1044:
1425:
1215:
589:
1092:
723:. They believed that animals, plants, tools, natural phenomena (tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.), and pestilence all had their own spirituality, and that these things were inhabited by spirits called "ramak". The world was divided into the present world (Ainu Mosii company) and the world inhabited by lamats (Kamuimoshiri company), and lamats were believed to inhabit various things and came to Ainu Mosii with some kind of role. It was interpreted that Ramak would return to Kamuimoshishin after fulfilling his role. The Ainu gods were not absolute transcendents, and when Kamui acted unjustly, the Ainu would protest.
1561:
2221:
1936:
2358:, which is translated as "traditional living space". In addition to being a place to procure biological resources, the ior is unique in that it is closely related to Ainu spiritual culture, including rituals. However, since the Meiji era (1868–1912), due to government policies that lacked an understanding of Ainu culture, the lifestyle and culture of the Ainu based on Ioru has been destroyed and has been lost to this day. In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the restoration of the Ioru.
708:
283:
1603:, a German physician and naturalist living in Japan, went to the Ainu village of Hiratori, Ryusha-gun, Hokkaido, and found that "Ainu tattooing is done only on women, and begins with multiple horizontal wounds made with a small knife just above the upper lip of girls as young as seven or eight years old, where the soot is rubbed in. Once the tattoo around the mouth is done, the back of the hand and forearm are tattooed. Once a woman is married, she is no longer tattooed.
391:
2026:. In addition, in 1875, the Meiji government concluded the Karafuto-Chishima Exchange Treaty with Russia, and the Karafuto Ainu who had chosen Japanese nationality moved to Hokkaido, while those who wished to remain remained there. On the other hand, the Chishima Ainu were persuaded by officials of Nemuro Prefecture to move to Shikotan Island due to problems with the supply of daily commodities and for reasons of national defense ("Chishima Cruise Diary").
483:
855:
2362:
Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism's Hokkaido Bureau, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Hokkaido, the Organization for the Promotion of Ainu Culture and Research, and the Hokkaido Utari Association jointly established the "Council for the Promotion of Ainu Culture" to discuss measures to promote Ainu culture, including the revival of ior. In 2002, seven sites were selected as candidate sites for the revitalization of ior.
1569:
3363:
253:
25:
295:
archaeological sense, since modern Ainu do not live in Chise anymore and do not lead a fishing and gathering lifestyle. However, modern Ainu are the descendants of the people who developed the archaeological Ainu culture, and the cultural styles preserved by modern Ainu are also qualified to be called Ainu culture. In 2007, Takuro Segawa proposed that the historical "Ainu culture" from the
863:
2010:, and the Northern Territories in the same way as for the Japanese. Pioneers provided the same school education, including language, as the Japanese, and the laws that were enforced (the order to cut hair and remove swords, and the order requiring the name of the commoner's family name) were uniformly applied to the Ainu, just as they were to the Japanese. As part of the
1990:, or other Japanese-style clothing. However, when the territory came under the direct control of the Edo shogunate, the ban on wearing hats, coats, and sandals, which had been forbidden by the Matsumae clan, was lifted. At the same time, the Shogunate recommended changing their hairstyle, clothes, and names to the Japanese style. However, it did not become very popular.
1577:
693:
2212:, the organization that oversees the Utari, holds an annual Ainu cultural festival. Active representation of Ainu history has also begun, and a memorial service for Shakushain is held in Shinhidaka Town every year on September 23. Although she did not emphasize her Ainu identity, Sunazawa Bikki gained international recognition as a sculptor.
406:(small village, usually five or six houses) when the Ainu culture was first established. Later, around the 15th century, the region became more culturally and politically integrated due to trade and conflicts between the Ainu and the Japanese, and by the 17th century, the Japanese had established a number of hunting and fishing settlements (
2045:
the Ainu. However, the Ainu language and culture were not taught in these schools, and the Ainu culture was negatively represented, further destroying the Ainu culture in the early modern period. In 1937, the
Hokkaido Law for the Protection of the Former Native People of Hokkaido was amended, and Ainu schools were abolished.
