611:, Abd al-Aziz had relocated due to flooding in Fustat in 690 and chose the site of Hulwan for his new capital because its elevation, 35 metres (115 ft) above the banks of the Nile, was higher than the river's flood line. The foundation of Hulwan began a custom of establishing "satellite residence town", which was "repeated countless times by later rulers in various regions of the Islamic world", according to Kubiak.
826:(d. 961), Abd al-Aziz appointed al-Asbagh as a temporary governor of Alexandria and, during Abd al-Aziz's visit to Syria in 695, as his place-holder over the whole of Egypt. Abd al-Aziz intended that al-Asbagh—for whom he nurtured hopes in the caliphal succession—would succeed him as governor of Egypt, making the province into a hereditary appendage for his household, but al-Asbagh died a few months before Abd al-Aziz.
765:
initiated a trend continued by later governors and caliphs. Though he spent large sums in the course of his rule, Abd al-Aziz's personal lifestyle was austere. At his death, he left the relatively small fortune of 7,000 gold dinars (according to his treasurer) and tattered clothing. In an indication of his piety, he stated on his deathbed his wish to have been a mere cameleer roaming the
730:
rural districts. He then obliged each district to pay taxes according to the yield of its fields and gardens. Abd al-Aziz had his son al-Asbagh take a census of all the monks of the province, imposed on each of them a poll tax—from which they had previously been exempted—of one gold dinar, and forbade the recruitment of new monks. He also closely monitored the elections of the
574:(the White Palace) built by Marwan in Fustat may have been viewed by Abd al-Aziz as unsuitable for a person of his rank and the new palace became the official residence of Egypt's Marwanids (descendants of Caliph Marwan). He built a bath in the city named after his son Zabban, upon whom it was bestowed. The bath became the subject of a celebrated verse:
764:
By dint of his major architectural works in Fustat and Hulwan, roughly coinciding with the period of monumental
Islamic architecture's earliest stages under the caliphs Abd al-Malik and al-Walid I, Kubiak calls Abd al-Aziz perhaps "the true father of Islamic architecture". His patronage activities
729:
Apart from personal favours to the
Christians in his circle, Abd al-Aziz pursued a restrictive policy towards Egypt's indigenous Christian population. In 693/94, on one of his visits to Alexandria, he arrested the Christian leaders of the city and dispersed them across the country's villages and
702:(d. 995) praised Abd al-Aziz for promoting the Arabic language. Having caused misunderstandings by his own erroneous pronunciation of Arabic, Abd al-Aziz endeavoured to learn the correct pronunciation and later made gifts to his petitioners dependent on their mastery of the Arabic language.
697:
produced from the version of al-Hajjaj, which had been sent to him. The revised version was said to have contained grammatical corrections and was inherited, in succession, by Abd al-Aziz's son Abu Bakr, and then Abd al-Aziz's daughter Asma and son al-Hakam. The
Baghdad-based writer
559:(the City), giving an indication of its size, covering up to 4–5 hectares (9.9–12.4 acres) including gardens. The complex included some buildings of at least two storeys. It overlooked the Nile and likely included the house and surrounding land of the high-ranking official
648:
quotes a report that he arranged for one thousand bowls of food to be set up around his palace and had another one hundred bowls supplied to the tribal settlers of Fustat, both on a daily basis. These bowls are also mentioned in a well-known eulogy by Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat:
596:(Ayn Shams) to the Nile. The bridge, located in the Hamra al-Quswa neighborhood, was likely meant to serve a major circulatory road in Fustat and its remains were still visible in the 12th century. It was one of a number of bridges constructed in the city by Abd al-Aziz.
753:) to succeed him, and Abd al-Aziz was persuaded not to object to this change. In the event, Abd al-Aziz died on 12 May 705 CE (13 Jumada I AH 86), four months before Abd al-Malik. Abd al-Aziz was succeeded as governor by Abd al-Malik's son
2561:
480:, with the latter later defecting to Abd al-Aziz. After Marwan returned to Syria, he designated Abd al-Malik as his successor, to be followed by Abd al-Aziz. Abd al-Malik acceded as caliph upon Marwan's death in April 685.
622:
in 715. Hulwan was well known for the glass pavilions patronised by the governor and an artificial lake fed by an aqueduct. The city's prosperity under Abd al-Aziz was praised by the poet Ubayd Allah ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat.
1810:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XX: The Collapse of Sufyānid Authority and the Coming of the Marwānids: The Caliphates of Muʿāwiyah II and Marwān I and the Beginning of the Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 683–685/A.H.
810:
From another wife, Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah, a granddaughter of Amr ibn al-As, Abd al-Aziz had his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. From a third wife, Layla bint Suhayl, he had his daughter
540:. Abd al-Aziz was a major patron of architectural projects and his rule marked the heyday of Umayyad-era building works in the city. Several houses, palaces, roofed markets and fountains were built under his direction.
