Act of Accord - Knowledge

1718:

Nevilles had started receiving lands in August and, on the second day of the parliament, Salisbury's attainder was overturned, says the parliamentary record, on the grounds that it had been obtained "through the sinister labours of persons intending the king's destruction". Very little other business was conducted, no new attainders being brought nor reforms inducted. On 31 October, the king, York, March and Rutland swore public oaths to keep the peace and uphold the agreement. Having sworn to protect the king's life, York presumably expected the king to reciprocate, argues George Goodwin: "He may not have been crowned, but York's person was now sacrosanct". An attack on York was now legally treason. The act was promulgated in the

1814:. By now, the act appeared less likely to restore peace than ever, and its full implications became apparent. Since Henry's supporters had breached the agreement's terms and his own oaths, he had abrogated his kingship. Edward was proclaimed King Edward IV on 4 March. The Act of Accord was now declared null and void; it was no longer necessary. In Edward's first parliament, held in November, the Commons accused Henry of allowing "unrest, inward war and trouble, unrightwiseness, shedding and effusion of innocent blood, abusion of the laws, partiality, riot, extortion, murder, rape and vicious living" throughout the kingdom, thus breaching the act. He was then declared a 1682:

rather than York as a king. The nobility present at this parliament—which Ross notes is "the more remarkable" as many of Margaret and Henry's strongest supporters were not present—may still have felt latent loyalty to the king as God's anointed. It is also possible that those who might otherwise have supported him were loath to do so on account of his long absence in Dublin while the Nevilles fought his campaign. Ross suggests that the nobility's willingness to keep Henry in power but jettison his son suggests that their loyalty was to him rather than Margaret, Edward or the dynasty; they may have believed—or chosen to believe—the rumours of Edward's illegitimacy.

34: 1646:

historian Craig Taylor, "only the reluctance to remove an anointed king, and so to call into question the legality of the actions of the monarchs since the usurpation of 1399, prevented more radical action from being taken". The lords' eventual compromise intimates their own suspicion that both parties' claims were to some degree flawed. The lords were doubtless under pressure from York's councillors to reach an agreement, but before they did, the chancellor implored them to propose a better solution, even at that last minute. No one did, and the king gave his assent the next day. The resulting compromise mirrored the 1420

1740: 1484: 1503: 1609:), on the grounds that anything that was outside the judges' remit must necessarily be beyond theirs also. The process of questioning York was returned to the lords. Their most important question to York was why, if he based his claim on his descent from Clarence, he bore the Langley arms. To this, York responded that his reasons were known to the realm at large and that just because he had never worn the Clarence arms, this did not eliminate his claim to them: "Though right for a time rest and be put to silence, yet it rotteth not nor shall it perish", York wrote in reply. 4989: 4933: 1462:

might have expected. If Warwick had known of the duke's plans, he presumably felt it necessary to distance himself from them when he saw York's reception. The same may have gone for the Earl of March. The medievalist Michael Jones has queried whether Warwick was keen to disassociate himself from York's plan because it had been his responsibility to raise popular support in London before the duke returned, but he had failed to do so. Each of the lords concerned had, relatively recently, expressed their utmost loyalty to Henry as their

5194: 4963: 4953: 4943: 1558:, Archbishop of Canterbury, asked if York wanted an audience with the King. York replied, "I do not recall that I know anyone within the kingdom whom it would not befit to come sooner to me and see me rather than I should go visit him". The response was an "embarrassed" silence, and consternation. York had "shocked and angered" his colleagues, resulting in his claim being fiercely opposed. The historian Paul Johnson has called York's behaviour "an act of supreme stupidity". 1759:. The bulk of the Lancastrian army was regrouping in Yorkshire, where much of the nobility was loyal to Henry. Margaret rapidly raised an army which began attacking York's and Salisbury's estates and tenants. Law and order were thus high on York's priorities. While no one in government could state openly that it was the queen and Henry's supporters who were behind the discontent—instead, it was phrased as a need to protect the kingdom's borders from invasion by the Scots— 5512: 335:. They were three of the King's most loyal and powerful supporters, and the first two were personal enemies of York and the Nevilles. The clash has been described as closer to a series of targeted assassinations to a fully fledged battle. Henry was captured by the Yorkists, who once again controlled the government. York became Protector a second time, albeit only until February 1456, when the king felt he had enough support among the lords rule alone. 1726:

It may have enabled the gentry and urban gentry to support York with a clearer conscience, now that it was law; it may also have driven Yorkist loyalists away, who until now had not been forced to make a clear renunciation of the king. Margaret would never accept the disinheritance of her son and this perhaps encouraged her and her supporters to see York's death as the only chance of returning Edward to what they considered his rightful position.

1417: 1440: 66: 5000: 4973: 1827:, in what has been described as "probably the largest and bloodiest battle on English soil". The result was a decisive victory for the Yorkists, and on 28 June 1461 Edward IV was crowned at Westminster Abbey. The Lancastrians' breach of the Act of Accord, maing them responsible for the civil war, became the official justification for Edward's seizure of the throne. It was announced as such, for example, by 1575:

alarm led him to avoid the duke in the corridors and suites of Westminster". The Lords considered that only the king had the necessary understanding of the nature of royalty required to assess York's claim, as "his seid highnes had seen and understonden many dyvers writyngs and cronicles". Henry rejected the opportunity to pass his own judgement on York's claim, wishing the lords to "find

1913:, as did York himself throughout most of Henry VI's reign. Henry was both inept as a ruler and manipulable by powerful noble advisors, and they gradually alienated the Duke from central government. Those who gathered around him in opposition to these favourites—and later the King and Queen themselves—were known as "Yorkists". 1822:

has argued that by rejoining Margaret's army after Second St Albans, Henry triggered the act's abdication clause. The victorious Lancastrian army had retreated to the north and still posed a threat to the new regime. Accordingly, Edward raised a large army and followed them. On 29 March 1461, the two

1725:

The Act of Accord did not prevent civil war nor address the reasons for its cause. York's claim turned the political struggle from a partisan one to a dynastic one. Argues Boardman, "disinheritance was a grave matter", and it may have been this that turned Queen Margaret into York's implacable enemy.

