400:
believed that true love has a respectable name and a rightful place in good human company, especially that of the monastery." This "emphasis on the centrality of friendship in the monastic life places him outside the mainstream of the tradition. In writing a special treatise dedicated to friendship and indicating that he could not live without friends, Aelred outdid all his monastic predecessors and had no immediate successors. Whether or not his need for friendship is an expression of Aelred's sexual identity, his insistence on individual friendships in the monastic life meant a departure from what is implied in the Rule of St. Benedict." Within the wider context of
Christian monastic friendship, "it was Aelred who specifically posited friendship and human love as the basis of monastic life as well as a means of approaching divine love, who developed and promulgated a systematic approach to the more difficult problems of intense friendships between monks."
438:
experiences and what each learned from the other. The third mature phase for
Augustine is transcendent, in that he loves others "in Christ": the focus is on Christ and the point of friendship is to grow closer to Christ with and through friends. In writing of adolescent friendship Augustine said, "For I even burnt in my youth heretofore, to be satiated in things below; and I dared to grow wild again, with these various and shadowy loves: my beauty consumed away, …pleasing myself, and desirous to please in the eyes of men. And what was it that I delighted in, but to love, and be loved?"
733:
548:
586:, as the expert in medieval gender and sexuality, cites Aelred as an example of a man "for whom same-sex erotic relationships, even if chaste, were important." She also states that "depictions of a Middle Ages concerned only with spiritual issues as opposed to material, a culture whose people were so radically different from us that their bodies became irrelevant, have been superseded by recent scholarship." Brian McGuire, likewise, accepts Aelred as "a man who felt physically and mentally more drawn to other men than to women."
208:
609:. Aelred's inclusion on the calendar of the Episcopal Church was initiated by Integrity USA in 1985, and he was approved by the House of Bishops with their full awareness that he was believed to be a gay man by Integrity. Two years later, Integrity canonized Aelred as their official patron, promising "to regularly observe his feast, promote his veneration and seek before the heavenly throne of grace the support of his prayers on behalf of justice and acceptance for lesbians and gay men."
274:"). At some point during this period, Aelred became the target of personal harassment by a knight of the king's court, which came to a head in the king's presence and included a degrading sexual slur. Walter Daniel related this incident to demonstrate Aelred's forgiveness of the knight and his skill in conflict resolution, but around this time Aelred developed feelings of depression and alienation, and he left court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the
2409:
2421:
2385:
468:
1482:
459:'s description of his early adolescence with the speaker describing his time at school, where "the charm of my companions gave me the greatest pleasure. Among the usual faults that often endanger youth, my mind surrendered wholly to affection and became devoted to love. Nothing seemed sweeter to me, nothing more pleasant, nothing more valuable than to be loved and to love."
2397:
43:
559:
and his students discussed the possibility that Aelred might have possessed a homosexual orientation. Within this context, "there is a movement among priests and religious who consider themselves to be gay in their sexual orientation to find in historical figures such as Aelred earlier expressions of
296:
to King David of
Scotland, Aelred reportedly accompanied Abbot William of Rievaulx to the Scottish border to negotiate the transfer. He saw that his reluctance to part from his friends at court, delayed his adopting his monastic calling. For Aelred, the source and object of true friendship is Christ.
646:
argues that this is reflected much more accurately by the concept of 'imaginatio' than 'amor' (romantic love): "It constituted the intimate link between being and the world, through which the person may assimilate the exterior world while also defining the self as a subject". McGuire notes that "in
399:
and designates Christ as the source and ultimate impetus of spiritual friendship. On top of its intellectual foundation, Aelred draws on his personal experience to provide "specific and concrete" recommendations for creating and maintaining long-term friendships. According to Brian McGuire, "Aelred
483:
Aelred was never formally canonised in the manner that was later established, but he became the centre of a cult in the north of
England that was officially recognised by Cistercians in 1476. As such, he was venerated as a saint, with his body kept at Rievaulx. In the sixteenth century, before the
423:
involved genuine trust and affection. "But I must at the very beginning lay down this principle —friendship can only exist between good men. We mean then by the 'good' those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust,
437:
identifies three phases of friendship: adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. Adolescent friendships are essentially self-interested comradeship. Augustine then describes a close friendship he had as a young adult with a colleague. This was based on love and grew out of shared interests and
312:
as archbishop of York. The result of the journey was that Aelred brought back a letter from Pope
Innocent summoning the superiors whom Aelred represented to appear in Rome the following March to make their deposition in the required canonical form. The resulting negotiations dragged on for many
1115:
It is unclear exactly when Aelred joined King David's court. However, David became king in 1124, when Aelred was 14, and in his lament for David Aelred says he had known David "from the beginning of his age," which might well imply that Aelred had been at the court from around 1124. See Aelred
327:
His role as abbot required him to travel. Cistercian abbots were expected to make annual visitations to daughter-houses, and
Rievaulx had five in England and Scotland by the time Aelred held office. Moreover, Aelred had to make the long sea journey to the annual general chapter of the Order at
589:
Marsha L. Dutton states that "...there is no way of knowing the details of Aelred's life, much less his sexual experience or struggles." Nevertheless, Brian McGuire admits in his emotional biography of Aelred that "the absence of women, Aelred's confession of his own passion, and the knight's
571:
the landmark study into the relationship between the medieval Church and homosexuality. This opened up discussion of Aelred's sexuality to a wider audience, and triggered a debate that "has dragged on, often with vituperation." Critics of this hypothesis have generally used traditional
642:, and the symbolism of love between man and God, expressed through a predominantly Virgilian and Ovidian topos. Aelred called this "marriage" an 'organ of experience', with nothing to do with romantic or sexual reality which were believed to be fundamentally contrary to monastic life.