459:
in August. Abd al-Aziz was thrown off his horse during the battle, which ended in a crushing
Umayyad–Kalbite victory. Afterward, he played a leading role in Marwan's conquest of Egypt from its Zubayrid governor
500:
65) until his death in 705 CE (AH 86). He was placed in the post by Marwan after the Marwan departed Egypt for Syria in
February 685. He enjoyed wide autonomy in the governance of Egypt, and functioned as a
2095:
Cronografia generale del bacino mediterraneo e dell'Oriente musulmano dal 622 al 1517 dell'era volgare : ossia dal principio dell'era musulmana alla caduta dell'Egitto in potere dei Turchi ottomani
631:
Abd al-Aziz proved to be a capable governor, and his rule was a period of peace and prosperity, marked by his conciliatory and co-operative attitude towards the leaders of the local Arab settlers (the
734:
and obliged the patriarchs to take their seat in Hulwan. The public display of
Christian symbols was banned, and a Christian source reports that Abd al-Aziz had all the crosses in Egypt destroyed.
670:. Abd al-Aziz opposed a higher tax burden on indigenous Muslim converts. He had been called on by Abd al-Malik to follow the example of the caliph's governor of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate,
439:
Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself and gained wide recognition as caliph after the death of Yazid in 683. In the summer of 684, when Marwan was elected caliph by pro-Umayyad loyalist tribes in
2568:
875:
period. Abd al-Aziz's grandsons
Muhammad and Amr, both sons of Sahl, are mentioned several times in the traditional Islamic sources, and Amr was counted among the supporters of the
584:
At least four roofed markets, each specialising in a type of merchandise, were built during Abd al-Aziz's reign. In August/September 688, he also built the
Qantara bridge over the
799:. Abd al-Aziz highly valued this marital link with the family of the former caliph and spent 400 gold dinars for the wedding. While Ibn Sa'd counts four sons from Umm Asim—Asim,
443:, chief among them the Banu Kalb, Abd al-Aziz was in his father's company. He fought alongside his father and the Banu Kalb against the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr in Syria,
894:
from Egypt and executed, while his grandsons Marwan ibn al-Asbagh, Abd al-Malik ibn Abi Bakr and al-Asbagh ibn Zabban were killed in the massacre of the
Umayyad family at
1337:
The scholar biographies of Abū 'Ubaidallah al-Marzubānī: in the review of the Ḥāfiẓ al-Yaġmūrī. Edited by Rudolf Sellheim. F. Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1964, p. 3.
868:
origin, named Maria, with whom Abd al-Aziz had a son named Muhammad. In honour of Maria, Abd al-Aziz built a palace in Fustat called Qasr Mariya (Maria's Palace).
662:
According to al-Kindi, Abd al-Aziz introduced an Islamic ritual in Egypt consisting of a sitting held in the mosques during afternoon prayers on the ninth day of
1835:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwānid House: The Last Years of ʿAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-Walīd, A.D. 700–715/A.H. 81–95
890:
In the immediate aftermath of the Abbasid Revolution, Abd al-Aziz's grandson Umar ibn Suhayl and great-grandson Isa ibn al-Walid ibn Umar were deported to
2554:
726:
secretaries, Athanasios, was also allowed to construct a church in close proximity to the Babylon Fortress (Qasr al-Sham) in the vicinity of Fustat.
807:
and Ibn Abd al-Hakam count two: Abu Bakr Asim and Umar II. Twelve years after Abd al-Aziz's death, Umar was appointed caliph and ruled until 720.
731:
603:
struck Fustat in 689 or 690, Abd al-Aziz moved his residence and seat of government about 20 kilometers (12 mi) south of the city and founded
2746:
2741:
2438:
1923:
1897:
342:). Abd al-Aziz's reign was marked by stability and prosperity, partly due to his close relations and reliance on the Arab military settlers of
898:. His grandsons Asim and Umar (both sons of Abu Bakr) and Asim's sons, Maslama, Aban and Abd al-Malik, found safety with Coptic villagers in
614:
Abd al-Aziz constructed in Hulwan a mosque, a number of churches (see below) and palaces, and planted vineyards and palm trees. He erected a
2710:
2051:
2756:
2134:
829:
Other sons of Abd al-Aziz from his slave women included Zabban and Juzayy. The latter was one of the first Umayyads to relocate to
781:(d. 845), Abd al-Aziz had children from three wives and two slave women. He married Umm Asim bint Asim, a granddaughter of Caliph
1859:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVIII: The ʿAbbāsid Authority Affirmed: The Early Years of al-Mansūr, A.D. 753–763/A.H. 136–145
815:. Abd al-Aziz was also married to Hafsa, a daughter of Asma bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith of the prominent Qurayshite clan of
2690:
2675:
2620:
2510:
2328:
2280:
2261:
2082:
1951:
1867:
1843:
1819:
1780:
536:. Fustat was the capital of the province, established in the 640s by the Arab conqueror and first governor of Islamic Egypt,
2705:
2665:
2776:
2645:
2630:
2467:
2247:
2173:
2068:
860:
and one of them developed the Suwayqat al-Zabbaniyyin square in Cordoba. Ibn Abd al-Hakam notes a third slave woman, of
822:
Five of his children, including his eldest son al-Asbagh, were born to slave women. According to the Egyptian historian
2528:
680:) on the inhabitants of his province even after their conversion to Islam. Instead, Abd al-Aziz took the advice of the
39:
2685:
2424:
2211:
2114:
1972:
1745:
906:
and returned to Fustat. A great-grandson of Abd al-Aziz, al-Asbagh ibn Sufyan ibn Asim, supported the Abbasid caliph
2766:
2761:
2751:
2700:
2680:
2222:
1940:"Prosopography and the Reconstruction of Hijazi History for the Early Islamic Period: The Case of the Awfid Family"
917:) in Egypt, and another great-grandson, Dihya ibn Mus'ab ibn al-Asbagh, led a revolt in the country against Caliph
2625:
2612:
2521:
509:
62:
2450:
2152:
351:
2496:
2413:
Uzquiza Bartolomé, Aránzazu (1992). "La Familia Omeya en al-Andalus". In Marín, Manuela; Jesús, Zanón (eds.).
