1551:
623:
1276:. The stations, completed in February 1930, managed to drain the polder after six months of continuous pumping. "Drained" in this context does not mean the land was wholly dry; extensive pools of shallow water still littered the muddy landscape. To make the soil usable it had to be further drained by a network of drainage canals. Small ditches were dug leading to larger watercourses, which in turn transported their water to the main drainage canals. These canals, dredged when the polder was still filled with water, conducted surplus water to the pumping stations. The resulting dehydration caused the former seabed to sink by over a metre in some places. Once the ground had settled, the smaller ditches were replaced with underground drainage tubes, which would be used for the normal drainage of the polder.
2052:
1644:, largely abandoned in the 19th century. Urk was then and is still today a fishing community and it served as a natural construction-island for both dikes as well as a base of operations for the later exploitation of the polder. Both ceased to be islands: Urk on 3 October 1939, when the dike reaching from Lemmer was closed and Schokland when the surrounding water was consequently drained. Both islands stand out in the new land, physically and figuratively. The community of Urk in particular has remained an entity somewhat distinct from the "mainland". It is a separate municipality from the rest of the polder, which was organized as the municipality of Noordoostpolder in 1962. The town of
1613:
1726:
1609:
was much the same as in the
Wieringermeer, again focusing on farming. Less fertile areas were designated to be planted as forest land. Land in the polders was state-owned during the entire developmental process. Several years after this was completed, the various plots were distributed among private parties, with priority given to the early pioneers who had been in the polder since the start. Later, farmers from all over the Netherlands became eligible for the remainder. Candidates were put through a selection process before receiving their own pieces of new land.
1448:
1970:. After the new municipalities of Southern Flevoland were established in 1984, belonging to no province as was the case with Lelystad, the provincial issue required renewed attention. With only six municipalities and without the Markerwaard, the area was considered by opponents to be insufficiently populous and developed for an entire province, but the polder municipalities were unanimous in their desire: on 1 January 1986, the province of Flevoland was inaugurated. With a population of 356,400 (2004) it was the least populous province, but the province of
1982:
2066:
671:
125:
164:
1996:
212:
244:
132:
1239:, the body of water south of Wieringen, and also the name of the new polder. It was the only polder reclaimed from the Zuiderzee itself (the others were reclaimed after the Afsluitdijk was finished), but it wasn't entirely the first. A small test polder of some 0.4 km was constructed in 1926–1927 near Andijk in North Holland to research the effects drainage would have on the soil of the Zuiderzee and how best to configure the new polders.
2024:
814:
2010:
25:
1892:
631:
360:
2038:
758:
1811:
Work on the village of Larsen was just about to start when it was cancelled. The amount of agricultural land did not increase; it diminished as a result of the building of
Lelystad (a city envisioned to eventually house at least 100,000 inhabitants.) By 2005 it had 70,000 residents. In addition, more area was assigned for development as forests and nature reserves, a trend that would continue in the next polder.
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376:
260:
392:
148:
1803:(1966), named after the man who had played a crucial role in the design and realisation of the Zuiderzee Works. Other more conventional settlements had already developed by then; Dronten, the local major town, was founded in 1962, followed in 1963 by two smaller satellite villages, Swifterbant and Biddinghuizen. These last three were incorporated into the new municipality of
1922:
superior to any potential such value the
Markerwaard would offer. Doubts began to surface about the cost-effectiveness of the polder. The original post-war designs had called for a 410 km polder, yet many different proposals were later put forth in an effort to combine the benefits of both the Markerwaard and Markermeer, all to no avail. Although
843:, rather than just sand or clay, was the best primary material for a structure like the Afsluitdijk. An added benefit was that it was easily available; it could be retrieved in large quantities by dredging it from the bottom of the Zuiderzee. Work started at four points: on both sides of the mainland and on two purpose-made construction-islands (
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308:
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729:-lake). Two major lanes of open water were defined for shipping and drainage. The initial body of water affected by the project was 3,500 square kilometres (1,350 sq mi). Opposition came from fishermen along the Zuiderzee who would lose their livelihood, and from others in coastal areas along the more northerly
1868:(1984), again a more conventional town acting as the local centre. Zeewolde became a municipality at the same time as Almere, on 1 January 1984, which in the case of Zeewolde meant that the municipality existed before the town itself, with only farms in the surrounding land to be governed until the town started to grow.
