577:
403:(RLI), a heliborne commando battalion with a glamorous international reputation. The RLI initiated a major overseas recruitment drive in 1974, targeting potential volunteers from Europe, Oceania and the Americas, and requiring successful applicants to speak good English. This campaign was bearing considerable fruit by May 1976, when the RLI's largest ever intake included more foreign volunteers than any before, and the enlisting of men from overseas into the RLI would increase yet further. By 1977–78 there were around 1,500 foreigners in the Rhodesian forces. However, the Rhodesian Army remained stretched and low on manpower.
307:
453:
69:
28:
718:
87:
153:
254:(RLI), which launched an overseas recruitment programme in 1974, but required successful applicants to speak good English. The Army attempted to alleviate the strain on its troops during late 1977 by recruiting French-speakers as well, and formed a designated company in the Rhodesia Regiment for them. The regiment already had six independent companies, so the francophone unit became 7 Independent Company.
655:, which because of the country's international isolation could not easily be exchanged for foreign currencies. Although it was not as much as they had been expecting, one disenchanted veteran of the unit afterwards admitted that the tax-exempt R$ 245 wage, which came with a $ 10 special-unit supplement, was still more than enough money for them to live comfortably in Salisbury during their time off.
563:
levels of training, ability and experience. Some men who considered themselves to have been overlooked began to have problems with discipline. The brazen attitude of most of the company's soldiers jarred strongly with that of their
Rhodesian commanders, who had high standards regarding presentation and dress which many of the Frenchmen had little inclination to meet.
616:
resolved, but that of indiscipline remained. Though discretion was paramount if they were to observe enemy movements covertly and effectively, the men of 7 Independent
Company were found to have difficulty maintaining this and sometimes made careless mistakes which risked revealing their presence. Moreover, when investigations were made of local
704:
injury, then a BSAP Land Rover hit a mine, killing two members of the French company. A further
Frenchman died in an ambush by insurgents before another friendly fire incident on 19 April 1978 resulted in a fatality. On several occasions during this bush trip the area was "frozen"; regular army units were confined to their camps while the
420:" to alleviate the strain on its regular units. A Rhodesian officer of French extraction, Cyril Bernard, warned his superiors strongly against the scheme, but was ultimately himself sent to France to start the project. On the way he stopped in Zurich, Switzerland, where MacLean gave him final approval for the operation and a budget of
449:. The average age was about 25. French-speaking veterans of an assortment of African and Middle Eastern conflicts spanning the previous two decades successfully applied, but past service did not prove a necessity; some of the men accepted had no military experience. Most of them spoke English only at a basic level if at all.
541:
native-like level. The company itself, which numbered about 200 men, was assigned headquarters near
Salisbury at Cranborne Barracks, the home of the Rhodesian Light Infantry. It was organised in the same manner as a standard Rhodesian independent company, the only exception being its exclusively francophone personnel.