812:
169:
686:(chief Islamic judge) and treasurer of Egypt, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hubayra, and did not implement the measure.
2660:
1881:
1794:
2003:
2731:
2597:
1790:
823:
645:
444:
2434:
757:, whose aim was to restore the caliphate's control over the province and, in the words of the historian
593:
452:
276:
74:
2093:
2655:
2635:
2538:
2238:
2059:
880:
754:
742:
Marwan had named Abd al-Aziz his second heir after Abd al-Malik. The latter, however, wanted his son
589:
2640:
2446:
2047:
2013:
328:
1759:
555:(the Gilded Palace). The residential complex was also known in the contemporary Arabic sources as
432:), and besieged the Umayyads in 683, Abd al-Aziz is not mentioned as being present. The historian
1755:
715:
410:
406:
359:
203:
2498:
Princely Authority in the Early Marwānid State: The Life of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān (d. 86/705)
718:, Abd al-Aziz permitted his Melkite servants to establish a small church in Hulwan dedicated to
2771:
306:
2160:
1939:
2546:
2199:
1862:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1853:
1838:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1814:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1775:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
618:
in the new city, although it was replaced by the nilometer built on the Nile river island of
548:
394:
2363:
1999:
1772:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73
800:
544:
370:
8:
2736:
2695:
2650:
2602:
2419:(in Spanish). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. 373–432.
2136:
The History of the Conquest of Egypt, being a Partial Translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's
671:
578:
Whoever has in his soul a place for white, let him have that white in the Bath of Zabban
560:
2401:
2393:
2302:
2242:
1917:
1891:
838:
464:, serving as the commander of a contingent which crossed into the province through the
532:, leaving it only for two visits to the Caliph's court at Damascus and four visits to
2670:
2581:
2577:
2506:
2477:
2420:
2405:
2351:
2324:
2314:
2276:
2257:
2207:
2183:
2110:
2078:
2035:
2027:
2018:
1968:
1947:
1863:
1839:
1815:
1776:
1741:
1440:
1424:
402:
317:
250:
1436:
853:
2383:
2375:
2230:
1905:
1432:
871:
Abd al-Aziz's descendants remained influential in Egyptian affairs until the early
690:
654:
600:
433:
2023:
1964:
The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies
1420:
1416:
2414:
2339:
2318:
2290:
2226:
2195:
2104:
1983:
1962:
1857:
1833:
1808:
1770:
834:
758:
723:
619:
513:
477:
465:
382:
347:
297:
2462:
2454:
2234:
2168:
2164:
2063:
2055:
711:
405:. In 682, Abd al-Aziz was part of an embassy, alongside his elder half-brother
2397:
644:
Abd al-Aziz was known for his generosity. The 10th-century Egyptian historian
580:
It has no breath, no eyelashes, however, it is an idol in the creation of man.
2725:
2607:
2592:
2502:
2481:
2458:
2442:
2355:
2187:
2156:
2039:
1804:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1444:
903:
857:
663:
638:
537:
440:
398:
1249:
1247:
421:, home to the Umayyad family, rebelled against Mu'awiya's successor, Caliph
393:
tribe. Abd al-Aziz may have visited Egypt when the province was governed by
1967:. University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research.
1829:
816:
804:
719:
699:
667:
497:
271:
1502:
1877:
1271:
1244:
899:
895:
778:
488:
Abd al-Aziz is most notable for his twenty-year-long tenure as governor (
2306:
1345:
1343:
830:
743:
608:
564:
533:
461:
208:
2388:
1259:
1340:
907:
891:
842:
694:
637:). Throughout his tenure, Abd al-Aziz relied on them rather than the
615:
390:
2366:(October 2014). "An Early Umayyad Papyrus Invitation for the Ḥajj".
