
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8554:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8523:Battle of Guam
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8446:Battle of Kiev
8442:
8435:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8376:
8375:
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8022:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7973:
7972:
7971:
7957:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7945:United Kingdom
7941:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7913:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7886:
7885:
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7695:
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7486:
7479:
7472:
7471:
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7455:
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7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7390:
7382:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7342:British Empire
7335:United Kingdom
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7216:
7209:
7202:
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7188:
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7168:
7161:
7154:
7151:Czechoslovakia
7147:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7083:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7048:Rape of Manila
7044:
7037:
7030:
7019:
7004:
6997:
6985:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6969:
6955:
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6886:
6879:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6819:United Nations
6815:
6808:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6764:
6755:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6678:Decolonization
6674:
6667:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
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6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6370:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6354:
6351:United Kingdom
6347:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6274:
6272:
6263:
6259:
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6212:
6211:
6197:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6131:
6130:External links
6128:
6126:
6125:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6029:
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6018:
6005:
5999:
5984:
5978:
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5959:
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5940:
5925:
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5903:
5897:
5884:
5878:
5865:
5859:
5846:
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5827:
5821:
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5791:
5778:
5772:
5755:
5749:
5732:
5726:
5709:
5703:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5651:
5645:
5632:
5626:
5613:
5607:
5594:
5588:
5575:
5565:on 28 May 2015
5544:
5538:
5525:
5519:
5506:
5500:
5487:
5481:
5464:
5458:
5441:
5435:
5420:
5414:
5401:
5395:
5382:
5376:
5363:
5357:
5344:
5338:
5326:Beevor, Antony
5322:
5316:
5301:
5295:
5282:
5276:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5232:
5223:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5161:
5154:
5134:
5105:
5086:Giorgio PisanĂČ
5077:
5066:
5062:De Felice 1995
5054:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4986:Howe, pp. 3â10
4976:
4967:
4958:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4906:
4890:
4872:
4860:
4851:
4842:
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4774:
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4692:
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4619:
4610:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4524:Rommel, p. 109
4517:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4449:Macksey, p. 35
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4339:Wragg, p. 228.
4332:
4323:
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4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4249:Fraser, p. 114
4239:
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4068:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4026:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3982:theatre of war
3973:
3953:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3866:
3863:
3838:
3835:
3805:
3802:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3753:6th Army Group
3717:Main article:
3714:
3711:
3677:Main article:
3674:
3671:
3506:Claudio Pavone
3502:Giorgio PisanĂČ
3365:, part of the
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3281:
3280:US involvement
3278:
3256:Following the
3241:failed as did
3219:Main article:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3166:Salamis Island
3104:, January 1943
3099:
3092:
3089:
3065:Main article:
3062:
3059:
3019:Main article:
3016:
3013:
2965:Main article:
2962:
2959:
2939:Main article:
2928:
2925:
2795:Prime Minister
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2729:air bridgehead
2634:NediÄ's Serbia
2614:In the Balkans
2601:
2592:
2583:
2566:
2554:
2551:
2539:Haile Selassie
2507:Main article:
2504:
2501:
2458:
2455:
2441:
2438:
2329:Western Desert
2325:siege of Malta
2295:
2292:
2166:
2163:
1998:Italian Empire
1993:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1939:Italian Empire
1918:. A prolonged
1856:invaded France
1822:British troops
1806:United Kingdom
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Baltic Nations
1710:
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1225:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1090:
1077:Haile Selassie
955:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
940:NediÄ's Serbia
928:
922:Hellenic State
910:
892:
874:
856:
854:puppet states:
847:
845:(August. 1941)
831:
813:
797:
791:
773:
755:
739:
721:
706:
680:
679:
678:
676:
674:
673:
655:
640:
634:
616:
601:
585:
569:
553:
541:
538:Czechoslovakia
526:
511:
496:
480:
465:
452:
436:
418:
400:
382:
366:
350:
334:
316:
314:United Kingdom
295:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
262:
256:
243:
225:
221:
220:
173:
171:
167:
166:
161:
153:
152:
150:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
106:
92:
91:
83:
82:
81:
72:
71:
63:
62:
61:
52:
51:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9496:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:Kuril Islands
9353:
9350:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9276:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9244:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9172:
9168:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9150:
9147:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9123:Syrmian Front
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9069:Market Garden
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8989:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8928:Monte Cassino
8925:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8702:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8688:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8635:
8631:
8628:
8624:
8621:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8471:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8348:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8294:Baltic states
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7969:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7938:United States
7935:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
7871:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7574:Liechtenstein
7571:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7526:Collaboration
7523:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:United States
7348:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:Comfort women
7038:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7025: /
7024:
7020:
7017:
7014: /
7013:
7010: /
7009:
7005:
7002:
7001:Camp brothels
6998:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:The Holocaust
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:forced labour
6873:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:Marshall Plan
6726:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6582:Eastern Front
6579:
6576:
6575:Western Front
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6469:Puppet states
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6411:Naval history
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6358:United States
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5920:0-306-80157-4
5916:
5912:
5908:
5907:Rommel, Erwin
5904:
5900:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5841:1-84574-066-1
5837:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5822:1-84574-065-3
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5803:; with Stitt
5802:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5773:2-13-046074-7
5769:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5646:0-275-98287-4
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5627:0-7126-7348-2
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5589:0-7643-0226-4
5585:
5581:
5576:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5539:0-304-35233-0
5535:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5482:88-85987-95-8
5478:
5474:
5473:Red and Black
5470:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5396:0-394-58839-8
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:. Routledge.