629:
vehicles were ambushed by cadres between
Marymount and Rusambo on 6 January 1978, resulting in two men being injured, one fatally so. A week later another truck was surprised on the same bush road, resulting in one death and three serious casualties. The company was brought back from the bush four days later for
703:
Soon after this, two sticks from 7 Independent
Company were despatched to Marymount, led by a deputy intelligence officer who began sending them out on more regular night patrols. The following months were a disaster for the locally based Rhodesian forces; first one stick fired on another, causing an
641:
During their 15-day rest periods the company's men congregated around the
Belgian-owned Elizabeth Hotel, in the centre of the city at the corner of Causeway and Manica Road. Many of them became seriously disaffected when they first received their salary from the Rhodesian Army. Having apparently been
624:
made it very difficult for discussions to take place and, according to other
Rhodesian units who came into contact with them, the French soldiers took out their frustration on the villagers, often using excessive force in their attempted interrogations. Nyamahoboko Police Station received a report of
515:
According to an anonymous veteran of the unit, it mostly comprised recently discharged servicemen from the French forces who were having trouble adapting to civilian life. "They didn't know how to do anything else, only how to jump with a parachute and obey orders," he explained, "and they liked that
273:
On operations their performance was generally average, the
Frenchmen were involved in some successful actions during February and early March 1978. Their oppressive treatment of the black villagers they encountered made them very unpopular in the operational area. The Rhodesians deemed the experiment
628:
The
Rhodesian Army quickly deemed the French experiment a failure. It reassigned 7 Independent Company in late November to Marymount Mission, a small settlement to the east of Rusambo where there was a minor police station. The number of patrols they would embark on was reduced. Two of the company's
531:
among the new recruits, and to this end extended them several sentimental allowances: for example, morale amongst the Frenchmen rose when they were informed that the Rhodesian insignia on their berets would be backed with the French tricolour. In a similar vein, their request for permission to raise
415:
unit came from a French national, François Cramer, who had business interests and connections in Rhodesia. He proposed it to Major-General Sandy MacLean, then the Rhodesian Army's second-in-command, while they were visiting France together. MacLean relayed the idea to the General Staff in Salisbury,
708:
operated against the guerrillas. With morale amongst the Frenchmen plummeting, bringing their unit close to collapse, its officers at Rusambo frantically worked to keep it together. The company did not last much longer once back in Salisbury for R&R. Soon after three of its troopers were placed
658:
The pay dispute split the unit. About two-thirds went on strike, saying they would not return to action unless the Army upped their wages and paid them in foreign currency. Meanwhile, some of the more contented Frenchmen made steps to remain permanently, buying cars and having their wives join them
391:
in response and fought back strongly, reducing the number of guerrillas active within the country to under 300 by December 1974. In the period October–November 1974, they killed more nationalist fighters than in the previous two years combined. However, a South African-brokered ceasefire, which the
607:
gunner) would be sent out into the bush from Rusambo for periods of up to two weeks, equipped with a radio to communicate with the base. Their task while in action was to seek out guerrillas by means of patrolling, ambushing and operating observation and listening posts. Once a group of insurgents
558:
Spirits were high during the unit's brief training period as the men enjoyed playing sports, observing the country scenery and experiencing the night-life of the nearby capital. They were not adequately trained, receiving only a basic medical examination, a few days' fitness training and a cursory
760:
Some 7 Independent Company men became civilians in Rhodesia, which was reconstituted as Zimbabwe in 1980. Two of them, Gervais Henri Alfred Boutanquoi and Simon Marc Chemouil (both former Foreign Legionnaires), were executed in April 1983, despite a late plea from French authorities for clemency,
562:
The first dent to morale came after about a week when the volunteers were first issued ranks in the Rhodesian Army. In the eyes of some of the French-speaking soldiers, the ranks assigned appeared to have been chosen almost at random by their superiors, and did not reflect their actual respective
540:
outside their headquarters each morning was approved. French-speaking men already in the army were attached to the unit to act as interpreters and assist with coordination and tactical instruction. Some of these were Mauritians, who by virtue of their upbringing spoke both English and French at a
699:
soldiers. On 26 February, the Frenchmen spotted a group of seven cadres indoctrinating tribespeople at a local kraal, and called up Fireforce. The RLI men who arrived killed four of the seven, including one carrying detailed documents. The next day 7 Independent Company observed 11 guerrillas
615:
At first, men from 7 Independent Company were sent out in sticks mixed with the Territorials, but problems soon arose regarding proper regimen and the language barrier. When the Frenchmen were then sent out alone, their Land Rovers prominently flying the French flag, the issue of language was
700:
entering another kraal, but this time the Fireforce took too long to arrive. The French company took part in a large contact on 1 March, fighting alongside an RLI Fireforce against 28 cadres; 18 insurgents were killed in this contact without loss for the Rhodesian Army.
667:—the disaffected men were repatriated to France at their own request. The Rhodesian Army considered disbanding the unit altogether, but persevered when Major de l'Assomption convinced his superiors that his remaining men were still loyal and eager to continue serving.