528:
During the early years of his reign, Abd al-Aziz resided chiefly at
523:
2379:
2109:. Granada: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Granada.
1661:
1553:
1148:
769:(western Arabia), a man of no consequence or a collection of dust.
517:
456:
386:
332:
186:
508:
of the country. Abd al-Aziz also supervised the completion of the
331:
between 685 and his death. He was appointed by his father, Caliph
2204:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517
918:
872:
505:
469:
422:
324:
137:
1589:
1625:
1283:
861:
841:
in 750, moving soon after the fall of the last Umayyad caliph,
676:
604:
563:(d. 661), which Marwan purchased from Kharija's son for 10,000
529:
418:
389:, and one of his wives, Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the
355:
343:
224:
219:
95:
2576:
1709:
1037:
1035:
693:(d. 971) relates that Abd al-Aziz had a different copy of the
876:
865:
766:
493:
473:
414:
235:
1946:. Oxford: Prosoprograpica et Genealogica. pp. 415–458.
1222:
1220:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1086:
641:, who elsewhere were the main pillar of the Umayyad regime.
2106:
El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya
1984:"Caliph Umar II and Conflicting Reports on his Personality"
1789:
1468:
1466:
1277:
1253:
1032:
884:
782:
682:
633:
448:
1876:
1649:
1565:
1513:
1136:
2206:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85.
1613:
1524:
1522:
1319:
1217:
1112:
1083:
974:
972:
358:
throne and, in any case, died before his brother, Caliph
1697:
1685:
1637:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1463:
1391:
1232:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
2200:"Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868"
1754:
1349:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1054:
1052:
1050:
761:, "remove all traces of Abd al-Aziz's administration".
1519:
1490:
1451:
1020:
937:
852:). Juzayy died in 757 and left several descendants in
346:. Under his direction and supervision, an army led by
2273:
Al-Fustat: Its Foundation and Early Urban Development
1944:
Prosopography Approaches and Applications: A Handbook
1673:
1534:
1478:
1367:
1307:
1295:
1205:
1160:
1124:
949:
1601:
1577:
1379:
1355:
1193:
1172:
1064:
1047:
996:
984:
436:
speculates he could have been in Egypt at the time.
354:. He was removed from the line of succession to the
311:
192:
Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh al-Kalbiyya (mother)
1764:. Vol. VIII. Beirut: CSCO, Scriptores Arabici.
1008:
607:. According to the 15th-century Egyptian historian
2017:
856:. Descendants of Zabban established themselves in
2636:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam
2412:
2275:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
1595:
1410:
1408:
1406:
570:According to the historian Wladyslaw Kubiak, the
524:Foundation of Hulwan and building works in Fustat
476:. There, he confronted Ibn Jahdam and his deputy
2723:
2416:Estudios onomástico-biográficos de Al-Andalus: V
2005:Beiträge zur Geschichte Ägyptens unter dem Islam
1904:
1738:The Men of Madina by Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2
1631:
1289:
837:was established in 756) in the aftermath of the
792:), while they were both residing in Damascus in
543:Abd al-Aziz completely rebuilt and expanded the
117:Hafsa bint Asma bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith
1758:(1909). Cheikho, L.; Carra de Vaux, B. (eds.).
16:Umayyad prince and Governor of Egypt (died 705)
1403:
111:Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As
2562:
592:), which passed through Fustat and connected
705:
302:عَبْدِ الْعَزِيز بْنِ مَرْوَان بْنِ الْحَكَم
25:
2711:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr
2433:
2362:
2012:
1667:
1655:
1571:
1559:
1414:
1226:
409:, sent by Marwan to the anti-Umayyad rebel
2569:
2555:
2468:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2248:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2174:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2132:
2126:Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam
2069:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1922:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1896:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1325:
1118:
902:but were pardoned by the Abbasid governor
2387:
2077:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 621–623.
1852:
1703:
772:
2313:
2046:
1981:
1768:
1528:
1496:
1457:
1265:
1026:
978:
943:
551:. To its west, in 686/87 he erected the
376:
2194:
2123:
2102:
2091:
1803:
1691:
1679:
1643:
1472:
1397:
1373:
1301:
1238:
1058:
1041:
990:
658:his food bowls are full to overflowing.
381:Abd al-Aziz was the son of a prominent
369:). However, one of Abd al-Aziz's sons,
2747:8th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
2742:7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt
2724:
2691:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
2676:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami
2337:
2270:
2220:
2128:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
2098:(in Italian). Rome: Accad. dei Lincei.
1998:
1994:. Translated by Jan W. Weryho: 69–104.
1735:
1619:
1607:
1547:
1484:
1385:
1361:
1313:
1211:
1199:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1106:
1094:
1077:
1002:
653:That is Laylā's son, Abd al-'Azīz: at
2550:
2289:
2150:
1960:
1937:
1828:
1715:
1583:
1187:
1014:
313:ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam
2666:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
2256:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 559.
