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Some sources report a
Chinese presence on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that
827:
Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la
Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de
785:
Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la
Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d'un grand nombre de
649:
583:
to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them, and they pronounced Manchu according to
Chinese phonetics, while in contrast, the Manchus of Aigun could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinicised pronunciation of Peking Manchus, since they learned the Pekinese
584:
pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from the capital, and they could tell them apart, using the
Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society.
428:
After the capture of
Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Manchus relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream from the original site. The new site occupied the location of the former village of a
507:, who found it a well-defended town, serving as the base of a Manchu river fleet controlling the Amur River region. Surrounded by numerous villages on the fertile riverside plain, the town was well provisioned with foodstuffs.
262:
398:
1290:
1023:
1068:
902:. Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne, Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych, Polska Akademia Nauk. Zakład Orientalistyki. p. 122
607:
There are a number of historical sites in today's Aihui Town (30 km south of downtown Heihe) related to the historical Aigun. They include Aihui
Ancient City (
375:), after the nearby village of Grodekovo. It is thought to have been populated since around the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD.
744:
The
Jesuits (at du Halde, pp. 18-19), who visited the "new" Aigun ca. 1709, also mentioned the old site on the left bank of the river (which they called
1265:
1128:
667:
500:
877:. Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne, Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. p. 122
1270:
1000:
1166:
856:
923:
36:
489:), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days.
492:
As a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, Aigun (or, rather, Saghalien Ula hoton) was visited ca. 1709 by the
1285:
693:
Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la
Tartarie chinoise
216:(Aigun) shown as one of the few towns on the Amur, and one of the most important places in the region, on a 1706 French map
1280:
1060:
767:), there seem to be no corroboration in modern literature for the existence of a Yongle-era fort at the Old Aigun site.
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993:
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in the mid-1650s. In 1683-85 the
Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of
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224:
128:
85:
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580:
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100:
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The Chinese name of the town, which literally means "Bright Jade", is a transliteration of the Manchu (or
691:
664:
66:
1156:
504:
473:
For a number of years after 1683, Aigun served as the capital (the seat of the Military Governor) of
470:
City", but by the 19th century the name "Aigun" again became more current in the western languages.
1275:
1161:
519:
493:
339:, which in turn is part of the prefecture-level city of Heihe. Heihe is one of the major cities in
1176:
1171:
275:
943:
1212:
972:
779:
687:
510:
496:
1231:
1032:
763:, but abandoned within 20 years. Although Yongle's Amur expeditions are well known (see e.g.
474:
147:
920:
804:. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. pp. 115–117.
802:
Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy
8:
168:
732:
355:
people of the Amur Valley, located on the left (northeastern - now Russian) bank of the
1088:
706:. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
135:
715:
Bruce Mancall, 'Russia and China:Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728,1971,pages 115-127
541:
of 1900, for a few weeks Aigun was the center of military action directed against the
1192:
850:
805:
209:
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300:, some 30 kilometres (19 mi) south (downstream) from the central urban area of
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The Ducher town was probably vacated when the Duchers were evacuated by the
1093:
1009:
896:
SHIROKOGOROFF, S. M. (1934). "Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit.".
871:
SHIROKOGOROFF, S. M. (1934). "Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit.".
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chief named Tolga. The city became known primarily under its Manchu name
430:
418:
359:. The site of this town, whose name was reported by the Russian explorer
556:
In 1913 Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County (
860:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 437.
752:, i.e. some 8.3 km, upstream from the new site. They also claimed that
702:. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of Aigun, as
527:
467:
369:) in 1652, is currently known to archaeologists as the Grodekovo site (
356:
305:
297:
978:
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The Manchus of the Chinese capital Peking (now known as Beijing) were
485:. Aigun, however, remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (
1108:
749:
293:
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6, 1983, Aihui County was abolished and merged into the Heihe City.
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Numerous later editions are available as well, including one
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301:
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152:
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Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Heilongjiang
849:
1118:
674:(Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land)
576:, the pronunciation remained unchanged) in December 1956.
832:(La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). (p. xxxviii in Vol. 1)
696:. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16.
351:
The predecessor of Aigun was a town of the indigenous
874:
Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales, Volumes 8-10
613:), Aihui Heroic Defenders' of the Fatherland Garden (
280:
581:
influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area
828:figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce
786:figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce
1257:
304:(which is across the Amur from the mouth of the
665:Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ
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1167:Harbin University of Science and Technology
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393:(destroyed) shown on the 1773 map opposite
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987:
790:(La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). Pp. 18-19.
735:can be found on Google Books. Pages 18,48.
526:, according to which the left bank of the
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322:Today the former city of Aigun is called
1266:Township-level divisions of Heilongjiang
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770:
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899:Rocznik orientalistyczny, Volumes 9-10
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1271:Populated places established in 1684
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296:, situated on the right bank of the
566:), which was renamed Aihui County (
13:
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514:Muravyov's fleet off Aigun in 1854
14:
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1147:Northeast Agricultural University
960:
518:It was at Aigun in May 1858 that
477:, until the capital was moved to
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1226:
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756:was founded by the 15th-century
602:
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914:
889:
864:
800:Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985).
481:(Mergen) in 1690, and later to
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1137:Harbin Institute of Technology
1074:Greater Khingan mountain range
818:
738:
709:
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1152:Northeast Forestry University
1142:Harbin Engineering University
1079:Lesser Khingan mountain range
636:
623:), and Aihui History Museum (
595:City was created, and on June
1286:1684 establishments in China
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615:
7:
748:), but said that it was 13
621:Àihuī Wèiguó Yīngxióng Yuán
281:
25:
16:Town in Heilongjiang, China
10:
1307:
930:(Aihui District overview)
551:captured by Russian troops
346:
1281:Geography of Heilongjiang
1221:
1185:
1157:Harbin Medical University
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505:Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli
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379:was relocated during the
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1162:Harbin Normal University
824:Jean-Baptiste Du Halde,
729:The Russians on the Amur
631:Àihuī Lìshǐ Chénliè Guǎn
1177:Harbin Sport University
1172:Heilongjiang University
857:Encyclopædia Britannica
688:Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste
1213:Zhalong Nature Reserve
944:"Aihui History Museum"
780:Jean-Baptiste Du Halde
515:
402:
217:
79: transcription(s)
47: transcription(s)
513:
475:Heilongjiang Province
389:
372:Гродековское городище
212:
975:at Wikimedia Commons
466:). Both names mean "
319:) name of the town.
1186:Visitor attractions
497:Jean-Baptiste Régis
454:Sahaliyan Ula Hoton
435:Saghalien Ula Hotun
233:traditional Chinese
191: /
169:China Standard Time
926:2012-12-25 at the
670:2011-07-18 at the
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458:Heilongjiang Cheng
403:
225:simplified Chinese
218:
195:49.978°N 127.490°E
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1193:Diaoshuilou Falls
971:Media related to
335:) and is part of
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846:Chisholm, Hugh
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310:Blagoveschensk
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1198:Lake Xingkai
1094:Muling River
1010:Heilongjiang
947:. Retrieved
938:
932:(in Chinese)
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904:. Retrieved
898:
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879:. Retrieved
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517:
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397:, following
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377:
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341:Heilongjiang
332:
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292:in northern
257:
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176:
141:Heilongjiang
1208:Mudan River
1203:Jingpo Lake
1114:Mudan River
1099:Naoli River
587:On November
537:During the
468:Black River
363:as Aytyun (
333:aihūn hoton
198: /
186:127°29′24″E
86:Traditional
1260:Categories
1119:Amur River
1089:Huma River
949:2020-11-27
650:Aihui Town
637:References
591:15, 1980,
574:Àihuī Xiàn
564:Àihuī Xiàn
528:Amur River
357:Amur River
343:Province.
324:Aihui Town
306:Zeya River
298:Amur River
183:49°58′41″N
148:Prefecture
101:Simplified
1129:Education
1109:Nen River
1061:Geography
906:25 August
881:25 August
750:li (unit)
733:Full text
545:. On July
487:Fu dutong
447:ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
401:from 1734
294:Manchuria
276:romanized
263:‹See Tfd›
160:Time zone
1232:Category
1046:Politics
924:Archived
830:, Vol. 1
788:, Vol. 4
690:(1735).
668:Archived
543:Russians
479:Nenjiang
409:Chinese
136:Province
1244:Commons
1051:Economy
1041:History
1033:General
1024:capital
765:Yishiha
626:瑷珲历史陈列馆
616:瑷珲卫国英雄园
494:Jesuits
483:Qiqihar
431:Daurian
423:Albazin
415:Sungari
413:to the
347:History
287:Chinese
278::
267:Russian
125:Country
77:Chinese
1069:Cities
1020:Harbin
1012:topics
808:
597:
589:
547:
532:Russia
503:, and
443:Manchu
407:Manchu
391:Aaihom
353:Ducher
328:ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ
317:Ducher
271:Айгунь
255:ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ
251:Manchu
243::
241:pinyin
235::
227::
116:Pinyin
59:ᠠᡳ᠌ᡥᡡᠨ
54:Manchu
45:Manchu
973:Aigun
921:爱辉区概况
754:Aykom
746:Aykom
704:Aykom
593:Heihe
451:ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ
439:Hoton
419:Hurka
366:Айтюн
330:ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ
302:Heihe
282:Aigun
258:aihūn
246:Àihuī
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165:UTC+8
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129:China
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29:Aihui
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908:2014
883:2014
806:ISBN
610:瑷珲古城
463:黑龍江城
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569:爱辉县
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