20:
548:
152:
922:), emperors consolidated their power by making use of the institutions of Republican Rome rather than overthrowing them outright. Augustus's early intentions seem to have been to apprentice and promote a successor on the basis of merit, but his longevity instead created an apparatus of centralized power from which his status as a private citizen could no longer be extricated. His fashioning of himself as "father of his country" enabled the transferral of his power over the Roman people in the same way that a
822:
578:. The role of women in passing property along the family line became "increasingly important". Technically, this was not adoption but the "institution of an heir." The advantage of this arrangement was that the testator did not have to assume patriarchal responsibilities for the adoptee while he was alive but had assured the continuity of the family name, rites, and estate after his death; the testamentary adoptee did not surrender his own status as a
734:
206:. Adoption was appropriate for a man who had no legitimate children, but if there were already legitimate heirs, adoption risked diluting their inheritance and the social status that came with it. Romans tended to prefer small families of two or three children for this reason, though premodern rates of
260:
who had no sons might adopt his daughter's husband to strengthen family lineage, but to avoid technical incest, he would first need to emancipate his daughter so that she was no longer legally a part of the family – the adoption would otherwise create a brother-sister relationship that Roman law
645:
might find it advantageous to assert that her child was fatherless and not conceived during her own servitude, so as to ensure the child's freeborn status. It was unusual for freeborn persons to legitimate a child born outside a legally valid marriage, and typically a man would not adopt his
19:
686:
was available to heterosexual slave couples with the owner's approval, and expressed an intent to marry if both parties gained rights of marriage and succession upon manumission. Because a male slave did not possess the standing to assert patriarchal
26:
depicting imperial succession through adoption: Hadrian (right) adopted
Antoninus Pius (center left), who in turn adopted the 17-year-old Marcus Aurelius (left) and the 8-year-old Lucius Verus; the head over Hadrian’s left shoulder may represent the
695:, one whose father could not be legally identified as such—that is, illegitimate. Since the child's status was determined by the mother's, if a woman was manumitted before her partner and conceived a child with him after that, the child was
169:
Formal adoption was practiced primarily for financial, social, and political purposes among the property-owning classes. Free working people for whom these interests were minimal had little need of the cumbersome legal procedure and instead
314:; it no longer belonged to him, but it would return to him along with the rest of his inheritance. The choice of a freedman for adoption may have been motivated most often by gaining access to his resources rather than securing lineage.
535:(AD 138–192), and under exceptional circumstances a woman could adopt in the same way. In one documented case from the 3rd century, a woman whose sons had died was permitted to adopt her stepson. Since a woman did not transfer paternal
138:
pertaining to ownership and inheritance. They played an increasingly significant role in succession and the inheritance of property from the 2nd century BC through the 2nd century AD, but as an instrument for transferring paternal
251:
might have removed the boy's father from succession by emancipating him. One common pattern in Roman adoption was for a woman's childless brother to adopt one of her sons. A brother or cousin on the father's side might relinquish
1397:
386:
Augustan legislation that granted privileges to fathers with multiple children and disadvantaged the childless also prompted adoptions of convenience. Adoption for this purpose became enough of an issue that by the time of
265:, the same as blood ties. Adoption of a stepson from the wife's previous marriage was another strategy, if the stepson had no children; after adoption, his offspring would enter the line as grandchildren of the adopting
862:
but predeceased
Hadrian. Hadrian then adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, on condition that Antoninus in turn adopt both the natural son of the late Lucius Aelius and a promising young nephew of
114:
was neither designed nor intended to build emotionally satisfying families and support childrearing. Among all social classes, childless couples or those who wanted to expand the size of their families instead might
573:
was a practice aimed at furthering the succession of male privileges, both men and women could in effect "adopt" by passing along their property in a will with the condition that the heir carry on the family name
325:, the adopted freedman was regarded as an unemancipated son in matters of family law but held only the rights of freedpersons otherwise. Legislation that more closely regulated the varied statuses of
469:, and rather than extirpating the adoptee's previous family line, the two family lines were merged. An adrogated adoptee was likely to have inherited from the natural father whose death had left him
1671:
508:, an assembly of the Roman people. Upon the testator's death, the named heir was in effect adopted by the deceased. The legislative act of adrogation was carried out by thirty magisterial
908:
Adoption never became the official method of designating a successor, in part because Roman identity was based on citizenship with a visceral rejection of hereditary kingship. During the
897:, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption, as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced.
633:. Birth outside marriage was primarily at issue in matters of inheritance but was not a clearly defined status with debilities in law, as a principle of customary international law
930:
whether or not the available successor was fully meritorious. A major transition in the means of imperial succession marks the periodization of Roman
Imperial history into the
214:, along with other factors, could be an unsought brake on family size that jeopardized the family line. In adopting an adult heir, the father "could see what he was getting".
1725:
1723:
1720:
893:
From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except
357:
of
Clodius as solely politically motivated, and Clodius was emancipated immediately after he had achieved his aim. Around the same time, a nominal adoption allowed
725:
came to power through adoption, either because their predecessors had no natural sons, or simply to ensure a smooth transition for the most capable candidate.
585:
Adoption was also the means by which married women could become part of their husband's family. From the late
Republic through the Principate, most Roman women
2278:
1981:
87:
was a longstanding part of Roman family law pertaining to paternal responsibilities such as perpetuating the value of the family estate and ancestral rites
4551:
286:
generally transmitted his estate to an adoptee of his own rank, or the adoptee acquired the social rank of the adoptive family, with some exceptions.
223:, and his adopting did not make his wife a mother. Nor was marriage required; an adult bachelor could adopt in order to pass along his family name and
174:
if they wished to rear children. For the Romans, kinship was "biologically based but not biologically determined", and procedures such as adoption and
565:
Testamentary adoption became more common during the late
Republic. Octavian, the future Augustus, was adopted in this way by his maternal great-uncle
278:), and a childless man might adopt a friend or friend's son. Fostering was preferred to adopting children of "low" birth or unknown parentage, and in
1110:
1817:
Buchwitz, Wolfram (2023). "Giving and Taking: The
Effects of Roman Inheritance Law on the Social Position of Slaves". In Schermaier, Martin (ed.).