2182:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 572.
2146:(Thesis). The University of Arizona.
1931:
483:
2706:Al-Mughira ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari
2631:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam
2140:and an Analysis of this Translation
737:
626:
301:
294:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam
26:
13:
2621:Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn Alqama al-Azdi
2489:
1942:. In Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. (ed.).
1908:(1922). Torrey, Charles C. (ed.).
1729:
1415:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (2009).
14:
2788:
2686:Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi
2323:. London: Oneworld Publications.
833:(the Iberian Peninsula, where an
2757:Heirs apparent who never acceded
2701:al-Hawthala ibn Suhayl al-Bahili
2646:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi
2026:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2008:(in German). Straßburg: Trübner.
1796:Kitāb al-Wulāt wa-Kitāb al-Quḍāt
1423:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1278:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi 1912
1254:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi 1912
689:The medieval Egyptian historian
27:عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ
2626:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri
2613:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
2522:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri
2368:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2124:Dennett, Daniel C. Jr. (1950).
1880:(1904–1940). Sachau, E. (ed.).
1769:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
1724:
1437:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22584
1331:
923:
912:
847:
787:
748:
510:Muslim conquest of North Africa
427:
364:
352:Muslim conquest of North Africa
337:
2340:"Linajes árabes en al-Andalus"
2103:Delgado, Jorge Lirola (1993).
2034:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1431:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
710:According to the 10th-century
373:, would become caliph in 717.
1:
2271:Kubiak, Wladyslaw B. (1987).
1793:(1912). Guest, Rhuvon (ed.).
1268:, p. 162, notes 587–589.
1157:, pp. 111–112, 116, 120.
931:
793:
2681:Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi
2661:Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi
2338:Sábada, Elías Terés (1957).
1910:Kitāb Futūḥ Miṣr wa-aḫbāruhā
1350:Eutychius of Alexandria 1909
700:Abu Ubayd Allah al-Marzubani
674:, who imposed the poll tax (
397:(667–682), the appointee of
7:
2202:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.).
2133:Hilloowala, Yasmin (1998).
1791:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi
1514:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 1904–1940
777:According to the historian
516:to his post as governor of
445:al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri
316:; died 12 May 705) was the
312:
108:Umm Asim bint Asim ibn Umar
10:
2793:
2777:People of the Second Fitna
2295:Israel Exploration Journal
451:tribes, at the subsequent
277:Battle of Marj Rahit (684)
75:Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Malik
2656:Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi
2588:
2539:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik
2535:
2526:
2518:
2439:"ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Marwān"
2019:"ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Marwān"
2014:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1883:Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr
1417:"ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Marwān"
706:Relations with Christians
590:Commander of the Faithful
287:
264:
256:
246:
241:
231:
215:
199:
179:
127:
101:
89:
84:
80:
68:
56:
45:
38:
34:
21:
2641:Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi
2505:: Piscataway, NJ, 2017.
2151:Jones, J. M. B. (1971).
1982:Barthold, W. W. (1971).
1718:, p. 440, note 151.
803:, Abu Bakr and Muhammad—
722:. One of the governor's
2767:8th-century Arab people
2762:7th-century Arab people
2752:Sons of Umayyad caliphs
2476:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2293:(1952). "As-Sinnabra".
2092:Caetani, Leone (1923).
1961:Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010).
1756:Eutychius of Alexandria
1670:, p. 184, note 34.
1562:, p. 183, note 31.
716:Eutychius of Alexandria
586:Khalij Amir al-Mu'minin
411:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
211:(nephew and son-in-law)
166:Umm al-Hakam (daughter)
2221:Khoury, R. G. (2002).
2052:"Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam"
2032:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1886:. Vol. 5. Leiden.
1854:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen
1736:Bewley, Aisha (2000).
1596:Uzquiza Bartolomé 1992
1429:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1109:, pp. 44–45, 116.
881:Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya
773:Family and descendants
660:
582:
462:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba
63:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba
23:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
2364:Sijpesteijn, Petra M.
2000:Becker, Carl Heinrich
1632:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1922
1290:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1922
1044:, pp. 65, 70–71.
883:when the latter fled
651:
576:
549:congregational mosque
417:. When the people of
395:Maslama ibn Mukhallad
377:Early life and career
257:Years of service
2617:Muhammad ibn Maslama
1938:Ahmed, Asad (2007).
1740:. Ta-Ha Publishers.
1145:, pp. 111, 116.
545:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
453:Battle of Marj Rahit
2651:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil
2603:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
1622:, pp. 96, 169.
1097:, pp. 45, 128.
887:for Egypt in 747.
672:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
561:Kharija ibn Hudhafa
387:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
2732:7th-century births
2696:Hassan ibn Atahiya
2451:Lévi-Provençal, E.
2315:Robinson, Chase F.
