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misreporting and adjusting to eliminate spontaneous abortions. An estimated 550,000 women are hospitalized each year as a result of complications from induced abortion in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the
Dominican Republic, Mexico and Peru. About 2.8 million abortions are estimated to occur in these countries annually when women not hospitalized as a result of induced abortion are taken into account. If the situation in the six countries is assumed to be typical of the entire region, then about 800,000 women are probably hospitalized because of complications of induced abortion in Latin America in a given year, and an estimated four million abortions take place. The abortion rate most likely ranges from 23 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-49 in Mexico to 52 per 1,000 in Peru, and the absolute number ranges from 82,000 in the Dominican Republic to 1.4 million in Brazil. From 17% of pregnancies in Mexico to 35% in Chile are estimated to end in induced abortion." (1994 figures)
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rights of women to be enforced by all its signatories, including the right to have an abortion. Enforcement will provide citizens of the
Dominican Republic with the right to reproductive choice and ensure that they have access to the tools to exercise that right. Because part of the right to reproductive choice has been construed to include the freedom to make individual abortion decisions, which is severely prohibited in Article 37, this constitutional need is complicated by its violation of that provision. Currently, the Dominican Republic is compelled by its constitution to both offer women access to abortion services and to outlaw them completely.
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ages 15 to 44 years. It is estimated that 10 percent of the maternity beds in hospitals are typically occupied by women who experience problems from unsafe abortions. An estimated 25,000 women and girls are hospitalized each year as a result of complications from miscarriages and abortions, of which many are clandestine. The BMJ Global Health study also found that post-abortion care in the
Dominican Republic is almost non-existent and there is a lack of information regarding post-abortion care.
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and when the pregnancy was caused by incest or rape. As the law stands in 2023, if someone terminates a pregnancy, they can be sentenced to up to two years in prison. The medical practitioners who provide this care can be sentenced to up to twenty years. This bill was debated in the
Chamber of Deputies, but it did not pass.
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was passed, unsafe abortion has risen to the third leading cause of maternal death in the country, now causing eight percent of maternal deaths. Researchers have found that 95-97% of the abortions are unsafe, meaning done by people lacking needed skills or in places that do not meet the minimum medical standards. (See
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efforts by the national government have acted primarily as a response to the pro-choice movement. Following 2021 activism in favor of decriminalization and recognition of “Las Tres
Causales,” the Dominican senate approved a new code in February 2023. Awaiting approval from the Chamber of Deputies and
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Although the process to approve the penal code is ongoing, the bill has moved forward without exceptions to the ban. Activists have tried to protect abortion rights through congress but have largely been unsuccessful. In
February 2023, a senator from Perreme introduced a bill that included exceptions
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has historically received support from both the Roman
Catholic Church and Dominican national government. The Dominican Catholic Church, which has played an active role in the fight against abortion, holds the belief that the right to life must remain absolute. In response to 2021 debates surrounding
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Prior to recent steps by the
Dominican Republic to affirm its long-standing position against abortion, efforts were made in the twentieth century to increase access. In the early 1990s, a new health code was put into place to create exceptions to the existing rule against abortion. Abortion was thus
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are limited to more dangerous options, often without the care of a trained practitioner, so are more likely to suffer from complications. The doctors make an individual agreement with each individual. They may demand that someone seeking an abortion sign a contract freeing the doctor from all
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Feminist
Gathering), a group that has been active since 2016 in support of constitutional reform. Other groups at the protest were the Coloquio Mujeres (Women’s Colloquium), which has been active since 2017 in the fight for abortion access, and the Consejo Nacional Para la Mujer Campesina (National
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On July 15, 2018, a group of pro-choice activists protested the criminalization of abortion in all circumstances. This protest took place in Santo
Domingo and was referred to as Caminata por la Vida, la Salud, y la Dignidad de las Mujeres: Aborto en tres casuale (March for Life, Health, and Dignity
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Despite having laws that make seeking an abortion illegal and punishable, the Dominican Republic is still required by its constitution to uphold the domestic application of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). CEDAW has provisions that require the
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Under Article 37 in the Dominican Republic, people with unplanned or unwanted pregnancies must choose between clandestine abortions and seeing their pregnancies through. Under these conditions, an estimated 90,000 unsafe abortions are conducted in the Dominican Republic each year. Since Article 37
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in the Dominican Republic is focused largely on creating exceptions to Article 37 and more recent work to overturn restrictions on abortion access. These exceptions include cases in which the mother’s life or health is at risk, or in which the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest. These have
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Article 37, as previously indicated, uses "the right to life" as a means of criminalizing individuals who seek abortion care. In the Dominican Republic, those impacted by this law attempted to amend the language of the constitution to give them access in cases where their lives were in danger, but
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However, there have been movements to amend the Dominican Constitution to decriminalize abortion. In 2021 a debate began about a proposal that would decriminalize abortion in three cases: When the pregnant person’s life is threatened, when the pregnancy would not be viable even if carried to term,
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In October 2009, the Dominican Republic ratified an amendment to the Dominican Constitution, Article 37, which guaranteed a right to life from conception until death in all circumstances, including in cases of rape, incest, a non-viable pregnancy, and when the pregnant person’s life is threatened.
