AUKUS - Knowledge

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of integrated trilateral experiments and exercises aimed at enhancing capability development, improving interoperability, and increasing the sophistication and scale of autonomous systems in the maritime domain.” The AUKUS governments are also working on the ability to deploy and recover UUVs from manned submarines (sometimes referred to as “launch and recovery”), conducting activities to develop and improve “the ability to launch and recover undersea vehicles from torpedo tubes on current classes of submarines to deliver effects such as strike and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.” In November 2023, the United States Department of Defense announced that the AUKUS partners had participated in a joint exercise to demonstrate and improve capabilities relating to the protection of underwater infrastructure and the use of autonomous and semiautonomous undersea systems.

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solutions for position, navigation, and timing (similar to current Global Positioning System capability) through trials and experimentation through 2025. Additionally, the AUKUS governments announced in December 2023 that they were “accelerating the development of quantum technologies for positioning, navigation, and timing in military capabilities,” with a particular focus on improving “resilience for our trilateral forces in Global Positioning System-degraded environments and enhance stealth in the undersea domain.”

1502: 979: 1845: 4919: 4846: 10331: 9486: 10341: 9990: 9360: 1741: 135: 9348: 1756: 148: 1735:– The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement condemning the deal as "extremely undesirable and dangerous" which would "upset the strategic balance in the Asia-Pacific region", potentially destroying the nuclear non-proliferation system, and criticising the "double-dealing" of the US which "seriously threatens the world peace and stability" stating that North Korea will take counteraction if the alliance threatens the country. 1728: 1696: 1005: 11552: 10284: 9933: 1826: 1593: 1655: 1785: 1634: 9420: 9396: 9372: 1531: 9432: 1573: 1552: 1805: 9408: 738:

commissioned in 2020, and the final will likely commission around 2026. Thus, Australia would receive submarines with between six and 15 years' worth of use, out of their designed service life of 33 years. He also said that the USA would sell a new Block VII boat to Australia in 2038, the Block VIIs being the original Virginia-class length without the Virginia Payload Module, set to begin construction in FY2029.

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mainland. Beijing told Kiribati it is listening, whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them. Mr Maamau said he is looking to Australia to show leadership as it debates a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050. Mr Maamuu also stated he was surprised at the absence of "courtesy" Australia displayed in not discussing the proposed agreement with its Pacific "neighbours".

1137:, responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and "an opportunity for Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea to continue to develop". Dutton further dismissed "outbursts from China" and said that Australia was a "proud democracy" committed to "enduring peace and this collaboration makes it a safer region ... no amount of propaganda can dismiss the facts". 1566:

met Prime Minister Anthony Albanese during his brief stop in Fiji on his way back from San Diego. Mr Rabuka told reporters travelling with Mr Albanese in Fiji that he backed AUKUS, and that Mr Albanese had assured him Australia's submarine push would not undermine the Treaty of Rarotonga, which declares that the South Pacific is a nuclear weapons-free zone.

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that Australia, the UK, and the US reached a significant milestone in their cooperation, essential for Australia's future nuclear-powered submarine capabilities. Despite assurances from the government, critics, including the Greens party, warned of possible loopholes that could lead to uranium enrichment and radioactive waste management in Australia.

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naval reactors, potentially creating more avenues to develop material needed for nuclear weapons without the safeguards provided by regular inspections. This would not apply in the case of Brazil because the reactor will use low enriched uranium at 7% concentration. 20% is the minimum level required to make a nuclear weapon.

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system of the International Atomic Energy Agency. I have no real concerns that Australia will misuse this material itself, but I am concerned that this removal will set a damaging precedent. In the future, would-be proliferators could use naval reactor programs as cover for the development of nuclear weapons."

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speech at the Conservative Party Conference the next month, touting it as "a supreme example of global Britain in action, of something daring and brilliant that would simply would not have happened if we'd remained in the EU", whilst acknowledging "a certain raucous squawkus from the anti-AUKUS caucus."

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on Wednesday to assure him the pact would help ensure regional stability. In a briefing later, a senior member of the Australian government said the message from the Fijian leader was that he supported the AUKUS agreement and Fiji's ties with its traditional security partners. In March 2023 Mr Rabuka

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Beaune described the United Kingdom as a junior partner and vassal of the United States due to the partnership, saying in an interview: "Our British friends explained to us they were leaving the EU to create Global Britain. We can see that this is a return into the American lap and a form of accepted

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viewed AUKUS as the beginning of a "Network of Liberty", and also stated "On security we are striking new pacts to protect our sea routes, trade routes and freedoms", adding that "We are in talks with Japan about better military access and operational support between our two countries we want closer

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Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying "I just think it's time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break"; the latter being broken French for "get a grip and give me a break". He made further reference to the deal in his

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class submarines called the decision to scrap the deal "an appalling episode in Australia's international affairs and the consequences of it will endure to our disadvantage for a very long time". He called the actions of his successor as deceitful and that it would damage Australia as foreign nations

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highlighted that "the enhancement of a near-abroad ally's ability to project power should restore and keep the balance rather than destabilise it", Secretary Locsin further added that without an actual presence of nuclear weapons within the region, the Philippines therefore finds that the AUKUS move

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wrote that "the nonproliferation implications of the AUKUS submarine deal are both negative and serious. For Australia to operate nuclear-powered submarines, it will have to become the first non-nuclear-weapon state to exercise a loophole that allows it to remove nuclear material from the inspection

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As part of the Quantum Technologies working group, the AUKUS nations have established the AUKUS Quantum Arrangement (AQuA), an initiative to coordinate U.S., British, and Australian RDT&E efforts concerning quantum technologies. Initial AQuA efforts were expected to focus on developing alternate

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Undersea capabilities, in the context of AUKUS, refer to systems and technologies that operate underwater but are not manned submarines. Pillar 2 activities in this area include the “AUKUS Maritime Autonomy Experimentation and Exercise Series,” which the three governments have described as “a series

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on 29 September 2021. France also attempted to delay the free trade talks between the EU and Australia. Apparently "most of Europe felt that transatlantic ties were too important to sacrifice to French pique"; such as the pro-free trade Northern Europe countries, as well as Eastern European nations

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said he had raised concerns about the project with Mr. Morrison, and warned that the nuclear submarine project might heighten military tensions in Asia. He urged all parties to avoid any provocation, as well as an arms race in the region. "At the same time, it will provoke other powers to take more

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has expressed concerns about the implications of the Australian acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines for "the continuing arms race and power projection in the region." It called on Canberra to maintain its commitment to regional peace and stability. Indonesia later cancelled a planned visit by

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said, "The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK, and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability, intensified the arms race and undermined international non-proliferation efforts". Zhao also said "The three countries should discard the Cold War zero-sum mentality

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called the move "the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades" as "it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time, which obviously, is China". Abbott said that

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reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was €35 billion of which €8 billion (A$ 12 billion) was to go to French companies. The project was reportedly going to employ 4,000 people in France over six years at Naval Group and its 200 subcontractors. The French government

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In 2024, the Albanese government made undisclosed "political commitments" with its AUKUS partners in an agreement for the transfer of naval nuclear technology to Australia, sparking concerns about the potential for high-level radioactive waste to be stored in the country. The White House confirmed