625:
a 7 Independent Company man raping a young woman in a dense thicket, but did not act on it. According to one history of the Rhodesia Regiment, "it was indicated that the Frenchmen had received instruction that all black people were to be regarded as terrorists".
274:
a failure and following a series of disasters for the company during the latter part of its second tour, including two friendly fire incidents and several fatalities, it was disbanded in May 1978. Forces led by one of its members,
266:, the Army issued them beret insignias backed with the French tricolour and allowed them to raise the flag of France alongside that of Rhodesia each morning. Apparently under the impression that they had signed up as highly paid
261:
and young adventurers, had trouble from the start integrating with the Rhodesian forces, and became unsettled by the respective ranks they were given in the Rhodesian Army. In an attempt to raise their morale and create a strong
592:, the Army's operational area which covered Rhodesia's north-east against guerrilla activity. After this passed without major incident, the Frenchmen were despatched to Rusambo, a camp in the Chimanda Tribal Trust Lands, near
559:
explanation of proper conduct in the bush. They expressed surprise when instructed to paint stripes of camouflage green on their weapons and combat boots in the Rhodesian fashion, having never before heard of such a practice.
471:
Once signed up, each man was instructed to travel to Switzerland, where appropriate visas were swiftly procured from the South African Embassy. In early November 1977, the French recruits flew from Zurich to Johannesburg on a
1306:
Montfort, Robert (October 1987). Micheletti, Eric (ed.). "La Septième Compagnie indépendante: les volontaires français en Rhodésie (II)" [The Seventh Independent Company: the French volunteers in Rhodesia (part II)].
679:, where there was a major Army base. The company acquitted themselves well during this time, but one of their number was badly injured in a motor accident. They returned to Rusambo, where the camp was now manned by the
650:
7,000) by the French recruiters, they were surprised to find that their basic monthly pay was actually R$ 245 (â‚Ł1,800), the same as a regular Rhodesian soldier. Moreover, some were upset that they had been paid in
1296:
Montfort, Robert (September 1987). Micheletti, Eric (ed.). "La Septième Compagnie indépendante: les volontaires français en Rhodésie" [The Seventh Independent Company: the French volunteers in Rhodesia].
227:. Numbering about 200 men at its peak, it was unique in the history of the Rhodesian Army as an exclusively expatriate unit. It existed between November 1977 and May 1978 as a company in the 1st Battalion, the
392:
security forces respected and the insurgents ignored, helped the nationalists to win back ground. By 1977 there were 2,500 guerrillas operating in Rhodesia, with several times that number in training abroad.
769:, the Zimbabwean Minister of Foreign Affairs, issued a statement clarifying that the execution was for the murder and unrelated to their earlier "service as mercenaries during the time of the Smith regime."
520:
who had joined up "to kill commies and blacks", and some were criminals hoping to escape the attention of the French police. Each signed on for two years. The French-speaking unit was placed in the
596:, about 250 kilometres (160 mi) north-east from the capital and less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the border with Mozambique. Most insurgents in this area belonged to ZANLA.
1668:
709:
in detention at Llewellin Barracks, the unit was formally dissolved in May 1978. The only personnel retained by the Army were the interpreters, who were returned to their former units.
1917:
435:
Recruitment was carried out by a former French paratrooper, Roger Bruni, operating from an apartment on Rue Bachaumont in central Paris. Advertisements, placed in newspapers such as
749:(who Denard had himself put into power three years earlier). The Comoros subsequently became a key location for Rhodesian "sanction-busting" operations, providing a convenient
1347:
1922:
1907:
663:. With neither side willing to budge—the Army refused to give the strikers extra pay or special treatment, saying this would contravene Rhodesia's policy not to engage
1912:
445:
preferred". The body of men eventually assembled varied widely in terms of age, background and experience, but was based largely around ex-paratroopers and former
1739:
1732:
1725:
1661:
1274:
339:
322:
Following a dispute with the British government regarding terms for the granting of full independence, the predominantly white minority government of the
1842:
301:
753:
for clandestine shipments of weapons and equipment bound for Rhodesia in spite of the UN embargo. South Africa, also under a UN arms boycott because of
1654:
599:
A company of men from the Territorial Force was already stationed at Rusambo, advised by a team of intelligence officers. "Sticks" of four men (three
270:, many of the French troopers returned home after their first bush trip, unhappy to have received no more money than a regular Rhodesian soldier.