709:
of an adult male. If the father was later manumitted through a procedure that granted him full citizenship, he could legitimate his child through
403:
or candidates for office for men who had met the fatherhood quota. The restrictions under the decree are not preserved in full, but a request for
247:
might adopt a grandson, especially if the grandson's father was not in the line of succession. The grandson might be his daughter's son, or the
2165:
1850:
Evans-Grubbs, Judith (1993). "'Marriage More
Shameful Than Adultery': Slave-Mistress Relationships, 'Mixed Marriages', and Late Roman Law".
682:
under Roman law, they could neither contract a valid marriage nor institute an heir by means of a will. However, the quasi-marital union of
2707:
2749:
2737:
90:
2796:
380:
4491:
4405:
809:
adopted his stepson Lucius
Domitius Ahenobarbus, who changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar and succeeded Claudius as the emperor,
353:. Plebeians had adopted patricians before, but the reasons are not always clear and were not always political. Cicero criticized the
4311:
2712:
407:
could be denied if the would-be adoptive father already had children or was under the age of sixty and assumed able to procreate.
4472:
4326:
4084:
2722:
375:. The adoption seems to have been entirely fictional, since there is no evidence he ever made any use of the nomenclature of the
1468:
851:
as his protégé and, although the legitimacy of the process is debatable, Hadrian claimed to have been adopted and took the name
329:
left the adoptee as a freedman who could not, for example, marry into the senatorial order even if he was adopted by a senator.
4536:
4331:
4029:
2717:
2451:
775:
solidified, it became increasingly important for him to designate an heir. He first adopted his daughter Julia's three sons by
1242:
600:, the wife of Augustus, outlived him, and only upon his death did testamentary adoption make her a part of the Julian family.
491:, he thereafter observed this longstanding legal requirement by crediting any property he received through inheritance to the
4526:
3999:
2824:
2351:
1066:
4496:
4089:
3964:
3117:
2121:
799:(who was also Augustus's great nephew by blood). Tiberius succeeded Augustus, and after Tiberius's death, Germanicus's son
668:
1565:
1381:
4629:
4370:
4348:
2670:
362:
358:
539:, however, adoption accomplished little that could not be achieved through exercising her rights under inheritance law.
399:
could be detected by rapid emancipation once the benefit was realized – benefits including priority in the selection of
4382:
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4619:
4205:
4009:
2769:
2336:
2331:
2307:
2158:
4477:
4417:
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4024:
2697:
2346:
2273:
4481:
4276:
4122:
2290:
2223:
642:
560:
547:
294:
Most often adoption would have been a lateral move or a modest boost to the adoptee's standing and wealth, but a
80:
54:
123:
of young children for purposes other than securing a male heir, and probably would have been employed mostly by
4376:
4364:
3044:
2969:
2727:
1990:
473:, consolidating two patrimonies. Ownership of anything belonging to the adoptee was legally transferred to the
502:
as a form of adoption is bound up with an early procedure for making a will that required the approval of the
4266:
4174:
3540:
1904:
Gardner, Jane F. (1998). "Sexing a Roman: Imperfect Men in Roman Law". In
Foxhall, Lin; Salmon, John (eds.).
1130:
299:
321:, a freedman through adoption gained the same status as the freeborn citizen who freed him. By the time of
4521:
4394:
3380:
2984:
2436:
2151:
678:
In the Classical period, legitimation might have been more common among former slaves. Since slaves lacked
1052:
1050:
442:(mid-5th century BC) that a son sold three times was thereafter released from his father's legal control.
151:
4321:
4316:
4169:
4079:
4004:
3763:
2819:
2702:
2248:
272:
The adoptee did not have to be a relative. Romans placed a high value on the social bonds of friendship (
383:, followed the path of Clodius in becoming a tribune by having himself adopted by a plebeian Cornelius.
116:
4563:
4039:
3703:
3595:
3365:
3137:
2959:
2867:
2732:
2675:
2086:
1047:
4624:
4400:
4286:
4241:
4059:
3152:
3107:
3034:
2954:
2902:
2892:
2844:
2191:
305:
127:
legitimating the status of their own children born into slavery or outside a legally valid marriage.
4486:
4422:
4411:
4195:
3660:
3570:
3079:
3054:
3039:
2992:
2932:
2887:
2689:
1826:
342:
295:
4594:
4179:
4069:
4049:
3989:
3979:
3969:
3375:
3064:
2964:
2944:
2859:
2849:
2554:
2494:
2474:
2186:
608:
338:
175:
124:
2030:. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. Cambridge University Press.
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4291:
4226:
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4014:
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3808:
3783:
3748:
3630:
3355:
3002:
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836:
178:
gave them greater latitude to restructure their families than was allowed in Christian Europe.
100:
1831:
The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian
882:
592:, meaning that they remained part of their birth family and did not submit to their husband's
310:
and his "father". The adoption of a freedman placed his property under the control of his new
4281:
4200:
4159:
4149:
4044:
3974:
3798:
3550:
3350:
3345:
3142:
3049:
2974:
2937:
2922:
2897:
2877:
2779:
171:
901:
This run of adoptive emperors came to an end when Marcus Aurelius named his biological son,
4428:
4343:
4301:
4296:
4054:
4019:
3708:
3575:
3475:
3400:
3265:
3228:
2604:
2268:
1959:
Nowak, Maria (2015). "Ways of Describing Illegitimate Children vs. Their Legal Situation".