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issued a statement reiterating New Zealand's stance that no nuclear submarines were permitted in its waters, while also stating that they were not approached about the partnership and that she would not have expected them to have been approached. Ardern said the leaders of the three member states

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In November 2023, Capt. Lincoln Reifsteck USN, the USN's AUKUS integration and acquisition program manager, talked at the Naval Submarine League's annual symposium. He said that, in 2032 and 2035, the USA will sell to Australia in-service Block IV Virginia-class submarines, the first of which was

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said that Australia will have regular visits by US and UK nuclear-powered submarines. The annual Australia-US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) between the Australian Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defence and the US Secretaries of State and Defense held in September 2021 endorsed "increasing

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90 billion) that was controversially cancelled by Australia. The Australian government only gave the French government a few hours notice of the cancellation of the deal before the public announcement of AUKUS. The Australian government agreed to a €555 million (US$ 584 million) compensation

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expressed concern, stating "This is a great challenge to the international nuclear non-proliferation regime." and that "We are also concerned about the … partnership that will allow Australia, after 18 months of consultations and several years of attempts, to obtain nuclear-powered submarines in

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Australia and Brazil would be the first countries without nuclear weapons to have nuclear-powered submarines. Concerns were raised that this may lead to increased risk of arms proliferation if other countries follow the same approach because it would involve other countries enriching uranium for

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In 2019, Australia signed a strategic partnership agreement with Naval Group to design and construct twelve submarines to be built in Australia. However, the project was beset by delays and cost overruns, leading to uncertainty and tension behind the scenes. The revised cost, including inflation

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wrote to Naval Group on the same day the security partnership was announced. The French Ministry of Defence claim the department told them that "they were satisfied with the submarine's achievable performance and with the progress of the program." Naval Group said that Australia "terminated the

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A foreign ministers meeting between France, Germany, the UK, and the US had been postponed, and a ministerial meeting between Australia, France, and India was cancelled. France however, contacted India to talk about strengthening their cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. France's foreign commerce

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respectively. Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States. In a statement, Le Drian said that the "exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the announcements" and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract

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and defence against such missiles. Hypersonic and counter-hypersonic cooperation was one of four additional areas of cooperation announced on 5 April 2022. Australia and the US have been cooperating on the development of hypersonic missiles since 2020 after signing an agreement to "flight test

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and is expected to be operational by 2026, with the radars based in the UK and the US aimed to be completed by 2030). In addition, the U.S., British, and Australian governments have established a number of initiatives designed to support Pillar 2 efforts as a whole, such as the AUKUS Advanced

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The SSN-AUKUS class will based on the UK SSNR design already under development. The RN is planned to receive their first SSN-AUKUS class submarine as early as the late 2030s. The RAN is planned to receive their first submarine in the early 2040s. Australia will reportedly build five SSN-AUKUS

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class submarines are retired, with the potential to sell up to two more if needed. RAN personnel will be embedded in the RN and USN to receive nuclear training and at UK and US submarine industrial bases. The Submarine Rotational Force-West initiative which will from as early as 2027 base USN

559:. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) will acquire at least eight nuclear-powered submarines armed with conventional weapons. The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Task Force an 18-month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral 1647:

said that the deal puts the region at risk and that he was not consulted in relation to it. In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati, so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed. Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China

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President Joe Biden stated that the deal was a way to "address both the current strategic environment in the (Indo-Pacific) region and how it may evolve". After a call between the French and US presidents, the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open

750:). There may include information and personnel exchange, cooperative research, development, testing, and evaluation, and joint production. In contrast to Pillar 1 activities, which will take decades to deliver results, Pillar 2 is likely to produce more immediate capability improvements. 495:

did not mention any other country by name, except France, anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of Chinese forces in the Indo-Pacific region. However, Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be adversarial toward China.

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vassalisation." Le Drian stated that "We have recalled our ambassadors to to re-evaluate the situation. With Britain, there is no need. We know their constant opportunism. So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain." A Franco-British defence summit was cancelled.

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aggressive action in this region, especially in the South China Sea," Mr Yaakob said. Ismail Sabri also stressed the importance of respecting and adhering to Malaysia's existing stance and approach to nuclear-powered submarines operating in Malaysian waters, including under the

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Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear-powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed, remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine, based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo-Pacific.

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2.4 billion on the French project. It was expected that Australia would have to pay hundreds of millions of euros in penalties for cancelling the contract. The contract contained "control gates" with "off-ramps" at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract.

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condemned the deal, saying "This arrangement would witness a further dramatic loss of Australian sovereignty, as material dependency on the United States robbed Australia of any freedom or choice in any engagement Australia may deem appropriate". Former Labor prime minister

1043:, scholar Sébastien Philippe criticised AUKUS and wrote "we can now expect the proliferation of very sensitive military nuclear technology in the coming years, with literally tons of new nuclear materials under loose or no international safeguards." James M. Acton of the 3066:

Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France Jean-Yves Le Drian; Minister for the Armed Forces of France Florence Parly; Minister for Foreign Affairs and Minister for Women of Australia Marise Payne; Minister for Defence of Australia Peter Dutton (30 August 2021).

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The AUKUS partners have announced they will “pursue opportunities in Long Range Fires under AUKUS Pillar II in 2024,” and have also announced the establishment of a Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) program to constantly track, detect, and identify objects in

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also pointed to the March 2021 statement of the US National Security Commission on AI, of the imperative to intensify local efforts but also "rally our closest allies and partners to defend and compete in the coming era of AI-accelerated competition and conflict".

2876: 4709:"Explanatory Memorandum on the Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United States of America for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information" 1459:, which is known for being more aggressive than official government statements, denounced Australia and said it had "turned itself into an adversary of China" and warned that Australia could be targeted by China as a warning to other countries if it acted "with 3911: 963:

In September 2024, the leaders of Australia, the UK and the US issued a joint statement announcing that they were consulting with Canada, New Zealand, and South Korea to identify possibilities for collaboration on advanced capabilities under AUKUS Pillar II.

885:, there has been push back for months from the UK and Australia partly in order to focus on ironing out existing complications in AUKUS, however primarily over concerns that Japan lacks the security systems required to protect highly sensitive information. 1959:. Lithuanian deputy European Affairs Minister Arnoldas Prankevicius proclaimed "What is important is to keep trans-Atlantic unity, because we believe this is our biggest strength and biggest value, especially vis-à-vis such countries as Russia and China". 1749:— Papua New Guinea's Prime Minister stated that he wanted to protect the "peace and serenity" of the region and that "as far as securing peace is concerned, we've got no problem, but if such activities bring disharmony in the region then we have an issue". 1348:

policy analyst Hervé Lemahieu said the diplomatic damage from the cancellation will take years to repair and leave a lasting legacy of mistrust". After a call between the French and US presidents, the French ambassador returned to the US on 30 September.

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selected to integrate them into the design. Australia typically requires that part of their vessels be built there, which increases the cost. In this case it corresponded to 60 per cent of the contract value, with France handling the technology transfer.