561:. As the Ainu have never had a strong unified government, their laws and punishments have been greatly influenced by the authorities and the region, and if the village chief was mild, the guilty party was given lenient treatment, while if the chief was cruel, the guilty party was severely punished. There was no
2361:
In 1996, a private advisory body to the Chief
Cabinet Secretary identified the revitalization of ior as one of the policy issues to be considered, and formulated a proposal to revive ior as a place for the Ainu to pass on their traditional culture in the form of a park. In 2000, the Ministry of Land,
260:
The
Hokkaido Jōmon people, which predated the formation of the Ainu people and culture, formed from "proper Jōmon tribes of Honshu" and from "Terminal Upper-Paleolithic people" (TUP people) indigenous Paleolithic Northern Eurasia. These two groups merged in Hokkaido, giving rise to the local Hokkaido
1768:
It is possible that the
Japanese, such as the Matsumae clan, intentionally refrained from teaching the written language to the Ainu for political reasons, fearing that their misdeeds would be written down. There is also the view that the Ainu did not accept the use of the written language from them
2494:
The culture of
Hokkaido's indigenous Ainu people is considered to have originated with the marine-centered Okhotsk culture that prevailed from the 5th century to the 9th century and Satsumon culture, which developed under strong influence from the culture of Honshu (Japan's main island) and thrived
1883:
The Ainu used traditional patterns to decorate their clothing and tools. It is thought that these patterns may have existed at the time of the establishment of Ainu culture around the 13th century. There was also an influx of designs in the exchange with northern peoples such as the Nivkhs, such as
1505:
In the Ainu culture, where hunting and gathering were the mainstays, farming was only a secondary element, and the development of metalware technology was limited. Therefore, rather than blacksmithing, which involved extracting, forging, and smelting metals from ores, craftsmen developed techniques
2180:
In 1997, the "Act on the
Promotion of Ainu Culture and the Dissemination and Enlightenment of Knowledge about Ainu Tradition" was passed. Kayano Shigeru, who became a member of the National Diet, worked to preserve the Ainu language by asking questions to the Diet in his native language, Ainu, and
2044:
In 1899, the
Hokkaido Law for the Protection of the Former Native People of Hokkaido was enacted, and with the establishment of Ainu schools, Ainu children were required to attend different schools than their Japanese counterparts. The Meiji government also promoted Japanese language education for
777:
The bodies of the dead are buried in a cemetery in the mountains away from the kotan. The cemetery is not located across the river from the village because carrying the body over the river is considered disrespectful to the water god. The grave markers are wooden stakes called
Irurakamui (gods who
1103:
In the Middle Ages, the Ainu traded dried salmon, bear and sea animal pelts, and raptor feathers for
Japanese luxury goods such as silk fabrics and lacquerwares. In order to secure salmon as trade goods, there were also villages that specialized in salmon fishing as their livelihood. This kind of
2353:
In the Ainu culture, there was no concept of private ownership of land, but instead, there were settlements and fishing grounds where the kotan had the right of membership, and the biological resources needed by the kotan were basically procured from the settlements of the kotan. These areas are
750:
period In light of the fact that bones of wild boars and clay figures resembling wild boars have been unearthed, we can conclude that "there existed a ritual in the Japanese archipelago during the Jomon period in which wild boars were raised for a certain period of time and their souls were sent
1622:
enacted a ban on tattoos in October 1871, but it was not very effective because Ainu women at the time believed that if they did not have tattoos, they would incur the wrath of the gods and would not be able to marry. Therefore, in September 1876, the law was changed to imposing punishment and
627:
Farming was also practiced, but it was not the mainstay of their livelihood. However, this is not because farming was impossible. Farming was widely practiced during the Abramite culture, and many traces of fields from the Ainu culture have been discovered, such as the Takasago shell mound in
1899:
Since the Ainu did not have ironworking technology, they mainly obtained iron for their ornaments and various tools from the Japanese. Although they could not manufacture advanced iron products, they knew how to repair them, and there were blacksmiths who restored iron objects. Some of these
1067:
fittings. This is thought to have been some kind of spell tool, and was valued not because of the high cost of the raw materials or the difficulty of manufacturing and processing, but because of the powerful spiritual power that was thought to reside in this object. Treasures other than the
790:, male grave markers are Y-shaped and female grave markers are T-shaped. The concept of a "cemetery" is said to have existed around the mid-17th century. There are considerable differences between the grave system of the Abramite culture, where burials took place around or inside the house.