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292:
476:
344:
196:
180:
526:
492:
276:
228:
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1884:, the last of the IJsselmeer islands, and went north for some 2 km where it ends abruptly today. After World War II, the eastern polder was chosen as the next project, but Marken was not wholly ignored; on 17 October 1957, a 3.5 km long dike was closed, running south of the now former island to the
1921:
The debate on whether to build the
Markerwaard continued for years. The need for new agricultural land had mostly disappeared by this time and extra space for housing was unnecessary in this region. The existing ecological and recreational value of the Markermeer was considered by many to be equal or
1819:
Southern
Flevoland (Zuidelijk Flevoland) was the fourth polder of the Zuiderzee Works, built adjacent to its larger sibling, Eastern Flevoland. Since its northeastern dike, the aforementioned Knardijk, already existed, only 70 km of the dike remained to be built. Starting in early 1959, this was
1853:
The area between
Lelystad and Almere was designated for heavy industries, but since enough space was still available on the old land for those industries this part of the polder was left alone for the mean time. After only a couple of years this landscape of shallow pools, islets and swamps became a
1537:
Local governance presented a new problem. The area was divided among the mainland municipalities according to the boundaries used when it was water-covered. This configuration was not always practical on the ground and unnecessarily split responsibilities among several bodies. The first solution was
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940,000 acres (380,000 ha) of land from the sea and 345,000 acres (140,000 ha) by draining lakes, a total of 1,285,000 acres (520,000 ha), but lost 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of land to the
Zuiderzee. Hendrik Stevin in 1667 was the first to publish a study ("How the Fury of the
1810:
Though agriculture was initially the main purpose of the polder, needs of the post-war period changed the design goals of the new polders. Changing agricultural needs and increased motorised mobility meant many farming villages were unnecessary and the number of towns was eventually reduced to two.
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The period following World War II was spent restoring the
Wieringermeerpolder and catching up with work on the Noordoostpolder. Soon attention turned towards the next project: Eastern Flevoland (Oostelijk Flevoland), which at 540 km was the largest of the new polders. In 1950 work commenced on
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Unlike earlier proposals the act intended to preserve part of the
Zuiderzee and create large islands, as Lely warned that rerouting the rivers directly to the North Sea might cause inland flooding if storms raised the sea's level. He also wanted to preserve the Zee's fisheries, and for the new land
1608:
The task of building the
Noordoostpolder was eased by the earlier experience, the now placid waters of the IJsselmeer, and the mechanisation of the construction process. Machines, sometimes made specifically for the Zuiderzee Works, were increasingly used for this and the final polders. Land usage
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breached the Wieringermeer dike with explosives to flood the polder and prevent allied advance. No casualties were incurred, but the high water and a subsequent storm destroyed most of the infrastructure built in the previous decade as well as all crops. Reconstruction followed quickly, and by the
1517:
The Wieringermeer, as the first of the envisioned five polders, served as a major testbed for ideas and techniques for the following projects. It is closest to the original concept of the new land being primarily used as agricultural land and it has retained a strong rural character. Four villages
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The Wieringermeer and later polders were divided into plots of about 50 acres (20 ha). The best land is used for vegetables; the next best for rye and other grain; and the worst land is forested. Each plot has a paved road in the front and a canal in the back to make it accessible by land and
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Construction progressed better than expected. At three points along the line of the dam were underwater gullies, where the tidal current was much stronger than elsewhere. These had been considered major obstacles to completing the dam but proved not to be so. On 28 May 1932, two years earlier than
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at several places along the Zuiderzee broke under the stress of a winter storm, and the land behind them flooded, as had often happened in previous centuries. This flooding provided the decisive impetus to implement the existing plans to tame the Zuiderzee. In addition, a threatening food shortage
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or "public body", a complicated arrangement which incorporated both the government body in charge of the actual development and an appointed committee responsible for public governance. As the polder became more populated, the demand for representation increased until finally on 1 July 1941, the
829:
A new study, commissioned after doubts arose over the financial feasibility of the project, recommended that work should continue and be accelerated. The Zuiderzee Works Department initiated the next two major projects at the same time, in 1927. The most important of these was the main dam, the
1899:
When construction started in 1959 on a new dike it had not yet been decided whether this would be the northern dike of Southern Flevoland or the southern dike of the Markerwaard, but the choice eventually fell to the former and another chance for the Markerwaard had passed. A minor flood near
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to Urk. Construction of these dikes and the necessary pumping stations was disrupted during World War II during the 1940 German conquest of the Netherlands. The encircling dikes were both closed in December 1940, and the pumping stations started draining in early 1941. The Noordoostpolder was
1242:
Building the encircling dike for the Wieringermeer was harder than it was for the later polders, because the Wieringermeer dikes were built before the completion of the Afsluitdijk. That meant the tidal currents of the Zuiderzee were still present. As a consequence, they were somewhat higher.
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locks and two series of five sluices, making a total of 25 discharge sluices. Periodically discharging the lake is necessary since it is continually fed by rivers and streams (most notably the IJssel River, for which the lake is named) and polders draining excess water into the IJsselmeer.