1633:
791:. After the former two died young and the latter was exiled, Augustus adopted his stepson,
350:
3698:
1950:
Lindsay, Hugh (2011). "Adoption and Heirship in Greece and Rome". In Rawson, Beryl (ed.).
699:
but freeborn; unlike freeborn children from a legal marriage, however, the child was born
516:. Because adoption law developed to support the particular institutions of Roman society,
95:, which were concerns of the Roman property-owning classes and cultural elite. During the
8:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4115:
3984:
3833:
3635:
3505:
3455:
2774:
2371:
586:
376:
211:
4154:
4034:
3758:
3565:
3420:
3360:
3280:
3223:
3087:
2323:
2302:
2103:
2052:
2002:
1929:
1892:
1859:
1628:
1440:
940:
864:
157:
28:
3673:
828:
issued under Hadrian; the reverse shows him joining hands with Trajan with the legend
4579:
4388:
4306:
4164:
3668:
3520:
3275:
3235:
3213:
2421:
1416:
366:
189:
131:
1290:
657:
430:
as long as their father was alive unless emancipated. The father's relinquishing of
4541:
4261:
3733:
3693:
3625:
3560:
3485:
3480:
3252:
3175:
3122:
2917:
2912:
2801:
2660:
2609:
2569:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2441:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2361:
2285:
2213:
2095:
1994:
1838:
918:
788:
679:
513:
207:
201:
755:
4516:
4271:
3828:
3640:
3620:
3580:
3515:
3465:
3460:
3335:
3285:
3193:
3027:
3007:
2927:
2376:
2201:
2073:
1871:
1120:
876:
48:
611:
does not appear to have carried much stigma in Roman society before the time of
4557:
4501:
4108:
3883:
3525:
3260:
3208:
3180:
3127:
3112:
3092:
2907:
2882:
2839:
2829:
2655:
2629:
2559:
2544:
2509:
2469:
2230:
2023:
1954:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 346–360.
1913:
1841:(1991). "Divorce and Adoption as Familial Strategies". In Rawson, Beryl (ed.).
868:
776:
664:
616:
504:
400:
318:
619:
existed, some rather loosely defined, along with quasi-marital unions such as
4613:
4511:
4506:
4338:
3415:
3385:
3300:
2834:
2811:
2624:
2479:
2464:
2411:
2218:
1622:
859:
821:
784:
759:
745:
722:
612:
566:
439:
435:
219:
79:
as a legal adult but assumed the status of unemancipated son for purposes of
58:
1821:. Dependency and Slavery Studies. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. pp. 165–186.
186:(transmission) of three aspects of Roman family continuity: the family name
4546:
4100:
3893:
3753:
3198:
3147:
3102:
3097:
2949:
2759:
2645:
2589:
2584:
2356:
2240:
2174:
1972:
872:
780:
628:
621:
532:
1906:
When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power, and Identity in Classical Antiquity
4589:
4256:
4135:
3688:
3310:
3132:
3022:
2416:
636:
427:
279:
65:
refers broadly to "adoption", which was of two kinds: the transferral of
1933:
1917:
3913:
3853:
3818:
3610:
3545:
3535:
3430:
3315:
3203:
2786:
2754:
2499:
2426:
2258:
2253:
2107:
2006:
1896:
1863:
1617:
1612:
935:
909:
796:
772:
764:
750:
521:
341:
famously subverted the usual course of "adopting up", surrendering his
96:
2143:
2056:
646:
illegitimate child unless he had no other heirs. The adoptee could be
4531:
4454:
4251:
3943:
3938:
3898:
3823:
3793:
3773:
3650:
3590:
3500:
3450:
3445:
3370:
3330:
3218:
3188:
2997:
2872:
2665:
2549:
2524:
2403:
1478:
701:
672:
461:
346:
217:
Adoption was carried out by the male who was head of his family, the
75:
42:
2099:
1998:
1819:
The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences
1710:
1708:
582:
as he would in adrogation but received the benefits of inheritance.
483:, a fund or property for use by an unemancipated son or slave. When
369:
by getting around the rule against having two members from the same
4131:
3903:
3888:
3878:
3863:
3778:
3768:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3615:
3530:
3410:
3395:
3325:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3270:
3069:
2650:
2614:
2504:
2431:
2263:
1686:
1641:
946:
931:
902:
825:
806:
800:
792:
741:
648:
528:
488:
484:
479:
391:
a senatorial decree had tried to block legal dodges. The historian
322:
274:
107:
858:
Hadrian adopted Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who changed his name to
426:– regardless of age, Roman men and women remained in effect legal
3923:
3918:
3908:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3803:
3788:
3605:
3600:
3585:
3555:
3510:
3490:
3470:
3425:
3157:
3012:
2791:
2599:
2594:
2484:
1705:
1575:
889:
and attributed their success to having been chosen for the role:
848:
663:
Provisions for retroactive legitimation became more capacious in
422:, the procedure by which an adult son was released from paternal
392:
1747:
733:
3933:
3813:
3743:
3683:
3678:
3645:
3405:
3390:
3340:
3320:
2742:
2619:
2514:
1637:
1607:
1076:
987:
844:
527:
Adrogation of female adoptees became possible through imperial
509:
256:
over a son to provide a childless man with an adoptive heir. A
228:
179:
23:
1597:
652:(freeborn) or a freedman, and might be a child resulting from
69:
over a free person from one head of household to another; and
3718:
3440:
3167:
2459:
975:
894:
840:
597:
520:
could take place only in the city of Rome until the reign of
302:
and adopted by his former master, who became both his patron
298:
could also be adopted. A slave might even be simultaneously
3928:
3495:
3435:
3017:
2393:
1883:
Gardner, Jane F. (1989). "The Adoption of Roman Freedmen".
1759:
1693:
810:
552:
388:
371:
1170:
2489:
1771:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1359:
1357:
1280:
1278:
1647:
1369:
1318:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1206:
1158:
1146:
130:
Roman women could own, inherit, and control property as
1430:
1428:
1426:
1098:
965:
963:
332:
2043:, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household".