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will increase considerably, because pregnancies can not be interrupted. The society's president, Aldrian Almonte, said the current figure of 160 deaths for each 100,000 live births per year will increase, because doctors would be reluctant to proceed from fear of being charged in cases where they
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There is a history of health complications related to abortions in the Dominican Republic. In a 2021 study by BMJ Global Health in 2018, researchers found that the rate of post-abortion complications is the highest in the world in the Dominican Republic, where the rate is 10.3 per 1000 women from
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Because abortion care is a clandestine operation in the Dominican Republic, there is no regulation on the cost of abortion. Pregnant individuals of higher socioeconomic status are able to afford more expensive clinics. These clinics are typically cleaner, have more experienced practitioners, and
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Nevertheless, the Chamber of Deputies approved prison terms for inducing or helping with an abortion. "Abortion will also be punished with from 2 to 3 years and includes women who induce or a person who helps. If a doctor, nurse, midwife, surgeon, pharmacist or other professional helps induce an
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The proposed penal code flies in the face of women's and girls' human rights and maintains a situation in which health professionals are prevented from providing the best care for their patients, The criminalization of abortion in all circumstances, as maintained in the new legislation, violates
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The current president of the Dominican Republic, President Luis Abinador, has not made a move to decriminalize abortion, but has suggested a referendum in which the people decide. Human Rights Watch has argued that a referendum would be inappropriate in this case because fundamental human rights
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International Family Planning Perspectives. 1994. Abstract: "In countries where abortion is illegal, a range of approximate levels of induced abortion can be calculated from data on the number of women hospitalized for treatment of abortion complications, after correcting for underreporting and
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might harm or kill the fetus. Doctors reportedly feared that they would be prosecuted or lose their right to practice medicine if they treated her. It took 10 weeks of debate before lawmakers decided that it would not be illegal for Esperancita to receive treatment to save her life. Dr. Antonio
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In October 2012, the Dominican Republic debated Article 90 of the Penal Code, which prescribes criminal penalties for women who seek an abortion and for those who provide it or help provide it. Amnesty International appealed to Parliament to consider decriminalizing abortion, with the following
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A common complication of overdose includes hemorrhages. In these cases, the uterus may be incompletely cleaned out, leading to infection, or even perforation, causing internal bleeding. If a pregnant person survives such complications, they may have reproductive problems in the future. Other
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Pro-choice activists in the Dominican Republic also argue for education in schools about sexual and reproductive health, broader access to general health services, and increasing access to education for young women who are pregnant or have children. A new program to add incentive for using
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Romero, Mariana, Rodolfo Gomez Ponce de Leon, Luiz Francisco Baccaro, Berenise Carroli, Hedieh Mehrtash, Jimena Randolino, Elisa Menjivar, et al. “Abortion-Related Morbidity in Six Latin American and Caribbean Countries: Findings of the WHO/HRP Multi-Country Survey on Abortion (MCS-A).”
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Pro-choice activists gained ground in late 2020 when President Luis Abinader stated his support for the three causes. Abinader later walked back his position after backlash from the Catholic Church, saying instead he should not impose his personal opinion on the country.