1926:
had intended to proceed with the Markerwaard, it was decided to indefinitely postpone the project in September 1986. A proposed alternative was to use the lake as a water reservoir for hydropower combined with wind-power from windmills on the dikes, eliminating the unpredictability of the
1655:(1943). Planned to be the first and the only major town of the polder, it serves as the local governmental and services center. Ten smaller villages, conceived more as agricultural communities, were planned in a wide circle around Emmeloord, at a distance chosen to be easily covered by
901:
The Afsluitdijk was opened 25 September 1933, with a monument marking the spot where the dam was finished. It used 23 million m of sand and 13.5 million m of till. An average of 4,000 to 5,000 workers were employed in the dam's construction, relieving unemployment during the
1918:, progressed slowly, lasting from 1963 to 1975, after which it also served as an important road connection between the north of North Holland and the eastern Netherlands. The Houtribdijk did not, however, result in the construction of the rest of the Markerwaard, as many had hoped.
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urged reclamation of the Zuiderzee. When Lely became Minister of Transport and Public Works that year, he used his position to promote the Zuiderzee Works and gained support. The government started developing official plans to enclose the Zuiderzee. On 13 and 14 January 1916 the
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Construction started on the 18 km dike from Den Oever on Wieringen and the new construction-island of Oude Zeug and progressed satisfactorily. The Wieringermeer was closed off from the Zuiderzee in July 1929. The next step was draining all the water from the future polder.
854:
From these points, the dam was expanded as ships deposited till into the open sea in two parallel lines. Sand was poured between these two lines; as the fill emerged above the surface of the water, it was covered by another layer of till. The nascent dam was strengthened with
1711:
in Urk. The first two are electrically powered (though connected to different power-plants), while the latter one has diesel power. Like all pumping stations of the Zuiderzee Works, they are named for individuals who made significant contributions to the project.
1880:, at several times during the project, but other polders took precedence. Parts of it have been built; in 1941 it was decided to begin work on the first section of dike, but the German occupiers stopped construction that same year. This dike originated on
1395:, sown from the air by plane onto the muddy flats while the polder was still being drained. This sturdy plant helped evaporate the water and bring air into the soil, thereby solidifying its structure and further preventing the emergence of unwanted weeds.
1863:
The centre of the polder most closely resembles the pre-war polders in that it is almost exclusively agricultural. In contrast, the south-eastern part is dominated by extensive forests. It is also home to the only other settlement of the polder,
1579:
The original 1891 plan called for the largest, southeastern polder to be built after the Wieringermeer, but it was decided in 1932 to give precedence to the northeastern one, which was smaller and therefore considered easier. This would be the
1827:, needed to be built because of the hydrological union of the two Flevolands; once the polder was finished it would simply join the previous three in maintaining the water-level of both polders. Before it could do that however the newest
788:(Zuiderzee Works Department), the government body responsible for overseeing the construction and initial management, was set up in May 1919. It decided against building the main dam first, proceeding to construct a smaller dam, the
1974:
had only 378,300 and Flevoland has a higher population density than four other provinces. By 2015, Flevoland had surpassed Zeeland in population (403,380, compared to 380,620) and had a density of 280 persons per square kilometre.
712:
is named) was an ardent supporter, an engineer, and later government minister. His 1891 plan was the basis for the development of what were to become the Zuiderzee Works. It consisted of a large dam connecting the northern tip of
1904:, including two complexes of locks and discharge sluices at either end, was to split the IJsselmeer in two, with the largest portion (1250 km) continuing as the IJsselmeer and the smaller lake (700 km) being named the
876:
The dam was not finished. It still needed to be brought up to its full height, and a road linking Friesland and North Holland remained to be built. In addition to completing the dam, work needed was the construction of shipping
1771:
Work on Eastern Flevoland resumed in 1954 and the dike was closed on 13 September 1956. The pumping stations started draining the polder that same day, completing the task in June 1957. Three pumping stations were built: the
703:
found that about three quarters of the Zuiderzee would be useful land. Plans were developed during the second half of the nineteenth century to protect areas from the force of the open sea and creating new agricultural land.
1390:
With the hydrological infrastructure in place, the virgin land was developed to prepare for its later cultivation. The first plant to establish itself, though more so in the later polders than in the Wieringermeer, was
1268:. Different power systems were used in the stations as a safety mechanism. If one station lost power, the other one would still be able to keep the polder dry. The pumping mechanism itself was based on a variation of
836:(enclosure dam), running from Den Oever on Wieringen to the village of Zurich in Friesland. It was to be 32 km long and 90 meters wide, rising to 7.25 meters above sea-level, with an incline of 25% on each side.
1418:
in the center of the polder is built higher than the highest recorded flood level of the North Sea to protect people if the dike fails; the Wieringermeer terp is large enough to hold the population of Amsterdam.