1553:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1306:
1275:
1230:
944:, designation of an heir by appointing him partner in
1982:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
1952:
A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds
1541:
1456:
1258:
1218:
1194:
1182:
243:
A close relative was preferred as the adoptee, and a
182:
said that adoption was an accepted way to ensure the
1659:
1585:
1423:
1035:
1011:
960:
641:
was that a child took its status from the mother. A
379:
who adopted him. Cicero's own patrician son-in-law,
4552:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2028:
Patriarchy, Property, and Death in the Roman Family
1086:
1023:
999:
551:Cameo (1st century) depicting Augustus, Livia, and
134:, and therefore could exercise prerogatives of the
912:, so called from Augustus's styling of himself as
1390:, p. 249, especially n. 29, citing Tacitus,
795:, on the condition that he adopt his own nephew,
4611:
143:, adoption was mainly a male-gendered practice.
1843:Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome
1812:(1991 ed.). American Philological Society.
643:freedwoman whose male partner remained enslaved
465:; another father did not have to surrender his
282:it was unlawful to adopt a male foundling. The
2066:The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
434:over the son in both cases took the form of a
4116:
2159:
926:of a family estate was bound to transfer his
728:
395:indicates that fictitious or "fake adoption"
4130:
2016:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives
1849:
1845:(1996 pb ed.). Oxford University Press.
1765:
1753:
744:, as he was known after he became the first
1918:"Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of A.D. 4"
146:
4123:
4109:
2166:
2152:
2114:
2072:
2014:Rawson, Beryl (1986). "The Roman Family".
1961:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1603:
916:(first among equals, in the manner of the
839:was also united by a series of adoptions.
4492:Canadian Indian residential school system
2133:
1164:
762:. He inherited Caesar's money, name, and
1825:
1816:
1714:
1474:
820:
816:
732:
625:among slaves and monogamous concubinage
546:
542:
150:
18:
4473:List of international adoption scandals
2173:
1949:
1940:
1903:
1882:
1870:
1837:
1677:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1462:
1434:
1403:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1348:
1336:
1312:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1152:
1136:
1116:
1056:
1041:
1005:
993:
969:
459:in that the person adopted was already
438:, based on an archaic provision of the
289:
4612:
4537:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
2034:
2022:
2013:
1971:
1912:
1878:(2009 ed.). Taylor & Francis.
1807:
1777:
1729:
1699:
1571:
1446:
1248:
1104:
1092:
1072:
1029:
1017:
981:
716:
691:, the child of an enslaved father was
671:, in particular under Constantine and
660:especially desired from these unions.
349:in order to qualify for the office of
4527:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
4104:
2147:
2068:. University of North Carolina Press.
2063:
1975:(1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other
1958:
1665:
1653:
1591:
1324:
667:as family law was adapted during the
34:of Aelius Verus, Lucius's late father
2122:Papers of the British School at Rome
1810:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
843:adopted the popular military leader
669:Christianization of the Roman Empire
410:
333:Political adoptions and legal dodges
4406:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
4371:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
4349:History of children in the military
1783:
495:rather than his private ownership.
359:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
73:, when the adoptee had been acting
13:
4573:Historical criticism of orphanages
4464:Controversial violations of rights
1251:, pp. 196, 200 n. 51, citing
771:As Augustus's central role in the
99:, adoption became a way to ensure
14:
4641:
4497:Tennessee Children's Home Society
4478:American Indian boarding schools
4418:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
45:for transferring paternal power
4482:American Indian outing programs
4277:Cultural variations in adoption
1800:
603:
561:Inheritance law in ancient Rome
4377:Adoption and Safe Families Act
4365:Access to Adoption Records Act
1908:. Routledge. pp. 136–152.
1876:Women in Roman Law and Society
1414:1.7.15.2–3 and 1.17.17.3; and
1406:, p. 249, citing Cicero,
345:status and becoming a nominal
238:
57:in the male line within Roman
1:
4267:Political abuse of psychiatry
1945:. Cambridge University Press.
1833:. Cambridge University Press.
1680:, p. 355, citing Gaius,
1139:, p. 144, citing Gaius,
1059:, p. 63, citing Cicero,
953:
524:in the late third century.
477:, though it was set aside as
119:. Evidence is meager for the
4522:Forced adoption in Australia
4466:in adoption or child custody
4395:Foster Care Independence Act
2738:Frontiers and fortifications
2035:Saller, Richard P. (1999). "
2018:. Croom Helm. pp. 1–57.
487:was adopted in adulthood by
445:
418:had some commonalities with
337:In the late Republican era,
7:
2797:Decorations and punishments
2115:Treggiari, Susan (1981b). "
1943:Adoption in the Roman World
1606:, p. 58 n. 42, citing
1119:, pp. 143–144, citing
938:replaced adoption with the
756:the will of his great uncle
381:Publius Cornelius Dolabella
10:
4646:
4630:Family law in ancient Rome
4564:Jewish orphans controversy
4401:Hague Adoption Convention
3704:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2279:historiography of the fall
2138:. Oxford University Press.
2064:Tatum, W. Jeffrey (1999).
737:Julio Claudian Family Tree
729:The Julio-Claudian dynasty
576:(condicio nominis ferendi)
558:
4572:
4463:
4445:
4438:
4383:Christian law of adoption
4357:
4287:Genealogical bewilderment
4242:Adoption reunion registry
4219:
4188:
4142:
4085:External wars and battles
3952:
3846:
3659:
3251:
3244:
3166:
3078:
2983:
2858:
2810:
2688:
2638:
2577:
2568:
2450:
2402:
2322:
2239:
2209:
2200:
2182:
2134:Treggiari, Susan (2019).
1827:Buckland, William Warwick
1717:, pp. 77 (n. 3), 79.