350:
this and each imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia. Meanwhile, the country's two most prominent communist-backed black nationalist groups, the
612:. If Fireforce were available, it would arrive and engage the cadres; if not, the stick in the field would have to handle the situation itself.
735:
Supported by the French, Rhodesian and South African governments and with Rhodesian logistical assistance, forces led by Denard took part in a
546:
You may be engaged in the Rhodesian Army today, but you are Frenchmen, and in a war against international communism. You are here for France.
1847:
524:(RR) as an "independent company". The RR already had six of these (made up of Rhodesians), so the Frenchmen became 7 Independent Company.
250:, who were accepted into regular regiments with the same pay and conditions of service as locals. Most foreign recruits enlisted in the
1629:
A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969
399:, who were integrated into regular units under the same salary and conditions of service. Almost all of the foreigners served in the
359:
1881:
1357:
429:
363:
347:
504:
Captain Toumi, who became the first black officer in the regular Rhodesian Army as the unit's second-in-command, and "Colonel"
1327:
1636:
1617:
1594:
1564:
1541:
1516:
1497:
1478:
1459:
1440:
1417:
489:
620:, marked tension soon arose between the Frenchmen and the local black population; the soldiers' ignorance of English or
355:
684:
1262:
Backmann, René (3 July 1978). "La Confession d'un 'Chien de Guerre'" [The confession of a 'Dog of War'].
827:
484:. Already in Rhodesia waiting for the men were their leaders: Major Roland de l'Assomption, an ex-officer of the
351:
379:
was the result, beginning in earnest on 21 December 1972 when ZANLA attacked Altena and Whistlefield Farms near
1816:
497:
1759:
1318:
608:
was spotted, the stick leader would report their positions; Rusambo would then alert the Army and request a
754:
584:
The francophone company was first deployed out of its barracks in late November 1977, when it was sent to
1902:
1821:
680:
1927:
1859:
1827:
1713:
588:, about 88 kilometres (55 mi) north-east from Salisbury, for a few days in the bush on Operation
1677:
384:
311:
1718:
1708:
1703:
442:
400:
251:
1864:
212:
112:
676:
580:
7 Independent Company was posted to north-eastern Rhodesia—first to Rusambo, then to Marymount.
428:. Bernard then entered France and renewed old connections from the French military academy at
306:
1264:
576:
473:
446:
323:
314:
defined seven operational areas across the country during the 1970s, starting with Operation
258:
1646:
496:'s guard; and Major Mario La Viola, once a non-commissioned officer in the Foreign Legion's
750:
421:
8:
1834:
1800:
1586:
696:
380:
1687:
1609:
517:
501:
396:
376:
297:
247:
232:
224:
167:
1747:
1632:
1613:
1590:
1560:
1537:
1512:
1493:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1413:
1409:
766:
630:
593:
521:
372:", with the goal of overthrowing the government and introducing black majority rule.
331:
228:
123:
1509:
The Rhodesian front war: counter-insurgency and guerrilla war in Rhodesia, 1962–1980
737:
280:
1775:
1578:
652:
643:
537:
464:
27:
1556:
660:
204:
1373:
826:"Chimurenga war communiqué No. 8. Period from 30 Jan to 20 March 1974". Lusaka:
1574:
688:
621:
533:
457:
343:
220:
157:
92:
1896:
1780:
1432:
1316:
Venter, A J (June 1979). "Rhodesia's Tragic Terrorist War: The End is Near".
705:
1526:
717:
647:
481:
452:
395:
The Rhodesian Army, though mostly made up of local men, also included some
1869:
675:
Starting on 11 February 1978, 7 Independent Company spent half a week at
485:
437:
412:
216:
55:
1536:(in French). Paris: Société d'Éditions Afrique, Asie, Amérique Latine.