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said that Joe Biden is "very loyal" to Europe and that "we should not turn... challenges, which will always exist between allies, into something they should not be." The Prime Minister also said she did not understand the criticism coming from Paris and

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also welcomed the partnership, stating "We are pleased to see that the like-minded partners of Taiwan — the United States and the UK and Australia — are working closer with each other to acquire more advanced defence articles so that we can defend

1879:, will continue to deepen the close partnership with the United States, maintain the rules-based international order, and the peace, stability, and prosperity in the Taiwan Strait and in the Indo-Pacific region together." Taiwan's Foreign Minister 7168: 776:

The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving "joint capabilities and interoperability. These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and additional undersea capabilities."

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over Canada's exclusion from the partnership, to which Trudeau responded by stating that "This is a deal for nuclear submarines, which Canada is not currently or any time soon in the market for. Australia is." Leader of the Official Opposition

1093:, said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry, no possession of nuclear weapons and that the deal is consistent with Australia's responsibilities under the 877:

reported that AUKUS defence ministers will announce on 8 April 2024 that they will launch talks related to the expansion of Pillar II of the alliance. While many officials in the US government advocate the inclusion of Japan in AUKUS, notably

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reported that the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia were inquiring about Japan's participation in the security framework of AUKUS. The newspaper added that the aim of said negotiations was related to the incorporation of Japanese

9442: 535: 9946: 1853:— Solomon Islands' Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare said that he wanted to keep the region "nuclear free" and that he opposed "any form of militarisation in our region that could threaten regional and international peace and stability". 8431: 7607: 574:

class was due to replace and may consider leasing or buying nuclear-powered submarines from the US or the UK in the interim until the delivery of its future nuclear powered submarines. Also in the interim, Australian Defence Minister

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for an in-depth briefing over the matter. In response to the announcement of the agreement Malaysia's defence Minister proposed an immediate working trip to China to discuss AUKUS, as they wanted to get views of AUKUS from China's

1627:. Commission I member Rizki Aulia Rahman described the formation of AUKUS as a threat to Indonesian national defence and sovereignty. The Foreign Ministry responded that they were working on a response to the issues posed by AUKUS. 9120: 4072: 3165: 457:

held in Cornwall, England. The talks took place without the knowledge of the French government or Naval Group. This approach was possible as a result of the UK not entering into a formal foreign policy and security treaty in the

7259: 6255: 4529: 1406:. In response, French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia. In addition, Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries. 7472: 797:, which has been excluded from tendering for participation in telecommunications networks by the US and Australia on national security grounds, and government vetoes over the attempted Chinese acquisition of American company 1179:

said: "After years of bullying and trade hostility, and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters, Australia didn't have a choice, and nor did the US or UK ". Former prime minister

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On 30 August 2021, the French and Australian defence and foreign affairs ministers released a joint statement reaffirming the project, stating that the "Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program."

3588: 1919:, who told CNN that "one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable. ... We want to know what happened and why." The EU also demanded an apology from Australia. President of the European Council 1170:

Prime Minister at the time, Boris Johnson said that the deal would create "hundreds of high-skilled jobs" and "preserve security and stability around the world" but said that the relationship with France was "rock solid".

6216: 2868: 10327: 6650: 1478:— considered the move to be a violation of international law and warned that Australia's moves towards nuclear-powered submarines would lead to the country "being targeted with nuclear weapons", in a future nuclear war. 785:, later commented on Twitter that "Bringing together the military-industrial complex of these three allies together is a step-change in the relationship. We've always been interoperable, but this aims at much more. From 4672:

Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United States of America for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion

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revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if the French project was to fail, admitting that there had been ongoing problems for over a year. Two weeks later, Australian prime minister

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issued a statement deploring critical statements about China's internal affairs and describing AUKUS as "counter to the letter and spirit of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime." On 12 February, the

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in a virtual address to the Sydney Dialogue, welcomed the creation of AUKUS in the midst of an increasingly severe security environment, and called for greater Japan-AUKUS cooperation and integration concerning

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and the rotational basing of US and UK nuclear-powered attack submarines in Australia. Pillar 2 entails the collaborative development of advanced capabilities in six technological areas: undersea capabilities,

9032: 8367: 6851: 1871:, immediately welcomed the partnership, referring to it "as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region." The foreign affairs spokesperson said, "Taiwan, on the groundwork of the 602:(China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and India. The New York Times reported that Australia will probably buy HEU from the US for the nuclear reactor that powers the submarine. The 9472: 8097: 4792:"A Message to the Congress on the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America, the Government of Australia, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" 3782: 8042: 1713:

and would have "understood our likely position on the establishment of nuclear-powered submarines". Notably, Ardern was the first foreign politician that Morrison informed prior to the public announcement.

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said "In general, we ourselves express our solidarity with France, which has not been treated with due respect in this process", adding that "clearly, the form was not one that should have been followed".

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confirmed that Australia would send officials to brief their New Zealand counterparts on Pillar 2. The four ministers also issued a joint statement expressing concerns about human rights violations in

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said New Zealand had been offered the opportunity to discuss joining AUKUS for the non-submarine co-operation areas. New Zealand has indicated it was "willing to explore" the proposal. In July 2023,

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in Paris and expressed concern about the project going off track, to which Macron replied that France was giving "full and complete" commitment and would proceed "further and faster if possible".

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said that Australia did not have any "reciprocal requirements" as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear submarine propulsion technology such as Australia hosting intermediate-range missiles.

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that prioritize security ties with Washington, who "resented the French attempt to impose its indignation on the rest of the bloc". Key advocates for the TTC talks included EU's digital chief

9754: 3192: 3373: 8162: 7584:"Le ministre du Commerce extérieur Franck Riester refuse de rencontrer son homologue australien" [Foreign Trade Minister Franck Riester refuses to meet his Australian counterpart]. 3742:"Secretary Antony J. Blinken, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III, Australian Foreign Minister Marise Payne, and Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton At a Joint Press Availability" 2754: 2050: 747: 632:, also a US treaty ally, has had ambitions to acquire nuclear-powered submarines since 2017 and was reportedly refused US assistance in September 2020 because of nuclear non-proliferation. 8075: 5507: 3499: 3044: 2664: 789:

to advanced technology the US, UK and Australia will now be able to cost save by increasing platform sharing and innovation costs. Particularly for the smaller two, that's game-changing."

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In February 2024, Australia agreed to brief New Zealand on Pillar 2 developments following a joint bilateral meeting between Australian and New Zealand foreign and defence ministers in

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from sharing information without an agreement and the UK is also restricted by the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement unless authorised. The treaty was considered in Australia by the

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that is secure and stable." Initially announced on 15 September 2021, the partnership involves two lines of effort referred to as pillars. Pillar 1 focuses on Australia acquiring

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has not commented but is reported to have been "furious" about the turn of events. In response to questions about the Australia-EU trade deal currently being negotiated, French

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Le Drian further stated in a radio interview that the contract termination was a "stab in the back". On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US,

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told New Zealand reporters that the “door is open” for New Zealand, as well as other countries, to join the security partnership. In December 2023, following the formation of a

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Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (16 September 2021).

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The exact build price and sustainment costs submitted by Naval Group to the Australian government are confidential. The government has refused to release the details under

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Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Rishi Sunak; President of the United States of America Joseph R. Biden (14 March 2023).

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Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Keir Starmer; President of the United States of America Joe Biden (17 September 2024).

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poses a threat to the Indo-Pacific region. The Chinese government said, when the partnership was announced, that it risked "severely damaging regional peace" and had a "

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US officials have said that sharing nuclear propulsion technology with Australia is a "one-off" and that they have no "intention of extending this to other countries".