1253:Gnomon of the Idios Logos
996:, pp. 347, 350, 354.
853:Caesar Traianus Hadrianus
365:, to take a place in the
4620:Adoption in ancient Rome
4487:Indian Placement Program
4450:Adoption in ancient Rome
4423:Putative father registry
4412:Indian Child Welfare Act
984:, pp. 185, 187–189.
855:when he became emperor.
849:Publius Aelius Hadrianus
147:Social and legal context
39:Adoption in ancient Rome
4080:Roman–Iranian relations
2555:Optimates and populares
2136:Servilia and Her Family
748:, was adopted into the
705:, emancipated from the
339:Publius Clodius Pulcher
4585:Mount Cashel Orphanage
4292:International adoption
4227:Adopted child syndrome
4189:Foster care by country
4090:Civil wars and revolts
3356:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3003:Conflict of the Orders
2362:Legislative assemblies
1941:Lindsay, Hugh (2009).
1808:Berger, Adolf (1953).
1477:, p. 175, citing
1075:, p. 123, citing
899:
887:The Five Good Emperors
847:. Trajan in turn took
837:Nerva-Antonine dynasty
832:
793:Tiberius Claudius Nero
738:
556:
198:, and religious rites
166:
106:In contrast to modern
35:
3799:Simplicius of Cilicia
3551:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2780:Siege in Ancient Rome
2389:Executive magistrates
1793:, Book I, Chapter 10.
1574:, p. 76, citing
891:
824:
817:The adoptive emperors
736:
550:
543:Testamentary adoption
227:, as could a citizen
154:
22:
16:Adoption in Roman law
4595:St. John's Orphanage
4429:Uniform Adoption Act
4344:Sealed birth records
4302:Language of adoption
4297:Interracial adoption
3809:Stephanus Byzantinus
3714:Eusebius of Caesaria
3576:Sidonius Apollinaris
3266:Ammianus Marcellinus
2605:Tribune of the plebs
1756:, pp. 128, 149.
1702:, p. 291 n. 44.
1690:1.7.15.2–3 (Ulpian).
1626:247 (Ritter 11.15);
1449:, p. 250, s.v.
860:Lucius Aelius Caesar
401:provincial governors
290:The freedman adoptee
4247:Adoption tax credit
4237:Adoption home study
4232:Adoption disclosure
4143:Adoption by country
3985:Distinguished women
3636:Velleius Paterculus
3476:Nicolaus Damascenus
3456:Marcellus Empiricus
2845:Republican currency
2045:Classical Philology
1780:, pp. 227–244.
1656:, pp. 215–216.
1327:, pp. 280–282.
1179:, pp. 161–164.
883:Niccolò Machiavelli
717:Imperial succession
615:, as many forms of
498:The development of
212:childhood mortality
101:imperial succession
59:patriarchal society
3759:Phlegon of Tralles
3566:Seneca the Younger
3040:Naming conventions
2770:Personal equipment
2303:Later Roman Empire
2024:Saller, Richard P.
1791:Discourses on Livy
941:consortium imperii
885:described them as
833:
739:
557:
397:(simulata adoptio)
167:
36:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4580:Duplessis Orphans
4389:Dima Yakovlev Law
4307:Same-sex adoption
4098:
4097:
4060:Pontifices maximi
3842:
3841:
3699:Diogenes Laërtius
3521:Pliny the Younger
3276:Asconius Pedianus
3236:Romance languages
3108:Civil engineering
2850:Imperial currency
2723:Political control
2684:
2683:
2318:
2317:
2094:(1). CAC: 42–69.
1839:Corbier, Mireille
1766:Evans-Grubbs 1993
1754:Evans-Grubbs 1993
1732:, p. 473 on
1417:Codex Justinianus
1378:, pp. 73–74.
1215:, pp. 71–72.
1155:, pp. 67–68.
1107:, pp. 8, 12.
658:children were not
411:Forms of adoption
367:College of Augurs
61:. The Latin word
4637:
4625:Adoption history
4542:Tianjin Massacre
4443:
4442:
4262:Child laundering
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4050:Magistri equitum
3965:Cities and towns
3958:
3884:Constantinopolis
3694:Diodorus Siculus
3626:Valerius Maximus
3561:Seneca the Elder
3481:Nonius Marcellus
3249:
3248:
2802:Hippika gymnasia
2765:Infantry tactics
2671:Consular tribune
2661:Magister equitum
2610:Military tribune
2575:
2574:
2535:Pontifex maximus
2530:Princeps senatus
2520:Magister militum
2286:Byzantine Empire
2207:
2206:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2111:
2074:Treggiari, Susan
2069:
2060:
2031:
2019:
2010:
1968:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1909:
1900:
1879:
1872:Gardner, Jane F.
1867:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1813:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1738:filius legitimus
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1640:); 39.5.31 pr. (
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
919:princeps senatus
905:, as his heir.
867:. They ruled as
803:became emperor.
779:, renaming them
514:Pontifex Maximus
512:summoned by the
377:Manlius Toquatus
41:was primarily a
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4568:
4517:Michael A. Hess
4465:
4459:
4434:
4353:
4272:Closed adoption
4215:
4184:
4138:
4129:
4099:
4094:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3838:
3674:Aëtius of Amida
3655:
3641:Verrius Flaccus
3621:Valerius Antias
3581:Silius Italicus
3516:Pliny the Elder
3461:Marcus Aurelius
3336:Cornelius Nepos
3286:Aurelius Victor
3240:
3162:
3074:
3008:Secessio plebis
2979:
2854:
2806:
2680:
2634:
2564:
2446:
2398:
2314:
2235:
2196:
2178:
2172:
2142:
2100:10.2307/1087137
1999:10.2307/2936094
1914:Levick, Barbara
1803:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1676:
1672:
1668:, pp. 211.