746:
505:
493:
368:
275:
1427:
Andrew, David; Blond, Becca; Parkinson, Tom; Anderson, Aaron (2008).
1352:
664:
609:
417:
335:
267:
1279:
761:
having been found guilty of robbing and murdering Richard Kraft, a
692:
327:
240:
102:
74:
757:, received war materiel through the Comoros in a similar fashion.
1277:[Bob Denard always acted on behalf of the French State].
742:
726:
585:
441:, offered "a job with a future abroad ... minimum age 22, former
285:
246:
During the Bush War, the Rhodesian Army augmented its ranks with
1275:"'Bob Denard a toujours agi pour le compte de l'Etat français'"
604:
600:
477:
288:
with French, Rhodesian and South African governmental support.
257:
The company's men, a mixture of former French paratroopers, ex-
152:
137:
1854:
1676:
762:
659:
in Salisbury. The Army detained the strike's ringleaders for
617:
425:
552:
Major La Viola addresses the French company, November 1977
1918:
Military units and formations of Rhodesia in the Bush War
1492:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
1378:
1450:
Baxter, Peter; Bomford, Hugh; van Tonder, Gerry (2014).
1311:(in French) (17). Paris: Histoire et Collections: 28–31.
1301:(in French) (16). Paris: Histoire et Collections: 16–20.
1449:
1081:
1031:
965:
516:
kind of thing." Others, he said, were members of the
424:
30,000. They resolved to recruit mainly in Paris and
1923:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1978
1908:
Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces
1631:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing.
1573:
1356:(in French). Paris. 14 October 2007. Archived from
1273:Béguin, François; Renou, Xavier (15 October 2007).
1208:
1037:
906:
358:, mobilised their respective guerrilla armies, the
302:
Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces
1295:
996:
508:, an infamous French soldier of fortune nicknamed
1913:Military units and formations established in 1977
1254:
492:, and a former officer of the Gabonese President
1894:
1305:
1160:
670:
1204:
1202:
861:
1006:
1004:
878:
876:
1662:
1551:Martin, David; Johnson, Phyllis (July 1981).
1550:
1426:
1326:
1246:
1234:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1137:
1135:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1021:
1019:
867:
839:
837:
819:
807:
416:which decided in late 1977 to form a "French
1403:
1350:[Former mercenary Bob Denard dies].
1199:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1110:
1108:
918:
789:
783:
527:The Rhodesian Army sought to forge a strong
1404:Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip (June 1986).
1272:
1223:
1001:
936:
900:
873:
1669:
1655:
1606:Dirty Wars: Elite Forces vs the Guerrillas
1219:
1217:
1182:
1132:
1043:
1016:
888:
834:
366:(ZIPRA), for what they called the "Second
26:
1348:"L'ancien mercenaire Bob Denard est mort"
1346:
1334:. Kuala Lumpur. 29 April 1983. p. 48
1165:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1090:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
795:
406:
360:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1882:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
1603:
1487:
1471:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry
1322:. Bounder, Colorado: Omega Group: 38–43.
1261:
1193:
1141:
1120:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1025:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
924:
912:
894:
882:
801:
716:
575:
451:
305:
1228:
1214:
849:
772:
1895:
1525:
1506:
1473:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1454:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1406:Modern African Wars: Rhodesia, 1965–80
1315:
1176:
1147:
1126:
1114:
1087:
1010:
971:
1768:
1650:
1583:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
1468:
1082:Baxter, Bomford & van Tonder 2014
1072:
966:Baxter, Bomford & van Tonder 2014
948:
942:
930:
855:
843:
342:on 11 November 1965. Britain and the
1626:
813:
364:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
1372:
1283:(in French). Paris: La Vie-Le Monde
1100:
13:
1488:Cilliers, Jakkie (December 1984).
571:
340:unilaterally declared independence
14:
1939:
1268:(in French). Paris: 64–70, 80–82.
685:Criminal Investigation Department
383:in the country's north-east. The
1608:(First ed.). Newton Abbot:
1604:Thompson, Leroy (October 1991).
456:The unit was allowed to fly the
151:
85:
67:
1396:
1240:
1209:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
1038:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
907:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
828:Zimbabwe African National Union
356:Zimbabwe African People's Union
352:Zimbabwe African National Union
1490:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia
1255:Newspaper and journal articles
278:, later that month executed a
1:
1469:Binda, Alexandre (May 2008).
1431:(Sixth ed.). Melbourne:
997:Montfort & September 1987
777:
671:Second bush trip; dissolution
490:11th Shock Parachute Regiment
291:
38:November 1977 – May 1978
1452:Rhodesia Regiment, 1899–1981
642:misled about wages of up to
185:Major Roland de l'Assomption
7:
1822:British South Africa Police
1161:Montfort & October 1987
681:British South Africa Police
209:7ème Compagnie indépendante
10:
1944:
1860:Security Force Auxiliaries
1627:Wood, J R T (April 2008).
1555:(First ed.). London:
566:
463:at its camp alongside the
295:
1878:
1809:
1793:
1694:
1685:
1678:Rhodesian Security Forces
1553:The Struggle for Zimbabwe
1382:. London. 14 October 2007
868:Martin & Johnson 1981
712:
636:
443:non-commissioned officers
385:Rhodesian Security Forces
312:Rhodesian Security Forces
178:
173:
163:
146:
129:
118:
108:
98:
80:
62:
50:
42:
34:
25:
20:
1429:Madagascar & Comoros
919:Abbott & Botham 1986
790:Abbott & Botham 1986
691:, guarded by a group of
633:(R&R) in Salisbury.
500:. Beneath them were the
401:Rhodesian Light Infantry
252:Rhodesian Light Infantry
1865:Rhodesia Prison Service
1224:BĂ©guin & Renou 2007
745:later in May, toppling
1511:. Gweru: Mambo Press.
1374:"Obituary: Bob Denard"
732:
581:
548:
498:2nd Parachute Regiment
468:
407:Formation and training
319:
208:
1753:7 Independent Company
1265:Le Nouvel Observateur
720:
631:rest and recuperation
579:
544:
474:South African Airways
455:
324:self-governing colony
309:
201:7 Independent Company
21:7 Independent Company
773:Notes and references
751:end-user certificate
447:Foreign Legionnaires
259:Foreign Legionnaires
211:) was a short-lived
188:Major Mario La Viola
136:Cranborne Barracks,
1817:Combined Operations
1801:Rhodesian Air Force
1760:Special Air Service
1610:David & Charles
1587:Pen and Sword Books
518:political far right
512:—"the dog of war".
387:launched Operation
235:tours on Operation
179:Officers commanding
122:1st Battalion, the
1903:French mercenaries
1843:Foreign volunteers
1688:Rhodesian Bush War
1507:Ellert, H (1989).
1328:"Frenchmen hanged"
1319:Soldier of Fortune
1247:Straits Times 1983
1235:Andrew et al. 2008
1211:, pp. 120–121
945:, pp. 186–188
846:, pp. 133–136
733:
582:
510:le chien de guerre
469:
397:foreign volunteers
377:Rhodesian Bush War
320:
298:Rhodesian Bush War
248:foreign volunteers
243:(today Zimbabwe).
233:counter-insurgency
225:Rhodesian Bush War
219:volunteers in the
168:Rhodesian Bush War
1928:Rhodesia Regiment
1888:
1887:
1851:
1789:
1788:
1748:Rhodesia Regiment
1638:978-1-4251-4807-2
1619:978-0-7153-9441-0
1596:978-1-84415-694-8
1579:McLaughlin, Peter
1575:Moorcraft, Paul L
1566:978-0-571-11066-7
1543:978-1-4251-4807-2
1518:978-0-86922-436-6
1499:978-0-7099-3412-7
1480:978-1-920143-07-7
1461:978-1-920143-89-3
1442:978-1-74104-608-3
1419:978-0-85045-728-5
1410:Osprey Publishing
1360:on 4 January 2017
1332:The Straits Times
767:Witness Mangwende
653:Rhodesian dollars
646:1,000 per month (
553:
522:Rhodesia Regiment
332:Southern Rhodesia
318:in December 1972.