1645:

At a meeting between the Houses of Lords and Commons on 7 October, Parliament codified York's dynastic position. On the 24th, this was passed into law as the Act of Accord and promulgated on the last day of the month. Parliament had, in effect, upheld the Yorkist claim to the throne and, according to

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had held during the minority of Henry VI. It was decidedly limited in its powers—the Protector's authority was constrained by the council, which oversaw it. The lords favoured York for the position by way of being the King's closest adult kinsman, as had his predecessors, Gloucester and Bedford, been

1582:

York openly spoke of being crowned three days later. Thomas advised strongly against this. He reported to the nobles, who sent him back for further negotiation. This time, Thomas found York preparing for his coronation. He informed the duke that his position was untenable "to both lords and people".

1867:

notes that Gloucester and Bedford had been Henry V's closest male relatives, but this did not apply to York, as by now, the King had a son. However, Roskell comments, Prince Edward was less than two years old, and the lords had been appointed–if even in name only—someone "incapable of government by

1574:

The king's household had been cleansed following Northampton, so he was by now surrounded by unfamiliar servants, men not of his choosing and more like keepers than aides. Now isolated, the king was effectively a prisoner. When York claimed the throne, says Griffiths, Henry's "natural timidity and

1565:

reported that Warwick had "angry words for the earl showed the duke how the lords and people were ill content against him because he wished to strip the king of his crown". According to Johnson, both York's eldest son, Edward of March, and Archbishop Bourchier refused to confront the Duke of York,

1545:

York travelled to Westminster to meet the king and his peers, many of whom were gathered for Parliament, which had opened on 7 October. It soon became clear that his time in Dublin had allowed him to consider his claim to the Lancastrian crown. To the surprise of all those gathered, he immediately

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And coming there he walked straight on, until he came to the king's throne, upon the covering or cushion on which laying his hand, in this very act like a man about to take possession of his right, he held it upon it for a short time. But at length withdrawing it, he turned his face to the people,

1619:

At which parlement the commones of the reame being Assembled in the common house, comonyng & treting upon the title of the said Duke of York, sodenly fili doun pe crown which hang the in myddes of fe said hous, which is the ffraytor of the Abbey of Westmynster, which was take for a prodige or

1982:

At which parliament, the commons of the realm being assembled in the common house, coming and treating upon the title of the said Duke of York, suddenly fell down the crown which hung then in the midst of the said house of the abbey of Westminster which was taken for a prodigy or token that the

1730:

has argued that it is possible that the act made Margaret's position stronger, at least among her supporters and those previously wavering in their support. The queen and her supporters were ready to, and capable of, waging civil war in the defence of her son's interests even if her husband—then

1681:

Boardman suggests that the lukewarm acceptance of York's claim indicates the level of support Henry still commanded. The act specifically forbade his removal by forcible means, and even though many of York's supporters felt Henry was incapable of ruling, they preferred to see him as a figurehead

1461:

on York's return to England. It is possible that the earl knew of York's intentions; the medievalist Alex Brondarbit argues that Warwick "may have been pushing the duke into a step had proved unwilling to take for nearly a decade". There was no swell of public acclamation when York landed as he

1717:

Most of York's supporters would probably have been satisfied with the return of their estates and titles, and indeed, this was the first item on the parliamentary agenda. The business of overturning the Coventry Parliament's attainders and forfeitures had already begun with acts of council. The

2025:

Other similar descriptions of Towton from historians are as "Britain's bloodiest day in a long history of sanguinary conflict", "the largest, longest fought, and bloodiest day in English medieval history", "the biggest, longest and bloodiest military engagement on British soil", "the costliest

319:. In response, the Yorkists complained to him of the "doubtes and ambiguitees jealousie" spread by their enemies, and several chroniclers support the view that Somerset was turning the king against York. He and the Nevilles reacted swiftly and brutally, perhaps fearing imminent arrest. In a 1554:, described how York marched across the Great Hall with armed men and reached for the throne "like a man taking possession". Whethamstede indicates that York assumed he had the support of most the English nobility. He was wrong. He waited for applause that never came. 1705:. Perhaps most importantly, from York's perspective, the act granted him the moral high ground against his opponents and the legal machinery and wages to pursue them. Since 1351, if a "man doth compass or imagine the Death of our Lord the King, or Heir", it had been 1570:

instead. He backed his father and brother against York's claims. By 11 October, York had Henry removed from the palace's royal quarters, so enabling York to lodge there. They were not to meet again in person until the act's ratification at the end of the month.

1641:

for the October 1460 session. Both Houses are known to have debated the issue, but the sole extant copy comes from the House of Lords. Intense negotiations took place between York, the Nevilles and the lords, along with York's councillors and Henry's lawyers.

1936:, Warwick had the Calais navy at his disposal, with which he sailed to Ireland on a "great journey". On the outward voyage, he seized merchant shipping for their spoils and, on his return, he effectively defeated a royal fleet under the Duke of Exeter outside 1731:

still in London under the control of the Yorkists—was not. The nobility who did not attend the parliament—long-term Lancastrian lords and enemies of York—had not been in attendance, and thus had not consented to the act, nor were they bound by it.

1636:

Ross argues that "York had miscalculated, but he did not intend to allow his claim to be ignored". Having failed to achieve popular acclamation, he pushed his case on a legal front, and it constitutes almost the only business recorded on the

1583:

What was said between Thomas and the duke remains unknown, but Johnson argues that his "mandate must have been both blunt and bluntly delivered", as York abandoned his coronation plans and acquiesced to the idea of a compromise agreement.

2026:

encounter ever fought on British soil", and that "in the modern-day world, where something has to be the biggest, longest, even bloodiest, in order to be remarkable, then Towton has many claims to be that singular event on English soil".

5506:

Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.