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1636:), 24.1.32.13 (
1604:Treggiari 1981a
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1424:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:, pp. 252
1295:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
961:
956:
877:Marcus Aurelius
819:
731:
719:
606:
563:
545:
450:
413:
363:consul of 57 BC
335:
292:
241:
149:
117:foster children
43:legal procedure
17:
12:
11:
5:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4558:Postremo mense
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Baby Scoop Era
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4327:United Kingdom
4324:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4206:United Kingdom
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Pomponius Mela
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Aelius Donatus
3257:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:Ecclesiastical
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:Toys and games
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Vigintisexviri
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Cursus honorum
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2269:Western Empire
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2112:
2070:
2061:
2051:(2): 182–197.
2041:Mater Familias
2037:Pater Familias
2032:
2020:
2011:
1969:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1928:(2): 182–197.
1910:
1901:
1891:(3): 236–257.
1880:
1868:
1858:(2): 236–257.
1847:
1835:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1770:
1768:, p. 128.
1758:
1746:
1719:
1704:
1692:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1596:
1594:, p. 216.
1584:
1564:
1562:, p. 354.
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 355.
1523:
1521:, p. 144.
1511:
1509:, p. 237.
1499:
1497:, p. 164.
1487:
1467:
1465:, pp. 75.
1455:
1439:
1422:
1396:
1380:
1368:
1366:, p. 172.
1353:
1351:, p. 171.
1341:
1339:, p. 170.
1329:
1317:
1315:, p. 241.
1305:
1289:
1287:, p. 134.
1274:
1257:
1241:
1239:, p. 156.
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 147.
1165:Treggiari 2019
1157:
1145:
1129:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1065:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 196.
1010:
998:
986:
974:
958:
957:
955:
952:
879:respectively.
869:Antoninus Pius
818:
815:
789:Agrippa Caesar
777:Marcus Agrippa
730:
727:
723:Roman emperors
718:
715:
665:late antiquity
617:Roman marriage
605:
602:
544:
541:
505:comitia calata
455:differed from
449:
444:
412:
409:
334:
331:
319:early Republic
291:
288:
240:
237:
161:depicted as a
148:
145:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4642:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Home Children
4510:
4508:
4507:Sixties Scoop
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Open adoption
4337:
4333:
4332:United States
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4211:United States
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:United States
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Julius Paulus
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Fabius Pictor
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Amphitheatres
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Deforestation
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Siege engines
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Establishment
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:Extraordinary
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Promagistrate
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Twelve Tables
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2078:Contubernales
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:Rawson, Beryl
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1789:Machiavelli,
1786:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1740:); p. 714 on
1739:
1735:
1734:filius iustus
1731:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:Buckland 1908
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1682:Institutiones
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:Declamationes
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1550:, p. 70.
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Buchwitz 2023
1471:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1272:, p. 64.
1271:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1227:, p. 73.
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1203:, p. 69.
1202:
1197:
1191:, p. 68.
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1141:Institutiones
1138:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1044:, p. 47.
1043:
1038:
1032:, p. 43.
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
972:, p. 63.
971:
966:
964:
959:
951:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:paterfamilias
921:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
898:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
827:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Lucius Caesar
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
766:
761:
760:Julius Caesar
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:Roman emperor
743:
735:
726:
724:
714:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:
644:
640:
638:
632:
630:
624:
623:
618:
614:
613:Constantine I
610:
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
567:Julius Caesar
562:
554:
549:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
475:paterfamilias
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
448:
443:
441:
440:Twelve Tables
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
361:, son of the
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
312:paterfamilias
309:
307:
301:
297:
287:
285:
284:paterfamilias
281:
277:
276:
270:
268:
267:paterfamilias
264:
259:
255:
250:
246:
245:paterfamilias
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
220:paterfamilias
215:
213:
209:
205:
203:
197:
193:
191:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:(1st century)
164:
163:paterfamilias
160:
159:
153:
144:
142:
137:
136:paterfamilias
133:
128:
126:
125:former slaves
122:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
92:
86:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
50:
44:
40:
33:
32:
25:
21:
4556:
4547:Mortara case
4449:
4030:Institutions
3894:Leptis Magna
3847:Major cities
3754:Philostratus
3541:Quadrigarius
3361:Rufus Festus
3224:Contemporary
3059:
2945:Romanization
2868:Architecture
2475:Collegiality
2324:Constitution
2175:Ancient Rome
2135:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2015:
1986:
1980:
1979:Marriages".
1976:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1809:
1801:Bibliography
1790:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1678:Lindsay 2011
1673:
1661:
1649:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1579:
1567:
1560:Lindsay 2011
1555:
1548:Corbier 1991
1543:
1536:Lindsay 2011
1519:Gardner 1986
1514:
1507:Gardner 1989
1502:
1495:Gardner 1986
1490:
1482:
1470:
1463:Corbier 1991
1458:
1450:
1442:
1437:, p. 6.
1435:Gardner 1986
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:Gardner 1989
1399:
1391:
1388:Gardner 1989
1383:
1376:Corbier 1991
1371:
1364:Lindsay 2009
1349:Lindsay 2009
1344:
1337:Lindsay 2009
1332:
1320:
1313:Gardner 1989
1308:
1300:
1297:Gardner 1989
1292:
1285:Lindsay 2009
1270:Corbier 1991
1252:
1244:
1237:Lindsay 2009
1232:
1225:Corbier 1991
1220:
1213:Corbier 1991
1208:
1201:Corbier 1991
1196:
1189:Corbier 1991
1184:
1177:Lindsay 2009
1172:
1160:
1153:Corbier 1991
1148:
1140:
1137:Gardner 1998
1132:
1124:
1117:Gardner 1998
1112:
1100:
1095:, p. 9.
1088:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1057:Corbier 1991
1042:Corbier 1991
1037:
1025:
1013:
1008:, p. 8.