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welcomed Australia's assurance that its new defence partnership with the US and the UK aims to promote a "stable and secure" Asia Pacific amid China's concerns.

9667: 7554: 4357: 4111: 3068: 9258: 7073: 6987: 5635: 10366: 10020: 10010: 9723: 8390: 4383: 2971: 2941: 4308: 1217:"This is not an issue of this Anglosphere and I really do think we have to move away from defining countries like Australia, US and the UK as Anglosphere". 12718: 11184: 9457: 7794: 5801: 2823: 2315: 1968: 9174: 4218: 3937: 3666: 2445: 719:

submarine base in order to accelerate Australia's ability to operate nuclear-powered submarines and to contribute to security in the Indo-Pacific region.

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In February 2021, an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive, and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal. At a

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to sustain its planned acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines, as well as to support hypersonic and artificial intelligence (AI) military systems.

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was established on 1 July 2023. It has the role of managing the Australian nuclear submarine program, and includes personnel posted to the UK and US.

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Under the partnership, the US and UK will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia, as they have done with each other since 1958 under the

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at less than 6%. However, French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years, and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with

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sought assurances from Australia that cancelling the contract was not dependent on the US providing them with assistance and that cancelling was a

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French president Macron said that Europe needs to stop being naïve when it comes to defending its interests and build its own military capacity.

8213: 8124: 7194: 6755: 2511: 12733: 11498: 10951: 10675: 10287: 9954: 7971: 6469: 4316: 8995: 7524: 4422: 343:, which required converting the nuclear propulsion to conventional propulsion. Another difference was that Australia chose to equip it with a 12869: 12758: 11316: 11206: 10583: 10071: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9230: 7771: 6517: 5580: 4248: 1064:

Territories and territorial waters of Australia (yellow), the United Kingdom (blue), and the United States (green), including the respective

9314: 5879: 2776: 12103: 11216: 9789: 6876: 6673: 6338: 4475: 3809: 591:. In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines using nuclear reactors fuelled by 6277: 5928: 5306: 3555: 3430: 2910: 11120: 10936: 8243: 5742: 5445: 1766: 2155: 11331: 10335: 8916: 8805: 7825: 6433: 5662: 3454: 3005: 2197: 1586:

described the row as a "wake up call" and stated that the EU must speak with one voice and that rebuilding lost trust will not be easy.

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New Zealand has agreed to officially explore the potential benefits of joining Pillar 2. In March 2023, New Zealand's defence minister

858:

Since the announcement of "Pillar II" of AUKUS, there has been persistent speculation that Japan will eventually join the partnership;

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describing AUKUS as an "offensive warfighting alliance against China." Similar sentiments were echoed by former Labour Prime Minister

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On 13 March 2023, AUKUS announced that a new nuclear powered submarine class would be built in the UK and Australia to be called the

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warned against overly obtrusive criticism of China and recommended that Australia focus on quietly improving military capability.

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There is no fact that the United States, Britain and Australia have asked Japan to participate in AUKUS - Chief Cabinet Secretary

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called the partnership "crazy beyond belief", with Labour members voting to condemn the partnership as dangerous to world peace.

879: 8830: 8453: 7712: 7690: 7668: 7408: 4006: 2580: 1722:, expressed disappointment that New Zealand was not approached to join the partnership for the non-submarine co-operation areas. 1344:, a French MEP, said that "Australians can expect more than a delay in concluding the Free Trade Agreement with the EU". French 453:

reported Australia approached the US in April 2021. A trilateral discussion was held between Johnson, Biden and Morrison at the

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submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines".

8972: 8715: 6400: 4530:"Background Press Call by a Senior Administration Official Previewing the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly" 2156:

Prime Minister of Australia; President of the United States of America; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (14 March 2023).

643:. The treaty permits the disclosure of information by the US and the UK to Australia and its use. The US is restricted by the 12613: 11401: 10030: 9984: 9084: 7105: 7025: 6811: 5769: 5090: 4312: 3610: 1286:

expressed his support for Australia's planned acquisition of US-made nuclear-powered submarines under the AUKUS partnership.

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said that New Zealand was open to joining the non-nuclear pillar of the AUKUS agreement during a state visit to Australia.

8626: 7163:[Submarines: the end of the 'contract of the century' with Australia strikes a blow to the image of Naval Group]. 5970: 1196:

security ties with key allies like India and Canada in everything from fighting cyber to traditional defence capability".

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for naval reactor fuel. Nevertheless, the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly

8481:"AUKUS: Jacinda Ardern welcomes United Kingdom, United States engagement in Pacific, says NZ nuclear stance 'unchanged'" 8300: 6781: 12809: 11396: 11246: 11174: 11115: 10722: 10670: 10635: 10212: 9812: 9804: 9640: 7944: 5084: 2045: 2028: 1616: 1475: 1443: 556: 506: 340: 5844: 5531: 4137: 2687: 12819: 12778: 10919: 10536: 10484: 10393: 9698: 9511: 4684: 3341: 2700: 2625: 2078: 1039: 746:

AUKUS Pillar 2 encompasses a wide array of activities (including many commonly referred to by the U.S. government as

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between the US and EU were postponed. France eventually dropped their opposition to these talks which took place in

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Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal.

12608: 11969: 11523: 11366: 11169: 10956: 10820: 10238: 10182: 9848: 6213:"The new Australia, UK, and US nuclear submarine announcement: a terrible decision for the nonproliferation regime" 5998: 4448: 4276:

Validation of the Use of Low Enriched Uranium as a Replacement for Highly Enriched Uranium in US Submarine Reactors

3274: 1439: 1391: 1276: 1094: 1065: 898: 782: 652: 499: 6240:"U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia as part of new alliance, a direct challenge to China" 2869:"Sous-marins: l'Australie rompt un contrat de 56 milliards d'euros avec la France pour signer avec les Etats-Unis" 12708: 12643: 11688: 11211: 10924: 10479: 10207: 10129: 9870: 9635: 6088: 4447:

Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P (2009). "Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009)".

2731: 2082: 2070: 2016: 1999: 1561:– The day after both Indonesia and Malaysia aired concerns at the sweeping plan, Albanese met Fijian counterpart 1022: 599: 8424:"AUKUS's impact on New Zealand: Nuclear policy 'unchanged', Five Eyes 'will endure' in face of new defence pact" 7600:"macron: Macron tells Europe to 'stop being naive' after France signs defence deal with Greece - Times of India" 3371: 2732:"Rex Patrick and Department of Defence (No 2) (Freedom of information) [2020] AICmr 40 (13 August 2020)" 2257:

Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine (Pillar 1) Project: Background and Issues for Congress

12844: 11899: 11194: 11130: 11024: 10531: 9764: 4210: 3806:"Australia makes undisclosed 'political commitments' in new AUKUS deal on transfer of naval nuclear technology" 1512: 1155: 7469:"Crise des sous-marins : Christian Jacob demande la convocation d'une commission d'enquête parlementaire" 7439:"Crise des sous-marins: Macron appelé par ses opposants à revoir la position de la France vis-à-vis de l'Otan" 7221: 5716: 944:

also reversed its previous support for the Pillar Two component of AUKUS, with associate foreign spokesperson

12879: 12052: 11221: 11073: 11014: 10780: 10124: 9880: 4766:"UK/Australia/USA: Agreement for the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information [MS No.8/2021]" 3974: 3703: 2777:"Taxpayers footing French legal bills to keep original price of $ 90 billion future submarine project secret" 1710: 957: 7161:"Sous-marins : la fin du " contrat du siècle " avec l'Australie porte un coup à l'image de Naval Group" 4818:"Australian submariners to join Royal Navy crews as UK and Australia deepen defence ties through AUKUS pact" 3372:

Prime Minister; Minister for Defence; Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister for Women (16 September 2021).