1934:, a group of islands designed to establish nature reserves in the north of the Markermeer. Contrary to the Markerwaard, no permanent human occupation is planned, although it will be accessible to tourists and
1624:
made the government change its priorities. Instead of granting the new land only to farmers selected for their skill, the government granted land to a large number of farmers from the flooded province of
1161:
After damming off the sea, the next step involved creating new land, known as polders. This was achieved by damming off portions of the IJsselmeer, and then pumping all the water out. The first polder,
1842:, in order to relieve the housing shortage and increasing overcrowding on the old land. Almere was to be divided into 3 major settlements, initially; the first, Almere-Haven (1976), situated along the
1900:
Amsterdam in 1960 had demonstrated the danger a large IJsselmeer still presented. A further planned element of the Markerwaard was subsequently executed: a 28 km dike between Lelystad and
1854:
popular resting and foraging area for many species of waterfowl, to the extent that it rapidly turned into a nature reserve of national significance. Although accidental in origin, the
796:
to the North Holland mainland. The dike, with a length of 2.5 km, was built between 1920 and 1924. As with dike building, polder construction was tested on a small scale at the
1795:
A new element in the design of this polder was the intention to establish a larger city to serve as a regional centre for all the polders and perhaps the capital of a potential new
1752:
The plans for a single south-eastern polder were changed to construct two separate polders with a joint hydrological infrastructure. They were divided by a dike in the middle, the
1958:, would not become a part of it, but the municipalities of the other three and the islands of the Noordoostpolder would together form the 12th province of the Netherlands, called
1235:
The other major project started in 1927 was the construction of the 200 km polder in the northwest, the first and the smallest of the five projected polders. It replaced the
2334:
2306:
1749:
to detach the new polders from the mainland. A string of peripheral lakes have been left between the two, requiring a much longer dike of 90 km to encircle the polder.
1410:, and finally oats. This process took years, but once finished allowed planting other crops. At the same time, other infrastructures such as roads and housing were built.
1197:. This project was extensively debated until plans were abandoned in the early 2000s, as environmental issues were viewed differently than in the 1920s. A new province,
1588:). Due to initial financial difficulties, construction did not begin until 1936. Two dikes, totaling 55 km in length, steadily grew in the IJsselmeer, one from
2230:
1734:
several construction-islands in the middle of the IJsselmeer, the largest of which would be Lelystad-Haven, which initially housed a community of dike-builders.
1792:(both electrically powered) along the northern dike beside the Ketelmeer. All three were built with extra capacity with the future southern polder in mind.
1550:
1927:
latter – when there is an overcapacity of wind, use that to fill the lake and when there is not enough, use the high water level for hydro power.
721:
and the creation of initially four polders in the northwest, the northeast, southeast (later split in two), and southwest of what would be renamed the
1760:
in such a flooding event. The eastern polder was planned to be the first, and the encircling dike began to take form in 1951. It progressed until the
1402:, turning the newborn polder into a yellow sea of flowers in spring. These crops were succeeded by various grains. In the Wieringermeer the first was
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332:
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switch at its base. The dam was finished by raising it with sand and finally clay for the upper surface of the dam, which was planted with grass.
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lock and three series of five sluices for discharging the IJsselmeer into the Wadden Sea. The other complex at Kornwerderzand is composed of the
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604:
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were drained in the mid-19th century, van Diggelen, Kloppenburg, and Faddegon proposed that the Zuiderzee also be drained. Test drilling by the
2051:
1477:
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622:
663:, and have for centuries been subject to periodic flooding by the sea. The seventeenth century saw early proposals to tame and enclose the
1834:
Due to the geographically favourable location of the southern polder to the heavily urbanised centre of the Netherlands and in particular
1764:
struck the south-western Netherlands. Workers and machinery were transferred there for repair work (additional work here was part of the
1876:
Markerwaard was a planned fifth polder that has never been completed. It was intended to build a south-western polder, to be called the
250:
1181:
After the war, work was started on draining the Flevolands, a massive project totalling almost 1000 km. This area is now home to
2359:
1756:, which would keep one polder safe should the other be flooded. The two main drainage canals to traverse the dike could be closed by
869:
1605:
considered to be sufficiently drained in September 1942, and the developmental process was started for the 480 km of new land.
1426:
in World War II the invading forces at first did not interfere; their engineers inspected the project as a model for reclaiming the
2329:
1248:
733:. They feared higher water levels as a result of the closure. Other critics doubted whether the project was feasible financially.
817:
The Zuiderzee Works in the Netherlands divided the dangerous Zuiderzee, a shallow inlet of the North Sea, into the tame lakes of
1850:) (1980), which was to fulfil the role of city centre, and the third, Almere-Buiten (1984), to the northeast towards Lelystad.