5350:
5345:
5341:
5339:0-297-84832-1
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5296:1-85605-552-3
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5245:
5244:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5206:
5200:Ready (1985b)
5197:
5191:Ready (1985a)
5188:
5179:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5155:9781139499644
5151:
5147:
5146:
5138:
5131:
5128:of historian
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5070:
5064:, p. 22.
5063:
5058:
5049:
5040:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5011:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4941:
4932:
4916:
4910:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4868:Fountain 2001
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4778:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4603:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4474:
4467:Carol, p. 12.
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4422:Maier, p. 311
4419:
4413:Rodogno, p. 9
4410:
4401:
4392:
4386:Jowett, p. 5.
4383:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4165:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4042:
4036:Smith, p. 170
4033:
4031:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3854:Bernard Paget
3850:
3844:
3843:Levant Crisis
3834:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3768:
3766:
3765:Western Front
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:Brandenburger
3691:
3686:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:Eastern Front
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:Otto Skorzeny
3447:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:US Fifth Army
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3375:Calvi Risorta
3372:
3368:
3367:168th Brigade
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3164:at a base on
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2861:Sherif Sharaf
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:Golden Square
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2815:RAF Habbaniya
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:to secure an
2726:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:invaded from
2693:
2692:German troops
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:Pact of Steel
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2072:Indian Oceans
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:protectorates
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1986:
1969:
1968:Client states
1951:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:German forces
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Mediterranean
1783:
1779:
1775:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:SyriaâLebanon
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:Pacific Ocean
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Eastern Front
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:Western Front
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1393:Campaigns of
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:SyriaâLebanon
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1146:Ion Antonescu
1142:
1136:
1135:MiklĂłs Horthy
1131:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:DuĆĄan SimoviÄ
1029:
1023:
1022:Joseph Stalin
1018:
1012:
1007:
1000:
994:
989:
982:
979:
974:
967:
962:
957:
956:
951:
941:
929:
923:
911:
905:
893:
887:
875:
869:
857:
855:
853:
848:
843:
832:
826:
814:
809:
798:
796:
792:
789:
785:
774:
768:
756:
751:
740:
734:
722:
719:
707:
701:
689:
688:
685:
684:
677:
668:
656:
651:
641:
639:
635:
629:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
586:
581:
570:
565:
554:
552:
542:
539:
527:
524:
512:
509:
497:
492:
481:
478:
466:
464:
453:
448:
437:
434:(April. 1941)
431:
419:
413:
401:
395:
383:
378:
367:
362:
351:
346:
335:
329:
328:United States
317:
315:
304:
303:
300:
299:
292:
291:
286:
278:
273:
272:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
242:
238:
237:Fascist Italy
234:
233:
232:
230:
226:
223:
222:
217:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
168:
162:
159:
158:
154:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
107:
105:
96:
87:
76:
67:
56:
47:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
9430:Bibliography
9413:
9226:Project Hula
9191:VistulaâOder
9160:
9093:
9084:
9068:
9038:
8987:
8971:
8962:
8953:
8919:
8816:
8731:
8707:
8677:
8428:
8321:
8266:North Africa
7968:Soviet Union
7922:Soviet Union
7848:Soviet Union
7616:Vatican City
7519:Vichy France
7424:German Reich
7321:Soviet Union
7307:South Africa
7300:Sierra Leone
7253:Newfoundland
7072:Participants
7055:Marocchinate
6759:
6750:
6720:
6598:North Africa
6590:
6559:Indian Ocean
6418:Nazi plunder
6309:Cryptography
6182:World War II
6117:. Retrieved
6105:
6039:
6035:
6009:
5989:
5969:
5950:
5930:
5910:
5888:
5869:
5850:
5831:
5812:
5782:
5763:
5759:
5738:
5713:
5694:
5677:
5655:
5636:
5617:
5598:
5579:
5567:. Retrieved
5563:the original
5549:
5529:
5510:
5491:
5472:
5469:Rosso e Nero
5468:
5447:
5425:
5405:
5386:
5367:
5348:
5329:
5306:
5286:
5267:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5182:Clark, p. 1.