1006:Gardner 1986
1001:
994:Lindsay 2011
989:
977:
970:Corbier 1991
945:
939:
927:
923:
917:
913:
907:
900:
892:
886:
881:
873:Lucius Verus
857:
852:
834:
829:
805:
781:Gaius Caesar
770:
763:
749:
740:
720:
710:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:contubernium
683:
677:
662:
654:concubinatus
653:
647:
634:
629:concubinatus
626:
622:contubernium
620:
609:Illegitimacy
607:
604:Legitimation
593:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
564:
536:
533:Antonine era
526:
517:
503:
499:
497:
492:
478:
474:
470:
466:
460:
456:
452:
451:
446:
436:fictive sale
431:
423:
419:
415:
414:
404:
396:
385:
370:
354:
336:
326:
316:
311:
303:
293:
283:
273:
271:
266:
263:consanguines
262:
261:regarded as
257:
253:
248:
244:
242:
232:
224:
218:
216:
199:
195:
187:
183:
168:
162:
156:
140:
135:
129:
120:
111:
105:
88:
84:
74:
70:
66:
62:
46:
38:
37:
30:
4590:Mary Norris
4257:Child abuse
4180:South Korea
4170:Philippines
4136:foster care
4025:Geographers
3709:Dioscorides
3689:Cassius Dio
3311:Cassiodorus
3214:Renaissance
2820:Agriculture
2792:Auxiliaries
2733:Engineering
2570:Magistrates
2422:Citizenship
2417:Mos maiorum
2352:Late Empire
1993:: 279–305.
1778:Levick 1966
1730:Berger 1953
1700:Rawson 1974
1572:Saller 1994
1447:Berger 1953
1249:Rawson 1986
1105:Rawson 1986
1093:Saller 1994
1073:Saller 1994
1061:De domo sua
1030:Saller 1994
1018:Rawson 1986
982:Saller 1999
637:ius gentium
569:. Although
420:emancipatio
280:Roman Egypt
239:The adoptee
81:inheritance
4614:Categories
4282:Disruption
3914:Mediolanum
3854:Alexandria
3819:Themistius
3784:Porphyrius
3611:Tertullian
3546:Quintilian
3536:Propertius
3431:Lactantius
3381:Fulgentius
3316:Censorinus
3138:Sanitation
3123:Metallurgy
3080:Technology
3045:Demography
2993:Patricians
2960:Spectacles
2918:Literature
2913:Hairstyles
2750:Technology
2500:Praefectus
2452:Government
2442:Litigation
2427:Auctoritas
2372:Centuriate
2259:Principate
2254:Pax Romana
2214:Foundation
2117:Concubinae
2076:(1981a). "
1967:: 207–218.
1684:1.102 and
1666:Nowak 2015
1654:Nowak 2015
1634:Modestinus
1618:Quintilian
1613:De Oratore
1592:Nowak 2015
1325:Tatum 1999
954:References
936:Diocletian
910:Principate
797:Germanicus
773:Principate
765:auctoritas
751:gens Julia
680:personhood
559:See also:
555:as a child
522:Diocletian
300:manumitted
97:Principate
55:succession
53:to ensure
4532:Devshirme
4455:Fosterage
4373:(Ontario)
4367:(Ontario)
4312:Australia
4252:Aging out
4196:Australia
4160:Guatemala
4150:Australia
4070:Quaestors
4000:Empresses
3990:Dynasties
3980:Dictators
3955:and other
3944:Volubilis
3939:Vindobona
3899:Londinium
3824:Theodoret
3794:Procopius
3774:Polyaenus
3749:Pausanias
3651:Vitruvius
3596:Symmachus
3591:Suetonius
3501:Petronius
3486:Obsequens
3451:Macrobius
3446:Lucretius
3371:Frontinus
3346:Eutropius
3331:Columella
3281:Augustine
3271:Appuleius
3219:Neo-Latin
3194:Classical
3185:Versions
3093:Aqueducts
3035:Patronage
2955:Sexuality
2928:Mythology
2903:Education
2893:Cosmetics
2718:Campaigns
2713:Structure
2666:Decemviri
2525:Imperator
2224:overthrow
1632:23.2.24 (
1479:Suetonius
1301:et passim
1083:1.7.17.3.
711:adrogatio
702:sui iuris
673:Justinian
656:, though
589:sine manu
518:adrogatio
500:adrogatio
471:sui iuris
462:sui iuris
453:Adrogatio
447:Adrogatio
405:adrogatio
355:adrogatio
343:patrician
196:(pecunia)
194:, wealth
184:hereditas
155:A family
76:sui iuris
71:adrogatio
29:guardian
4391:(Russia)
4132:Adoption
4075:Tribunes
4065:Praetors
4015:Generals
3995:Emperors
3904:Lugdunum
3889:Eboracum
3879:Carthage
3864:Aquileia
3779:Polybius
3769:Plutarch
3739:Libanius
3729:Josephus
3724:Herodian
3616:Tibullus
3531:Priscian
3506:Phaedrus
3466:Manilius
3411:Jordanes
3396:Hydatius
3326:Claudian
3306:Catullus
3296:Boëthius
3291:Ausonius
3209:Medieval
3181:Alphabet
3153:Theatres
3128:Numerals
3113:Concrete
3103:Circuses
3070:Bagaudae
3060:Adoption
3055:Marriage
3028:Assembly
2933:Religion
2908:Folklore
2888:Clothing
2883:Calendar
2840:Currency
2830:Commerce
2728:Strategy
2690:Military
2676:Triumvir
2656:Dictator
2651:Interrex
2630:Governor
2615:Quaestor
2578:Ordinary
2560:Province
2550:Tetrarch
2540:Augustus
2505:Vicarius
2495:Officium
2432:Imperium
2382:Plebeian
2342:Republic
2264:Dominate
2231:Republic
2192:Timeline
2129:: 59–81.
2026:(1994).
1977:De Facto
1934:41524520
1916:(1966).
1874:(1986).
1829:(1908).
1642:Papinian
1483:Tiberius
1255:41, 107.
947:imperium
932:Dominate
928:potestas
914:princeps
903:Commodus
865:his wife
826:Denarius
807:Claudius
801:Caligula
742:Augustus
707:potestas
689:potestas
649:ingenuus
594:potestas
587:married
537:potestas
529:rescript
493:peculium
489:Augustus
485:Tiberius
480:peculium
467:potestas
432:potestas
424:potestas
347:plebeian
323:Tiberius
306:patronus
296:freedman
275:amicitia
254:potestas
225:potestas
208:neonatal
172:fostered
141:potestas
132:citizens
110:, Roman
108:adoption
67:potestas
49:potestas
4439:History
4408:(India)
4385:(India)
4045:Legions
4005:Fiction
3975:Consuls
3970:Climate
3924:Ravenna
3919:Pompeii
3909:Lutetia
3874:Bononia
3869:Berytus
3859:Antioch
3834:Zosimus
3829:Zonaras
3804:Sozomen
3789:Priscus
3764:Photius
3606:Terence
3601:Tacitus
3586:Statius
3571:Servius
3556:Sallust
3511:Plautus
3491:Orosius
3471:Martial
3426:Juvenal
3401:Hyginus
3386:Gellius
3245:Writers
3176:History
3158:Thermae
3148:Temples
3098:Bridges
3065:Slavery
3013:Equites
2985:Society
2965:Theatre
2938:Deities
2898:Cuisine
2878:Bathing
2860:Culture
2835:Finance
2812:Economy
2703:Borders
2698:History
2600:Tribune
2595:Praetor
2485:Legatus
2480:Emperor
2367:Curiate
2337:Kingdom
2332:History
2308:History
2291:decline
2249:History
2219:Kingdom
2202:History
2187:Outline
2108:1087137
2087:Phoenix
2007:2936094
1922:Latomus
1897:1088460
1885:Phoenix
1864:1088581
1852:Phoenix
1742:spurius
1616:1.183;
1580:Annales
1576:Tacitus
1451:adoptio
1420:8.47.3.
1408:De domo
1392:Annales
1127:1.7.30.
934:, when
830:ADOPTIO
697:spurius
693:spurius
571:adoptio
531:in the
510:lictors
457:adoptio
416:Adoptio
393:Tacitus
351:tribune
327:liberti
317:In the
231:(Latin
176:divorce
121:adoptio
112:adoptio
85:Adoptio
63:adoptio
4322:Europe
4317:Brazil
4220:Issues
4201:Canada
4155:France
4055:Nomina
4040:Legacy
4020:Gentes
3957:topics
3953:Lists
3934:Smyrna
3814:Strabo
3744:Lucian
3734:Julian
3684:Arrian
3679:Appian
3669:Aelian
3646:Vergil
3421:Justin
3406:Jerome
3391:Horace
3376:Fronto
3366:Florus
3341:Ennius
3321:Cicero
3301:Caesar
3199:Vulgar
3023:Tribes
2950:Romans
2760:Legion
2743:castra
2620:Aedile
2590:Censor
2585:Consul
2545:Caesar
2515:Lictor
2437:Status
2377:Tribal
2357:Senate
2347:Empire
2241:Empire
2177:topics
2106:
2057:270558
2055:
2005:
1932:
1895:
1862:
1687:Digest
1638:Ulpian
1629:Digest
1608:Cicero
1412:Digest
1143:1.103.
1125:Digest
1121:Paulus
1081:Digest
1077:Ulpian
845:Trajan
787:, and
428:minors
229:eunuch
180:Cicero
158:genius
31:genius
24:Relief
4165:Italy
3719:Galen
3661:Greek
3631:Varro
3441:Lucan
3253:Latin
3168:Latin
3143:Ships
3133:Roads
3118:Domes
3050:Women
2998:Plebs
2923:Music
2465:Forum
2460:Curia
2104:JSTOR
2084:VI".
2053:JSTOR
2003:JSTOR
1930:JSTOR
1893:JSTOR
1860:JSTOR
1582:6.51.
1485:15.2.
1394:15.9.
895:Titus
841:Nerva
721:Many
598:Livia
580:pater
258:pater
249:pater
233:spado
202:sacra
190:nomen
91:sacra
4431:(US)
4425:(US)
4414:(US)
4397:(US)
4379:(US)
4358:Laws
4134:and
4035:Laws
4010:Film
3929:Roma
3496:Ovid
3436:Livy
3204:Late
3018:Gens
2975:Wine
2787:Navy
2755:Army
2394:SPQR
2296:fall
2274:fall
1991:JHUP
1410:34;
875:and
835:The
811:Nero
553:Nero
389:Nero
372:gens
210:and
3189:Old
2873:Art
2646:Rex
2490:Dux
2404:Law
2119:".
2096:doi
2082:CIL
2080:in
1995:doi
1987:104
1965:193
1736:(=
1063:35.
754:in
675:.
235:).
4616::
2127:49
2125:.
2102:.
2092:35
2090:.
2049:94
2047:.
2039:,
2001:.
1989:.
1985:.
1963:.
1926:25
1924:.
1920:.
1889:43
1887:.
1856:47
1854:.
1722:^
1707:^
1644:).
1620:,
1610:,
1578:,
1526:^
1481:,
1425:^
1356:^
1277:^
1260:^
1123:,
1079:,
1049:^
962:^
950:.
871:,
813:.
783:,
768:.
758:,
713:.
596:.
269:.
103:.
83:.
4480:/
4124:e
4117:t
4110:v
2167:e
2160:t
2153:v
2110:.
2098::
2059:.
2009:.
1997::
1936:.
1899:.
1866:.
1744:.
1453:.
1303:.
639:)
635:(
631:)
627:(
308:)
304:(
204:)
200:(
192:)
188:(
93:)
89:(
51:)
47:(
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