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This legal stigma and lack of information can cause people to delay or avoid receiving healthcare after abortions. People who need abortions are thus inclined to seek out alternatives to proper care, even with the increased risk of complications that are associated.
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253:. In May 2006 as a pilot program was launched at one school in Santo Domingo. The project lends electronic babies to students for a weekend. The program also urges parents to talk about pregnancy and child-rearing with their children.
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of Women: Abortion in Three Cases). The protesters argued that abortion should be legalized if one of "the three causes" were present. The groups that came out to protest included members of the Tertulia Feminista Magaly Pineda (
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27:
Abortion was banned in all circumstances in 1884. Abortion was then constitutionally prohibited on September 18, 2009, when Article 37 in the Dominican Republic’s 2010 constitution was ratified, declaring a right to life from
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their request was rejected. Because doctors did not want to risk facing criminal charges for performing illegal abortions, Article 37 resulted in a drastic reduction of abortions that are performed by medical professionals.
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In March 2021, as a new penal code that maintained an absolute ban on abortion was being discussed in Congress, a group of activists set up camp outside The National Palace. The group called for exceptions for the
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Organizations such as the United Nations Program for Human Development, Amnesty International, and the Association of Housewives Committees have also condemned the government’s moves to criminalize abortion.
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995:
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contraceptives was designed to give students an idea of the workload involved in caring for a newborn baby. Called "Bebé, Piénsalo Bien", the program was sponsored by The Dominican Republic's First Lady,
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asked Congress to amend the article before adopting it; otherwise it would limit women's options for reproductive health. If not one fertilized egg could be discarded, the amendment would outlaw both
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479:
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1095:
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CBS News. Published 2012-01-19. Accessed 2012-12-13. Researchers "found a link between higher abortion rates and regions with more restrictive legislation, such as in Latin America and Africa."
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responsibility or liability, before they go ahead with the operation. These unregulated prices and lack of trained medical professionals have resulted in a lack of access to safe abortions.
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women's rights to life, health and not to suffer torture or ill treatment and discrimination and it goes against international human rights commitments made by the Dominican Republic.
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67:, leading to the expulsion of the fetus. When taken clandestinely, pregnant people do so without knowing the proper dosage. Overdose on these drugs can cause serious complications.
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The appeal pointed out that unsafe abortion and fear of prosecution contribute to the high rate of maternal mortality that the World Health Organization reports in the country.
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which Abinader had previously supported. The activists camped outside the National Palace for over two months and organized a large rally on March 23, 2021, in support of the
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allowed in the event that a mother’s physical or mental health would be jeopardized as a result of a pregnancy or in cases where the baby would be born disabled or deformed.
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the decriminalization of abortion, the Catholic Church has maintained its same zero-tolerance position on abortion. Since the Dominican Republic ratified Article 37,
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Mia So, "Resolving Conflicts of Constitution: Inside the Dominican Republic's Constitutional Ban on Abortion," Indiana Law Journal 86, no. 2 (Spring 2011): 713-734
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Larios, Sharly. “Roe v. Wade's Nightmare: The Current Legal State of Abortion Rights in the Dominican Republic.” St. John's Law Scholarship Repository, 2015.
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In July 2012, the Dominican Republic's harsh anti-abortion laws came under fire when a 16-year-old girl known as "Esperancita" was suffering from acute
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for the three causes. Constitutional lawyers have called this move a “fiction” because they believe that the bill will likely not pass the Senate.
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292:, age creates another financial barrier to abortion, as young women are less likely to have the financial resources to access an abortion.
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People who appear at hospitals for post-abortion treatment cannot name their practitioner because they risk that person’s arrest.
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President Abinader, the legislation codifies punishments for abortion and does not make exceptions for “Las Tres Causales.”
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Article 317 of the Dominican Criminal Code, which outlawed all forms of induced abortion, was established in 1884.
2131:
2070:
1400:
1000:
609:
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Council for Campesina Women, CONAMUCA), one of the oldest feminist groups that has been active since the 1970s.
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Up until October 2012, women who had abortions could seek medical care without fear of arrest or interrogation.
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1994:
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present a smaller risk of complication. These individuals may also choose to find services abroad. Poor and
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complications which stem from unsafe abortions can include incomplete abortions, infection, and injury.