5178:
5173:Clark, p. 3.
5144:
5137:
5121:
5118:Pierre Milza
5108:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5069:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5021:
5000:
4991:
4970:
4961:
4940:
4931:
4919:. Retrieved
4909:
4884:
4875:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4840:Lyman, p. 63
4836:
4831:Lyman, p. 31
4827:
4822:Lyman, p. 16
4818:
4813:Lyman, p. 13
4809:
4804:Lyman, p. 12
4800:
4777:
4768:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4676:
4673:Kershaw, Ian
4667:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4515:Jentz, p. 82
4511:
4506:Bauer, p.121
4502:
4493:
4484:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4395:Bell, p. 306
4391:
4382:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4254:
4237:Bilgin, p.74
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4096:Mallet, p. 9
4092:
4083:
4050:
4041:
4020:
4011:
3976:
3956:
3943:
3930:
3874:
3846:
3813:
3779:
3730:
3690:paratroopers
3682:
3663:negotiations
3636:
3609:
3538:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3498:Nazi Germany
3463:
3444:
3441:
3437:Italian Army
3403:
3384:
3309:
3304:
3295:
3255:
3236:
3215:North Africa
3210:Allied reply
3201:
3189:
3174:
3157:Kriegsmarine
3155:
3153:
3134:Vice-Admiral
3126:
3070:
3055:Hasan Salama
3024:
2973:Soviet Union
2970:
2944:
2904:
2895:Vichy French
2886:Fritz Grobba
2882:Adolf Hitler
2874:
2843:
2837:
2823:
2807:'Abd al-Ilah
2783:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2690:
2671:
2645:
2623:
2612:
2598:Nazi Germany
2519:Kenya Colony
2512:
2482:
2477:Erwin Rommel
2468:Afrika Korps
2466:
2460:
2457:North Africa
2440:Axis success
2415:
2403:Mersa Matruh
2399:Sidi Barrani
2396:
2384:
2357:
2341:Fort Capuzzo
2317:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2236:Persian Gulf
2206:, Ethiopia,
2184:
2176:
2159:
2151:Nazi Germany
2136:
2076:
2001:
1936:
1892:Soviet Union
1876:North Africa
1860:bombed Malta
1849:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1794:North Africa
1776:was a major
1773:
1771:
1712:
1711:
1700:Indian Ocean
1661:EcuadorâPeru
1649:
1648:
1618:Middle East
1592:North Africa
1581:
1580:
1579:
1519:Asia-Pacific
1517:
1516:
1404:
1395:World War II
1344:
1264:North Africa
1244:
1124:Adolf Hitler
850:
808:Vichy France
794:
788:for two days
681:
637:
596:Saudi Arabia
508:South Africa
394:Soviet Union
296:
288:Belligerents
247:Nazi Germany
245:Collapse of
235:Collapse of
227:
187:North Africa
103:
31:Part of the
18:
9161:Bodenplatte
9047:Gothic Line
8273:West Africa
7820:Philippines
7799:Netherlands
7664:Czech lands
7602:Switzerland
7546:Afghanistan
7490:Philippines
7358:Puerto Rico
7274:Philippines
7260:New Zealand
7246:Netherlands
7199:Free France
6950:Prosecution
6751:Osoaviakhim
6621:West Africa
6605:East Africa
6252:Conferences
4150:Bell, p. 76
4114:Bell, p. 70
4066:Bell, p. 72
3984:during the
3810:Dekemvriana
3788:9th Corpus
3707:Middle East
3599:, Gurkhas,
3575:, British,
3557:Gothic Line
3522:Winter Line
3486:Netherlands
2989:Vladivostok
2947:Free French
2845:coup d'Ă©tat
2708:New Zealand
2563:Axis powers
2527:Addis Ababa
2515:East Africa
2503:East Africa
2312:"Free zone"
2228:Transjordan
2095:Switzerland
1814:Axis forces
1790:Middle East
1780:during the
1683:Air Warfare
1597:East Africa
1269:East Africa
944:(from 1941)
926:(from 1941)
908:(from 1943)
890:(from 1941)
872:(from 1943)
829:(May. 1941)
737:(from 1940)
704:(1940-1943)
671:(from 1944)
653:(from 1943)
632:(from 1941)
614:(from 1944)
599:(from 1945)
583:(from 1945)
567:(from 1945)
494:(from 1943)
477:New Zealand
397:(from 1941)
380:(1944-1945)
364:(1940-1940)
361:Free France
331:(from 1942)
274:Territorial
211: /
183:East Africa
179:Middle East
9453:Categories
9261:West Hunan
9094:Pointblank
8430:Silver Fox
8416:Summer War
8169:Winter War
8148:Phoney War
7929:Azerbaijan
7890:Yugoslavia
7785:Luxembourg
7627:Resistance
7367:Yugoslavia
7232:Luxembourg
7034:Sook Ching
6830:War crimes
6432:Technology
6425:Opposition
6367:Lend-Lease
6344:Australian
6337:Home front
6295:Blitzkrieg
6245:Casualties
6236:Commanders
6208:Operations
5639:. Osprey.
5569:20 January
5254:References
3971:on 23 May.
3823:Resistance
3808:See also:
3782:Yugoslavia
3653:, General
3643:Karl Wolff
3637:On 1 May,
3579:, Czechs,
3573:Brazilians
3455:Gran Sasso
3391:amphibious
3151:fighters.
3037:, and two
2977:North Cape
2880:persuaded
2824:Cockchafer
2725:paratroops
2704:Australian
2682:Greek Army
2463:Tenth Army
2376:Royal Navy
2224:Tanganyika
2210:, Greece,
2101:, but not
2093:canton of
1945:Background
1896:the Magreb
1868:Yugoslavia
1724:Yugoslavia
1705:Madagascar
1668:Antarctica
1639:Dodecanese
1459:Resistance
1427:Winter War
1417:Phoney War
1334:Dodecanese
1299:Yugoslavia
1066:Enver Hoxa
430:Yugoslavia
132:El Alamein
9326:Manchuria
9212:Indochina
8988:Bagration
8439:Lithuania
8084:Anschluss
7881:Viet Minh
7778:Lithuania
7720:Hong Kong
7483:Manchukuo
7438:Azad Hind
7097:Australia
6897:Aftermath
6760:Paperclip
6655:Aftermath
6455:Total war
6323:Diplomacy
6286:In Europe
6064:300290398
6048:0020-5850
5686:637460844
5656:Mussolini
5559:256063428
5328:(2006) .
5114:interview
4727:cite book
4004:Citations
3885:civil war
3865:Palestine
3605:Moroccans
3577:Canadians
3192:Luftwaffe
3185:La Spezia
3085:Kurdistan
3027:Waffen SS
3005:young son
2985:Archangel
2951:Iraqforce
2912:armistice
2870:Article 5
2857:Faisal II
2822:HMS
2747:Mussolini
2658:Partisans
2654:communist
2426:10th Army
2378:attacked
2368:took over
2222:, Sudan,
2216:Palestine
2189:(MEC) in
2111:Gibraltar
2040:Macedonia
1916:civil war
1912:armistice
1880:Palestine
1852:carve out
1575:Australia
1471:Alps 1940
1464:1944â1945
1314:Palestine
1279:Gibraltar
1163:Boris III
463:Australia
208:35°N 18°E
9437:Category
9386:document
9296:document
9153:Ardennes
9137:Budapest
9085:Crossbow
8963:Overlord
8802:Smolensk
8020:Timeline
7855:Slovakia
7841:Thailand
7692:Ethiopia
7657:Bulgaria
7581:Portugal
7512:Thailand
7394:Bulgaria
7172:Eswatini
7165:Ethiopia
7118:Bulgaria
6943:Unit 731
6904:Response
6721:Keelhaul
6671:Cold War
6644:Americas
6635:timeline
6628:Atlantic
6508:Theaters
6114:30747124
6084:BBC News
6072:Websites
6056:25642819
6028:Journals
5676:(1971).
4703:(1993).
4675:(2007).
3895:See also
3784:and the
3733:Normandy
3661:(secret
3657:, after
3645:and the
3641:General
3620:executed
3549:Red Army
3547:and the
3508:'s book
3200:SS
3102:RAF Luqa
2981:Murmansk
2850:monarchy
2696:Bulgaria
2314:in blue.
2240:Far East
2068:Atlantic
2064:Bulgaria
2028:Slovenia
2024:Dalmatia
1820:â where
1744:Bulgaria
1673:Atlantic
1656:Americas
1609:Adriatic
1259:Adriatic
767:Bulgaria
667:Bulgaria
628:Ethiopia
231:victory
170:Location
9363:Shumshu
9130:Hungary
9077:Estonia
9061:Lapland
9039:Dragoon
8972:Neptune
8954:Ichi-Go
8920:Tempest
8862:Changde
8817:Cottage
8709:Jubilee
8425:Finland
8323:Compass
8029:Prelude
7982:Finland
7868:Vietnam
7834:Romania
7706:Germany
7685:Estonia
7671:Denmark
7650:Belgium
7643:Austria
7636:Albania
7567:Ireland
7553:Andorra
7537:Neutral
7497:Romania
7431:Hungary
7416:Finland
7288:Romania
7180:Finland
7158:Denmark
7104:Belgium
7090:Algeria
6796:Romania
6782:Hungary
6538:Pacific
6262:General
6216:Leaders
6201:Battles
6194:Outline
5811:(ed.).
5126:lessons
5120:on the
4921:20 June
4760:4025485
3965:Croatia
3961:Germany
3798:Germans
3794:Trieste
3786:Slovene
3776:Trieste
3705:to the
3649:of the
3601:Indians
3565:African
3449:led by
3429:Taranto
3395:Messina
3369:of the
3130:Force H
3115:Force H
3031:Templer
2811:Baghdad
2700:British
2686:Albania
2618:British
2553:Balkans
2280:Jaghbub
2271:Balkans
2204:Eritrea
2177:At the
2165:Britain
2153:in the
2087:Corsica
2083:Tunisia
2060:Romania
2056:Hungary
2052:Austria
2032:Croatia
2020:Albania
2014:to the
1985:Albania
1955:Legend:
1904:Tunisia
1872:overrun
1749:Hungary
1739:Romania
1588:Africa
1488:Balkans
1483:Britain
1437:Lapland
1432:Karelia
1422:Finland
1345:Dragoon
1339:Corsica
1294:Balkans
1289:Bahrain
1179: (
750:Romania
733:Hungary
718:Germany
298:Allies:
276:changes
260:Balkans
148:, 1944.