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said "China is firmly opposed to the US, the UK and Australia's malicious exploitation of loopholes in the

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denounced a "lack of transparency and loyalty" by the US. The EU said the crisis affects the whole union.

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The following non-participating nations were also subject to media speculation about potentially joining:

12069: 11580: 11391: 11276: 11266: 10902: 10556: 10516: 10489: 9832: 9708: 8597:"Answer of Chief of Foreign News Section of Department of Press and Information of DPRK Foreign Ministry" 5902:"Remarks by the Spokesperson of the Chinese Embassy in New Zealand on the Joint Statement on ANZMIN 2024" 3265: 2631: 2022: 731: 619: 7555:"Macron dials Modi as France's US, Australia ties plunge into crisis | India News – Times of India" 5901: 1077: 383:

Less than three weeks later, Australia decided to publicly cancel the contract with Naval Group for the

11940: 11663: 11386: 11090: 10971: 10775: 10763: 9858: 9657: 9338: 8600: 7441:[Submarine crisis: Macron called by his opponents to review France's position vis-à-vis NATO]. 6704:"Boris Johnson hails AUKUS during party conference speech full of jokes but short on policy - ABC News" 2287: 2005: 1317:

expressed disappointment at Australia's decision to abandon their joint submarine program with France.

1110: 588: 8778:[Portugal expresses solidarity with France and says that Australia "has broken commitments"]. 6933: 1147:

criticised the deal, saying that it escalates tensions in the region and "makes Australia less safe".

320:

signed a A$ 50 billion (€31 billion) deal with the majority French government-owned company

12588: 12548: 11989: 11411: 10892: 10578: 10551: 10526: 10474: 10444: 10134: 9645: 9412: 8913:"Taiwan welcomes #AUKUS as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region" 7893: 6470:"China condemns AUKUS pact as Tony Abbott calls China a 'common danger' and Kevin Rudd urges caution" 3374:"Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership" 2417: 1583: 644: 607: 4065:"Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says" 3158:"Australia considered buying nuclear submarines from France before ditching deal, Peter Dutton says" 12688: 12416: 12178: 12138: 12128: 12076: 11376: 10941: 10650: 10640: 9769: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9569: 8538: 4612: 4415: 2585: 1387: 941: 689: 421: 418: 9111:"Aukus row: EU officials demand apology from Australia over France's treatment before trade talks" 7762: 7353:"France calls UK a 'junior partner' in submarine deal as Germany warns it threatens Western unity" 6131:"South Korea considers joining alliance for sharing military technology with Australia, US and UK" 5569: 5250:"FACT SHEET: Implementation of the Australia – United Kingdom – United States Partnership (AUKUS)" 5043: 4241: 2277:"Fact Sheet: Implementation of the Australia – United Kingdom – United States Partnership (AUKUS)" 1769:, the Philippines welcomed the signing of the trilateral security partnership. Foreign Secretary, 304: 12466: 12374: 11673: 11668: 11421: 11356: 11341: 10966: 10897: 10855: 10830: 10737: 10685: 10645: 10618: 10566: 10501: 10376: 10160: 9749: 9542: 6434:"Australia's embrace of nuclear submarine technology cements role as regional foil against China" 6037: 5537: 5498:"Japan to take part in AUKUS 'Pillar 2', America's ambassador to Japan tells Wall Street Journal" 5360:"Australia collaborates with the US to develop and test high speed long-range hypersonic weapons" 4923: 4918: 4850: 4845: 3942: 2614:

Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century : Force 2030 : Defence White Paper 2009

1450: 1271:

stating that Sankei Shimbun's report was "inaccurate". This was followed by another denial from

1260: 1172: 1030: 867: 786: 648: 592: 469: 449: 307: 234: 7525:"australia: Fuming France cancels meet with Australia, India | India News – Times of India" 4486: 3872:"Australia could initially lease submarines from UK or US but nuclear weapons remain off limits" 3037:"Defence looking at alternatives to French submarines in case $ 90 billion program falters" 1298:-class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced. 1158:) published an article stating that AUKUS highlights the need for Australia to have an advanced 625:

submarines currently being built and is "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology".

583:

Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by

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On 31 August 2022, the UK announced that Australian submariners would receive training aboard

12748: 12723: 12653: 12336: 12064: 11837: 11795: 11765: 11431: 10695: 10541: 10521: 10454: 9911: 9895: 9364: 8596: 7713:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on September 27, 2021" 6674:"Analysis: UK and France reheat one of the world's oldest rivalries at a risky time for both" 6135: 3844: 3585:"The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?" 3132:"The nuclear option: why has Australia ditched the French submarine plan for the Aukus pact?" 2655:"Australia to get nuclear-powered submarines, scrap $ 90b plan to build French-designed subs" 2256: 1034: 798: 300: 8912: 7691:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 22, 2021" 7669:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on September 16, 2021" 4955: 2205: 2157: 462:

with the EU. As a result, the UK was free to pursue enhanced cooperation with other allies.

28:

Trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

12829: 12743: 12498: 12411: 12389: 12312: 12308: 12237: 12153: 12098: 12093: 11916: 11760: 11649: 11416: 11406: 11294: 11105: 11085: 10835: 10727: 10710: 10690: 10248: 10109: 9875: 9352: 7383:"PM Morrison rejects France's accusation that Australia lied over cancelled submarine deal" 5502: 4173: 2659: 2512:"French Ambassador says Australia's decision to scrap submarine deal was a breach of trust" 1916: 1872: 1795: 667: 584: 580:

logistics and sustainment capabilities of US surface and subsurface vessels in Australia."

425: 413: 9209:"France pushes EU to consider halting trade agreement with Australia after submarine deal" 6021: 4978: 4583: 3400: 2301: 2180: 1184:

questioned whether the UK would be forced into a war with China should Taiwan be invaded.

8: 12768: 12633: 12503: 12293: 12222: 11979: 11952: 11935: 11923: 11745: 11701: 11530: 11371: 11226: 11157: 11080: 10998: 10815: 10753: 10665: 10630: 10511: 10187: 9822: 9324: 3773:"Australia dismisses China 'outbursts' and flags plans for more US military on home soil" 3233: 2116: 1665: 1395: 598:

Currently, only six countries have nuclear submarines, the five permanent members of the

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and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.

360: 92: 9177:[Council of ministers of the EU: the submarine crisis affects the whole Union]. 7630: 6105:"Japan and South Korea should be invited to join Aukus, UK parliamentary committee says" 4384:"U.S. will share nuclear submarine technology with Australia in new defense partnership" 4138:

Life-of-the-Ship Reactors and Accelerated Testing of Naval Propulsion Fuels and Reactors

1325: 12488: 12404: 12394: 12227: 12190: 12120: 12059: 12042: 11996: 11906: 11820: 11634: 10986: 10608: 10598: 10258: 10197: 10087: 9817: 9718: 8507: 7131: 3906: 2231: 1940: 1936: 1819:

sufficient numbers to become one of the top five countries for this type of armaments."