1839:, that it was a necessary response to the fact that the "treaty, peace and composition of the last Parliament were not observed by the other side". This remained a theme of Yorkist propaganda until the end of the dynasty in 1485. 1782:

are sparse, but the Yorkists—possibly outnumbered three to one—are known to have suffered a crushing defeat. York and Thomas Neville died on the field. Rutland and Salisbury both attempted escape; Rutland was probably knifed by

1456:

It is not known how much the Nevilles knew of York's plan before his arrival from Ireland. Warwick had met with York in Dublin while they were both in exile. It is unknown what they discussed, and they later met in

256:, strong kings were seen as essential to sound governance and peace, but weak government led to disorder. Contemporaries attributed the rise in violence and feuding to the King's weakness. The violence between 1922:

Boardman suggests much of the King's force were men from his "stables, mews, kitchen and pantry, along with the 'above'–stairs departments of the chapel, hall, wardrobe, counting house and chamber", for

1666:

to remain king until he died. Forty years later, the Act of Accord decreed that Henry would retain the throne for life, but that on his death, instead of it descending to the Prince of Wales, York—now

1802:, he continued recruiting a large army; this force may have originally been intended to go north and join his father at Sandal. In early February, he inflicted a heavy defeat on the royalists under 1595:

examine York's matter. Two days later, they declined to do so, arguing that the king's God-given regality was beyond their mortal and legal competence. The lords then turned the matter over to the

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In May 1460, English politics was again overturned, when the Calais lords returned and entered London the following month. Warwick and March journeyed north and defeated the King's army at the

158:, refused to accept the disinheritance of their son. In this, she was joined by the majority of the English nobility, who also opposed York. King Henry, still under the nominal head of the 1366:. This was considered the stronger of York's two claims, as although it was passed through the female line, it was as a descendant of an elder—so dynastically superior—son. Langley's son, 4326: 4268:

Laynesmith, J. L.; Woodacre, E. (2023). "The later Medieval English Consort: Power, Influence, Dynasty". In Norrie, A.; Harris, C.; Laynesmith, J. L.; Messer, D.; Woodacre, E. (eds.).

1689:

Protector; this time he was not merely replacing one set of councillors with another, which had effectively been the extent of his powers on previous occasions. York received 10,000

143:, York and Parliament, the House of Lords decided that Henry was to retain the crown for life, but York and his heirs were to succeed him. This automatically removed Henry's son, 1994:

Rumours had been spread by Warwick, as part of Yorkist propaganda, from almost the moment of Edward's birth, that he was actually the son of either a passing tradesman or the

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Laynesmith, J. L. (2013). "Telling Tales of Adulterous Queens in Medieval England: From Olympias of Macedonia to Elizabeth Woodville". In Mitchell, L.; Melville, C. (eds.).

4552: 4788: 1408:. Hence, when York claimed the throne before Parliament on 10 October 1460, it was legally within his right to do so; whether it was tactically sound was less certain. 3736:

Dockray, K. (2020). "Contemporary and Near-contemporary Chroniclers: The North of England and the Wars of the Roses, c. 1450–1471". In Clark, L.; Fleming, P. (eds.).

1534:. This proclaimed York's royal blood to all. On entering London, his sword was borne aloft before him, as at a coronation. Rather than just his traditional Mortimer 1620:

token that the reign of King Henry was ended. And also the Crown which stode on the highest toure of pe steple in the Castel of Dover, fil down this same yere.

311:

In 1455 the king recovered his sanity and Somerset was freed but peace remained elusive and, in May, political tension became open warfare. Henry summoned a

1855:

The precise nature of Henry's illness is unknown, but Griffiths describes it as "a severe mental collapse, accompanied by a crippling physical disablement".

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Hodges, G. (1984). "The Civil War of 1459 to 1461 in the Welsh Marches II: The Campaign and Battle of Mortimer's Cross, St Blaise's Day 3 February 1461".

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the year before and, far from lowering political pressure, the act split the nobility further. Although Henry had publicly supported the act, the queen,

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reign of King Harry was ended: And also the crown which stood on the highest tower of the steeple in the castle of Dover fell down the same year.

123:. It was passed on 25 October 1460 during a period of intense political division and partisanship at the top of government. Three weeks earlier, 3548:

Archer, R. E. (1995). "Parliamentary Restoration: John Mowbray and the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1425". In Archer, R. E. & Walker, S. (eds.).

1798:

Wakefield was a severe blow to the Yorkists, but the war was not over. Even after news of the defeat reached Edward, now Duke of York, in the

1367: 1121: 4868: 346:. In September 1459, Salisbury, who the previous year had determined to "take the full part" with York, brought a 5,000-strong army from 139:, but York possessed two claims, through both the male and female lines, and Henry's was through only one. Following discussions between 5566: 5536: 5561: 5113: 4544: 4436: 4806: 5571: 5098: 5093: 328: 5242: 5212: 5108: 5018: 4903: 1508: 1405: 332: 242: 46: 1763:

suggests that "it is clear from indirect references that the duke received a specific royal command to deal with the unrest".

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Fleming, P. (2015). "The Battles of Mortimer's Cross and Second St. Albans: The Regional Dimension". In Clark, L. (ed.).

1355: 1351: 273: 4606:

Rushton, C. J. (2010). "The King's Stupor: Dealing with Royal Paralysis in Late Medieval England". In Turner, W. (ed.).

1893:, the House of Lancaster—whose supporters have been labelled "Lancastrian"—was the ruling, governing dynasty founded by 5158: 5063: 4048:

Hicks, M. A. (2000). "Bastard Feudalism, Overmighty Subjects and Idols of the Multitude during the Wars of the Roses".

1379: 1079: 713: 233: 5282: 5237: 5123: 5118: 5068: 5058: 1909:. The ancestors of the Duke of York accepted the new political paradigm throughout the reign of Henry IV and his son 1784: 1375: 808: 193: 3832: 5227: 5207: 5048: 3652: 1995: 1671: 1363: 1354:, the fourth surviving son of Edward, Gaunt's younger brother. York also possessed a claim through the second son, 702: 601: 277: 2016:

It is probable that from this grant stems the erroneous supposition that York was also granted these royal titles.

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Roskell, J. S. (1953). "The Office and Dignity of Protector of England, with Special Reference to Its Origins".

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Grant, A. (2014). "Murder Will Out: Kingship, Kinship and Killing in Medieval Scotland". In Boardman, S. (ed.).

1693:, of which half was to be split between March and Rutland. The money was to come from the Prince of Wales's own 5453: 5153: 4528:

The Commons in the Parliament of 1422: English Society and Parliamentary Representation Under the Lancastrians

5427: 5347: 5252: 5178: 5043: 1807: 264:

called it the "beginning of the greatest sorrows in England". Other regional violence took place between the

1885:

The labels "York and Lancaster" oversimplify the complex networks of loyalties and connections by which the

1810:. Edward made his way to London, where he met Warwick, who had just been defeated by Margaret's army at the 5556: 5332: 5257: 390: 229: 5468: 5387: 5128: 5073: 5028: 265: 5551: 5515: 5352: 5247: 5088: 4854: 3831:

Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005).