239:in north-eastern
231:, and served two
229:Rhodesia Regiment
195:
194:
124:Rhodesia Regiment
1935:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1714:Defence Regiment
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1623:
1600:
1570:
1547:
1522:
1503:
1484:
1465:
1446:
1423:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:, pp. 30–31
1232:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1163:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1041:
1040:, pp. 53–54
1035:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
999:
994:
969:
963:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
885:, pp. 22–24
880:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
832:
831:
830:. 27 March 1974.
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
697:Indian-Rhodesian
603:riflemen and an
554:
551:
538:that of Rhodesia
465:flag of Rhodesia
458:French tricolour
362:(ZANLA) and the
158:French tricolour
156:
155:
91:
89:
88:
73:
71:
70:
30:
18:
17:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1833:
1826:
1805:
1785:
1764:
1750:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1680:of the Bush War
1675:
1645:
1639:
1620:
1597:
1581:(April 2008) .
1567:
1557:Faber and Faber
1544:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1420:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1363:
1361:
1337:
1335:
1286:
1284:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1013:, p. lxxii
1009:
1002:
995:
972:
964:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
835:
825:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
780:
775:
715:
673:
661:insubordination
639:
574:
572:First bush trip
569:
556:
550:
529:esprit de corps
476:liner, then to
411:The idea for a
409:
304:
296:Main articles:
294:
264:esprit de corps
198:
191:
150:
142:
86:
84:
68:
66:
56:French-speaking
12:
11:
5:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1719:Light Infantry
1716:
1711:
1709:Armoured Corps
1706:
1704:African Rifles
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1601:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1548:
1542:
1533:Issues 311–322
1531:Afrique-Asie,
1529:, ed. (1984).
1523:
1517:
1504:
1498:
1485:
1479:
1466:
1460:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1418:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1370:
1344:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1270:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1227:
1213:
1198:
1181:
1164:
1146:
1131:
1119:
1104:
1097:Le Figaro 2007
1086:
1071:
1042:
1030:
1015:
1000:
970:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
872:
860:
848:
833:
818:
816:, pp. 1–8
806:
794:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
714:
711:
689:Special Branch
672:
669:
638:
635:
573:
570:
568:
565:
543:
534:flag of France
408:
405:
344:United Nations
293:
290:
221:Rhodesian Army
203:(7 Indep Coy;
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:
182:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
133:
131:
127:
126:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
93:Rhodesian Army
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:US volunteers
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:Malley, Simon
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1433:Lonely Planet
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:Backmann 1978
1190:
1188:
1186:
1179:, p. 169
1178:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:Backmann 1978
1138:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1117:, p. 130
1116:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1084:, p. 560
1083:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:Backmann 1978
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1026:Backmann 1978
1022:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1005:
998:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
968:, p. 340
967:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
944:
939:
933:, p. 481
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
897:, p. 158
896:
895:Thompson 1991
891:
884:
883:Cilliers 1984
879:
877:
870:, p. 161
869:
864:
858:, p. 166
857:
852:
845:
840:
838:
829:
822:
815:
810:
803:
802:Cilliers 1984
798:
791:
786:
782:
770:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
731:
728:
724:
719:
710:
707:
706:Selous Scouts
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
656:
654:
649:
645:
634:
632:
626:
623:
619:
613:
611:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
578:
564:
560:
555:
547:
542:
539:
535:
530:
525:
523:
519:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
466:
462:
459:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
404:
402:
398:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
313:
308:
303:
299:
289:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
269:
265:
260:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:Military unit
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
154:
149:
145:
139:
135:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
83:
79:
76:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1890:
1835:Support Unit
1752:
1628:
1605:
1585:. Barnsley:
1582:
1552:
1534:
1530:
1508:
1489:
1470:
1451:
1428:
1405:
1397:Bibliography
1384:. Retrieved
1377:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1351:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1317:
1308:
1298:
1285:. Retrieved
1278:
1263:
1242:
1230:
1196:, p. 82
1144:, p. 67
1129:, p. 42
1122:
1069:, p. 66
1033:
1028:, p. 65
938:
926:
921:, p. 17
914:
909:, p. 52
902:
890:
863:
851:
821:
809:
804:, p. 29
797:
785:
765:café owner.
