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745:. Carvalho Rodrigo became president of the newly declared Republic of Acre, whose forces had a light cannon, a machine gun, and about 200 men. Around Christmas 1900, this force attacked Puerto Alonso. It was defeated by the Bolivian military, resulting in the loss of a dozen men and the machine gun, eventually leading to the republic's dissolution. On December 29, the Bolivian vessel
788:
807:, the gaucho José Plácido de Castro came to Amazon. In 1902, rubber tappers made a deal with Castro. The military, believing that it could profit from the border struggle, offered Castro to train and command 2000 tappers to fight the Bolivians. At 5 a.m. on August 6, 1902, Castro led 33 riflemen in canoes on the Acre River. Castro quietly entered a wooden house in the city of
772:, then president of the United States. Bolivia had given the company almost total control over the Acre province to protect its sovereignty. Under the agreement, the U.S. and British capitalists would assume total control over the region, occupying and exploiting it for 30 years. At that time, Bolivia was ruled by General
902:
The Acrean
Revolution demonstrated Brazil's advantage over its neighbors because of its downstream location. The rivers that run almost the entire continent are born in the Andes and flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil could send reinforcements to the disputed area by the rivers, while the Bolivians
922:
In 1867, the "Treaty of Peace and
Friendship", or the Ayacucho Bolivia Treaty, had yielded 164,242 square kilometers of area, which Brazil annexed to the then-province and present state of Amazonas. The Treaty of PetrĂłpolis is a peace treaty signed between Bolivia and Brazil in the Brazilian city of
882:
to allow the flow of regional production, particularly rubber. Joaquim
Francisco de Assis Brazil actively participated in the negotiations with Bolivia, representing the Brazilian government in its signature. The Bolivian Syndicate was compensated with 110,000 pounds (~ $ 35 million réis). The taxes
854:
meet to form the Rio Orton. Soon, a
Bolivian force under General Jose Manuel Pando, the Bolivian President, took the opposite bank. However, before it did any significant combat, as a result of the excellent work of diplomacy by the Baron of Rio Branco, the governments of Brazil and Bolivia signed a
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officialdom, imposing his authority on the lands that the Treaty of
Ayacucho (1867) had entrusted to Bolivia. Bolivia responded by sending a force of 500 men. Before his arrival, Galvez was taken prisoner by Antonio de Sousa Braga, who declared himself president of Acre. Shortly afterward, however,
830:
Elsewhere, the
Brazilian adventurers besieged Company, which capitulated on 15 October. Other battles, almost all won by the forces of Plácido, occurred in Bom Destino, Santa Rosa, and other coastal cities. On January 15, 1903, the Brazilian force attacked and captured some positions out of Puerto
890:
The Treaty of PetrĂłpolis, signed in 1903 by the Baron of Rio Branco and Assis Brazil, was approved by
Brazilian federal law on February 25, 1904, and regulated by a presidential decree of April 7, 1904, incorporating Acre as part of Brazil. Placido de Castro, who died on August 11, 1908, was the
886:
The first of
Placido Castro's decrees took place on January 26, 1903, applying Brazilian law until the enactment of a state constitution. It is considered valid for all land titles issued by Bolivia or the state of Amazonas, defines the Portuguese language as official, and adopts the Brazilian
579:
The region of Acre possessed rich gold deposits and an abundance of timber, principally rubber trees. From the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century, rubber trees were crucial to the automobile and transport industry, as synthetic rubber for manufacturing tires and other
814:
On
September 18, a 180-man Bolivian battalion led by Colonel Rosendo Rojas surprised Castro's forces, which now had about 70 men. The Brazilians, armed with Winchester rifles, low on ammunition, and suffering from tropical diseases and desertions, lost twenty men and were defeated.
724:
In
November 1900, another rebellion took place to take Acre from Bolivia and create an independent republic. Known as the "Expedition of Poets" or "Expedition Floriano Peixoto", this force, under the command of journalist Orlando Correa Lopes, was based on the river monitor
779:
Brazil and Peru also claimed the territory and strongly disapproved of the lease act. Brazil withdrew the consul of Puerto Alonso and closed the tributaries of the Amazon River to trade with Bolivia. The international powers, who considered the basin as
705:
he ceded power to Gálvez. On March 15, 1900, a Brazilian war flotilla reached Puerto Alonso, arrested Galvez, and dissolved the Republic of Acre, as the Brazilian government, based on the Treaty of Ayacucho, considered Acre as Bolivian territory.
811:, where the Bolivian quartermaster depot was based. Soon, Castro took possession of the site and imprisoned the Bolivian military personnel. The local people mistook the group as part of the celebrations of the Bolivian Independence Day.
624:, Acre aroused little interest for its inaccessibility and apparent lack of commercial value. Its population was composed of a small number of Indians without national identity and a handful of Brazilians and Bolivians.