2022:. In Fleet, Kate;
1419:. In Fleet, Kate;
839:Abbasid Revolution
2719:
2718:
2671:Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf
2598:Abd Allah ibn Amr
2582:Umayyad Caliphate
2578:Governor of Egypt
2545:
2544:
2536:Succeeded by
2529:Governor of Egypt
2511:978-1-4632-0632-1
2435:Zetterstéen, K.V.
2330:978-1-85168-361-1
2282:978-1-61797-741-1
2263:978-90-04-12756-2
2084:978-90-04-08112-3
1988:Islamic Quarterly
1953:978-1-900934-12-1
1932:Secondary sources
1878:Muhammad ibn Sa'd
1869:978-0-7914-1895-6
1845:978-0-88706-721-1
1821:978-0-88706-855-3
1782:978-0-7914-0221-4
1694:, pp. 22–23.
1646:, pp. 77–78.
1475:, pp. 71–72.
1241:, pp. 70–71.
732:Coptic patriarchs
712:Melkite Christian
553:Dar al-Mudhahabba
484:Governor of Egypt
403:Umayyad Caliphate
401:, founder of the
310:
291:
290:
251:Umayyad Caliphate
120:Maria (concubine)
114:Layla bint Suhayl
40:Governor of Egypt
2784:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2519:Preceded by
2516:
2515:
2485:
2430:
2409:
2391:
2359:
2334:
2310:
2286:
2267:
2243:Heinrichs, W. P.
2223:"Zuhayr b. Kays"
2217:
2191:
2147:
2145:
2129:
2120:
2099:
2088:
2043:
2021:
2009:
1995:
1978:
1957:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1906:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1901:
1895:
1887:
1873:
1849:
1825:
1800:
1799:. Leiden: Brill.
1786:
1765:
1751:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1668:Sijpesteijn 2014
1665:
1659:
1656:Sijpesteijn 2014
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1572:Sijpesteijn 2014
1569:
1563:
1560:Sijpesteijn 2014
1557:
1551:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1516:, pp. 9–11.
1511:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1412:
1401:
1400:, p. 5, 73.
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1227:Zetterstéen 1960
1224:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
947:
941:
927:
925:
916:
914:
851:
849:
798:
795:
791:
789:
752:
750:
738:Death and legacy
691:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
627:Domestic affairs
434:Wilhelm Barthold
431:
429:
368:
366:
341:
339:
315:
305:
303:
242:Military service
163:Sahla (daughter)
85:Personal details
71:
59:
50:
29:
28:
19:
18:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2584:
2575:
2541:
2532:
2524:
2495:Mabra, Joshua.
2492:
2490:Further reading
2427:
2331:
2283:
2264:
2235:Bosworth, C. E.
2214:
2143:
2117:
2085:
2056:Bosworth, C. E.
2028:Rowson, Everett
1975:
1954:
1934:
1915:
1914:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1846:
1822:
1783:
1748:
1732:
1730:Primary sources
1727:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1425:Rowson, Everett
1413:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1326:Hilloowala 1998
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1119:Hilloowala 1998
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1084:
1076:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
950:
942:
938:
934:
922:
911:
896:Nahr Abi Futrus
846:
835:Umayyad emirate
796:
786:
775:
759:Hugh N. Kennedy
747:
740:
708:
657:
629:
579:
526:
514:Musa ibn Nusayr
512:; he appointed
496:, from 685 CE (
486:
478:Zuhayr ibn Qays
466:Sinai Peninsula
426:
379:
363:
348:Musa ibn Nusayr
336:
283:
223:
207:
195:
175:
123:
94:
69:
57:
51:
46:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2533:685–705
2525:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2447:Kramers, J. H.
2443:Gibb, H. A. R.
2431:
2425:
2410:
2398:10.1086/677240
2380:10.1086/677240
2374:(2): 179–190.
2360:
2346:(in Spanish).
2335:
2329:
2311:
2301:(3): 183–187.
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2239:van Donzel, E.
2227:Bearman, P. J.
2218:
2212:
2192:
2148:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2060:van Donzel, E.
2048:Bosworth, C.E.
2044:
2024:Krämer, Gudrun
2010:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1874:
1868:
1856:, ed. (1995).
1850:
1844:
1832:, ed. (1990).
1826:
1820:
1807:, ed. (1989).
1805:Hawting, G. R.
1801:
1787:
1781:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1706:, p. 236.
1704:McAuliffe 1995
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1658:, p. 184.
1648:
1636:
1634:, p. 112.
1624:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 423.
1588:
1586:, p. 124.
1576:
1574:, p. 183.
1564:
1552:
1550:, p. 153.
1533:
1518:
1501:
1489:
1487:, p. 124.
1477:
1462:
1450:
1421:Krämer, Gudrun
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1339:
1330:
1328:, p. 112.
1318:
1316:, p. 102.
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 156.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1214:, p. 128.
1204:
1192:
1190:, p. 572.