755:
All of Aelred's works have appeared in translation, most in
English and in French; the remaining three volumes of his sermons are being translated into English and will appear from Cistercian Publications in 2018–2020. There are already available in French in a five-volume edition.
378:
In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones and arthritis. Walter reports that in 1157 the
Cistercian General Council allowed him to sleep and eat in Rievaulx's infirmary; later he lived in a nearby building constructed for him.
488:, claims he saw Aelred's shrine at Rievaulx containing Aelred's body glittering with gold and silver. Today, Aelred of Rievaulx is commemorated as a saint on 12 January, the traditional date of his death, in the latest official edition of the
1031:
Aelred of
Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Durham and Lincoln Collections," transl. Kathryn Krug, Lewis White, et al., Ed. and Intro. Ann Astell, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, forthcoming
320:, a daughter house of Rievaulx in Lincolnshire. In 1147, he was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself, a position he was to hold until his death. Under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some 140 monks and 500
751:
the "St. Bernard of the North." Knowles, a historian of monasticism in
England, also described him as "a singularly attractive figure," saying that "No other English monk of the twelfth century so lingers in the memory."
617:
Elizabeth Freeman has argued that discussion of his alleged homosexuality has abounded atop misunderstandings of monastic language and mistaking his interest in Christian friendship for homosexuality. Aelred confessed in
885:
Several non-liturgical sermons survive as well, including one he apparently preached to a clerical synod, presumably in connection with a journey to the general chapter at Cîteaux, and one devoted to Saint Katherine of
1024:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington, Cistercian Fathers series 58 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications,
2011:
and Walter Daniel notes that he composed a liturgical homily on Luke 11:33 to be read on the feast day of St Edward the Confessor; Peter Jackson has identified and published what he believes to be that sermon
1936:
1028:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Second Clairvaux Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Marie Anne Mayeski, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2016).
2214:
Dutton, Marsha L., "Sancto Dunstano Cooperante: Aelred of Rievaulx’s Advice to the Heir to the English Throne in Genealogy of the Kings of the English," in: Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton (ed.),
1035:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "The Liturgical Sermons: The Reading Collection, Advent-All Saints," transl. Daniel Griggs, Cistercian Fathers series 81 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
341:
states that Aelred's efforts during the twelfth-century papal schism brought about Henry II's decisive support for the Cistercian candidate, resulting in 1161 in the formal recognition of
2203:
Dutton, Marsha L., "A Historian's Historian: The Place of Bede in Aelred's Contributions to the New History of his Age", in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.),
419:
means "friendship" and could be between states or individuals. It suggested an equality of status and in practice it might only be an alliance to pursue mutual interests. For Cicero,
2196:
2256:
La Corte, Daniel M., "Abbot as Magister and Pater in the Thought of Bernard of Clairvaux and Aelred of Rievaulx", in: Marsha L. Dutton, Daniel M. La Corte, and Paul Lockey (ed.),
2007:
Some of Aelred's works have apparently not survived, including his letters and his poetic eulogy to St. Cuthbert. The Rievaulx library catalogue also lists an otherwise unknown
2183:
1000:, translated by Theodore Berkeley and M. Basil Pennington . Sermons 1–28, Advent – All Saints. Cistercian Fathers series no. 58, (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2001).
1038:
Aelred of Rievaulx, "Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah," trans. Lewis White, Cistercian Fathers series 83 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2018).
1940:
572:
literary-critical methods to argue that Aelred's writing contains conventional monastic language rather than homoerotic language, and include Elizabeth Freeman,
1535:, ex decreto sacrosancti oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Ioannis Pauli Pp. II promulgatum, editio altera, Typis Vaticanis, A.D. MMIV
2076:
1451:
2370:
Hoste, Anselm. "Bibliotheca Aelrediana: Survey of Manuscripts, Old Catalogues, Editions and Studies concerning St. Aelred of Rievaulx." Steenbrugge, 1962.
2041:
This seems to be a sermon that Aelred preached at Hexham on 3 March 1155, when the relics of five former bishops of Hexham were translated to new shrines.
2228:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "The Many Functions of Cistercian Histories Using Aelred of Rievaulx’s Relatio de Standardo as a Case Study," in: Erik Kooper (ed.)
1091:
243:
had forbidden the ordination of the sons of priests. This was done in part to end the inheritance of benefices. He may have been partially educated by
1581:
1766:
551:
The "Integrity Window," dedicated to St. Aelred and the LGBTQ community, which is displayed at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Fargo, North Dakota.
602:
2016:: The Lost Sermon by Aelred of Rievaulx?," "Cistercian Studies Quarterly" 40 (2005): 45–82). See David N. Bell, ‘Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),’
335:
Alongside his role as a monk and later abbot, Aelred was involved throughout his life in political affairs. The fourteenth-century version of the
2146:
Christensen, Katherine, "Walter Daniel's Life of Aelred of Rievaulx: The Heroism of Intelligence and the Miracle of Love," in Jason Glenn (ed),
672:
1390:
2165:
630:." LeClercq characterizes this a 'literary exaggeration' common to monastic writing. Aelred also refers directly to the relationship of
2221:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "Aelred of Rievaulx’s De Bello Standardii: Cistercian Historiography and the Creation of Community Memories," in:
590:
obscenities all indicate that Aelred at the court of King David lost his head, his heart, and perhaps his body to another young man."
2242:
Freeman, Elizabeth, "Nuns in the Public Sphere: Aelred of Rievaulx's De Sanctimoniali de Wattun and the Gendering of Authority", in:
1548:
651:, there is a colorful story about how a woman tried to tempt the budding Cistercian saint into bed, and how he resisted her. In the
2541:
2476:
882:
These sermons mainly relate to the seventeen liturgical days on which Cistercian abbots were required to preach to their community.
1045:, trans. G. de Briey(+), G. Raciti, intro. X. Morales, Corpus Christianorum in Translation 20 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015)
2466:
2364:. Fédération Internationale des Instituts d'Études Médiévales. Textes et Études du Moyen Âge, 7. Louvain-la-Neuve (France), 1997.
1909:
1069:
Thurston, Herbert. "St. Ælred." "The Catholic Encyclopedia," vol. 1 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907). 20 September 2012
926:, trans. Mark DelCogliano, crit. ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 73 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2008). .
2521:
2461:
2451:
2367:
Dutton, Marsha L. "Aelred of Rievaulx." Oxford Bibliographies in Medieval Studies. New York, 2013. www.oxfordbiblographies.com.
516:
2456:
2249:
Garrison, John, “One Mind, One Heart, One Purse: Integrating Friendship Traditions and the Case of Troilus and Criseyde,” in
1463:
1014:
trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 71 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2006).
1007:
trans. Jane Patricia Freeland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 56 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 2005).
528:
2501:
1881:
1792:
1021:
trans. Lawrence Braceland, ed. Marsha L. Dutton, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2010).
1420:
1854:
1321:
This is the traditional date for his feast within the Cistercian Order, as celebrated on the authority of Walter Daniel,
258:
Aelred's early education was probably at the cathedral school at Durham. Aelred spent several years at the court of King
555:
Aelred has been popular with small circles of gay Catholics since at least the 1970s, and during the same time period,
1995:
1558:
1103:
1052:, ed. and trans. Bruce L. Venarde, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 71 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021)
2122:, translated by Christopher Coski. Cistercian Studies series no. 276, (Collegeville: Cistercian Publications, 2020).
2109:
Aelred de Rievaulx (1110–1167): De l'homme éclaté à l'être unifié. Essai de biographie existentielle et spirituelle.
2511:
2486:
2267:
Mayeski, Marie Anne, "Secundam naturam: The Inheritance of Virtue in Ælred’s Genealogy of the English Kings", in:
2531:
2506:
1445:
2526:
1496:
316:
Upon his return from Rome, Aelred became novice master at Rievaulx. In 1143, he was appointed abbot of the new
1248:
Some evidence of these journeys remains. For instance, Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to
1818:
712:
524:
2516:
2496:
947:
trans. Geoffrey Webb and Adrian Walker, Fleur de Lys series 17 (London: A. R. Mobray and Co., Ltd., 1955).
919:
1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3, 3A. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 1971, 1989, 2001, 2012, 2005, 2015, 2017.
2491:
2481:
2471:
2302:
Ransford, Rosalind, "A Kind of Noah's Ark: Aelred of Rievaulx and National Identity", Stuart Mews (ed.),
2154:
1770:
1337:
1303:, transl. by L. Braceland Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2010), 25.
395:("On spiritual friendship"), considered to be his greatest work, is a Christian counterpart of Cicero's
2375:
1180:
Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p16; Aelred Squire, OP,
825:
305:
1491:
300:
In 1142 Aelred travelled to Rome, alongside Walter of London, Archdeacon of York, to represent before
2304:
2283:
Expérience de Dieu et Théologie Monastique au XIIe Siècle: Étude sur les sermons d'Aelred de Rievaulx
1265:
It was probably during one of these journeys that he delivered the sermon titled as "To the Synod at
635:
628:
the sweetness of love and impurity of lust combined to take advantage of the inexperience of my youth
547:
119:
79:
2536:
2230:
The Medieval Chronicle: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle
1606:
979:
trans. Elizabeth Connor, Cistercian Fathers series 17 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1990).
748:
485:
446:
428:
309:
271:
1225:
624:
a cloud of desire arose from the lower drives of the flesh and the gushing spring of adolescence
790:
337:
1532:
1405:
732:
556:
961:
trans. C. H. Talbot, Cistercian Father series 22 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1981).
441:
Aelred was greatly influenced by Cicero, but later modified his interpretation upon reading
2446:
2441:
2190:
Dutton, Marsha L., "A Model for Friendship: Ambrose's Contribution to Aelred of Rievaulx's
1937:"kirchensite.de - online mit dem Bistum Münster: Ausgestiegen: Von der Bühne in die Klause"
1886:
1859:
914:
800:
781:
737:
573:
508:
357:
293:
240:
216:
2141:
L'ordre de l'affect au Moyen Âge: Autour de l'anthropologie affective d'Aelred de Rievaulx
8:
2413:
2295:
Raciti, Gaetano. "The Preferential Option for the Weak in the Ælredian Community Model",
807:
409:
368:
259:
2112:
2054:
transl.. Lawrence Braceland, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MI, 2010), p21-2
1962:
1487:
893:("Homilies on the Prophetic Burdens of Isaiah"), submitting the work for evaluation to
631:
456:
442:
434:
342:
244:
129:
2216:
Religious and Laity in Northern Europe 1000–1400: Interaction, Negotiation, and Power.
2159:
1991:
1554:
1459:
1431:
1151:'"The Lives of the Saints," Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 1:178 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1914)
1099:
701:
694:
520:
489:
252:
188:
50:
1796:
371:, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of
2401:
2081:
1282:
Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p17.
1249:
690:
583:
301:
2100:
1547:
Aelred of Rievaulx (7 November 2022). Lange, Marjorie; Dutton, Marsha L. (eds.).
1502:). For correct information, see David N. Bell, 'Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167),'
1458:, (Lawrence C. Braceland, tr.), Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010,
1455:
1196:
741:
668:
593:
In modern times, several gay-friendly organizations have adopted Aelred as their
236:
192:
139:
823:("A Certain Wonderful Miracle") (wrongly known since the seventeenth century as
2425:
2173:
Dutton, Marsha L.,"Friendship and the Love of God: Augustine's Teaching in the
894:
679:
643:
577:
472:
455:, Aelred adopted Cicero's dialogue format. In the Prologue however, he mirrors
212:
207:
164:
115:
2237:
Narratives of a New Order: Cistercian Historical Writing in England, 1150–1220
2085:
2021:
1507:
382:
Aelred died in the winter of 1166–7, probably on 12 January 1167 at Rievaulx.
2435:
2389:
2339:
Squire, Aelred, "Historical Factors in the Formation of Aelred of Rievaulx",
2070:
1070:
639:
598:
317:
2346:
Yohe, Katherine, "Aelred’s Recrafting of the Life of Edward the Confessor",
2258:
Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt
2205:
Truth as Gift: Studies in Cistercian History in Honor of John R. Sommerfeldt
998:
The Liturgical Sermons I: The First Clairvaux Collection, Advent—All Saints
594:
564:
495:
He also appears in the calendars of various other Christian denominations.
479:), from St. John Cardinal Henry Newman's 1845 "Lives of the English Saints"
349:
289:
232:
149:
1550:
The Liturgical Sermons The Reading-Cluny Collection, 1 of 2 Sermons 85-133
1197:
Houston, James M., "Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167, Friend and Counselor",
1129:
See Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 2. (p91 of Cistercian Fathers translation)
606:
372:
248:
228:
196:
184:
100:
33:
1092:
Davies, John Reuben. "Aspects of Church Reform in Wales, c.1093 -c.1223"
954:
Cistercian Fathers series 2 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1971).
42:
2362:
Bibliotheca Aelrediana Secunda: Une Bibliographie Cumulative (19621996)
993:, trans. Mark F. Williams (London: University of Scranton Press, 1994).
705:
532:
275:
2120:
Aelred de Rievaulx (1110–1167): An Existential and Spiritual Biography
329:
2148:
The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources
720:
231:, in year 1110, one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at
1421:
Morahan OSA, Michael. "St Augustine and friendship", OSA - Australia
1338:"Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica, January 8, 2020
986:
translated by Jerome Bertram (Guildford: St. Edward's Press, 1990) .
638:
as a "marriage", which is aligned with Cistercian emphasis upon the
2336:, Cistercian Studies 50 (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1969).
747:
For his efforts in writing and administration Aelred was called by
415:
282:
263:
75:
367:
He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to
2408:
1391:
Scullard, Howard Hayes Scullard and Lintott, Andrew. "Amicitia",
940:
Ed. and transl. Maurice Powicke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).
2313:
Aelred of Rievaulx on Love and Order in the World and the Church
1855:"Schools directory - St. Aelred's Roman Catholic Primary School"
1224:"Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica. Online at:
889:
In 1163-4 he also wrote a 31-sermon commentary on Isaiah 13–16,
492:, which expresses the official position of the Catholic Church.
1914:
1266:
467:
404:
356:("The Mirror of Charity," reportedly written at the request of
224:
109:
62:
424:
and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions."
2158:
1226:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Aelred-of-Rievaulx
716:
278:
502:
written about him by Walter Daniel shortly after his death.
1172:
1170:
777:("Genealogy of the Kings of the English"), written 1153–54.
683:
1435:, Book 2, (Edward Bouverie Pusey, tr.) at sacred-texts.com
2050:
Marsha L. Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx,
1743:
A Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, ed. M. L. Dutton, 2017
1278:
Marsha L. Dutton, "Introduction," in Aelred of Rievaulx,
1176:
Marsha L. Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx,
924:
For Your Own People: Aelred of Rievaulx's Pastoral Prayer
1644:
1642:
1640:
1347:
1345:
1167:
1708:
1706:
1704:
664:
1698:
LeClercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, pp113-4
1682:
1680:
1479:
states incorrectly that Aelred was canonized in 1191 (
1098:, (C. P. Lewis, ed.), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008,
817:("On the Miracles of the Church of Hexham"), ca. 1155.
771:("Life of David, King of the Scots"), written c. 1153.
403:
It was likely at Durham that Aelred first encountered
2373:
1637:
1342:
968:, translated by Winifred MacQueen, in John MacQueen,
505:
For many centuries his most famous work has been his
266:, possibly from the age of 14, rising to the rank of
1701:
740:, a late 12th-century illuminated manuscript in the
2325:Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and the Northern Saints.",
2264:
204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 389–406.
2232:. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999, p. 124–32.
1831:
Leclercq, Love of Learning and Desire for God, p131
1769:. Sacredpauses.com. 14 January 1988. Archived from
1694:
1692:
1677:
90:
Rievaulx chapter house next to William, first abbot
2211:204). Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004, p. 407–48.
2069:
1546:
1379:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality,
1043:Sermons. La collection de Reading (sermons 85-182)
622:that for a while he surrendered himself to lust, "
569:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality,
304:the northern prelates who opposed the election of
191:from 1147 until his death. He is venerated by the
498:Much of Aelred's history is known because of the
2433:
2288:Powicke, Frederick M., "Ailred of Rievaulx", in
1723:Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others,
1689:
1607:"Aelred of Rievaulx, Abbot and Theologian, 1167"
603:Episcopal Church in the United States of America
2127:Aelred of Rievaulx: Pursuing Perfect Happiness.
1486:
1237:Walteri Danielis Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall',
235:, himself a son of another Eilaf, treasurer of
673:Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter
1882:"Region opts for closure of two high schools"
1767:"Saint Aelred -the Patron Saint of Integrity"
984:The Life of Saint Edward, King and Confessor,
2080:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1990:3rd edition (New York:Penguin Books, 1995).
1986:Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John.
2169:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 256.
1712:Companion to Aelred of Rievaulx, pp.211-214
1686:Cambridge Companion to Cistercianism (2013)
1481:
860:("The Formation of Anchoresses"), ?1160–62.
2014:In translacione sancti Edwardi Confessoris
1490:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
1239:ed. F. M. Powicke, (London, 1959), ca. 30.
1192:
1190:
348:Aelred wrote several influential books on
183:; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English
41:
2318:Squire, Aelred, "Aelred and King David",
2218:Turnhout: Brepols, 2007, p. 183–195.
1910:"St Aelred's Catholic Technology College"
785:("On the Account of the Standard"), also
385:
2276:Brother & Lover: Aelred of Rievaulx.
2018:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
1504:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
731:
697:, Renfrewshire, Scotland closed in 1990.
546:
466:
462:
206:
2077:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1187:
891:Homeliae de oneribus propheticis Isaiae
848:("Jesus as a Boy of Twelve"), ?1160–62.
73:12 January 1167 (aged 56–57)
2434:
2150:(Toronto, University of Toronto, 2012)
1081:Bell, "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)"
897:, who became bishop of London in 1163.
811:("The Life of Saint Ninian"), 1154–60.
719:, Lower Saxony, Germany (2012–2019 in
700:A secondary school named after him in
471:Depiction of Saint Aelred (or Ailred;
2177:and Aelred of Rievaulx's Response in
2153:
1500:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1333:
1331:
1145:
815:De miraculis Hagustaldensis ecclesiae
797:Vita S. Eduardi, regis et confessoris
605:, and the Order of St. Aelred in the
567:characterized Aelred as a gay man in
2285:. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1999.
1553:. Liturgical Press. p. xxxvii.
912:Aelred of Rievaulx, '"Opera omnia."
906:
842:("The Mirror of Charity"), ca. 1142.
1074:
13:
2133:
1433:The Confessions of Saint Augustine
1408:Treatise on Friendship and Old Age
1328:
854:("Spiritual Friendship"), 1164–67.
14:
2553:
2354:
2315:(Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2006).
2290:Ways of Medieval Life and Thought
1988:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints,
1795:. Webcitation.org. Archived from
1793:"The Order of St Aelred (O.S.Ae)"
1012:The Lives of the Northern Saints,
288:In 1138, when Rievaulx's patron,
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2071:"Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)"
1480:
1475:The entry on Aelred in the 1905
866:("Pastoral Prayer"), c. 1163–67.
759:Extant works by Aelred include:
509:Saint Edward, King and Confessor
270:(often translated "steward" or "
2542:12th-century English historians
2477:Pre-Reformation Anglican saints
2197:The American Benedictine Review
2129:Mahwah, NJ: Newman Press, 2005.
2044:
2035:
2032:King David died on 24 May 1153.
2026:
2001:
1980:
1955:
1929:
1902:
1874:
1847:
1834:
1825:
1811:
1785:
1759:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1715:
1668:
1655:
1624:
1599:
1574:
1540:
1525:
1512:
1469:
1439:
1425:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1315:
1306:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1205:
930:
829:("The Nun of Watton")), c. 1160
2467:12th-century Christian mystics
2020:Oxford University Press, 2004
1939:. 20 July 2013. Archived from
1506:Oxford University Press, 2004
1497:New International Encyclopedia
1477:New International Encyclopedia
1410:, (E.S. Shuckburgh, tr.), 1903
1154:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1085:
1063:
952:Treatises and Pastoral Prayer,
655:we find no such temptresses."
484:dissolution of the monastery,
477:Sanctus Aelredus Riaevallensis
187:monk and writer who served as
1:
2522:English Roman Catholic saints
2462:12th-century writers in Latin
2452:12th-century Christian saints
2061:
1312:Walter Daniel, "Vita Aelredi"
945:On Jesus at Twelve Years Old,
938:Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall.
364:("On Spiritual Friendship").
2457:12th-century English writers
2269:Cistercian Studies Quarterly
2155:Davis, Henry William Carless
2101:UK public library membership
1963:"Einsiedelei - St. Benedikt"
1213:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study,
972:(Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990) .
665:Saint Aelred Catholic Church
658:
612:
542:
154:Friendship, LGBTQ Christians
7:
2502:Medieval English historians
2334:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
2184:American Benedictine Review
1520:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1393:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1254:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1182:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
1118:Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study
872:("On the Soul"), c.1164–67.
821:De quodam miraculo miraculi
769:Vita Davidis Scotorum regis
727:
10:
2558:
2343:22 (1960), p. 262–82.
2322:22 (1960), p. 356–77.
2308:18 (1982), p. 137–46.
2278:New York, Crossroad, 1994.
2271:37 (2002), p. 221–28.
2239:. Turnhout: Brepols, 2002.
1299:, see Aelred of Rievaulx,
1215:(London: SPCK, 1969), p53.
1184:(London: SPCK, 1969), p24.
1120:(London: SPCK, 1969), p12.
1041:(fr.) Aelred de Rievaulx,
858:De institutione inclusarum
826:De Sanctimoniali de Wattun
801:Edward, King and Confessor
620:De institutione inclusarum
2341:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2329:23 (1961), p. 58–69.
2327:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2320:Collectanea Cisterciensia
2305:Studies in Church History
2262:Cistercian Studies Series
2253:36 (2010), p. 25–48.
2251:Medievalia et Humanistica
2246:17 (1996), p. 55–80.
2209:Cistercian Studies Series
2067:
1522:(London: SPCK, 1969), p2.
1080:
1050:Writings on Body and Soul
775:Genealogia regum Anglorum
763:Histories and biographies
529:Episcopal Church calendar
148:
138:
128:
106:
94:
86:
69:
65:, Northumberland, England
56:
49:
40:
23:
16:English saint (1110–1167)
2299:32 (1997), p. 3–23.
2274:McGuire, Brian Patrick,
2225:49 (1998), p. 5–28.
2187:56 (2005), p. 3–40.
1967:www.st-benedikt-jever.de
1819:"A St. Aelred Catechism"
1256:(London: SPCK, 1969), 65
1096:Anglo-Norman Studies XXX
1056:
901:
2512:Medieval English saints
2487:Christian hagiographers
2166:Encyclopædia Britannica
2068:Bell, David N. (2004).
1406:Marcus Tullius Cicero.
917:Continuatio Mediaevalis
563:In 1980, the historian
413:. In Roman terminology
292:, was to surrender his
272:Master of the Household
202:
195:as a saint and by some
2532:Medieval LGBTQ history
2507:English sermon writers
2360:Burton, Pierre-André.
2311:Sommerfeldt, John R.,
2125:Sommerfeldt, John R.,
2118:Burton, Pierre-André,
2107:Burton, Pierre-André,
2009:De fasciculo frondium,
1508:accessed 5 August 2013
852:De spirituali amicitiâ
846:De Iesu puero duodenni
791:Battle of the Standard
744:
711:Since 2019 there is a
552:
480:
476:
453:De spirituali amicitiâ
393:De spirituali amicitia
387:De spirituali amicitia
338:Peterborough Chronicle
220:
171:), also known as also
169:Aelredus Riaevallensis
168:
2527:LGBTQ and Anglicanism
2086:10.1093/ref:odnb/8916
2052:Spiritual Friendship,
1586:The Church of England
1533:Martyrologium Romanum
1280:Spiritual Friendship,
1252:. Aelred Squire, OP,
1178:Spiritual Friendship,
1019:Spiritual Friendship,
1005:The Historical Works,
959:Dialogue on the Soul,
735:
723:, also Lower Saxony).
560:their own identity."
557:Brian Patrick McGuire
550:
470:
463:Posthumous reputation
362:De spiritali amicitia
210:
2281:Nouzille, Philippe,
2235:Freeman, Elizabeth,
2192:Spiritual Friendship
2179:Spiritual Friendship
2143:. Caen: CRAHM, 2005.
1860:City of York Council
1611:The Episcopal Church
1454:2 April 2023 at the
1448:Spiritual Friendship
1446:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1301:Spiritual Friendship
1048:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1017:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1010:Aelred of Rievaulx,
1003:Aelred of Rievaulx,
996:Aelred of Rievaulx,
991:Spiritual Friendship
989:Aelred of Rievaulx,
982:Aelred of Rievaulx,
975:Aelred of Rievaulx,
964:Aelred of Rievaulx,
957:Aelred of Rievaulx,
950:Aelred of Rievaulx,
943:Aelred of Rievaulx,
922:Aelred of Rievaulx,
915:Corpus Christianorum
799:("The Life of Saint
782:Relatio de Standardo
738:Edward the Confessor
358:Bernard of Clairvaux
294:Wark on Tweed Castle
241:Council of Claremont
144:Abbot holding a book
2517:Writers from Hexham
2497:English Cistercians
2022:accessed 5 Aug 2013
1674:Boswell, p. 221-226
1518:Aelred Squire, OP,
1211:Aelred Squire, OP,
1199:Knowing & Doing
834:Spiritual treatises
787:De bello standardii
715:named after him in
693:named after him in
686:is named after him.
675:is named after him.
410:Laelius de Amicitia
369:Henry II of England
260:David I of Scotland
223:Aelred was born in
219:in North Yorkshire.
2492:Cistercian mystics
2482:Anglo-Saxon saints
2472:Abbots of Rievaulx
2350:38 (2003): 177–89.
1842:Brother and Lover,
1821:. 12 January 2011.
1799:on 27 October 2009
1773:on 9 December 2013
1366:Brother and Lover,
1353:Brother and Lover,
1162:Brother and Lover,
1140:Brother and Lover,
977:Mirror of Charity,
840:Speculum caritatis
745:
553:
481:
443:Augustine of Hippo
435:Augustine of Hippo
354:Speculum caritatis
343:Pope Alexander III
245:Lawrence of Durham
221:
161:Aelred of Rievaulx
101:Anglican Communion
29:Aelred of Rievaulx
2200:64 (2013): 39–66.
2099:(Subscription or
1890:. 2 February 1989
1754:Brother and Lover
1663:Brother and Lover
1650:Brother and Lover
1632:Brother and Lover
1464:978-0-87907-957-4
907:Critical editions
864:Oratio pastoralis
736:Aelred's Life of
702:Newton-le-Willows
521:Church of England
490:Roman Martyrology
247:, who sent him a
189:Abbot of Rievaulx
158:
157:
95:Venerated in
51:Abbot of Rievaulx
2549:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2332:Squire, Aelred,
2170:
2162:
2139:Boquet, Damien,
2113:Éditions du Cerf
2104:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2073:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
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1922:
1906:
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1578:
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1569:
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1484:
1483:
1473:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1429:
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1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1388:
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1375:
1369:
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1356:
1349:
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1326:
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1304:
1289:
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1257:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1067:
691:secondary school
636:John the Apostle
584:Ruth Mazo Karras
531:with a feast on
302:Pope Innocent II
112:
98:Catholic Church;
45:
21:
20:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2537:Anglican saints
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2357:
2292:. London, 1949.
2136:
2134:Further reading
2098:
2090:
2088:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2006:
2002:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1943:on 20 July 2013
1935:
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1918:
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1474:
1470:
1456:Wayback Machine
1444:
1440:
1430:
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1415:
1404:
1400:
1395:, December 2015
1389:
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1210:
1206:
1201:, February 2007
1195:
1188:
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1128:
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1114:
1110:
1090:
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1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1059:
936:Walter Daniel,
933:
909:
904:
808:Vita S. Niniani
742:British Library
730:
708:closed in 2011.
669:Bishop, Georgia
661:
653:Life of Aelred,
615:
545:
525:Lesser Festival
465:
390:
239:. In 1095, the
205:
193:Catholic Church
123:
107:
99:
74:
61:
36:
31:
30:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2356:
2355:Bibliographies
2353:
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2330:
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2316:
2309:
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2279:
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2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2201:
2188:
2171:
2160:"Aelred"
2151:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
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2116:
2105:
2063:
2060:
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2056:
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2000:
1979:
1954:
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1824:
1810:
1784:
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1745:
1736:
1727:
1714:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1667:
1665:, 1994, p. 155
1654:
1652:, 1994, p. 142
1636:
1634:, 1994, p. 149
1623:
1598:
1582:"The Calendar"
1573:
1559:
1539:
1537:(2004), p. 96.
1524:
1511:
1468:
1438:
1424:
1413:
1398:
1383:
1370:
1357:
1341:
1327:
1314:
1305:
1291:On the use of
1284:
1271:
1258:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1204:
1186:
1166:
1164:1994, p. 50-52
1153:
1144:
1142:1994, p. 48-49
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895:Gilbert Foliot
887:
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873:
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861:
855:
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843:
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794:
778:
772:
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764:
729:
726:
725:
724:
709:
698:
687:
680:primary school
676:
671:, part of The
660:
657:
649:Life of Waldef
644:Julia Kristeva
614:
611:
578:Julia Kristeva
544:
541:
464:
461:
389:
384:
306:Henry de Sully
285:in Yorkshire.
213:Rievaulx Abbey
204:
201:
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2015:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1996:0-14-051312-4
1993:
1989:
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1968:
1964:
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1942:
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1932:
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1756:, 1994, p. 49
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308:, nephew of
299:
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486:John Leland
448:Confessions
430:Confessions
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373:Anglo-Saxon
332:in France.
249:hagiography
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2062:References
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1894:12 January
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2111:Paris:
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1466:, p. 53
1325:ca. 57.
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