818:
Castro then recruited another force with about a thousand men. Part of that force besieged the city of Puerto Alonso on May 19, 1902. On October 14, the force captured some external fortifications and captured the
910:, fully funded the Bolivian effort. For the second time, Bolivia lost sparsely populated territory in its periphery to a militarily stronger and more centralized neighbor (the first was in the
660:
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Bolivia organized a small military mission to occupy the region at that time. Arriving in Porto Acre, Brazilian rubber tappers prevented it from continuing its movement.
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694:. Gálvez left Manaus on June 4, 1899, and came to the Bolivian town of Puerto Alonso, which had its name changed to Porto Acre, where he proclaimed the
927:
on November 17, 1903. Bolivia yielded an approximate area of 191,000 square kilometers, which mainly corresponds to the current state of Acre, Brazil.
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signed a lease with a Bolivian Trading Company (also known as "Bolivian Syndicate of New York City", or simply "Bolivian Syndicate"), based in
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to exploit the rubber trees. There were practically no roads, so the main means of transport were some river steamers, canoes, and rafts.
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first president of the Acre Territory. Castro, the Baron of Rio Branco and Assis Brazil became namesakes of the state capital (
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784:, protested, leading Brazil to reduce the ban on war materials and release the Bolivian goods addressed to foreign nations.
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When the price of rubber rose significantly in the late 19th century, about 18,000 adventurers and settlers, most from
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Pressured by José de Carvalho, Bolivians were forced to leave the region. To prevent their return, the governor of
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deposits. The conflict had two phases between 1899 and 1903 and ended with an Acrean victory and the subsequent
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collected from Brazilian Acre financed the damages and the loan for constructing the railway over 30 years.
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827:, was used against its former owners. Despite the setback, the Bolivians obstinately kept Puerto Alonso.
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Border conflict between Bolivia and the First Brazilian Republic from 1899 to 1903
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By said treaty Bolivia gave up Acre in exchange for Brazilian territory from the
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764:. The company had some very influential shareholders, including the king of
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On January 2, 1899, Bolivia set up a customs office in Puerto Alonso (today
584:. It is because of this that the war is also referred to as the Rubber War (
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Official Brazilian map from 1873, recognizing Acre as Bolivian or Peruvian.
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Map showing the Bolivian territory in 1899, before Acrean Revolution.
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The besieging force advanced towards the place where the rivers
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preliminary treaty on March 21, 1903, finally ratifying the
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The border between Brazil and Bolivia was delimited by the
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Cap. Arthur Posnansky and the Acre War: Biblioteca EEADV
663:, led a revolt against the Bolivians on April 30, 1899.
567:. The outcome also affected territories disputed with
205:
Memorial of the centenary of the Acrean Revolution in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
698:on July 14, 1899, discreetly supported by willing
539:("War of the Acre") was a border conflict between
866:, the payment of 2 million pounds (~ 640 million
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148:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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749:strengthened the garrison of Puerto Alonso.
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179:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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580:objects was not discovered until around
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961:La Guerra del Acre: Huellas de Bolivia
803:At 26 years old, having fought in the
895:) and two counties (Assis Brazil and
690:, who served as a Bolivian consul in
791:José Plácido de Castro (pictured by
588:), as one of the motives that drove
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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906:Rubber barons, particularly
737:river and seized the vessel
256:(Between Bolivia and Brazil)
194:Acre War (Acrean Revolution)
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850:(also called Manuripe) and
620:. Embedded in the heart of
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134:This article includes a
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709:Second Republic of Acre
163:more precise citations.
859:on November 11, 1903.
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952:La Guerra del Acre:
918:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
864:State of Mato Grosso
857:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
782:international waters
720:The steamer Solimões
565:ceded Acre to Brazil
561:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
551:, which was rich in
531:) and in Spanish as
254:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
43:improve this article
887:monetary standard.
841:Baron of Rio Branco
647:Seal of the former
249:Brazilian victory
971:2016-03-05 at the
912:War of the Pacific
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731:Silvério José Néri
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136:list of references
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774:Jose Manuel Pando
768:and relatives of
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
954:Los Tiempos
758:Jersey City
743:Ruy Barbosa
600:Antecedents
549:Acre Region
402:Bruno Racua
275:Territorial
169:August 2024
161:introducing
991:Categories
931:References
925:PetrĂłpolis
893:Rio Branco
762:New Jersey
741:, renamed
701:amazonense
657:Porto Acre
631:, went to
525:Portuguese
207:Rio Branco
69:newspapers
58:"Acre War"
982:newspaper
956:newspaper
852:Tahuamanu
848:Chipamanu
547:over the
224:1899–1903
1012:Acre War
980:El Deber
969:Archived
878:and the
821:RĂo Afua
747:Rio Afua
684:Amazonas
670:Colonel
563:, which
517:Acre War
484:Support:
229:Location
99:May 2013
766:Belgium
754:Bolivia
618:Bolivia
541:Bolivia
509:Unknown
506:Unknown
309:Bolivia
277:changes
238:Bolivia
157:improve
83:scholar
809:Xapuri
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629:Brazil
575:Causes
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545:Brazil
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245:Result
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735:Purus
692:Belém
142:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
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676:Acre
633:Acre
569:Peru
557:gold
555:and
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515:The
282:Acre
234:Acre
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