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1984:
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A common abortion method in the Dominican Republic is the use of over-the-counter drugs such as
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is one of 24 countries in the world and one of six in Latin America that has a complete ban on
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Protest marches were held by the National Resistance to Constitutional Backwardness and the
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come to be known as “Las Tres Casuales,” or “the three causes,” among pro-choice activists.
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8:
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1989:
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1181:
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20.5% of 15 to 19 year old women in the Dominican Republic become pregnant. According to
208:
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Cabrera reported that Esperancita had died on August 17, 2012, shortly after suffering a
64:
578:
375:
2422:
2192:
2172:
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2020:
2015:
1979:
1959:
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1879:
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980:
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24:. This complete ban includes situations in which a pregnant person’s life is at risk.
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2177:
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1974:
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1696:
1666:
1570:
1485:
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925:
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816:"Catholic bishops reject proposal to decriminalize abortion in Dominican Republic"
548:
Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities forResearch and Action
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1410:
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1295:
1191:
769:"New Penal Code sparks protests by human rights groups in the Dominican Republic"
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1405:
185:
156:
56:
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must decide on the interruption of a pregnancy to preserve the parent's life.
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147:
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60:
741:"Luis Abinader: "No puedo imponer mi posiciĂłn" sobre las tres causales"
840:
Estimated levels of induced abortion in six Latin American countries
2370:
1345:
1285:
1162:
880:
143:
48:
21:
639:"The Fight For Abortion Rights is a Fight Against Anti-Blackness"
348:"The Fight For Abortion Rights is a Fight Against Anti-Blackness"
106:
related to reproductive and sexual health are being threatened.
457:"Dominican Republic Constitutional Court Repeals Abortion Law"
159:. She was 13 weeks pregnant at the time of her miscarriage.
1131:
672:
Groups rail the Dominican Catholic Church for abortion ban
592:
Newsletter (Women's Global Network on Reproductive Rights)
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and was being denied treatment for her cancer because her
590:
The abortion debate in the Dominican Republic. (1992).
692:"Dominican feminists to march to Congress on abortion"
394:"Dominican Republic takes women's rights back to 1884"
579:
https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/jicl/vol5/iss2/5/
180:
Regarding the adoption of Article 37, The Dominican
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abortion, the penalty would be from 4 to 10 years."
215:. The article was adopted without these amendments
717:"Revitalizing Feminism in the Dominican Republic"
2463:
797:""I Felt Like the World Was Falling Down on Me""
545:
117:
636:
546:Winnier and Shah, Ina K. and Iqbal H. (2006).
345:
1147:
879:
865:
694:. Dominican Today. 2009-09-07. Archived from
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681:. Published 2009-04-23. Accessed 2012-12-13.
610:"Dominican Republic: End Total Abortion Ban"
34:
1154:
1140:
872:
858:
684:
659:
832:
499:Dr. 1: Abortion in the Dominican Republic
274:
256:
2497:Women's rights in the Dominican Republic
454:
480:Abortion more common where it's illegal
376:"Chile ruling eases total abortion ban"
207:and forms of contraception such as the
194:Women's Forum for Constitutional Reform
2464:
637:Perez-Gonzalez, Natalia (2023-02-22).
438:""It's Your Decision, It's Your Life""
346:Perez-Gonzalez, Natalia (2023-02-22).
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1316:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
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327:Reproductive rights in Latin America
1391:Societal attitudes towards abortion
1311:Legalized abortion and crime effect
13:
1341:Misinformation related to abortion
1251:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
785:
758:
627:
597:
564:
536:
485:
14:
2513:
2502:Society of the Dominican Republic
1256:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
511:
414:
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182:Gynecology and Obstetrics Society
2482:Health in the Dominican Republic
2446:
2445:
996:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2487:Crime in the Dominican Republic
1401:Termination for medical reasons
813:
807:
733:
709:
584:
455:Goldberg, Justin (2015-12-04).
795:Wurth, Margaret (2019-06-18).
461:Center for Reproductive Rights
448:
436:Wurth, Margaret (2018-11-19).