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Taylor, C. (1999). "Sir John Fortescue and the French Polemical Treatises of the Hundred Years War".

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The Yorkist lords left London on 2 December 1460 to restore order to the region, arriving at York's

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in early September 1460, charters and letters signed under his seal began omitting reference to the

131:—and laid his hand on the empty throne, claiming the crown of England. His grounds were that he and 5576: 5546: 5478: 5422: 5392: 4920: 1555: 1531: 1283: 749: 616: 586: 5372: 5262: 4543:

Roskell, J.S. & Woodger, L. S. (1993). J. S. Roskell; L. Clark & C. R. Rawcliffe (eds.).

1771: 571: 358:, which Salisbury defeated. Salisbury's victory was temporary and, in October, the Yorkists were 166:

with her son, raising an army. This began the systematic destruction of York's and the Nevilles'

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Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds

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The Nevilles were as averse to York's claim as other nobles. The pro-Yorkist French chronicler

1522:

York does not seem to have been keeping his dynastic ambitions a secret. From his landing near

1502: 257: 1953:

described how, at Richard II's coronation, the new king's "sword was born aloft before him by

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North-eastern England During the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450–1500

3740:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. XVIII. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 65–80. 5463: 5407: 4968: 4498:

Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan

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Jones, M. K. (1997). "Edward IV, the Earl of Warwick and the Yorkist Claim to the Throne".

3778:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. XIV. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 91–102. 1871: 1748: 1663: 512: 383: 3915:

Kings, Lords and Men in Scotland and Britain, 1300-1625: Essays in Honour of Jenny Wormald

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on 22 May. The confrontation was brief with few fatalities, but among whom were Somerset,

8: 5342: 5013: 4928: 1894: 1779: 1638: 1423: 996: 904: 171: 132: 3814:

The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The Fourteenth-Century Political Community

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standing quietly under the canopy of royal state, he looked eagerly for their applause.

296:. Those disaffected with King Henry centred around York, and as such are often known as 5193: 4983: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4893: 4190:

Lander, J. R. (1960). "Henry VI and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate 1455-1456".

1910: 1551: 823: 320: 305: 147:, from the succession. Henry agreed to the compromise, which became the Act of Accord. 4481:

The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

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reason of age to rule on behalf of one incapacitated by imbecility would have been a

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and in law, but it became hypothetical after Margaret gave birth to the king's son,

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Later Plantagenet and the Wars of the Roses Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty

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on 30 December. The Lancastrians, in turn, were defeated three months later at the

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in strength to attack a Lancastrian army gathered near the castle. Details of the

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Treason and Masculinity in Medieval England: Gender, Law and Political Culture

4119: 3671: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 1350:. On the other hand, the House of York descended from King Edward twice, from 5530: 5188: 4535: 4518: 4069: 3700:

The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509

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Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England: Essays Presented to Gerald Harriss

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claim. York's claim and right to the throne had long been recognised by the

5202: 5163: 2504: 1954: 1832: 1803: 1470:, especially if their protests of disagreement with York were now doubted. 83: 4488: 1527: 1427: 1306: 370:; Salisbury, Warwick and York's son, Edward of March, took refuge in the 260:

in Yorkshire was of such breadth that it impacted with government, and a

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Armstrong, C. A. (1960). "Politics and the Battle of St. Albans, 1455".

5173: 4999: 4972: 4898: 1579:... all such things as might be objected and laid against the claim". 1463: 1431: 681: 261: 3795:

The Wars of the Roses: Peace and Conflict in Fifteenth-Century England

1743:

Near contemporaneous image of the disinherited Edward, Prince of Wales

192:

Throughout the 1450s, English politics became partisan and factional.

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Historical Writing in England: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century

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Soldier, Rebel, Traitor: John, Lord Wenlock and the Wars of the Roses

1967: 1791:, and Salisbury was captured after the battle, and later executed at 1747:

Events elsewhere needed urgent government intervention. In Scotland,

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Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou and the Wars of the Roses: A Source Book

1530:, "quite out of conformity with usual practice", says the historian 4948: 3755:

Fleming, P. (2005). "Politics". In Radulescu R. Truelove A. (ed.).

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estates. York led an army to challenge her but was defeated at the

4826:. Yale Monarchs (repr. ed.). London: Yale University Press. 1902: 1815: 1523: 1467: 1458: 1396: 71: 1439: 1416: 3830: 3738:

Rulers, Regions and Retinues: Essays Presented to A. J. Pollard

2914: 2813: 2541: 1775: 1774:, Salisbury, Thomas, and many of their closest retainers led a 375: 367: 351: 249:—now ran the government. Somerset was imprisoned for treason. 178:

by York's son, who was crowned King Edward IV on 28 June 1461.

1358:

and unlike the Lancastrian claim, this claim was based upon a

3227: 3098: 2282: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2311: 2309: 2140: 2138: 3917:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 193–226. 3759:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 50–62. 3287: 2234: 359: 228:. This office was effectively a resurrection of that which 128: 127:

had entered the Council Chamber—in the presence of several

103: 4545:"Bonville, Sir William II (c. 1392–1461), of Shute, Devon" 3590:

Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages

3458: 3338: 3203: 2926: 2772: 2770: 2588: 2381: 2258: 2125: 2123: 2098: 2096: 2083: 2081: 2044: 2042: 1599:. They, too, refused to deal with it, "predictably", says 196:, a powerful noble and heir to the throne until 1453—when 4154:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3877:

Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461: England's Most Brutal Battle

3434: 3398: 3328: 3326: 3193: 3191: 3137: 3110: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2687: 2480: 2306: 2246: 2135: 2108: 2007:

March was to receive 3,500 marks and Rutland 1,500 marks.

1586: 162:, was in London; Margaret, on the other hand, was in the 4500:. Public Record Office. London: H. M. Stationery Office. 3299: 3178: 3176: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2612: 2559: 2222: 2162: 1709:; now York's political opponents were legally traitors. 4409:"Neville, Richard, Fifth Earl of Salisbury (1400–1460)" 3494: 3446: 3362: 3127: 3125: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 2767: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2629: 2627: 2441: 2357: 2120: 2093: 2078: 2039: 1390:—had unjustly taken the throne in 1399 when he deposed 237:

to Henry V. York and his allies, the powerful northern

4213:

Romancing Treason: The Literature of the Wars of Roses

3470: 3323: 3263: 3188: 3086: 3063: 3039: 2950: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2714: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2429: 2393: 2345: 2321: 2210: 1591:

On Saturday, 18 October, the lords requested that the

478:

Simplified York and Lancaster descent from Edward III

4129:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3506: 3410: 3386: 3350: 3275: 3251: 3239: 3215: 3173: 3051: 2998: 2986: 2755: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2547: 2458: 2456: 2369: 2198: 2174: 1449:, the eventual figurehead of her husband's government 393:

on 10 July. Henry was once again a Yorkist prisoner.