759:
736:
734:
729:
722:
702:
677:Mount Darwin
674:
657:
640:
627:
614:
598:
589:
583:
561:
557:
549:
545:
528:
526:
514:
509:
482:Air Rhodesia
470:
460:
436:
434:
410:
394:
388:
374:
367:
321:
315:
279:
272:
263:
256:
245:
236:
200:
199:
119:Part of
15:
1870:Guard Force
1177:Ellert 1989
1127:Venter 1979
1115:Ellert 1989
1011:Malley 1984
792:, p. 7
738:coup d'Ă©tat
665:mercenaries
486:French Army
438:France Soir
413:francophone
346:refused to
281:coup d'Ă©tat
268:mercenaries
223:during the
217:francophone
164:Engagements
130:Garrison/HQ
1897:Categories
1880:see also:
1408:. Oxford:
1386:22 January
1364:22 January
1338:12 January
1287:24 January
943:Binda 2008
931:Binda 2008
856:Binda 2008
844:Binda 2008
778:References
747:Ali Soilih
536:alongside
506:Bob Denard
494:Omar Bongo
461:(pictured)
369:Chimurenga
334:), led by
292:Background
276:Bob Denard
174:Commanders
63:Allegiance
1794:Air Force
1740:1977–1980
1733:1972–1977
1726:1961–1972
1724:History:
1353:Le Figaro
814:Wood 2008
755:apartheid
721:Rhodesia
610:Fireforce
590:Hurricane
502:Antillean
488:'s crack
478:Salisbury
430:Saint-Cyr
418:battalion
389:Hurricane
381:Centenary
348:recognise
336:Ian Smith
316:Hurricane
237:Hurricane
138:Salisbury
43:Disbanded
1280:Le Monde
1101:BBC 2007
725:and the
693:Coloured
683:(BSAP),
594:Rushinga
354:and the
328:Rhodesia
241:Rhodesia
103:Infantry
75:Rhodesia
54:Various
46:May 1978
1695:Regular
743:Comoros
741:in the
727:Comoros
723:(green)
586:Bindura
567:Service
286:Comoros
284:in the
213:company
147:Colours
113:Company
58:nations
51:Country
1810:Others
1781:Selous
1776:Grey's
1769:Scouts
1635:
1616:
1593:
1563:
1540:
1515:
1496:
1477:
1458:
1439:
1416:
713:Legacy
637:Strike
618:kraals
601:FN FAL
205:French
90:
81:Branch
72:
35:Active
1855:INTAF
1309:RAIDS
1299:RAIDS
763:Karoi
730:(red)
622:Shona
1828:PATU
1697:Army
1633:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1388:2012
1366:2012
1340:2015
1289:2012
695:and
687:and
532:the
426:Lyon
422:US$
375:The
330:(or
310:The
300:and
109:Size
99:Type
1379:BBC
644:R$
605:MAG
480:by
326:of
215:of
1899::
1612:.
1589:.
1577:;
1559:.
1435:.
1412:.
1376:.
1330:.
1216:^
1201:^
1184:^
1167:^
1149:^
1134:^
1107:^
1099:,
1089:^
1074:^
1045:^
1018:^
1003:^
973:^
950:^
875:^
836:^
432:.
338:,
207::
1850:)
1846:(
1755:)
1751:(
1670:e
1663:t
1656:v
1641:.
1622:.
1599:.
1569:.
1546:.
1521:.
1502:.
1483:.
1464:.
1445:.
1422:.
1390:.
1368:.
1342:.
1291:.
648:â‚Ł
467:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