1171:
1169:, p. 116.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1133:, p. 127.
1123:
1121:, p. 107.
1111:
1099:
1082:
1080:, p. 123.
1063:
1046:
1031:
1029:, p. 622.
1019:
1017:, p. 185.
1007:
1005:, p. 559.
995:
983:
948:
946:, p. 162.
935:
933:
930:
926: 785–786
915: 754–775
850: 744–750
797: 684–685
790: 634–644
774:
771:
751: 705–715
739:
736:
707:
704:
628:
625:
588:(Canal of the
525:
522:
485:
482:
430: 680–683
378:
375:
367: 685–705
350:completed the
340: 684–685
289:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
280:
279:
268:
266:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
217:
213:
212:
201:
197:
196:
194:
193:
190:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
135:
131:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
105:
103:
99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
43:
42:
36:
35:
32:
31:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2789:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:City founders
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Uqba ibn Amir
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Amr ibn al-As
2591:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:Gorgias Press
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:84-00-07265-0
2422:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:(1): 55–112.
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Bianquis, Th.
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2213:0-521-47137-0
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:Kennedy, Hugh
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Ménage, V. L.
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2116:84-338-1797-3
2112:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:9781900934138
1970:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:Hinds, Martin
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:9781897940907
1743:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 23.
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:, p. 83.
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1531:, p. 71.
1530:
1529:Barthold 1971
1525:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1499:, p. 73.
1498:
1497:Barthold 1971
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1460:, p. 80.
1459:
1458:Robinson 2005
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1388:, p. 99.
1387:
1382:
1376:, p. 75.
1375:
1370:
1364:, p. 98.
1363:
1358:
1352:, p. 41.
1351:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1304:, p. 76.
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1280:, p. 50.
1279:
1274:
1267:
1266:Fishbein 1990
1262:
1256:, p. 51.
1255:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 58.
1228:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 42.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1061:, p. 71.
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1027:Bosworth 1991
1023:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
993:, p. 62.
992:
987:
981:, p. 72.
980:
979:Barthold 1971
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
945:
944:Fishbein 1990
940:
936:
929:
920:
909:
905:
904:Salih ibn Ali
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
814:
808:
806:
802:
784:
780:
770:
768:
762:
760:
756:
745:
735:
733:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
703:
701:
696:
692:
687:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
664:Dhu al-Hijjah
659:
656:
650:
647:
642:
640:
636:
635:
624:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
581:
575:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
538:Amr ibn al-As
535:
531:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
499:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
472:port town of
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
374:
372:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
334:
330:
326:
323:
320:governor and
319:
314:
308:
299:
295:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
240:
237:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
191:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
88:
83:
79:
76:
73:
67:
64:
61:
55:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
20:
2527:
2497:
2473:
2466:
2415:
2371:
2367:
2347:
2343:
2320:Abd al-Malik
2319:
2298:
2294:
2291:Mayer, L. A.
2272:
2253:
2246:
2203:
2179:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2105:
2094:
2074:
2067:
2031:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1963:
1943:
1912:. New Haven.
1909:
1882:
1858:
1834:
1809:
1795:
1771:
1760:
1737:
1725:Bibliography
1711:
1699:
1692:Caetani 1923
1687:
1680:Caetani 1923
1675:
1663:
1651:
1644:Kennedy 1998
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1492:
1480:
1473:Kennedy 1998
1453:
1428:
1398:Dennett 1950
1393:
1381:
1374:Dennett 1950
1369:
1357:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1302:Dennett 1950
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1239:Kennedy 1998
1234:
1207:
1195:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1059:Kennedy 1998
1042:Kennedy 1998
1022:
1010:
998:
991:Hawting 1989
986:
939:
889:
870:
828:
821:
817:Banu Makhzum
813:Umm al-Banin
809:
805:al-Baladhuri
776:
763:
741:
728:
720:Saint George
709:
688:
681:
675:
668:Day of Arafa
661:
652:
643:
632:
630:
613:
598:
585:
583:
577:
572:Dar al-Bayda
571:
569:
556:
552:
542:
527:
502:
489:
487:
438:
407:Abd al-Malik
380:
360:Abd al-Malik
321:
293:
292:
272:Second Fitna
265:Battles/wars
216:Residence(s)
204:Abd al-Malik
170:Umm al-Banin
70:Succeeded by
47:
2463:Pellat, Ch.
2455:Schacht, J.
2178:Volume III:
2169:Schacht, J.
2165:Pellat, Ch.
2064:Pellat, Ch.