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urged the new alliance to fulfill their nuclear non proliferation obligations and said

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consultations between allies. It was agreed the process would continue in such manner.

814:

Under the partnership, the three countries will cooperate to accelerate development of

443: 344: 250: 230: 8716:"Australia seeks to allay South-East Asian concerns over AUKUS nuclear submarine deal" 2546:"France commits to rebuilding relationship with Australia after failed submarine deal" 1060: 801:

and ongoing British consideration of proposed takeovers of local semiconductor firms.

611: 12618: 12520: 12508: 12493: 12473: 12384: 12331: 12303: 12285: 12088: 11964: 11957: 11770: 11718: 11696: 11624: 11199: 10914: 10872: 10655: 10561: 10263: 9400: 8776:"Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos"" 8358:"Aukus submarines banned from New Zealand as pact exposes divide with western allies" 7720: 7698: 7676: 7650: 6247: 6177: 5933: 5874: 5806: 5774: 5333:"Australia, UK and US alliance to develop hypersonic missiles and electronic warfare" 4680: 4388: 4349: 2696: 2621: 2234:(Report). CRS Report for Congress, R47599. Congressional Research Service. p. 1. 2002:(FPDA) – Defence cooperation among Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and UK 1541: 1402:

agreed to a €555 million (US$ 584 million) settlement with French defence contractor

1247: 1210: 1200: 1140: 909: 841: 815: 666:

One of the first three Royal Australian Navy officers to graduate from the US Navy's

388: 272: 242: 222: 12763: 8831:

PM Lee welcomes Australia's assurance on AUKUS amid China's fears over 3-nation pact

5603:"US, Britain, Australia weigh expanding AUKUS security pact to deter China, FT says" 4641:"Australia signs exchange of naval nuclear propulsion information sharing agreement" 2345: 2259:(Report). CRS Report for Congress, RL32418. Congressional Research Service. Summary. 1337: 12379: 12369: 12195: 12143: 12047: 11911: 11800: 11750: 11728: 11723: 11654: 11509: 11346: 11336: 11309: 11271: 10887: 10680: 10623: 10593: 9376: 8964: 8849:

Solomon Islands - Prime Minister Addresses General Debate, 76th Session | UN Web TV

8780:

Portugal expressa solidariedade com França e diz que Austrália "furou compromissos"

8070: 7642: 2413:"France recalls its ambassadors to Australia and United States amid submarine fury" 1746: 1399: 1272: 1114: 1086: 1026: 935:. In response to the joint Australian-NZ bilateral meeting, the Chinese Embassy in 882: 548: 336: 317: 225: 170: 8214:"Malaysia warns Australia nuclear subproject could 'provoke other powers' in Asia" 7917:"Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka tells Anthony Albanese he backs AUKUS deal" 7826:"Trudeau lambasted over exclusion from US-led military alliance as election nears" 7258:(in French). Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. 16 September 2021. 6309:"Why the AUKUS Submarine Deal Is Bad for Nonproliferation—And What to Do About It" 5017:"Fact Sheet: Trilateral Australia-UK-US Partnership on Nuclear-Powered Submarines" 3006:"Scott Morrison warns France to meet multi-billion-dollar submarine deal deadline" 1329:"constitute unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners". French president 688:, also known as the SSN-A. The US intends to sell Australia three nuclear-powered 324:(known as DCNS until 2017) to design a new generation of submarines, known as the 12753: 12693: 12578: 12426: 12421: 12399: 12319: 12273: 12030: 11984: 11882: 11859: 11842: 11815: 11600: 11471: 11351: 11251: 11056: 10862: 10825: 10546: 10449: 10170: 9827: 9784: 9780:

International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children

9628: 9331: 9115: 5575: 4617: 4588: 3947: 2475: 2350: 2039: 1903: 1850: 1836: 1562: 1521: 1361: 1357: 1330: 1159: 1151: 1081:

A speaker during a December 2021 protest against the AUKUS agreement in Melbourne

873: 865:

wrote that Japan was "about to become the first additional Pillar II partner" in

463: 373: 348: 261: 246: 6907:"Joint Statement on the Phone Call between President Biden and President Macron" 3491:"Liz Truss defies EU backlash over submarine pact with vow to fight for freedom" 3300:"Australia tore up French submarine contract 'for convenience' Naval Group says" 3266:"Future Submarine Program - Functional Ship System Functional Review (SFR) Exit" 1410: 256:

AUKUS is widely seen as a response to the perception among its members that the

12783: 12703: 12658: 12598: 12563: 12355: 12268: 12173: 12081: 11872: 11706: 11629: 11125: 10981: 10961: 10882: 10877: 10850: 10797: 10459: 10411: 10388: 10330: 10097: 9905: 9900: 9744: 9703: 9485: 9175:"Consejo de ministros de la UE: la crisis de submarinos afecta a toda la Unión" 8859: 8847: 8327:"Malaysia plans China consultations as anxiety simmers over Aukus defence pact" 8037: 7195:"The 'Contract of the Century': France reacts to the Australian submarine deal" 7017:

The Sydney Dialogue keynote address: Former Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzō Abe

6938: 5802:"AUKUS: Australian officials to brief New Zealand govt on Pillar Two this year" 4169: 3725: 3418: 3229: 3189:"Sous-marins australiens : "La France aura des compensations financières"" 2095: 2034: 1920: 1891: 1876: 1815: 1715: 1705: 1608: 1516: 1429:

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign affairs department spokesperson

1365: 1345: 1341: 1314: 1241: 920: 901: 502: 484: 454: 369: 210: 140: 7132:"Japan welcomes Australia's planned nuclear submarine acquisition under AUKUS" 7015: 6812:"Labour members declare Aukus military pact 'dangerous' threat to world peace" 6020:

This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a

4977:

This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a

4763: 4706: 3455:"'Declaration of war': how UK's secret nuclear pact blindsided Europe's elite" 3399:

This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a

2300:

This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a

2179:

This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a

2115:

Even though Australia is a leading producer of uranium, it has never operated

2094:

The 2012 Australian Defence Force Posture Review recommended that Australia's

12798: 12738: 12623: 12538: 12483: 12343: 12263: 12158: 12008: 12001: 11894: 11847: 11740: 11596: 11299: 11189: 11135: 11110: 11100: 10845: 10792: 10469: 10340: 10119: 9989: 9436: 9025:"Australia's nuclear sub deal 'gravely undermines regional peace' says China" 8247: 7654: 6612:"Theresa May suggests Aukus submarine pact could drag UK into war with China" 6429: 6251: 6181: 5904:. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand. 2 February 2024. 4561: 4353: 3902:"Australia to consider leasing or buying existing submarines from the US, UK" 2838:"Lockheed Martin fournira les systèmes de combat des sous-marins australiens" 2316:"China warns AUKUS deal is accelerating an arms race in Australia's backyard" 2242: 2099: 1989: 1895: 1644: 1471: 1294:

The French government received official notification from Australia that the

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during the length of the program, was A$ 90 billion (€56 billion).