4417:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3839:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. 3422: 3311: 3161: 3149: 3122: 3022: 2974: 2938: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2743: 2670: 2624: 2492: 2468: 2417: 2405: 2333: 2294: 2186: 2054: 1566:

so on two occasions, he sent Salisbury's second son

338:

Four years of peace followed. By 1459, despite the

4627:

Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1598

4354:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3666:. Vol. I. London: Early English Text Society. 3482: 3374: 2962: 2837: 2731: 2600: 2571: 2270: 2150: 1538:, his trumpeters' banners were emblazoned with the 4267: 4118: 2819: 2801: 2639: 2453: 2066: 220:, unable to feed himself or recognise people, the 4789:"Richard of York, Third Duke of York (1411–1460)" 4289:Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England 2782: 354:. En route they encountered a larger royal force 5528: 4751:The Transformation of Medieval England 1370-1529 4705:(rev. 2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing. 4120:"Neville, John, Marquess Montagu (c. 1431–1471)" 3569:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 1394:. York's assertion was essentially a legitimist 413:, reporting on York's entrance into Westminster. 150:Political partisanship had already erupted into 4012:From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses 435:Lancastrian claim through third son, male line 4542: 2387: 1685:For the third time in his life, York was made 1511:, longtime associate of York's, leader of the 4862: 3626:The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses 1674:instead. This also applied if Henry chose to 447:York's claim through second son, female line 396: 4797:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4572:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4478: 3955:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3860:(2nd ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble. 3811: 3552:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 99–116. 2920: 2240: 1770:on the 21st. Nine days later, York, his son 4681: 4646:Towton: The Battle of Palmsunday Field 1461 4530:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2264: 1869: 1662:(later Henry V of England), while allowing 459:York's claim through fourth son, male line 204:government. Henry was easily influenced by 4869: 4855: 4248: 4229: 3792: 3678: 3233: 3143: 3116: 3104: 2708: 2486: 4772:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4662: 4368: 3950: 3702:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3697: 3566: 3305: 3016: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2363: 2228: 2102: 2087: 2048: 1889:was interlinked. At the beginning of the 1473: 4686:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4589:The Wars of the Roses: A Concise History 4495: 4324: 4272:. Cham: Springer Nature. pp. 1–16. 3970: 3893: 3642: 3623: 3604: 3500: 3452: 3080: 2980: 2776: 2725: 2447: 2315: 1738: 5099:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland 5094:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland 4794:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4748: 4605: 4525: 4504: 4459: 4414:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4406: 4387: 4305: 4149: 4126:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3934:Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle 3931: 3874: 3855: 3773: 3757:Gentry Culture in Late-Medieval England 3754: 3735: 3716: 3664:The Brut; Or, the Chronicles of England 3587: 3528: 3464: 3416: 3404: 3368: 3332: 3317: 3293: 3269: 3209: 3197: 3167: 3057: 3045: 2956: 2932: 2860: 2831: 2594: 2553: 2435: 2399: 2351: 2327: 2216: 2204: 2180: 2144: 2114: 2060: 1362:, as Clarence had only had a daughter, 1271:, 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March ( 742:, 2nd Duke of Lancaster, later Henry IV 5529: 5019:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 4821: 4719: 4700: 4684:Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader 4682:Smail, D. L. & Gibson, K. (2009). 4667:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 4643: 4624: 4349: 4210: 4189: 4116: 4095: 3547: 3428: 3344: 3221: 3182: 3155: 3004: 2992: 2618: 2462: 2411: 2375: 2252: 2168: 1829:Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury 1587:Negotiations and the act of Parliament 1338:The House of Lancaster descended from 300:; those loyal to the king—most of the 5114:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 5089:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg 5029:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset 5024:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset 5014:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England 4876: 4850: 4786: 4770:Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship 4767: 4483:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4464:. Penguin Monarchs. London: Penguin. 4286: 4168: 4076: 4047: 4028: 4009: 3990: 3912: 3843:from the original on 18 February 2018 3609:(1st ed.). 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Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 4192:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 3661: 3488: 3476: 3380: 2968: 2807: 2761: 2664: 2606: 1650:, which had disinherited the French 5263:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland 5149:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford 5009:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England 4665:Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses 4610:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 147–176. 4555:from the original on 11 August 2018 4234:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 195–214. 4215:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3898:. Vol. II. London: Routledge. 3797:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3645:The First Battle of St Albans, 1455 3533:(repr. ed.). London: Methuen. 1905:the throne and deposed his cousin, 1356:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 13: 5243:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury 5213:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond 5109:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham 4608:Madness in Medieval Law and Custom 1949:The early 15th-century chronicler 1080:Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 714:Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March 14: 5588: 5567:Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 5537:Acts of the Parliament of England 5218:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 5134:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 5079:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu 4842: 4703:The End of the House of Lancaster 4081:. London: Yale University Press. 3776:Essays Presented to Michael Hicks 1496:and claimant to the English crown 1466:; that might now be looked on as 809:Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 5562:15th-century English parliaments 5511: 5510: 5273:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon 5223:William Hastings, Baron Hastings 5208:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln 5192: 5084:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 5039:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset 5034:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont 4998: 4987: 4971: 4961: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4033:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2019: 1602:The History of Parliament Online 1501: 1482: 1438: 1415: 1340:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 703:Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster 602:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 340:king's efforts at reconciliation 135:were both direct descendants of 64: 32: 5494:Second Cornish uprising of 1497 5233:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell 5139:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury 4479:Powell, E.; Wallis, K. (1968). 2010: 2001: 1988: 1973: 1960: 1943: 1926: 1916: 1879: 1858: 1352:Edmund of Langley, Duke of York 272:families in the northwest, the 5572:1460 establishments in England 5454:Issue of Edward III of England 5203:Anne Neville, Queen of England 5164:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke 5159:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond 4152:Duke Richard of York 1411–1460 3521: 2820:Laynesmith & Woodacre 2023 1849: 469:No 15th-century dynastic role 342:, politics again erupted into 212:. In August 1453, Henry had a 1: 5428:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 5253:William Neville, Earl of Kent 5238:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk 5179:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales 5124:George Stanley, Baron Strange 5119:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby 5069:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter 5064:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon 5059:John Clifford, Baron Clifford 5044:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 4722:The English Historical Review 4648:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4591:. London: Thames and Hudson. 4507:The English Historical Review 3936:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 3683:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 2033: 1897:. His primary title had been 1697:as well as the revues of the 1612: 1342:, the third surviving son of 1103: 690: 329:Henry, Earl of Northumberland 181: 5328:Siege of the Tower of London 5228:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk 5049:James Butler, Earl of Ormond 4815:UK public library membership 4453:UK public library membership 4143:UK public library membership 3993:The Battle of Wakefield 1460 3662:Brie, F. W. D., ed. (1906). 1734: 1712: 1311: 1288: 1273: 1218: 1207: 1126: 1099: 1084: 1001: 920: 909: 828: 813: 754: 733: 718: 707: 686: 621: 606: 591: 576: 517: 498: 372:English-occupied French town 230:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 7: 5388:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion 5074:John Neville, Baron Neville 5054:John Butler, Earl of Ormond 4392:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1979:Transcribes as, generally: 1876:of the Protector's office". 1755:and was poised to march on 1542:, in the manner of a king. 1515:and father of the Kingmaker 308:, after the royal dynasty. 224:appointed the Duke of York 10: 5593: 5154:James Tuchet, Baron Audley 4749:Thomson, J. A. F. (2014). 4462:Edward IV: The Summer King 4249:Laynesmith, J. L. (2017). 3953:The Reign of King Henry VI 3833:"'Henry VI: October 1460'" 3679:Brondarbit, A. R. (2022). 2388:Roskell & Woodger 1993 1812:Second Battle of St Albans 1808:Battle of Mortimer's Cross 1509:Richard, Earl of Salisbury 1386:—son of John of Gaunt and 1368:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 1122:Richard, Earl of Cambridge 397:York's claim to the throne 366:. York went into exile in 243:Richard, Earl of Salisbury 185: 21:United Kingdom legislation 5504: 5441: 5295: 5187: 4982: 4919: 4912: 4884: 4549:The History of Parliament 4331:Middle English Compendium 3951:Griffiths, R. A. (1981). 3812:Given-Wilson, C. 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York also argued that 1284:George, Duke of Clarence 750:Edward, 2nd Duke of York 617:Edmund, 1st Duke of York 587:Lionel, Duke of Clarence 266:Bonvilles and Courtenays 247:Richard, Earl of Warwick 210:Edmund, Duke of Somerset 59:Territorial extent 5469:Bonville–Courtenay feud 4734:10.1093/ehr/114.455.112 4526:Roskell, J. S. (1954). 4460:Pollard, A. J. (2016). 4407:Pollard, A. J. (2004). 4388:Pollard, A. J. (1990). 4306:McVitty, E. A. (2020). 4183:10.1111/1468-2281.00048 4150:Johnson, P. A. (1988). 4062:10.1111/1468-229X.00153 3793:Gillingham, J. (1993). 3588:Bellamy, J. G. (1973). 3529:Allmand, C. T. (2014). 2265:Smail & Gibson 2009 1772:Edmund, Earl of Rutland 1670:—or York's heirs would 572:Edward the Black Prince 258:the Percys and Nevilles 145:Edward, Prince of Wales 5418:Buckingham's rebellion 5398:Readeption of Henry VI 4822:Wolffe, B. P. (2001). 4803:10.1093/ref:odnb/23503 4701:Storey, R. L. (1999). 4663:Santiuste, D. (2011). 4423:10.1093/ref:odnb/19954 4369:Neillands, R. 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London: Routledge. 1980: 1742: 1617: 1426:had deposed the last 1422:King Henry VI, whose 1406:Edward of Westminster 401: 391:Battle of Northampton 333:Thomas, Lord Clifford 234:John, Duke of Bedford 194:Richard, Duke of York 125:Richard, Duke of York 121:Parliament of England 39:Parliament of England 5479:Neville–Neville feud 5464:Princes in the Tower 4587:Ross, C. D. (1986). 4568:Ross, C. D. (1975). 4287:Lewis, K. J (2013). 3932:Gravett, C. (2003). 3875:Goodwin, G. (2011). 3856:Goodman, A. (1996). 3717:Dockray, K. (2000). 3607:The Battle of Towton 1872:reductio ad absurdum 1722:on 9 November 1460. 1348:male line of descent 513:Philippa of Hainault 290:Ralph, Lord Cromwell 5557:Henry VI of England 5258:Sir Richard Herbert 4644:Sadler, J. (2011). 4625:Sadler, J. (2005). 4439:on 28 November 2019 4373:. London: Cassell. 4204:10.7227/BJRL.43.1.3 4171:Historical Research 4117:Horrox, R. 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London: Orion. 3867:978-0-88029-484-3 3823:978-0-41514-883-2 3804:978-0-29782-016-1 3785:978-1-78327-048-4 3766:978-0-71906-825-6 3747:978-1-78327-563-2 3728:978-0-75092-526-6 3709:978-0-52131-874-7 3690:978-1-39900-347-6 3635:978-0-75091-465-9 3616:978-0-75091-245-7 3559:978-1-85285-133-0 3540:978-0-41353-280-0 3479:, pp. 51–55. 3407:, pp. 41–55. 3095:, pp. 37–38. 2764:, pp. 59–60. 2318:, pp. 53–55. 2241:Given-Wilson 1987 1951:Thomas Walsingham 1901:, and in 1399 he 1899:Duke of Lancaster 1891:Wars of the Roses 1865:Professor Roskell 1837:Francesco Coppini 1793:Pontefract Castle 1703:duchy of Cornwall 1660:Henry of Monmouth 1597:serjeants-at-arms 1548:John Whethamstede 1447:Margaret of Anjou 1388:Duke of Lancaster 1384:Henry Bolingbroke 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 916:Margaret of Anjou 729:Henry Bolingbroke 473: 472: 188:Wars of the Roses 156:Margaret of Anjou 109: 108: 27:Act of Parliament 5584: 5514: 5513: 5348:Mortimer's Cross 5278:Margaret of York 5196: 5002: 4991: 4975: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4935: 4917: 4916: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4818: 4810: 4809:on 16 July 2018. 4805:. Archived from 4783: 4764: 4745: 4716: 4697: 4678: 4659: 4640: 4621: 4602: 4583: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4539: 4522: 4513:(267): 193–233. 4501: 4492: 4475: 4456: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4435:. Archived from 4403: 4384: 4365: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4337:on 30 April 2024 4333:. Archived from 4321: 4302: 4283: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4186: 4177:(173): 342–352. 4165: 4146: 4138: 4122: 4113: 4092: 4073: 4056:(279): 386–403. 4044: 4025: 4006: 3986: 3966: 3947: 3928: 3909: 3890: 3871: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3827: 3808: 3789: 3770: 3751: 3732: 3713: 3694: 3675: 3658: 3639: 3620: 3601: 3584: 3563: 3544: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2780: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2685: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996:Duke of Somerset 1992: 1986: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1947: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1887:English nobility 1883: 1877: 1875: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1825:Battle of Towton 1818:. The historian 1789:Wakefield Bridge 1648:Treaty of Troyes 1632: 1578: 1556:Thomas Bourchier 1513:House of Neville 1505: 1486: 1442: 1419: 1372:Anne de Mortimer 1315: 1313: 1292: 1290: 1277: 1275: 1222: 1220: 1211: 1209: 1130: 1128: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1088: 1086: 1005: 1003: 924: 922: 913: 911: 832: 830: 817: 815: 758: 756: 737: 735: 722: 720: 711: 709: 696: 695: 692: 688: 625: 623: 610: 608: 595: 593: 580: 578: 521: 519: 502: 500: 484: 483: 475: 474: 466: 456: 455: 444: 443: 432: 431: 420: 417: 414: 411:St. Albans Abbey 350:to meet York at 348:Middleham Castle 286:William Tailboys 176:Battle of Towton 70: 68: 67: 60: 36: 35: 24: 23: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5577:Succession acts 5547:1460 in England 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5500: 5437: 5413:Siege of London 5287: 5283:Richard of York 5191: 5183: 5144:Andrew Trollope 5129:William Stanley 4997: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4908: 4880: 4875: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4812: 4780: 4761: 4728:(455): 112–29. 4713: 4694: 4675: 4656: 4637: 4618: 4599: 4580: 4558: 4556: 4472: 4450: 4442: 4440: 4433: 4400: 4381: 4362: 4340: 4338: 4318: 4299: 4280: 4261: 4242: 4223: 4162: 4140: 4089: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3983: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3906: 3887: 3868: 3846: 3844: 3824: 3805: 3786: 3767: 3748: 3729: 3710: 3691: 3655: 3636: 3617: 3560: 3541: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3234:Gillingham 1993 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3144:Gillingham 1993 3142: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3117:Laynesmith 2017 3115: 3111: 3105:Laynesmith 2013 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2709:Brondarbit 2022 2707: 2688: 2680: 2671: 2663: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2609:, pp. 4–5. 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2487:Gillingham 1993 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1948: 1944: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1917: 1884: 1880: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1753:Roxburgh Castle 1737: 1728:John Gillingham 1715: 1658:, in favour of 1634: 1624: 1615: 1589: 1576: 1540:Arms of England 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1506: 1498: 1497: 1490:Richard of York 1487: 1476: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1420: 1392:King Richard II 1380:Edmund Mortimer 1310: 1287: 1272: 1217: 1206: 1125: 1106: 1098: 1083: 1000: 919: 908: 827: 812: 753: 732: 717: 706: 693: 685: 620: 605: 590: 575: 516: 497: 494:King Edward III 464: 453: 452: 441: 440: 429: 428: 416: 408: 399: 315:to assemble in 208:, particularly 202:King Henry VI's 190: 184: 88:25 October 1460 65: 63: 58: 41: 33: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5590: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5489:Battle of Deal 5484:Perkin Warbeck 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Titulus Regius 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5423:Bosworth Field 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5393:Losecoat Field 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5318:Ludford Bridge 5315: 5310: 5308:Loveday (1458) 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4936: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4843:External links 4841: 4839: 4838: 4832: 4819: 4784: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4717: 4711: 4698: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4660: 4654: 4641: 4635: 4622: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4540: 4523: 4502: 4493: 4476: 4470: 4457: 4431: 4404: 4398: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4347: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4278: 4265: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4187: 4166: 4160: 4147: 4114: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3910: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3866: 3853: 3828: 3822: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3746: 3733: 3727: 3714: 3708: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3659: 3653: 3640: 3634: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3585: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3515:, p. 351. 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3395:, p. 360. 3385: 3373: 3371:, p. 148. 3361: 3359:, p. 216. 3349: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3306:Neillands 1992 3298: 3286: 3284:, p. 126. 3274: 3262: 3260:, p. 213. 3250: 3248:, p. 157. 3238: 3226: 3224:, p. 346. 3214: 3202: 3200:, p. 114. 3187: 3185:, p. 342. 3172: 3160: 3148: 3146:, p. 118. 3136: 3134:, p. 398. 3121: 3119:, p. 126. 3109: 3097: 3085: 3062: 3050: 3048:, p. 142. 3038: 3036:, p. 190. 3021: 3017:Santiuste 2011 3009: 3007:, p. 112. 2997: 2995:, p. 155. 2985: 2973: 2971:, p. 530. 2961: 2959:, p. 215. 2949: 2947:, p. 189. 2937: 2925: 2913: 2911:, p. 868. 2909:Griffiths 1981 2901: 2899:, p. 867. 2897:Griffiths 1981 2889: 2887:, p. 869. 2885:Griffiths 1981 2877: 2875:, p. 864. 2873:Griffiths 1981 2865: 2863:, p. 214. 2853: 2836: 2834:, p. 212. 2824: 2812: 2800: 2781: 2779:, p. 152. 2766: 2754: 2752:, p. 348. 2742: 2730: 2713: 2711:, p. 117. 2686: 2684:, p. 347. 2669: 2638: 2636:, p. 155. 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2503: 2501:, p. 166. 2491: 2489:, p. 105. 2479: 2477:, p. 163. 2467: 2452: 2450:, p. 191. 2440: 2438:, p. 269. 2428: 2426:, p. 343. 2416: 2404: 2402:, p. 168. 2392: 2380: 2378:, p. 289. 2368: 2364:Armstrong 1960 2356: 2354:, p. 204. 2344: 2342:, p. 110. 2332: 2330:, p. 155. 2320: 2305: 2303:, p. 170. 2293: 2281: 2269: 2267:, p. 456. 2257: 2245: 2243:, p. 168. 2233: 2231:, p. 112. 2229:Carpenter 1997 2221: 2219:, p. 245. 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 208. 