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was filled with a bucket of till. The IJsselmeer was born, though the lake still contained salt water at the time.
42:
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1938:. The creation process started in April 2016 with the first new island being inaugurated on 24 September 2016.
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North Sea may be stopped and Holland may be protected against it") proposing to drain the Zuiderzee. After the
46:
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737:
57:
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1947:
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on 1 January 1972. Lelystad was large enough to be organized as a separate municipality on 1 January 1980.
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1962:. The need for a new province was not immediately clear; Urk and the Noordoostpolder had been part of
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had to first drain the 430 km polder of its water all by itself, completing its job in May 1968.
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2037:
1995:
1460:
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Improve water management by creating a freshwater lake from the former uncontrolled salt water inlet.
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At the heart of the Noordoostpolder, where the three main drainage canals intersect, is the town of
2324:
1464:
1456:
1201:, was created out of the Noordoostpolder and the Flevolands in 1986, thereby completing the Works.
1860:
as they are known became by the 1970s the definitive destination for this section of the polder.
1761:
1621:
1189:; the latter is the fastest growing city in the Netherlands (in part because of its proximity to
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35:
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592:. Its main purposes are to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.
2009:
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Verdiept Verleden: Een eeuw koninklijke Boskalis Westminster en de Nederlandse Baggerindustrie
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Increase the Dutch food supply by development and cultivation of new agricultural land; and
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8:
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2291: – A Flevoland museum on the Zuiderzee Works and Dutch water management in general.
1838:, the planners devised a design that would include a large new urban area, to be called
1725:
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Deepened Past: A Century of Royal Boskalis Westminster and the Dutch Dredging Industry
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1699:(1956). From Emmeloord three canals carry their water to three pumping stations, the
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After the first infrastructure was put in place, the reed was burnt and replaced by
2303: – The administration responsible for maintaining most of the Zuiderzee Works.
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Flooding of the Wieringermeer following damage to the dykes during World War II
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have low flat topography, with half the land area below or less than one metre
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1799:. This city, located in the centre of the reclaimed lands, was developed as
792:, across the Amsteldiep. This was the first step in rejoining the island of
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1170:, was not fully drained until 1942. It was an area much used by the Dutch
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from the higher old mainland would flow to the lower new land, causing
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http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/interesting_stuff/7wonders.html%7CSeven
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during the twentieth century. The project involved the damming of the
2297: – Dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee.
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forecast, the Zuiderzee was closed when the last tidal trench of the
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1846:(one of the peripheral lakes), the second and largest, Almere-Stad (
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Zuidelijk and Oostelijk Flevoland (Southern and Eastern Flevoland)
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Protect the central Netherlands from the effects of the North Sea;
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1971:
1946:
The loss of the Markerwaard did not affect plans to create a new
1804:
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Drainage of a polder is performed by a pumping station or mill (
588:, and the reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water using
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was cut off from the open water, losing businesses and status.
1645:
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1434:, but it was drained again afterwards and the damage repaired.
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1166:, was dammed in 1929 and fully drained in 1930. The third, the
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was completely cut off from open water. The former islands of
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and discharge sluices at the ends of the dam. The complex at
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This new land led to an identity change for towns including
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The enormous scale of the works required the creation of a
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2309:, long-distance cycle route around the former Zuiderzee.
2272:"Een nieuw stukje Nederland: De Marker Wadden zijn open"
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for another major waterworks project in the Netherlands.
1823:
Only one pumping station ('gemaal'), the diesel powered
1745:
and dehydration in the old land. It was decided to use
1193:). Another large polder was originally planned in the
1178:, as the fresh polder offered numerous hiding places.
2167:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. pp. 100–116.
1737:
The experience of the Noordoostpolder had shown that
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in Dutch). Two were built for the Wieringermeer, the
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History of science and technology in the Netherlands
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The polder contains two former islands: the glacial
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The project is still under construction as of 2021.
626:
Sentinel-2 photo of the IJsselmeer and surroundings.
1571:end of 1945 the polder was declared drained again.
615:in the South-West of the Netherlands, as among the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
359:
2259:Intentieverklaring Marker Wadden, Rijkswaterstaat
2158:
1216:due to losing their direct access to the sea and
769:was passed. The goals of the Act were threefold:
2316:
1908:. Construction of this dike, known later as the
1640:, and the elongated strip of peat land known as
1469:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
605:Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken
572:and water drainage work, which was the largest
457:
307:
1143:The first island was completed in late 2020.
754:added to widespread support for the project.
325:
163:
2128:Breaking New Ground: Dutch Dredging Pioneers
423:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
697:
646:(left), protecting thousands of km of land.