214: 153: 11565: 5042:

Sevastopulo, Demetri; Pfeifer, Sylvia; Rathbone, John Paul (10 March 2023).

4668: 2942:"Australian documents showed French submarine project was at risk for years" 1267:

capabilities. The US denied inviting Japan into the security alliance, with

12773: 12573: 12478: 12324: 12298: 12207: 11889: 11877: 11825: 11785: 11780: 11644: 11639: 11466: 11256: 11164: 11147: 11034: 10867: 10217: 9608: 9388: 8362: 8185:"Kiribati President says AUKUS nuclear submarine deal puts Pacific at risk" 8155:"Kiribati President says AUKUS nuclear submarine deal puts Pacific at risk" 7830: 6992: 6703: 6584: 5839: 5667: 5153: 4864:"The AUKUS Nuclear Powered-Submarine Pathway: A Partnership for the Future" 4007:"Joint Statement on Australia-U.S. Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) 2021" 3933: 3777: 3737: 3733: 3729: 1984: 1868: 1686: 1678: 1486: 1455: 1435: 1418: 1264: 1134: 1098: 945: 862: 576: 509: 438: 428: 253:; and in two broader functional areas: innovation and information sharing. 238: 218: 104: 8806:"Russia becomes latest nation to express dismay over AUKUS submarine deal" 7717:

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia

7695:

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia

7673:

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia

7222:"A landmark submarine deal may be aimed at China, but it has upset France" 5835:"New Zealand steps up interest in Aukus as Pacific security concerns grow" 4887: 3333: 2376: 2232:

AUKUS Pillar 2 (Advanced Capabilities): Background and Issues for Congress

1460: 12713: 12461: 12456: 12448: 12433: 12258: 12163: 11974: 11810: 11775: 11755: 11735: 11713: 11678: 11152: 10840: 10770: 10104: 9775:

Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast

7646: 7075:

Japan denies report of invite to join AUKUS to develop hypersonic weapons

5470: 4183: 3667:"Pact with U.S., Britain, will see Australia scrap French sub deal-media" 3524:"Submarine Deal Gives Post-Brexit Britain Its Moment on the Global Stage" 2972:"Diplomatie – la vente de sous-marins américains à l'Australie contrarie" 2755:"Australian Government spent $ 250,000 covering up French submarine deal" 2077:

to overturn the refusal and release the details is being appealed by the

1973: 1761: 1732: 1701: 1620: 1430: 1414: 1403: 1181: 1126: 1010: 949: 833: 629: 544: 321: 277: 9760:

Agreement for the Suppression of the Circulation of Obscene Publications

8125:"Pemerintah Diminta Ambil Sikap Soal AUKUS, Jangan Cuma Bilang Khawatir" 4996: 3279:. Australian Government. 15 September 2021. Released under FOI 147/21/22 3207: 2911:"Naval Group signe l'accord de partenariat stratégique avec l'Australie" 2346:"Aukus: Australia's new PM vows 'reset' with France after submarine row" 793:

pointed to the increasing expansion of Chinese technology firms such as

288: 44: 12244: 12232: 12202: 12168: 12108: 11790: 10588: 10439: 10253: 9592: 8566:"North Korea slams AUKUS deal as 'undesirable and dangerous' | NK News" 7308:"Geoffrey Miller: New Zealand could be the big winner of Aukus fallout" 7106:"Australia seeks to include Japan in AUKUS defence pact with US and UK" 6988:"Japan should work with Aukus on cybersecurity and AI, says Shinzo Abe" 6963:"Ex-Japan PM Abe calls for Tokyo's cooperation with AUKUS in AI, cyber" 5692:"AUKUS participation talks highlight New Zealand's nuclear-free status" 4341:"Biden Announces Defense Deal With Australia in a Bid to Counter China" 4211:"Astute vs Virginia: Which navy has the best nuclear attack submarine?" 3700:"Prime Minister: Aukus is not intended to be adversarial towards China" 2891: 2816:"Minister for Defence - Speech to the Submarine Institute of Australia" 2653:

Greene, Andrew; Probyn, Andrew; Dziedzic, Stephen (15 September 2021).

1931: 1467: 1255: 1144: 1103: 936: 615: 9755:

International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic

8939:"Taiwan Welcomes AUKUS Pact, Calls for Stronger Ties with Democracies" 7048:"No 'Jaukus' plan: US denies inviting Japan to join security alliance" 1409:

The exclusion of France from AUKUS has been conceptualised within the

1254:

capabilities. Prior to this, in November 2021, former prime minister

1055: 12678: 12515: 12250: 12212: 11805: 11619: 11488: 11461: 11361: 11095: 11046: 10165: 9979: 9623: 9475: 8883:"Pacific perspectives on proposed AUKUS nuclear-propelled submarines" 8854: 8391:"New Zealand a winner in AUKUS agreement, but risks remain – experts" 6846: 6170:"What does the Australian submarine deal mean for non-proliferation?" 5570:"Aukus weighs expanding security pact to deter China in Indo-Pacific" 5044:"Australia to buy US submarines to bridge gap before UK-design boats" 4679:. Miscellaneous Series No.8 (2021). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 4242:

The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium

1994: 1880: 1831: 1598: 1268: 1192: 932: 916: 845:

Capabilities Industry Forum and the AUKUS Defense Investors Network.

685: 540: 530: 492: 476:. Morrison said Australia had been considering an alternative to the 206: 127: 9259:"Europe divided on plans for its own army after Aukus submarine row" 8033:"'Deeply concerned': Indonesia uneasy about Australian nuclear subs" 6369:"Brazil take first step in program to join nuclear-powered sub club" 5066: 5064: 4744: 3556:"How the U.S. Agreed to Provide Nuclear Sub Technology to Australia" 3242:(Interview). Interviewed by Jane Marwick. Perth, Western Australia. 3105:"French MoD Sets the Record Straight on Australian Submarine Affair" 2795: 2019:(Quad) – Strategic dialogue among Australia, India, Japan and the US 1685:

agreed to the suggestion of Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs,

447:

too reported that Australia first approached the UK for assistance.

12668: 12364: 12185: 12013: 11928: 11867: 11830: 11068: 10202: 9289: 9235: 9147: 8782:(in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 21 September 2021. 8098:"PM's trip to Indonesia cancelled amid fallout over AUKUS alliance" 7281:

Wadhams, Nick; Adghirni, Samy; Nussbaum, Ania (17 September 2021).

6580:"China warns US-UK-Australia pact could 'hurt their own interests'" 6278:"AUKUS and the Consequences of the Non-Proliferation Regime Crisis" 5150:

Here's when the US Navy plans to sell subs to Australia under AUKUS

4764:

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (29 November 2021).

2480: 2446:"France recalls ambassadors from US, Australia over submarine deal" 1790: 1660: 1639: 1623:

to take a strong stand over the AUKUS deal through the auspices of

1489:

needs jobs, not submarines, and urged France to boost cooperation.

