415:
235:
217:
199:
188:
93:
305:
296:
168:
280:
269:
258:
137:
246:
123:
547:, and by early May 1902, an expedition had reached the southern shores of Lake Chad. Despite being in exile Zubairu sent agents to get revenge on the Germans. In January 1903, one of his agents, Yerima Mustapha, arranged to meet and then assassinated the German resident of Maroua, Graf Fugger, with a poisoned dart, prompting Dominik to engage in a harsh occupation of the city. Zubairu himself was killed later that year by his tribal rivals in British Nigeria. In 1903, Germany and
26:
106:
367:, Sokoto remained intact. Sokoto was an Islamic empire that controlled semi-autonomous emirates, the largest being Adamawa. By 1890 Adamawa was weakened by internal struggle, as a Mahdist state had developed within the Emirate, and its borders overlapped with German colonial claims in the region, though it remained defiant on ceding territory.
501:
in the 1890s, and who sympathized with the Emir's call for jihad against the German invaders. However, informats told the
Germans of Zubairu's plans, despite this the Germans wanted to hold peace talks in Garoua and use Zubairu as a puppet, allowing him to stay in power in return for his help winning
485:
by
November, and attacked a strong Fulani force at a position just outside of the town, almost losing the battle, but being able to defeat and route the enemy in a final bayonet charge before marching on Rei Buba itself. Hammadou's capital was bombarded by cannons before being captured, causing him
399:
in southern
Adamawa. Tibati resisted fiercely, and the Bulu tribe on the former southern border of Adamawa rose up in revolt, the Bulu warriors marching to Kribi on the coast and destroyed the Catholic mission there. Only after an increase in troops in the colony and a severe campaign lasting until
628:
to the southeast of Garoua, the Fulani force closed in. The
Schutztruppe sent a force under Lt. Nitschmann to Guébaké, where on July 18, 1907, they ambushed the Fulanis marching on Garoua. Waday was raked with machinegun fire and killed, and only the rearmost Mahdists escaped the ambush. By August
623:
Arabu for playing a prominent role in
Alhadji's revolt. Meanwhile, the ruler of Ngaoundéré, worried of German retaliation, expelled Waday and his rebels from his domain. Waday and his followers decided tried to head north toward Garoua with the intention of capturing it. Crossing the
532:, and his son Hamman was placed as local ruler instead. With the military defeat and expulsion of Zubairu as a spiritual and political overlord of the Fulani in Adamawa, the German colonial administration annexed the region from Sokoto, broke the historic ties to the Fulani's center
370:
For economic and political reasons, the
Germans were determined to expand the colony into Adamawa, so exploration expeditions to survey the region began, with the intention of eventually taking it by force. However, until 1898, the Germans were still primarily focused on the
629:
1907, the rebels across north
Adamawa had been suppressed, ending the uprising. To prevent similar uprisings, the Germans rounded up all of the Fulani leaders who had supported Waday and hanged them in Garoua. Because both Alhadji and Waday had recently returned from the
414:
481:. One of Fula rulers opposing the German advance (like most of his contemporaries) was Mal Hammadou, whose forces were devastated by the Germans. Lieutenant Radke, leading a force of 47 men, marched on Hammadou's capital of
610:
Mal
Alhadji moved north to defeat the Schutztruppe, burning down villages considered complicit with the Europeans along the way. In early July, the Mahdist force attacked the German camp at Malam-Petel (commanded by
615:), but they were immediately met with gunfire, and after heavy losses had to retreat. Zimmermann's force pursued Alhadji, capturing him at Doumru. The Germans turned Alhadji over to the local ruler of Maroua,
586:
throughout
Adamawa. In June he started a Mahdist revolt against German rule near Maroua, claiming he had been appointed to deliver them to the Mahdi out of colonial rule and from the Muslim rulers loyal to the
472:
in
September, causing Emir Zubairu to flee from his own capital city. Dominik with his force fought their way northwest to Ngaoundéré where they linked up with Clausbruch's troops before attacking across the
814:"The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by Over Two Thousand of the Great Writers of All Ages" Volume 15, p.561
445:
to reach an agreement on the contested territories and for the prospect of turning Adamawa into a protectorate of the German Empire, as Germany claimed all of the territory between the
521:
another Fulani force of cavalry led by Zubairu and Ahmadu Rufai, supported by Mahdist sympathizers, was again defeated by the Schutztruppe, although Zubairu and Rufai again escaped.
497:
and returned with a large force of Fulani cavalry and infantry, and also appealed for support from the Mahdist movement in Adamawa, no longer an enemy to the Emir since the death of
551:
officially partitioned the region, which was followed by the formal ending of the Sokoto Caliphate. This established complete German control of northern Kamerun up to the shores of
571:
occupied by the Schutztruppe. However under German rule, Muslims saw themselves on the defensive over their religion, and a significant uprising occurred in the summer of 1907.
450:
221:
607:
having gathered support with his passionate sermons calling for a jihad from the Mosques of the city to expel the German Christians and restore the old caliphate.
387:, under the pretext of ending the Islamic slave trade in the region, began in earnest in January 1899, with the Schutztruppe under the command of Captain
388:
498:
1251:أعمال الندوة العالمية المنعقدة بتمبكتو حول : الثقافة العربية الإسلامية بإفريقيا جنوب الصحراء ، غرب افريقيا نموذجا: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
203:
1225:
636:
Despite the suppression of the Madhist Uprising, German control of Kamerun would be brought to a decisive end seven years later by the French
528:
deeper into the Sokoto Empire. Hans Dominik had the local Fulani ruler Bakari Yadji executed for assisting Zubairu's escape in this region to
343:
in the northern half of the region. After these territories were annexed major resistance continued for years and several uprisings occurred.
511:
1486:
455:
226:
506:
with a much larger force in November 1901. However Zubairu was defeated and routed, his force suffered some 300 dead. Fleeing toward
1471:
510:, Zubairu tried to raise another force, but Lieutenant Dominik led a small force of Schutztruppe in pursuit. At the decisive Battle
434:, an influential merchant in the colony. However, in the summer of 1901, and despite previous conflict with the Emirate, Lieutenant
418:
Hans Dominik, Oscar Zimmerman, Curt von Pavel and other German officers rest for a photo after reaching Lake Chad. (May 2, 1902)
766:
Big Swords, Jesuits, and Bondelswarts: Wilhelmine Imperialism, Overseas Resistance, and German Political Catholicism, 1897–1906
1466:
1370:
1327:
1293:
1259:
1202:
1134:
1100:
1057:
1023:
989:
955:
921:
878:
844:
774:
670:
Okkupation und Militärverwaltung in Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891–1914
619:
Soudi, and he was publicly beheaded in the Maroua market-place along with several of his accomplices. The Germans killed
375:, attempting to conquer and pacify the chiefdoms of central and northwestern Kamerun, rather than spreading northeast.
449:
and Lake Chad, and conduct an expedition to the far north. However, ignoring orders from governor Puttkamer, Colonel
1168:
722:
351:
The territories to the north of the portion of Kamerun under direct German control were part of either the Sokoto or
1015:
The Sultanate of Mandara to 1902: History of the Evolution, Development and Collapse of a Central Sudanese Kingdom
536:
and replaced them with the connection to the seat of the residency Garoua as a new political and economic center.
464:
on August 20. Seeing an opportunity to claim their portion of the Emirate, the British sent a force under Colonel
1501:
1392:
430:, despite attempts to peacefully penetrate the region through Christian missionaries, the approach favored by
663:
The Usmanuya System, Radicalism and the Establishment of German Colonial Rule in Northern Cameroon, 1890-1907
516:
641:
435:
239:
363:. While the power of Bornu to resist was weakened after its temporary conquest by the Sudanese warlord
32:(German Kamerun highlighted in thin black stripes, bordered by the Emirate of Adamawa to the North East)
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
422:
The Germans had in the late 1890s taken a more military approach with Adamawa with the conquest of the
1481:
691:
Adamawa Past and Present: An Historical Approach to the Development of a Northern Cameroons Province
319:(1899–1907) were initially a series of military expeditions and border conflicts between the German
612:
1476:
1496:
556:
352:
633:, restrictions were put in place and pilgrimages to Mecca had to receive prior authorization.
1491:
1254:(in French). Fondation Temimi pour la recherche scientifique et l'information. p. 49.
273:
1092:
Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International Boundaries, 1884-1984
8:
599:
in the far north. Simultaneously, Goni Waday, another Mahdist who recently travelled to
427:
192:
400:
1901 was the region pacified and the Tibati Sultan captured, his palace taken by storm.
1219:
637:
262:
1366:
1323:
1289:
1255:
1198:
1164:
1130:
1096:
1053:
1019:
985:
951:
917:
874:
840:
770:
718:
684:
The Illegal Trade in Slaves from German Northern Cameroon to British Northern Nigeria
544:
525:
208:
1431:
645:
568:
494:
442:
332:
284:
141:
1360:
1317:
1283:
1249:
1192:
1158:
1124:
1090:
1047:
1013:
979:
945:
911:
868:
834:
764:
712:
604:
540:
461:
460:
brought his Schutztruppe from the west and invaded Adamawa, storming the city of
431:
364:
340:
147:
548:
465:
409:
356:
250:
245:
128:
73:
Along with British actions in Nigeria, the dissolution of the Sokoto Caliphate
1425:
1407:
1394:
900:"Studia Orientalia: Edited by the Finnish Oriental Society" Volume 103, p. 30
596:
588:
533:
524:
After the Battle at Maroua, Zubairu and many of his supporters fled into the
469:
234:
216:
198:
187:
172:
97:
92:
502:
over the other sultanates and emirates in Sokoto. Instead the Emir attacked
1079:"They Leave Their Jars Behind: The Conversion of Mafa Women to Islam" p. 84
870:
History of Yola, 1809-1914: The Establishment and Evolution of a Metropolis
578:, Mal Alhadji returned to northern Kamerun and, under the influence of the
567:
Between 1903 and 1907, the situation had calmed in the parts of the former
446:
320:
744:"They Leave Their Jars Behind: The Conversion of Mafa Women to Islam" p.82
25:
1160:
Conquest and construction : palace architecture in northern Cameroon
649:
625:
592:
474:
1316:
DeLancey, Mark Dike; Mbuh, Rebecca Neh; Delancey, Mark W. (2010-05-03).
1046:
DeLancey, Mark Dike; Delancey, Mark W.; Mbuh, Rebecca Neh (2019-06-15).
947:
Africas Legacies Of Urbanization: Unfoldi: Unfolding Saga of a Continent
910:
DeLancey, Mark Dike; Mbuh, Rebecca Neh; Delancey, Mark W. (2010-05-03).
591:, installing himself at Goudoum-Goudoum, gathering forces both from the
372:
336:
552:
486:
to flee. The Germans replaced him as local leader (holding the title
482:
360:
677:
Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee: Kriegs- und Forschungsfahrten in Kamerun
529:
383:
The military expeditions to expand German Kamerun north toward the
54:
1191:
DeLancey, Mark Dike; Delancey, Mark W.; Mbuh, Rebecca Neh (2019).
324:
110:
1362:
Islam politique au sud du Sahara - Identités, discours et enjeux
1285:
Islam politique au sud du Sahara - Identités, discours et enjeux
717:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 81.
507:
503:
478:
423:
396:
392:
328:
153:
1365:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. pp. 386, 387, 388, 389.
1238:"Paideuma Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde" · Volumes 1-40, p.124
836:
Doing Business in Cameroon: An Anatomy of Economic Governance
600:
583:
575:
384:
630:
439:
426:, which was favored by the governor of the Kamerun colony
331:
Sunni Muslim states and tribes that were a part of the
582:(Koranic theologian) Liman Arabu, began preaching the
1349:"Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde" · Volumes 1-40, p.125
1315:
1190:
1045:
909:
403:
1319:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
1197:(Fifth ed.). Lanham, Maryland. p. 317.
1194:Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
1049:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
913:Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon
1423:
1126:Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902
981:Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902
873:. Ahmadu Bello University Press. p. 121.
1288:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 387.
971:
860:
796:"Deutsche Kolonial-Zeitung: Volume 18" p.181
1358:
1281:
1224:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
839:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
1129:. African Books Collective. p. 212.
1052:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 322.
984:. African Books Collective. p. 207.
1156:
1011:
1005:
903:
413:
1088:
943:
1424:
1247:
1122:
977:
823:"Journal of the African Society" p. 85
805:"History of Cameroon Since 1800" p. 78
30:German Map of Guinean Gulf Area, 1890
832:
762:
753:"History of Cameroon Since 1800" p.78
710:
866:
826:
378:
562:
543:swore allegiance to German Emperor
13:
1359:Gomez-Perez, Muriel (2005-06-01).
1282:Gomez-Perez, Muriel (2005-06-01).
493:Zubairu went to gather support in
468:from Nigeria to attack and occupy
14:
1513:
1487:African resistance to colonialism
1472:Wars involving the German Empire
1322:. Scarecrow Press. p. 236.
950:. Lexington Books. p. 199.
916:. Scarecrow Press. p. 328.
833:Muñoz, José-María (2018-09-27).
303:
294:
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267:
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244:
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91:
24:
1352:
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1309:
1275:
1241:
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1184:
1150:
1116:
1082:
1073:
1039:
937:
894:
404:Conquest of the Adamawa Plateau
395:for the north to subjugate the
359:were the worlds last remaining
335:(a Caliphate formed during the
944:Goodwin, Stefan (2006-03-03).
817:
808:
799:
790:
756:
747:
738:
704:
539:In April 1902, Sultan Umar of
355:Empires, which along with the
1:
1163:. Leiden: Brill. p. 15.
763:Lowry, John S. (2015-11-16).
346:
1467:Military history of Cameroon
1157:DeLancey, Mark Dike (2016).
1012:Barkindo, Bawuro M. (1989).
697:
451:Rudolf Cramer von Clausbruch
222:Rudolf Cramer von Clausbruch
7:
1248:Temimi, Abdeljelil (1997).
1018:. F. Steiner. p. 219.
711:Smith, Woodruff D. (1978).
693:, Taylor & Francis 2018
642:West African Frontier Force
10:
1518:
655:
407:
44:January 1899 – August 1907
438:was ordered to meet with
179:
83:
36:
23:
18:
1095:. C. Hurst. p. 35.
1089:Asiwaju, A. I. (1985).
603:, launched a revolt in
1502:Wars involving Germany
1123:Njeuma, M. Z. (2012).
978:Njeuma, M. Z. (2012).
867:Abba, Alkasum (2003).
714:German Colonial Empire
689:A. H. M. Kirk-Greene:
574:After a pilgrimage to
477:capturing the city of
419:
180:Commanders and leaders
769:. BRILL. p. 76.
417:
156:tribes and sultanates
70:Annexation of Adamawa
490:) with Bouba Djama.
339:), particularly the
1404: /
428:Jesko von Puttkamer
274:Muhammad Attahiru I
193:Jesko von Puttkamer
668:Florian Hoffmann:
638:Troupes coloniales
420:
341:Emirate of Adamawa
263:Abdur Rahman Atiku
53:Adamawa, Northern
1462:Conflicts in 1907
1457:Conflicts in 1903
1452:Conflicts in 1902
1447:Conflicts in 1901
1442:Conflicts in 1900
1437:Conflicts in 1899
1372:978-2-8111-3927-8
1329:978-0-8108-7399-5
1295:978-2-8111-3927-8
1261:978-9973-719-59-1
1204:978-1-5381-1968-6
1136:978-9956-726-95-0
1102:978-0-905838-91-5
1059:978-1-5381-1968-6
1025:978-3-515-04416-5
991:978-9956-726-95-0
957:978-0-7391-5176-1
923:978-0-8108-7399-5
880:978-978-125-196-2
846:978-1-108-42899-6
776:978-90-04-30687-5
545:Kaiser Wilhelm II
526:Mandara Mountains
389:Oltwig von Kamptz
379:Tibati Expedition
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79:
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1482:1900s in Kamerun
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686:, Wisconsin 2000
672:, Göttingen 2007
665:, Frobenius 1994
646:Kamerun campaign
613:Capt. Zimmermann
569:Sokoto Caliphate
563:Mahdist Uprising
520:
459:
443:Zubeiru bi Adama
424:Tibati Sultanate
397:Tibati Sultanate
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682:Holger Weiss:
680:
679:, Harvard 1908
675:Hans Dominik:
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466:Thomas Morland
410:Battle of Kano
405:
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380:
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357:Ottoman Empire
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251:Thomas Morland
204:Curt von Pavel
182:
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152:various other
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129:British Empire
117:Co-belligerent
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111:German Kamerun
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361:Caliphates
347:Background
309:Goni Waday
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