2185: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2134: 2119: 2107: 2105:, p. 715. 2103:Griffiths 1981 2092: 2090:, p. 740. 2088:Griffiths 1981 2077: 2065: 2053: 2051:, p. 638. 2049:Griffiths 1981 2037: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1987: 1972: 1959: 1942: 1925: 1915: 1878: 1857: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1736: 1733: 1720:City of London 1714: 1711: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1593:royal justices 1588: 1585: 1563:Jean de Wavrin 1507: 1500: 1499: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1378:and sister of 1376:Roger Mortimer 1374:, daughter of 1370:, had married 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1281: 1279: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1214:Cecily Neville 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1092: 1090: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 979: 977: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 941: 939: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884: 882: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 849: 847: 846: 844: 842: 840: 838: 836: 834: 821: 819: 806: 804: 801: 799: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 778: 776: 774: 772: 770: 768: 766: 763: 761: 760: 747: 745: 743: 726: 724: 700: 698: 678: 676: 675: 673: 671: 669: 667: 665: 663: 661: 659: 657: 655: 653: 651: 649: 647: 645: 643: 641: 639: 636: 635: 633: 631: 628: 627: 614: 612: 599: 597: 584: 582: 569: 566: 564: 563: 561: 559: 557: 555: 553: 551: 549: 547: 545: 543: 541: 539: 536: 535: 533: 531: 529: 526: 525: 523: 510: 508: 506: 504: 491: 489: 487: 480: 479: 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 457: 449: 448: 445: 437: 436: 433: 425: 424: 400: 398: 395: 364:Ludford Bridge 356:at Blore Heath 284:, and between 239:Neville family 222:House of Lords 186:Main article: 183: 180: 141:Royal justices 107: 106: 100: 99: 98:7 October 1460 96: 90: 89: 86: 80: 79: 75: 74: 61: 55: 54: 49: 43: 42: 37: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5589: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Act of Accord 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Hedgeley Moor 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:The Ricardian 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3509: 3503:, p. 63. 3502: 3501:P. R. O. 1912 3497: 3491:, p. 42. 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3455:, p. xi. 3454: 3453:Boardman 1994 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3383:, p. 33. 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3335:, p. 23. 3334: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3314: 3308:, p. 98. 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3272:, p. 69. 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3158:, p. 21. 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3083:, p. 34. 3082: 3081:Boardman 1998 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3060:, p. 34. 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3019:, p. 51. 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2981:M. E. D. 2024 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2851:, p. 38. 2850: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2810:, p. 59. 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2777:Gransden 1996 2773: 2771: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 76. 2739: 2734: 2728:, p. 33. 2727: 2726:Boardman 1998 2722: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2667:, p. 60. 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2585:, p. 37. 2584: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2556:, p. 38. 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2448:Grummitt 2015 2444: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2420: 2414:, p. 65. 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2366:, p. 35. 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2316:Boardman 2006 2312: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2279:, p. 12. 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2207:, p. 58. 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2183:, p. 27. 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2159:, p. 35. 2158: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2075:, p. 95. 2074: 2069: 2063:, p. 98. 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:King Henry IV 1892: 1888: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Welsh Marches 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:Lord Clifford 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768:Sandal Castle 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751:had captured 1750: 1741: 1732: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:heir apparent 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402:Royal council 1399: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1319: 1308: 1301: 1299: 1285: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1232: 1230: 1215: 1204: 1203:Earl of March 1200: 1178: 1176: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1123: 1096: 1095:Anne Mortimer 1081: 1075: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 998: 980: 978: 942: 940: 917: 906: 888: 886: 850: 848: 825: 810: 802: 800: 764: 762: 751: 741: 740:Earl of Derby 730: 715: 704: 683: 679: 677: 637: 629: 618: 603: 588: 573: 567: 565: 537: 532: 530: 527: 514: 495: 485: 482: 481: 477: 476: 468: 463: 462: 458: 451: 450: 446: 439: 438: 434: 427: 426: 423:Colour chart 421: 415: 412: 405: 394: 392: 387: 386:soon after. 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Welsh marches 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 245:and his son, 244: 240: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 189: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:King Henry VI 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113:Act of Accord 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 76: 73: 62: 56: 53: 50: 48: 44: 40: 30: 25: 19: 5542:1460s in law 5448: 4823: 4807:the original 4792: 4769: 4750: 4725: 4721: 4702: 4683: 4664: 4645: 4626: 4607: 4588: 4569: 4557:. 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1938:Dartmouth 1735:Aftermath 1713:Reception 1695:patrimony 1631:chronicle 1468:perjurous 1269:Edward IV 380:attainted 344:civil war 317:Leicester 278:Wiltshire 214:breakdown 168:Yorkshire 152:civil war 52:39 Hen. 6 5516:Category 5442:See also 5323:Sandwich 4949:Edward V 4929:Henry VI 4921:Monarchs 4824:Henry VI 4742:51205098 4553:Archived 4443:28 April 4341:28 April 4110:11995669 3973:Henry VI 3847:28 March 3841:Archived 3575:: 1–72. 1923:example. 1749:James II 1687:de facto 1676:abdicate 1546:did so. 1364:Philippa 905:Henry VI 302:nobility 298:Yorkists 294:Midlands 218:Comatose 198:Margaret 47:Citation 5383:Edgcote 5368:Piltown 5338:Worksop 4050:History 3531:Henry V 1911:Henry V 1903:usurped 1816:usurper 1806:at the 1757:Berwick 1672:succeed 1656:Charles 1652:Dauphin 1524:Chester 1459:Burford 1397:de jure 1102: 824:Henry V 689: 382:in the 313:council 292:in the 280:on the 270:Stanley 252:During 119:of the 115:was an 72:England 5403:Barnet 5378:Hexham 5363:Towton 5296:Events 4830: 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