9340:Debate
9312:Taipei
9305:Borneo
8883:Tarawa
8077:Europe
8038:Africa
7827:Poland
7813:Norway
7792:Malaya
7771:Latvia
7713:Greece
7699:France
7595:Sweden
7560:Bhutan
7281:Poland
7267:Norway
7239:Mexico
7206:Greece
7192:France
7130:Canada
7111:Brazil
7081:Allies
7027:Serbia
7016:Poland
6789:Poland
6775:Baltic
6568:Europe
6270:Topics
6222:Allied
6119:2 June
6112:
6062:
6054:
6046:
6016:
5997:
5976:
5957:
5938:
5917:
5895:
5876:
5857:
5838:
5819:
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5605:
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5517:
5498:
5479:
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5355:
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5293:
5274:
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4758:
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4683:
3988:, the
3858:Jordan
3849:Levant
3827:Athens
3804:Greece
3796:. The
3745:Cannes
3741:Toulon
3581:French
3490:France
3488:, and
3484:, the
3482:Norway
3231:Tobruk
3176:OB SĂŒd
3121:, and
2955:Aleppo
2803:Regent
2780:Farhud
2739:Hitler
2603:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2543:Gondar
2493:Sollum
2489:Tobruk
2374:. The
2372:Menton
2323:. The
2276:Bardia
2267:Poland
2232:Uganda
2127:Turkey
2107:Cyprus
2091:Ticino
2089:, the
2044:Greece
1980:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1902:, and
1818:Greece
1810:France
1678:Arctic
1510:Sicily
1412:Poland
1406:Europe
1324:Sicily
1148:
1109:
937:
919:
901:
883:
865:
839:
822:
805:
781:
764:
747:
730:
715:
697:
664:
625:
611:Brazil
593:
577:
564:Turkey
561:
535:
523:Poland
520:
505:
491:Canada
488:
474:
460:
444:
427:
412:Greece
409:
391:
374:
358:
348:(1940)
342:
325:
311:
229:Allied
224:Result
213:35; 18
177:, the
141:, 1941
134:, 1942
127:, 1940
120:, 1941
113:, 1941
9116:Leyte
8946:Narva
8932:Anzio
8890:Makin
8848:Burma
8732:Torch
8701:Rzhev
8662:Kiska
7748:Korea
7734:Japan
7727:Italy
7609:Tibet
7588:Spain
7459:Italy
7220:Italy
7213:India
7137:China
7012:Japan
6612:Italy
6524:China
6476:Women
6052:JSTOR
5762:[
5471:[
5259:Books
4750:[
4707:[
3922:Notes
3837:Syria
3757:SHAEF
3702:Leros
3589:Poles
3081:Kurds
2908:Mosul
2865:Amman
2759:Malta
2656:-led
2648:). A
2288:Kufra
2212:Libya
2208:Kenya
2191:Cairo
2139:Sudan
2123:Egypt
2115:Malta
2103:Savoy
2050:with
1992:Italy
1908:Italy
1900:Egypt
1870:were
1802:Italy
1759:Japan
1734:Italy
1713:Coups
1614:Malta
1558:Japan
1526:China
1505:Italy
1284:Malta
700:Italy
683:Axis:
580:Egypt
9182:1945
8910:1944
8751:1943
8679:Blue
8669:Attu
8576:1942
8335:1941
8187:1940
8125:1939
8054:Asia
7901:POWs
7741:Jews
7452:Iraq
7378:Axis
7328:Tuva
7144:Cuba
6229:Axis
6121:2015
6110:OCLC
6060:OCLC
6044:ISSN
6014:ISBN
5995:ISBN
5974:ISBN
5955:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5915:ISBN
5893:ISBN
5874:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5836:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5787:ISBN
5768:ISBN
5745:ISBN
5722:ISBN
5699:ISBN
5682:OCLC
5660:ISBN
5641:ISBN
5622:ISBN
5603:ISBN
5584:ISBN
5571:2013
5555:OCLC
5534:ISBN
5515:ISBN
5496:ISBN
5477:ISBN
5454:ISBN
5431:ISBN
5410:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5372:ISBN
5353:ISBN
5334:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5291:ISBN
5272:ISBN
5150:ISBN
4923:2012
4756:OCLC
4733:link
4713:ISBN
4681:ISBN
3883:, a
3820:ELAS
3743:and
3692:and
3567:and
3534:Rome
3464:The
3445:Roma
3404:The
3351:and
3312:AFHQ
3245:but
3202:Ohio
3183:and
3181:Pola
3154:The
2997:Shah
2993:Iran
2983:and
2961:Iran
2854:King
2813:for
2778:and
2770:Iraq
2706:and
2632:and
2483:The
2278:and
2220:Iraq
2196:Aden
2119:Suez
2099:Nice
2070:and
2062:and
2042:and
1884:Iraq
1882:and
1858:and
1808:and
1788:and
1772:The
1729:Iraq
1632:Iran
1622:Iraq
1476:1944
1454:1940
1319:Iran
1304:Iraq
852:Axis
842:Iran
825:Iraq
551:LANĂ
377:PGFR
239:and
199:18°E
196:35°N
160:Date
3816:EAM
3790:NLA
3698:Kos
3634:.
3571:),
3431:in
2979:to
2745:on
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2471:in
2258:or
1182:POW
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6058:.
6050:.
6040:17
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4059:^
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3891:.
3833:.
3767:.
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