1620:Kubiak 1987
1608:Sábada 1957
1548:Bewley 2000
1485:Kubiak 1987
1386:Becker 1902
1362:Becker 1902
1314:Kubiak 1987
1212:Kubiak 1987
1200:Kubiak 1987
1167:Kubiak 1987
1155:Kubiak 1987
1143:Kubiak 1987
1131:Kubiak 1987
1107:Kubiak 1987
1095:Kubiak 1987
1078:Kubiak 1987
1003:Khoury 2002
900:Upper Egypt
565:gold dinars
547:, Fustat's
385:statesman,
58:Preceded by
2737:705 deaths
2726:Categories
2389:1887/85169
2344:Al-Andalus
2252:Volume XI:
2138:Futuh Misr
2073:Volume VI:
1716:Ahmed 2007
1584:Ahmed 2010
1188:Jones 1971
1015:Mayer 1952
932:References
831:al-Andalus
744:al-Walid I
714:patriarch
609:al-Maqrizi
594:Heliopolis
534:Alexandria
468:, via the
399:Mu'awiya I
247:Allegiance
222:(685–690)
209:Al-Walid I
206:(brother)
172:(daughter)
93:12 May 705
2482:495469456
2472:Volume I:
2459:Lewis, B.
2406:162233422
2356:0304-4335
2188:495469525
2157:Lewis, B.
2040:1873-9830
1918:cite book
1892:cite book
1445:1873-9830
908:al-Mansur
892:Qalansuwa
843:Marwan II
755:Abd Allah
655:Bābilyūn
616:nilometer
599:When the
557:al-Madina
391:Banu Kalb
307:romanized
227:(690–705)
200:Relatives
134:Al-Asbagh
48:In office
2465:(eds.).
2437:(1960).
2317:(2005).
2307:27924483
2245:(eds.).
2198:(1998).
2171:(eds.).
2153:"Hulwān"
2075:Mahk–Mid
2066:(eds.).
2050:(1991).
2030:(eds.).
2016:(2009).
2002:(1902).
1427:(eds.).
824:al-Kindi
779:Ibn Sa'd
724:Jacobite
646:al-Kindi
620:al-Rawda
518:Ifriqiya
503:de facto
457:Damascus
447:and the
356:caliphal
333:Marwan I
322:de facto
232:Religion
189:(father)
187:Marwan I
148:Muhammad
145:Abu Bakr
128:Children
2580:during
1761:Annales
919:al-Hadi
873:Abbasid
854:Cordoba
639:Syrians
506:viceroy
470:Red Sea
423:Yazid I
383:Umayyad
325:viceroy
318:Umayyad
309::
260:684–685
180:Parents
102:Spouses
52:685–705
2509:
2480:
2461:&
2423:
2404:
2396:
2354:
2327:
2305:
2279:
2260:
2241:&
2210:
2186:
2180:H–Iram
2167:&
2113:
2081:
2062:&
2038:
1971:
1950:
1866:
1842:
1818:
1779:
1744:
1443:
879:rebel
866:Coptic
858:Niebla
695:Qur'an
666:, the
605:Hulwan
601:plague
530:Fustat
419:Medina
344:Fustat
298:Arabic
225:Hulwan
220:Fustat
160:Juzayy
157:Zabban
154:Suhayl
96:Hulwan
2441:. In
2402:S2CID
2394:JSTOR
2303:JSTOR
2225:. In
2155:. In
2144:(PDF)
2054:. In
1811:64–66
862:Greek
767:Hejaz
677:jizya
494:Egypt
492:) of
455:near
441:Syria
415:Mecca
329:Egypt
236:Islam
2507:ISBN
2478:OCLC
2421:ISBN
2352:ISSN
2325:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2184:OCLC
2111:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2036:ISSN
1969:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1924:link
1898:link
1864:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1441:ISSN
885:Merv
877:Alid
801:Umar
783:Umar
683:qadi
634:jund
567:.
490:āmīr
474:Ayla
449:Qays
371:Umar
151:Sahl
142:Asim
138:Umar
90:Died
2474:A–B
2384:hdl
2376:doi
2254:W–Z
1433:doi
928:).
864:or
413:in
327:of
2728::
2501:.
2470:.
2457:;
2453:;
2449:;
2445:;
2400:.
2392:.
2382:.
2372:73
2370:.
2348:22
2342:.
2297:.
2250:.
2237:;
2233:;
2229:;
2176:.
2163:;
2159:;
2071:.
2058:;
1992:15
1990:.
1986:.
1920:}}
1916:{{
1894:}}
1890:{{
1536:^
1521:^
1504:^
1465:^
1439:.
1405:^
1342:^
1246:^
1219:^
1174:^
1085:^
1066:^
1049:^
1034:^
951:^
924:r.
913:r.
848:r.
819:.
794:c.
788:r.
749:r.
520:.
498:AH
428:r.
365:r.
338:r.
304:,
300::
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2484:.
2429:.
2408:.
2386::
2378::
2358:.
2333:.
2309:.
2299:2
2285:.
2266:.
2216:.
2190:.
2119:.
2087:.
2042:.
1977:.
1956:.
1926:)
1900:)
1872:.
1848:.
1824:.
1785:.
1750:.
1447:.
1435::
921:(
910:(
845:(
785:(
746:(
425:(
362:(
335:(
296:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.