1406:, but the later polders plant wheat, then
211:
1500:Learn how and when to remove this message
1430:. In 1945 retreating Germans ordered the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2193:
2124:
1966:up to that point and Dronten fell under
1941:
1890:
1778:(diesel powered) at Lelystad-Haven, the
1724:
1611:
1549:
1260:powered station, near Den Oever and the
812:
756:
669:
629:
621:
507:
2261:, Dutch government bulletin, April 2013
243:
2317:
1518:eventually were formed in the polder:
906:. The total cost of the dam was about
611:declared the works, together with the
1930:In 2012, plans emerged to create the
1814:
803:
291:
2345:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
2159:Sluyterman, K.; Bouwens, B. (2010).
1720:
1616:Satellite picture of Noordoostpolder
1441:
1424:German occupation of the Netherlands
1264:, an electrically powered one, near
851:) along the line of the future dam.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2210:
1284:(percentage of total surface area)
1156:
825:, and created 1650 km of land.
609:American Society of Civil Engineers
131:
16:Land reclamation in the Netherlands
13:
1574:
475:
343:
275:
227:
195:
14:
2396:
2282:
2118:
1954:in the north, long since part of
1895:Markerwaard as envisioned in 1981
1715:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
617:Seven Wonders of the Modern World
599:company comprising several large
441:
407:
375:
179:
147:
2360:Flood control in the Netherlands
2096:Flood control in the Netherlands
2064:
2050:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1994:
1980:
1512:
1446:
584:, a large, shallow inlet of the
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194:
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146:
130:
123:
23:
2330:20th century in the Netherlands
1707:at Vollenhove, and finally the
1538:a form of government called an
1432:inundation of the Wieringermeer
1232:got connected to the mainland.
910:700 million (2004 equivalent).
784:to be accessible by water. The
761:Construction of the Afsluitdijk
682:From 1200 to 1900 AD the Dutch
34:needs additional citations for
2264:
2252:
2223:
2181:
2152:
1950:out of the polders. The older
1871:
1592:in Friesland to the island of
259:
1:
2301:Directorate IJsselmeer Region
2111:
1659:. The first settlements were
798:experimental polder at Andijk
750:during the other stresses of
650:
1987:Plan Kloppenburg en Faggedon
1383:
1380:
1377:
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1026:
1003:
1000:
978:
973:
950:
945:
939:Connection of the island of
808:
7:
2211:Ley, Willy (October 1961).
2190:Wonders of the Modern World
2078:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1118:
1115:
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1109:
1092:
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1038:
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1006:
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987:
984:
981:
962:
959:
956:
953:
391:
10:
2401:
2370:Polders of the Netherlands
1820:finished in October 1967.
1437:
1140:
786:Dienst der Zuiderzeewerken
717:with the western coast of
576:project undertaken by the
367:Pilot Polder Andijk (1927)
1558:On 17 April 1945, in the
1281:Land Usage of the Polders
2380:Polders of North Holland
2355:Dikes in the Netherlands
2215:. For Your Information.
1455:This section includes a
2350:Dams in the Netherlands
2289:Nieuw Land Poldermuseum
1762:North Sea flood of 1953
1622:North Sea flood of 1953
1484:more precise citations.
943:to continental Holland
839:Experience showed that
2385:Landforms of Friesland
2365:Dams completed in 1924
2217:Galaxy Science Fiction
1896:
1730:
1617:
1555:
1172:Underground resistance
826:
762:
698:
679:
647:
627:
557:
2307:Zuiderzee Cycle Route
2125:Korteweg, J. (2018).
1942:Province of Flevoland
1894:
1825:De Blocq van Kuffeler
1728:
1615:
1553:
816:
765:On 14 June 1918, the
760:
673:
633:
625:
574:hydraulic engineering
171:Amsteldiepdijk (1924)
2375:Polders of Flevoland
2295:The Zuiderzee Museum
2274:. 24 September 2016.
2213:"The Home-Made Land"
2071:Plan Zuiderzeewerken
1687:(1953), and finally
1671:(1949), followed by
699:Zuiderzeevereeniging
601:dredging contractors
540:class=notpageimage|
43:improve this article
2340:Causeways in Europe
2241:on 20 February 2012
1857:Oostvaardersplassen
1369:Southern Flevoland
1285:
997:Pilot Polder Andijk
2219:. pp. 92–106.
2043:Original Plan Lely
1897:
1815:Southern Flevoland
1731:
1618:
1556:
1457:list of references
1349:Eastern Flevoland
1279:
1150:24 September 2016
1099:Southern Flevoland
1087:13 September 1956
859:rocks and mats of
827:
804:Construction phase
763:
680:
678:on the Afsluitdijk
648:
628:
219:Houtribdijk (1975)
2174:978-90-8506-949-2
2138:978-94-6003-967-6
2001:Plan Van Diggelen
1721:Eastern Flevoland
1703:near Lemmer, the
1596:, the other from
1547:was established.
1510:
1509:
1502:
1388:
1387:
1272:, as designed by
1270:Archimedes' screw
1154:
1153:
1073:Eastern Flevoland
1067:9 September 1942
1061:13 December 1940
642:(right) from the
560:) is a system of
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Zuiderzee Works"
2392:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2237:. Archived from
2235:Nieuwlanderfgoed
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2122:
2091:Lauwerszee Works
2068:
2054:
2040:
2026:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1586:Northeast-polder
1543:municipality of
1540:openbaar lichaam
1505:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1480:this section by
1471:inline citations
1450:
1449:
1442:
1329:Noordoostpolder
1286:
1278:
1157:Land reclamation
1113:25 October 1967
913:
912:
904:Great Depression
701:
570:land reclamation
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516:Land reclamation
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2325:Zuiderzee Works
2315:
2314:
2285:
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2279:
2270:
2269:
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2257:
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2242:
2231:"TZuiderzeewet"
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2106:Zuiderzeemuseum
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2013:
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1985:
1944:
1916:Markerwaarddijk
1874:
1817:
1723:
1718:
1582:Noordoostpolder
1577:
1575:Noordoostpolder
1515:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1475:
1461:related reading
1451:
1447:
1440:
1304:Infrastructure
1283:
1274:A. Baldwin Wood
1168:Noordoostpolder
1159:
1048:Noordoostpolder
1042:31 August 1930
1016:27 August 1927
968:Closure of the
811:
806:
661:above sea level
653:
634:The 32 km
603:, known as the
558:Zuiderzeewerken
550:Zuiderzee Works
546:
545:
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543:Zuiderzee works
542:
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465:South Flevoland
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333:East Flevoland
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2283:External links
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2045:(date unknown)
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2029:Plan Stieltjes
2028:
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2019:
2015:Plan Beyerinck
2014:
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1991:
1986:
1979:
1943:
1940:
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1813:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:The Flevolands
1714:
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1465:external links
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1309:Wieringermeer
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845:Kornwerderzand
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693:Haarlemmermeer
652:
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638:separates the
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1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:North Holland
1953:
1952:Wieringermeer
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:Marker Wadden
1928:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1889:
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1886:North Holland
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1679:(1951), then
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1545:Wieringermeer
1541:
1535:
1533:
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1528:Wieringerwerf
1525:
1521:
1513:Wieringermeer
1504:
1501:
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1237:Wieringermeer
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1231:
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1223:
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1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
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1177:
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1169:
1165:
1164:Wieringermeer
1144:
1132:
1126:
1125:Marker wadden
1123:
1122:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:29 June 1957
1074:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1036:27 July 1929
1023:
1022:Wieringermeer
1020:
1019:
998:
995:
994:
982:January 1927
976:
971:
967:
966:
957:31 July 1924
954:29 June 1920
948:
942:
938:
937:
914:
911:
909:
905:
899:
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895:
890:
889:
885:includes the
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778:
775:
772:
771:
770:
768:
767:Zuiderzee Act
759:
755:
753:
748:
743:
742:throne speech
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:North Holland
711:
707:
706:Cornelis Lely
702:
700:
694:
690:
685:
677:
676:Cornelis Lely
672:
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658:
657:Low Countries
645:
641:
637:
632:
624:
620:
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614:
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597:joint venture
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299:North Holland
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99:November 2008
91:
88:
84:
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74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2312:
2266:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:the original
2234:
2225:
2216:
2183:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2127:
2120:
1945:
1936:birdwatchers
1929:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1875:
1862:
1855:
1852:
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1833:
1828:
1824:
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1753:
1751:
1747:geohydrology
1736:
1732:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1650:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1564:World War II
1560:closing days
1557:
1539:
1536:
1530:(1936), and
1516:
1496:
1490:January 2020
1487:
1476:Please help
1468:
1428:Frische Haff
1421:
1412:
1397:
1389:
1372:430 km
1352:540 km
1332:480 km
1312:200 km
1295:Agriculture
1280:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1203:
1180:
1176:World War II
1160:
1142:
1119:29 May 1968
1004:1.9 km
985:23 May 1932
951:2.5 km
900:
892:
886:
875:
868:
865:
853:
849:Breezanddijk
841:glacial till
838:
831:
828:
789:
785:
782:
764:
735:
708:(after whom
696:
681:
654:
594:
549:
547:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2085:Delta Works
2031:(1870–1873)
1911:Houtribdijk
1878:Markerwaard
1872:Markerwaard
1848:Almere City
1766:Delta Works
1739:groundwater
1673:Luttelgeest
1669:Kraggenburg
1532:Kreileroord
1482:introducing
1422:During the
1135:28 km
1131:Houtribdijk
1110:Early 1959
1107:70 km
1084:Early 1950
1081:90 km
1055:55 km
1030:18 km
1010:Early 1927
979:32 km
975:Afsluitdijk
833:Afsluitdijk
752:World War I
636:Afsluitdijk
613:Delta Works
578:Netherlands
139:Afsluitdijk
2319:Categories
2245:2009-01-17
2131:. Balans.
2112:References
1968:Gelderland
1964:Overijssel
1906:Markermeer
1888:mainland.
1786:Harderwijk
1743:subsidence
1602:Overijssel
1598:Vollenhove
1524:Middenmeer
1210:Vollenhove
1195:Markermeer
1138:Late 2012
1116:43,000 ha
1090:54,000 ha
1064:48,000 ha
1039:20,000 ha
823:Markermeer
819:IJsselmeer
738:Wilhelmina
731:Wadden Sea
723:IJsselmeer
674:Statue of
651:Background
644:Wadden Sea
640:IJsselmeer
483:Freshwater
351:Overijssel
283:Markermeer
235:IJsselmeer
203:Gelderland
69:newspapers
2057:Plan Lely
1960:Flevoland
1902:Enkhuizen
1836:Amsterdam
1709:Vissering
1693:Tollebeek
1665:Marknesse
1653:Emmeloord
1642:Schokland
1568:Wehrmacht
1520:Slootdorp
1414:water. A
1266:Medemblik
1230:Wieringen
1226:Schokland
1199:Flevoland
1191:Amsterdam
1147:2,500 ha
970:Zuyderzee
941:Wieringen
883:Den Oever
809:Enclosure
794:Wieringen
719:Friesland
684:reclaimed
665:Zuiderzee
586:North Sea
582:Zuiderzee
449:Wieringen
415:Waddenzee
383:Schokland
187:Friesland
155:Amsterdam
2079:See also
1948:province
1924:cabinets
1866:Zeewolde
1844:Gooimeer
1801:Lelystad
1797:province
1788:and the
1754:Knardijk
1675:(1950),
1636:hill of
1534:(1957).
1526:(1933),
1522:(1931),
1400:rapeseed
1298:Housing
1214:Blokzijl
1183:Lelystad
991:—
988:—
963:—
960:—
934:Drained
928:Closure
916:Project
740:'s 1913
710:Lelystad
532:Old land
499:Seawater
2144:19 July
1972:Zeeland
1805:Dronten
1775:Wortman
1705:Smeenge
1657:bicycle
1634:moraine
1627:Zeeland
1478:improve
1438:Polders
1301:Nature
1289:Polder
1254:Leemans
1174:during
1127:Polder
1101:Polder
1075:Polder
1024:Polder
922:Length
894:Lorentz
870:Vlieter
590:polders
83:scholar
2171:
2135:
2073:(1907)
2059:(1891)
2017:(1866)
2003:(1849)
1989:(1848)
1882:Marken
1840:Almere
1829:gemaal
1790:Colijn
1781:Lovink
1697:Nagele
1695:, and
1685:Rutten
1646:Kuinre
1590:Lemmer
1566:, the
1408:barley
1258:diesel
1249:gemaal
1228:, and
1218:Kuinre
1206:Lemmer
1187:Almere
1013:40 ha
925:Start
888:Stevin
861:willow
857:basalt
736:Queen
727:IJssel
607:. The
467:(1967)
433:(1930)
335:(1957)
317:(1942)
267:Marken
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2163:[
2101:Flood
1784:near
1758:weirs
1689:Espel
1681:Creil
1463:, or
1292:Size
1058:1936
1033:1927
1007:1926
931:Size
919:Dike
879:locks
747:dikes
566:dikes
554:Dutch
90:JSTOR
76:books
2169:ISBN
2146:2024
2133:ISBN
1701:Buma
1683:and
1677:Bant
1667:and
1620:The
1416:terp
1393:reed
1381:18%
1378:25%
1375:50%
1361:11%
1355:75%
1335:87%
1315:87%
1262:Lely
1256:, a
1224:and
1185:and
847:and
821:and
691:and
655:The
564:and
562:dams
548:The
62:news
1914:or
1768:).
1661:Ens
1638:Urk
1600:in
1594:Urk
1562:of
1404:rye
1384:7%
1364:6%
1358:8%
1344:7%
1341:5%
1338:1%
1324:9%
1321:3%
1318:1%
1222:Urk
399:Urk
45:by
2321::
2233:.
2195:^
1691:,
1663:,
1629:.
1467:,
1459:,
1212:,
1208:,
1104:-
1078:-
1052:-
1027:-
1001:-
800:.
689:IJ
619:.
568:,
556::
2248:.
2177:.
2148:.
1584:(
1503:)
1497:(
1492:)
1488:(
1474:.
908:€
725:(
552:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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