386:
368:
339:
1:
2492:Law of the Dominican Republic
1246:Beginning of human personhood
332:
251:Margarita Cedeño de Fernández
118:Results of legal restrictions
1356:Paternal rights and abortion
1161:
1121:United States Virgin Islands
7:
1281:Ethical aspects of abortion
747:(in Spanish). 18 March 2021
295:
162:
10:
2518:
1241:Abortion and mental health
184:warned that the number of
2472:Abortion in the Caribbean
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2303:
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2155:
2084:
2003:
1770:
1594:
1431:
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1233:
1220:Abortion-rights movements
1212:
1169:
1096:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1014:
888:
677:October 10, 2011, at the
531:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005618
35:Abortion care and methods
1481:Central African Republic
1266:Abortion under communism
1116:Turks and Caicos Islands
550:. Guttmacher Institute.
2316:Dilation and evacuation
2265:Conscientious objection
2250:History of abortion law
1276:Crisis pregnancy center
1225:Anti-abortion movements
312:Abortion in El Salvador
2321:Dilation and curettage
2285:Late-term restrictions
1805:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1381:Sex-selective abortion
1261:Anti-abortion violence
1046:British Virgin Islands
508:. Accessed 2012-12-13.
275:Financial implications
263:anti-abortion movement
257:Anti-abortion movement
133:
85:
63:. They cause powerful
2378:Self-induced abortion
1376:Self-induced abortion
1301:Genetics and abortion
1197:Philosophical aspects
986:Saint Kitts and Nevis
838:Singh S. and Wulf D.
322:Abortion in Nicaragua
302:Abortion and religion
128:
2341:Menstrual extraction
2290:Parental involvement
1752:United Arab Emirates
1366:Prenatal development
820:Catholic News Agency
65:uterine contractions
2477:Abortion by country
2351:Abortifacient drugs
2071:Trinidad and Tobago
1386:Sidewalk counseling
1371:Reproductive rights
1336:Minors and abortion
1001:Trinidad and Tobago
896:Antigua and Barbuda
209:intrauterine device
174:pro-choice movement
168:Pro-choice movement
2245:Constitutional law
2036:Dominican Republic
1361:Post-abortion care
1321:Limit of viability
1306:Late-term abortion
936:Dominican Republic
801:Human Rights Watch
614:Human Rights Watch
504:2020-04-14 at the
442:Human Rights Watch
396:. 3 December 2015.
290:Human Rights Watch
18:Dominican Republic
2459:
2458:
2311:Vacuum aspiration
2226:
2225:
1129:
1128:
1018:other territories
525:6, no. 8 (2021).
523:BMJ Global Health
382:. 21 August 2017.
317:Abortion in Malta
198:Denise Paiewonsky
2509:
2449:
2448:
2346:Medical abortion
2280:Informed consent
2270:Fetal protection
2122:Papua New Guinea
2112:Marshall Islands
1429:
1428:
1351:One-child policy
1156:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1086:Saint Barthélemy
1016:Dependencies and
889:Sovereign states
883:in North America
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2383:Unsafe abortion
2299:
2295:Spousal consent
2255:Laws by country
2222:
2151:
2132:Solomon Islands
2080:
1999:
1925:North Macedonia
1766:
1717:Northern Cyprus
1590:
1420:
1411:Unsafe abortion
1296:Forced abortion
1229:
1208:
1192:Abortion debate
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773:Civicus Monitor
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221:Magaly Pineda
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2406:Christianity
2361:Mifepristone
2356:Methotrexate
2336:Instillation
2260:Buffer zones
2035:
1732:Saudi Arabia
1561:South Africa
1556:Sierra Leone
1461:Burkina Faso
1331:Men's rights
1291:Fetal rights
1204:Abortion law
1111:Sint Maarten
1091:Saint Martin
935:
834:
823:. Retrieved
819:
809:
800:
776:. Retrieved
772:
749:. Retrieved
745:Diario Libre
744:
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724:. Retrieved
720:
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700:. Retrieved
696:the original
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650:. Retrieved
618:. Retrieved
616:. 2021-04-22
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359:. Retrieved
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307:Abortion law
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155:followed by
148:chemotherapy
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38:
29:
26:
15:
2433:Scientology
2411:Catholicism
2366:Misoprostol
2331:Hysterotomy
2117:New Zealand
2041:El Salvador
1985:Switzerland
1920:Netherlands
1722:Philippines
1692:South Korea
1687:North Korea
1602:Afghanistan
1177:Definitions
1170:Main topics
1081:Puerto Rico
991:Saint Lucia
941:El Salvador
282:rural women
196:. Feminist
153:miscarriage
61:misoprostol
2466:Categories
2097:Micronesia
2026:Costa Rica
1955:San Marino
1915:Montenegro
1895:Luxembourg
1875:Kazakhstan
1682:Kazakhstan
1652:East Timor
1622:Bangladesh
1612:Azerbaijan
1531:Madagascar
1501:The Gambia
1476:Cape Verde
1425:By country
1076:Montserrat
1071:Martinique
1066:Guadeloupe
921:Costa Rica
825:2023-04-30
778:2023-04-30
751:2023-04-30
726:2023-04-30
702:2012-12-14
652:2023-04-30
620:2023-04-30
466:2023-04-29
361:2023-04-29
333:References
126:statement:
28:conception
2218:Venezuela
2163:Argentina
2092:Australia
2061:Nicaragua
2046:Guatemala
1890:Lithuania
1737:Singapore
1396:Socialism
1213:Movements
1061:Greenland
976:Nicaragua
951:Guatemala
647:0027-8378
356:0027-8378
238:causales.
2451:Category
2418:Hinduism
2401:Buddhism
2393:Religion
2371:Oxytocin
2240:Case law
2208:Suriname
2198:Paraguay
2183:Colombia
2107:Kiribati
2051:Honduras
1970:Slovenia
1965:Slovakia
1940:Portugal
1810:Bulgaria
1707:Malaysia
1637:Cambodia
1586:Zimbabwe
1566:Tanzania
1496:Eswatini
1471:Cameroon
1456:Botswana
1346:Natalism
1286:Eugenics
1163:Abortion
1026:Anguilla
961:Honduras
931:Dominica
906:Barbados
881:Abortion
675:Archived
502:Archived
380:BBC News
296:See also
203:in vitro
163:Activism
144:leukemia
49:oxytocin
22:abortion
2428:Judaism
2304:Methods
2213:Uruguay
2188:Ecuador
2168:Bolivia
2147:Vanuatu
2085:Oceania
2011:Bahamas
1990:Ukraine
1945:Romania
1905:Moldova
1865:Ireland
1860:Iceland
1855:Hungary
1845:Germany
1835:Finland
1830:Estonia
1825:Denmark
1815:Croatia
1800:Belgium
1795:Belarus
1790:Austria
1785:Andorra
1780:Albania
1757:Vietnam
1702:Lebanon
1657:Georgia
1617:Bahrain
1607:Armenia
1551:Senegal
1546:Nigeria
1541:Namibia
1526:Liberia
1521:Lesotho
1466:Burundi
1441:Algeria
1187:Methods
1182:History
1056:Curaçao
1041:Bonaire
1036:Bermuda
966:Jamaica
946:Grenada
901:Bahamas
2193:Guyana
2173:Brazil
2142:Tuvalu
2066:Panama
2056:Mexico
2021:Canada
2016:Belize
1980:Sweden
1960:Serbia
1950:Russia
1935:Poland
1930:Norway
1910:Monaco
1880:Latvia
1850:Greece
1840:France
1772:Europe
1747:Turkey
1742:Taiwan
1672:Israel
1647:Cyprus
1632:Brunei
1627:Bhutan
1581:Zambia
1576:Uganda
1536:Malawi
1511:Guinea
1446:Angola
1433:Africa
1234:Issues
981:Panama
971:Mexico
916:Canada
911:Belize
645:
554:
354:
59:, and
2423:Islam
2178:Chile
2137:Tonga
2127:Samoa
1975:Spain
1900:Malta
1870:Italy
1762:Yemen
1727:Qatar
1712:Nepal
1677:Japan
1662:India
1642:China
1516:Kenya
1506:Ghana
1491:Egypt
1451:Benin
1031:Aruba
956:Haiti
814:CNA.
721:NACLA
2203:Peru
2102:Fiji
2031:Cuba
1697:Laos
1667:Iran
1595:Asia
1571:Togo
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926:Cuba
643:ISSN
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2232:Law
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