1482: 1300: 924: 363:

inquiry in early June 2021, with delays ongoing, Defence Secretary

9395: 8683:"Philippines supports Australia nuclear sub pact to counter China" 8002:"Indonesia urges China and Australia not to embark on 'arms race'" 2051:

United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China

1368:, criticised the French government and demanded that France leave 12583: 12438: 12350: 11481: 11476: 11051: 9431: 8892:. International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Australia: 7 8687: 8485: 7763:"China says Asia needs jobs over submarines in fresh Aukus salvo" 7021: 6373: 5870:"Chinese embassy deplores, opposes Australia, NZ joint statement" 5607: 5224:"New Uncrewed Undersea Capabilities Strengthen AUKUS Partnership" 5105: 5061: 4984: 4922: This article incorporates text published under the British 4849: This article incorporates text published under the British 3671: 2241:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1681:

to clarify about the deal. Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs

1578: 1536: 820: 809: 335:

class. The design was based on the latest French nuclear-powered

331:, under the "Future Submarine Program", scheduled to replace the 299:

In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the

7795:"China urges France to boost cooperation in wakes of Aukus pact" 7283:"France Recalls Its Ambassador to U.S. for First Time Over Subs" 7252:"Communiqué conjoint de Jean-Yves Le Drian et de Florence Parly" 5999:"Joint Leaders Statement to Mark the Third Anniversary of AUKUS" 4707:

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (November 2021).

3452:

Bodkin, Henry; Samuel, Henry; Crisp, James (19 September 2021).

1981:– 1951 Australia, New Zealand, the United States Security Treaty 12603: 11456: 11436: 10947:

190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident

10932:

JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.

10051: 9885: 5965: 5357: 4822: 4483:

Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science

2314:

Henderson, Anna; McHugh, Finn; Occhiuzzi, Tys (15 March 2023).

2042: – Multilateral signals intelligence treaty signed in 1946 1952: 1944: 1864: 1810: 1507: 984: 956:

was shifting New Zealand foreign policy away from a bipartisan

794: 640: 551:

at the AUKUS meeting in San Diego, California, on 13 March 2023

5929:"AUKUS a military pact designed to contain China, says Labour" 2377:"Aukus: China denounces US-UK-Australia pact as irresponsible" 1611:

amid the fallout of the AUKUS deal. On 22 September 2021, the

1037:, and has been criticised by scholars and politicians. In the 563:, begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK. 12558: 12553: 12025: 12020: 11451: 11446: 11441: 10574:

Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930)

10150: 9613: 7858:"Denmark sides against EU, with Biden in AUKUS submarine row" 6016: 4973: 4450:

Successor Submarine Project (Note by the Assistant Secretary)

4143:(Report). Federation of American Scientists. pp. 11–12. 3395: 2544:

Engels, Jorge; Kwon, Jake; Ravindran, Jeevan (11 June 2023).

2296: 2175: 2103: 1978: 1956: 1899: 1624: 1380:

minister declined a meeting with his Australian counterpart.

1275:, the Japanese chief cabinet secretary. On 10 December 2022, 997: 928: 837: 635:

On 22 November 2021, Australia, the US and the UK signed the

483:

Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister

257: 176: 35: 10701:

1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties

9284: 8454:"AUKUS adds ambiguity to the Australia–New Zealand alliance" 7972:"Germany warns of lost U.S. trust as France wins EU support" 7889:"Islands in the scheme: Fiji signals support for AUKUS subs" 6877:"Macron, Biden agree to soothe tensions after submarine row" 6151: 5717:"'Door is open' for New Zealand to join AUKUS, Blinken says" 4033:"AUSMIN - Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations" 2106:

be expanded and be able to support US Navy (USN) submarines.

670:

posing with Australian and American dignitaries in July 2023

12698: 11426: 6577: 6518:"Adam Bandt: nuclear subs deal "makes Australia less safe"" 5743:"Blinken says door open for New Zealand to engage on AUKUS" 5636:"New Zealand Takes Step Toward Joining Aukus Security Pact" 5471:"AUKUS: Radars will help counter threat of 'space warfare'" 4888:

Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace (28 June 2023).

4338:

Sanger, David E.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (15 September 2021).

4309:"Achieving Critical Mass with Highly Enriched Uranium 2023" 3843:

Galliford, Claire; Rohweder, LT Sarah (17 September 2021).

3611:"AUKUS reveals much about the new global strategic context" 1948: 1557: 1369: 1340:

stated that he doesn't see how France can trust Australia.

659:. The ENNPIA treaty entered into force on 8 February 2022. 182: 10115:

Implications of U.S. gene patent invalidation on Australia

9740:

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

8220:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 18 September 2021. 8066:"Indonesia chides Australia as Indo-Pacific tensions rise" 6401:"¿Cómo es el proyecto Submarino Nuclear Brasileño? (2020)" 5413:"Australia, US partner on air-launched hypersonic missile" 5041: 4584:"Nuclear-powered submarine development is pursued hastily" 3938:"Interview with Karl Stefanovic, Today Show, Channel Nine" 3334:"Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China" 3069:"Inaugural Australia-France 2+2 Ministerial Consultations" 1524:

stated that he would seek to join the alliance if elected.

1279:

announced their desire for Japan to join the partnership.

819:

full-size prototype hypersonic cruise missiles" under the

651:'s Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, in the UK by the 637:

Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information Agreement

9651:

British Army regiments in Australia between 1810 and 1870

9055:"'Crisis of trust': France bristles at US submarine deal" 7736:"Subs pact makes us a target for nuke attack? Gao figure" 7136: 6842:"Why is AUKUS formed? What impact it will have on China?" 5663:"New Zealand may join Aukus pact's non-nuclear component" 5176: 5174: 4745:

Joint Standing Committee on Treaties (17 December 2021).

4485:(9). Ministry of Defence: 15. Autumn 2011. Archived from 4416:"Fact Sheet on U.S. Nuclear Powered Warship (NPW) Safety" 4178: 4101:"The Feasibility of Ending HEU Fuel Use in the U.S. Navy" 3238: 2695:. Auditor-General Report No.22 2019-20. pp. 14, 15. 2550: 2485: 2355: 1969:

Allied technological cooperation during World War II

1515:. Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister 10786:

United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom

8275:"Australian officials to clarify on AUKUS with Malaysia" 7945:"German minister: Submarine dispute is 'a wake-up call'" 7577: 6643:"Boris Johnson Mocks French Outrage Over Submarine Spat" 4099:

Philippe, Sébastien; von Hippel, Frank (November 2016).

3824: 3724: 2313: 524: 12683: 11517:

The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World

10718:

Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic

9229:

Moens, Barbara; Barigazzi, Jacopo (24 September 2021).

8996:"Taiwan backs AUKUS, warns of threat of war with China" 7970:

Blenkinsop, Phillip; Emmot, Robin (21 September 2021).

7631:"'BrOthers in Arms': France, the Anglosphere and AUKUS" 7280: 6756:"Britain wants more AUKUS deals to fight China, Russia" 6089:

From AUKUS to CAUKUS: The Case for Canadian Integration

5864: 5862: 5307:"View from Washington: Aukus looms over AI and quantum" 4929:"British-led design chosen for AUKUS submarine project" 960:

and getting the country drawn into geopolitical games.

11180:

United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II

10384:

Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

10362:

Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States

9668:

Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom

8890:

Troubled Waters: Nuclear Submarines, AUKUS and the NPT

6339:"Brazil launches first of five navy attack submarines" 6064:"Canada hopes to join Aukus defence pact, says report" 6022: