1027:
307:
571:
315:
175:
323:
31:
1042:
145:
1082:
1074:
355:(Noordzeekanaal) in 1876 gave a much shorter direct entrance to the Amsterdam harbour, and overfishing had depleted the shallow bay. In the second half of the 19th century, the Dutch population was exploding, and there was an increasing need for land for agriculture and animal husbandry. The Dutch already had centuries of experience of building dykes around lakes, emptying them and converting them to fertile
387:
471:
expected; at three points along the line of the dyke there were deeper underwater trenches where the tidal current was much stronger than elsewhere. These had been considered to be major obstacles to completing the dyke, but all of them proved to be relatively straightforward. Two years earlier than initially thought, the
Zuiderzee ceased to be, as the last tidal trench, the
972:, a block-shaped, hard variety of limestone. Block stone served as a more affordable and widely available alternative to basalt, and the Dutch Government resisted purchasing large quantities of basalt to avoid potential price increases, instead planning to gradually replace the block stone with basalt.
493:
marking the spot where the dyke had been closed. The amount of material used is estimated at 23 million m (810 million cu ft) of sand and 13.5 million m (480 million cu ft) of till and over the years an average of around four to five thousand workers
1069:
of all potential solutions was considered, a decision was made to strengthen the existing locks. However, it is quite possible that a naviduct will be built to replace the locks when they reach the end of their useful life in 2050. The work started in April 2020 and was planned to take three years;
949:
In determining the height for the construction of the inner berm, different considerations were employed compared to those for the main dam crest height. The primary requirement for the crest was to ensure the dike would not be breached during the most severe anticipated storm. To achieve this, the
566:
According to committee's predictions, if the
Zuiderzee had been closed during the 1825–1926 period, the highest water level reached would have been 3.1 metres above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum at Den Oever, and about 3.4 metres on the Friesland coast. However, the commission drew attention to the fact
1012:
Following the 1953 storm, a subsequent storm in 1954 caused significant damage to the
Afsluitdijk. Although the 1953 water level was not as extreme at the Afsluitdijk as in the southern Netherlands, the intense wave action resulted in severe damage to a large portion of the block stone, which was
954:
than the Wadden Sea side, as it was anticipated that even under unfavourable conditions, such as a southwest storm over the IJsselmeer with a high average water level, the waves would not exceed about 3.5 metres above
Amsterdam Ordnance Datum. Consequently, the berm was constructed to a height of
930:
The lower value was based on the assumption that wave run-up in the shallow area near the
Frisian coast would be reduced. However, it became evident as early as 1934 that this assumption was incorrect due to the narrowness of the shallow zone. To address this issue, a section of the dike body was
1096:
led the artistic aspects. The three designs of light and interaction developed by
Roosegaarde and his team are entitled Gates of Light, Windvogel and Glowing Nature. The improvement of the main dike body was completed in 2022. Additional works (the fish migration river, new locks and the pumping
958:
The inner berm slope toward the future water level of the IJsselmeer (or
Amstelmeer) was designed to be steeper than the outer slope, with a ratio of approximately 1:3. The majority of the dam's core consisted of sand, while boulder clay on the exterior provided resistance against water flow,
470:
calculated the force of the tide as the smaller gap made it stronger. Ten thousand workers, 27 large dredges, 13 floating cranes, 132 barges, and 88 tugs worked on the project at the end, timed to close the dyke at low tide; it was finished on 28 May 1932. Construction progressed better than
549:
The height of the crest of the
Afsluitdijk was originally determined based on insufficient data about wave run-up. This became apparent soon after the first significant storm surge following the completion of the works, which occurred in December 1936. During the storm, the water in the
1038:, was unveiled by Queen Juliana on the North Holland side of the Afsluitdijk. On May 9, 2007, the statue was relocated near to the Vlieter Monument. The official unveiling, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the dyke, was performed on 24 May 2007 by Prince Willem-Alexander.
393:
391:
388:
1023:, it was deemed necessary to elevate the dike level. However, this was considered less urgent compared to the issues in Zeeland after the 1953 storm. A decision was made to prioritize the Delta Works while also incrementally increasing the Afsluitdijk height to 7.4 metres.
392:
1120:), for reasons of cost and relative lack of benefits. The reservation and abutments for the rail line were utilized instead for a second carriageway for the dyke's two-lane highway in the 1970s, transforming the latter into today's four-lane A7 motorway.
390:
532:
locks (named after the physicist) and two series of five sluices, making a total of 25 discharge sluices. It is necessary to routinely discharge water from the lake since it is continually fed by rivers and streams (most notably the
1092:(the ministry which oversees the dyke) further increased the height of the dyke beginning in 2018. As part of the renovation program, a series of artistic projects were incorporated into the dyke, known as the "Icoon Afsluitdijk."
362:
The next large project was to convert the
Zuiderzee into polder. In 1886, a few notables established the Zuiderzee Society to investigate whether reclamation was feasible. One of the most prominent members of the society was
374:
In 1913, Lely was
Minister of Water Management, and land reclamation was included in the government program. His plan was initially opposed, particularly for its huge costs and also by the fishing industry. But after the
176:
268:
during the design storm condition be permitted. The design proposed by the successful contractor to meet this criterion will see a further increase in the height of the dam, by approximately 2 metres.
351:
and several other important Dutch sea harbours. Furthermore, the Zuiderzee provided relatively shallow and calm fishing grounds for the many towns bordering the bay. However, the opening of the
459:
From these points, the dyke slowly grew by ships depositing till into the open sea until it breached the surface. The nascent dyke was then strengthened from land by basalt rocks and mats of
389:
1450:
1240:
The speed limit on the Afsluitdijk, the stretch of the A7 on the dyke between Wognum in North Holland and Zürich in Friesland, has been increased to 130 km/h from Tuesday.
436:
boulders and old concrete. Previous experience had showed that boulder clay was superior to just sand or clay for a structure like the Afsluitdijk, with the added benefit that
245:
Increases to the height of the Afsluitdijk have been made several times since 1958, when height increases were undertaken during regular maintenance periods as a result of the
1054:
343:. Until then, the Zuiderzee had been a large bay south of the North Sea which gave maritime access to five provinces of The Netherlands, and particularly during the
478:
The dyke itself however was not finished as it still needed to be brought up to its required height and a road linking Friesland and North Holland (the current
574:
Observed storm surge water levels in 1894 for various locations in the Netherlands, and calculated levels of the same locations with a closed-off Zuiderzee
524:, Hendrik Stevin, who was the first making a plan to close the Zuiderzee in 1667) and three series of five sluices for discharging the IJsselmeer into the
463:
at its base. The dyke could then be finished off by raising it further with sand and finally clay for the surface of the dyke, on which grass was planted.
264:
complexes seeing the crest level raised to 7.8 metres. Major upgrade works commenced in 2019, with one of the design conditions being that only limited
242:
of the Vlieter. The height at the greater sea depths west of Friesland was required to be a minimum of 7 metres everywhere when originally constructed.
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950:
crest was designed to be elevated enough so that, at most, only a single wave could reach it. The IJsselmeer side of the dam was designed with a lower
931:
removed. Despite these adjustments, a 1937 storm revealed that they were insufficient, leading to an increase in the crest height to 7.4 metres.
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it from the bottom of the Zuiderzee. Work started at four points: on both sides of the mainland and on two specially made construction-islands (
383:, opinions were ready for this mega project and the parliament agreed, but it took another 9 years, until 1927, before the works actually began.
1623:
371:, prominent member and later chairman of the society. In 1891 he designed the first plan for the closure and reclamation of the Zuiderzee.
1116:, along with extra drawbridge abutments at the locks. However, construction of the line was never undertaken by the Dutch track operator (
1065:
would have a high construction cost compared with standard locks and bridges, but would benefit the economy by reducing delays. After the
1494:
56:
1026:
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489:) also remained to be built. On 25 September 1933, the Afsluitdijk was officially opened, with a monument designed by architect
1396:
1423:
1335:
1638:
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of between 6.7 metres (22 ft) along the section at Friesland, and 7.4 metres (24 ft) where it crosses the deep
234:
province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 metres (300 ft), at an initial height above
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1598:
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All values in centimetres. Z and A are in centimetres above NAP (Normaal Amsterdams Peil/Amsterdam Ordnance Datum).
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1227:
1633:
1061:, issued a statement detailing the factors influencing the decision to replace the locks at Kornwerderzand. A
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475:, was closed by a final bucket of till. The IJsselmeer was born, even though it was still salty at the time.
1613:
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that in a very rare and unfavourable set of circumstances, even higher storm surge heights were possible.
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reached to around half a metre below the dike. For the crown height, storm surge heights indicated by the
935:
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The Afsluitdijk (literally translated: shut-off-dyke) was completed in 1932, thereby shutting off the
1288:
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During construction, the slopes were partially fortified with basalt columns and Belgian block stone
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The highway on the Afsluitdijk was the initial demonstration site for a 130 km/h (81 mph)
1618:
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would be 32 kilometres (20 mi) in length. The inland side is heavy stone; the seaward side is
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Besides the dyke itself, there was also the necessary construction of two complexes of shipping
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were involved with the construction every day, relieving some of the unemployment following the
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1498:
1397:"Te verwachten stormvloedstanden op de benedenrivieren : eerste voorlopige becijfering"
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1109:
490:
1546:
1399:[Expected storm surge levels on the lower rivers: first preliminary calculation].
8:
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during the work, the highway remained in operation, however the bicycle path was closed.
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was in plentiful supply in the area; it could be retrieved in large quantities by simply
239:
314:
1030:
A cross section profile of the Afsluitdijk prior to the upgrade works commenced in 2019
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were primarily used, based on storm surges that had occurred in the period 1825–1926.
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project and a quicker road-connection between the North and West of the Netherlands.
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On 23 September 1954, on the centenary of Cornelis Lely, a statue, made by
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1174:] (in Dutch). H.D. Tjeenk Willink B.V., Groningen. pp. 156–160.
1020:
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1338:[The first offensive: 25 years of the Afsluitdijk, 1932-1957].
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became the only Dutch line of defense that successfully withstood a
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later replaced by basalt. In response to recommendations from the
959:
limiting seepage and enhancing dike breach protection. A layer of
1582:
1520:
Waterstaat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en (5 September 2016).
1117:
1101:
946:, would bring the reality of such extremely rare cases to light.
934:
Later research on storm surge flood levels in the Netherlands by
538:
1522:"Icoon Afsluitdijk designs unveiled - News item - Government.nl"
1361:
Vreugdenhil, C. B.; Alberts, Gerard; Gelder, Pieter van (2001).
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at both ends of the dyke. The complex at Den Oever includes the
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433:
429:
356:
261:
1200:
Rijkswaterstaat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat.
453:
1365:[Hydraulics: A century of mathematics and reality].
963:, composed of basalt rock, was utilized on the outer slope.
1426:[Concise note on the frequencies of storm surges].
437:
347:
provided a protected entrance and exit for the harbour of
1112:) had been included on the Afsluitdijk, in the form of a
528:; the other complex at Kornwerderzand is composed of the
218:. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from
207:
1360:
1228:"Holland's first 130 km/h road is the Afsluitdijk"
1336:"Het eerste offensief: 25 jaar afsluitdijk 1932-1957"
1085:
The new (2022) profile (Kornwerderzand - Friese Kust)
326:
Afsluitdijk profile cross-section as designed in 1925
1424:"Beknopte Nota over de Frequenties van Stormvloeden"
1363:"Waterloopkunde: een eeuw wiskunde en werkelijkheid"
545:
Developments after construction and height increases
271:
The Afsluitdijk is a fundamental part of the larger
1456:(in Dutch). Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu
1077:
The new (2022) profile (Den Oever - Kornwerderzand)
994:attack during the conflict, and was one of the few
1271:Cornelis Lely. Ingenieur van het nieuwe Nederland
1104:line linking North Holland and Friesland (between
283:, and turning it into the fresh water lake of the
1590:
1045:Observation tower as seen from pedestrian bridge
1172:A half century of the Zuiderzee Works 1920-1970
92:flood protection and land reclamation
1578:Why the Dutch built a motorway through the sea
152:(a part of the North Sea) on the left and the
1497:(in Dutch). 29 September 2017. Archived from
1477:"De Afsluitdijk drie jaar dicht is doodzonde"
980:On 12 and 13 May 1940 it was the site of the
409:was connected to the mainland with the short
1421:
1097:station) were at that moment not yet ready.
942:, along with the devastating effects of the
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1280:
1199:
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603:Calculated level with closed-off Zuiderzee
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537:river that gives its name to the lake) and
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330:
256:
250:
1519:
1314:mathematical and philosofical transactions
541:draining their water into the IJsselmeer.
130:7.25 m (23.8 ft) above sea level
29:
1629:Buildings and structures in North Holland
1316:] (in Dutch). Philips de Cro, Leiden.
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587:Water level reached during storm in 1894
318:Closing the last gap 'De Vlieter' in 1932
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1323:
1277:
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1167:Een halve eeuw Zuiderzeewerken 1920-1970
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595:Calculated level increase with new dike
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321:
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143:
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1255:Polderkoorts. Hoe de Zuiderzee verdween
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397:Newsreel of the closing of the last gap
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1333:
1305:
1142:
1624:Buildings and structures in Friesland
1448:
1320:
1019:, the commission responsible for the
189:
168:
1495:"Icoon Afsluitdijk | De Afsluitdijk"
1369:(in Dutch). S 5, dl 2 (3): 266–276.
1340:Staatsdrukkerij en Uitgeverijbedrijf
401:
1571:Gates of Light | Studio Roosegaarde
1401:Rijkswaterstaat Publicatie Platform
1286:
1258:. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thomas Rap.
623:Location of the area or tide gauge
611:Predicted increase in wave run-up.
561:(English: Lorentz State Commission)
13:
1055:Infrastructure and the Environment
14:
1660:
1564:
1475:de Boer, Amarins (1 April 2019).
1451:"Toezegging naviduct Afsluitdijk"
1204:["Afsluitdijk Project"].
1273:. Beilen, NL: Uitgeverij Pharos.
1539:
1513:
1487:
1468:
1442:
1415:
1388:
975:
452:) along the line of the future
249:, with the section between the
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1309:Wisconstich filosofisch bedryf
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844:Vlieland Waddenkust, Posthuis
793:Terschelling, Waddenkust east
1:
1135:
557:Staatscommissie Lorentz (SCL)
513:lock (named after the son of
339:(lit: Southern Sea) from the
1422:Wemelsfelder, P. J. (1938).
1230:. DutchNews.nl. 1 March 2011
466:As the dyke grew, physicist
279:, a salt water inlet of the
127:Elevation at crest
7:
1449:Atsma, Joop (3 July 2012).
1367:Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde
1287:Ley, Willy (October 1961).
1123:
936:Pieter Jacobus Wemelsfelder
226:province to the village of
10:
1665:
1639:Transport in North Holland
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982:Battle of the Afsluitdijk
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118:
113:
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97:
87:
50:
40:
28:
23:
1609:Roads in the Netherlands
1599:Dikes in the Netherlands
1306:Stevin, Hendrik (1667).
1291:. For Your Information.
1252:Hakkenes, Emiel (2017).
1164:Thijsse, J. Th. (1972).
1000:defeats suffered by the
955:approximately 4 metres.
861:Eierland near Cocksdorp
331:Reasons for construction
236:Amsterdam Ordnance Datum
1604:Dams in the Netherlands
691:Westerland (Wieringen)
432:above, weighed down by
247:North Sea Flood of 1953
138:90 m (300 ft)
122:32 km (20 mi)
98:Construction began
1634:Transport in Friesland
1547:"fish migration river"
1334:Stuvel, H. J. (1957).
1293:Galaxy Science Fiction
1269:Banning, Cees (2018).
1206:www.rijkswaterstaat.nl
1086:
1078:
1046:
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1008:Post-war modernization
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810:Terschelling, harbour
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468:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
416:
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327:
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1395:van Veen, J. (1939).
1202:"Project Afsluitdijk"
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1067:cost–benefit analysis
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1029:
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170:[ˈɑfslœydɛik]
148:Afsluitdijk with the
147:
1501:on 29 September 2017
1289:"The Home-Made Land"
776:Ameland, Waddenkust
491:Willem Marinus Dudok
310:Image from satellite
298:in the Netherlands.
191:[ˈɔfslyːdik]
1614:Causeways in Europe
986:Fort Kornwerderzand
969:Belgische Bloksteen
944:storm surge of 1953
912:Texel, South Point
580:
68: /
1295:. pp. 92–106.
1114:linear reservation
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895:Texel, Oudeschild
827:Vlieland, harbour
657:Den Helder, gauge
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135:Width (crest)
35:Afsluitdijk in red
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402:Building the dyke
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114:Dam and spillways
106:Opening date
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627:
624:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
546:
543:
505:and discharge
446:Kornwerderzand
411:Amsteldiepdijk
403:
400:
381:famine of 1918
369:civil engineer
332:
329:
303:
300:
258:Lorentzsluizen
204:"Closure Dyke"
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1526:government.nl
1523:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Anna Paulowna
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:In 2012, the
1043:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
983:
973:
970:
964:
962:
956:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
618:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
582:
579:Key to table
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
553:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
515:mathematician
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
464:
462:
461:willow switch
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
420:
418:
413:in 1925; the
412:
408:
384:
382:
378:
377:flood of 1916
372:
370:
366:
365:Cornelis Lely
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
324:
316:
308:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
253:
252:Stevinsluizen
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:North Holland
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:) is a major
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
177:
171:
163:
155:
151:
146:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
81:
77:53.000; 5.167
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
16:
1577:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1489:
1480:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1427:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1232:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1171:
1166:
1099:
1088:
1048:
1033:
1011:
1001:
995:
989:
979:
976:World War II
965:
957:
948:
933:
929:
759:Nieuw Bildt
616:
565:
560:
548:
529:
522:Simon Stevin
510:
500:
477:
472:
465:
458:
450:Breezanddijk
423:boulder clay
414:
405:
373:
361:
334:
293:
270:
244:
183:West Frisian
161:
159:
156:on the right
15:
1483:(in Dutch).
1234:20 February
1021:Delta Works
961:armourstone
417:Afsluitdijk
296:speed limit
216:Netherlands
202:; English:
200:Ofsluutdiek
162:Afsluitdijk
75: /
51:Coordinates
45:Netherlands
24:Afsluitdijk
1593:Categories
1430:(in Dutch)
1403:(in Dutch)
1342:(in Dutch)
1208:(in Dutch)
1136:References
1059:Joop Atsma
997:Blitzkrieg
742:Harlingen
708:Den Oever
674:Oostoever
640:Kaaphoofd
552:Wadden Sea
526:Wadden Sea
430:mattresses
357:polderland
285:IJsselmeer
154:IJsselmeer
150:Wadden Sea
1375:0028-9825
1110:Harlingen
1002:Wehrmacht
991:Wehrmacht
427:brushwood
407:Wieringen
349:Amsterdam
341:North Sea
337:Zuiderzee
281:North Sea
277:Zuiderzee
232:Friesland
220:Den Oever
187:Ofslútdyk
1460:2 August
1124:See also
1063:naviduct
984:, where
519:engineer
487:motorway
442:dredging
379:and the
212:causeway
1583:YouTube
1531:27 July
1505:11 July
1434:4 April
1407:4 April
1380:3 April
1346:4 April
1212:4 April
1185:3 April
1180:5439270
1118:ProRail
1102:railway
539:polders
530:Lorentz
507:sluices
473:Vlieter
302:History
240:channel
214:in the
88:Purpose
41:Country
1552:1 June
1373:
1178:
535:IJssel
511:Stevin
434:basalt
262:sluice
228:Zurich
166:Dutch:
119:Length
63:5°10′E
60:53°0′N
1481:Metro
1454:(PDF)
1312:[
1170:[
737:(15)
503:locks
425:with
1554:2023
1533:2021
1507:2021
1462:2013
1436:2023
1409:2023
1382:2023
1371:ISSN
1348:2023
1236:2012
1214:2023
1187:2023
1176:OCLC
1108:and
1053:for
938:and
921:290
915:240
904:319
898:254
887:324
881:245
870:310
864:280
853:292
847:260
836:303
830:287
819:300
813:286
802:325
796:340
785:335
779:330
768:284
762:271
751:346
745:269
734:370
731:100
728:270
717:346
714:113
711:233
700:326
694:247
683:308
677:260
666:292
660:248
649:293
643:250
517:and
454:dyke
448:and
438:till
367:, a
255:and
210:and
160:The
109:1932
101:1927
918:50
907:10
901:65
890:10
884:79
867:30
856:10
850:32
833:16
816:14
765:13
754:15
748:77
720:25
703:15
697:79
686:15
680:48
663:44
646:43
635:ΔG
484:E22
230:in
222:in
208:dam
18:Dam
1595::
1524:.
1479:.
1322:^
1279:^
1238:.
1144:^
1057:,
1004:.
924:0
873:0
839:0
822:0
805:0
799:0
788:0
782:8
771:5
669:0
652:0
632:A
629:Δ
626:Z
608:ΔG
498:.
480:A7
456:.
359:.
198::
194:;
185::
181:;
1585:)
1581:(
1556:.
1535:.
1509:.
1464:.
1438:.
1411:.
1384:.
1350:.
1216:.
1189:.
600:A
592:Δ
584:Z
482:/
164:(
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