683:
When the Revolt of Shakushain, which was caused by the Shoba Chigyo system, ended in defeat, and the location contracting system was established, people were mobilized to work as servants for the location contractors (Japanese merchants who also acted as administrators), as well as to sell
294:
The academic issue is that the term "Ainu culture" can mean both "the culture of an ethnic group" and "a cultural style that existed at a certain time in history". Although the Ainu still exist as an ethnic group, it cannot be said that they have retained their culture completely in the
1769:
for cultural reasons. For this reason, the Ainu did not record themselves in writing or compile books until schooling was made compulsory during the Meiji period. Therefore, records of the pre-Meiji Ainu culture are mainly found in books written from a Japanese perspective.
1900:
blacksmiths settled in villages, while others traveled from village to village. However, with the massive influx of iron from Honshu in the early modern period, the need to reuse old iron products diminished, and these blacksmiths are thought to have gradually disappeared.
1962:
transfer in 1807, the Ezochi and Wajinchi became natural domains. In 1821, all of Ezochi and Wakinchi were restored to the Matsumae domain. When Hakodate was opened in 1855, it became a natural domain again in 1856, leaving a part of Wakinchi in the southwestern part of
1051:
Before the modern era, the Ainu prized as treasure some of the items they acquired from other cultures through trade. The Ainu treasures included swords such as the Ainu sword, silverware, Chinese silk fabrics (Ezo brocade), lacquerware, and feathers of birds of prey.
1606:
In the case of men, there were also various tattooing customs in different regions. In some areas, men got tattoos on their shoulders, and in other areas, men got tattoos on their hands, which were said to improve their archery skills and make them better hunters.
1650:
1120:
in response to appeals from Nivkh and the Gilemi, who lived from the lower Amur River basin to Sakhalin, causing conflicts based on trade. The Yuan invasion forced many Ainu to leave Sakhalin, but the trade using the Amur River continued.
2324:
A rumor began to circulate between 2014 and 2015 that the Ainu people were enjoying preferential treatment for various vulnerable groups by taking advantage of their position as victims of rape by the Japanese. In response to this rumor,
1043:
2628:
The Incipient Jomon communities coexisted with the Terminal Upper Paleolithic (TUP) people that had continued to occupy the region since the stage prior to the LG warm period, but the Incipient Jomon population was relatively
169:
perspective, referring to the cultural forms held by the Ainu people as an ethnic group, which includes both the culture held or created by the modern Ainu and the culture of their ancestors. The other usage, from an
1159:
in the Medieval Period, which was carried out by the Ando clan and other powerful Ou clans with naval forces. The Matsumae clan, through the intermediary of the Ainu, traded Japanese iron products and lacquerware in
2292:
started a program called the "Ureshipa Project" for Ainu. The main pillars of the project are a scholarship program for Ainu children, including tuition exemptions, and classes on Ainu culture and communication.
762:
This Iomanthe has the meaning of entertaining Ramak, who has come to Ainu Mossi Lai to deliver bear meat and bear fur in the form of a bear, with a grand feast and many souvenirs to return to Ramak's world.
1107:
Before the 13th century, the Ainu had expanded to the mouth of the Amur River and Lake Kisi. In the "Preface to the Book of Genesis" cited in the Genbunrui, there is a description of the Ainu attacking the
2332:
argued that "Ainu are not indigenous to Hokkaido," citing "the fact that the Ainu people did not call themselves 'Ainu' during the period of colonization." In response to Kobayashi's opinion, the critic
1400:
became established as ceremonial clothing. Silk costumes were also imported from China through the Shantan trade, and were worn in various ways. The silk costumes were sold to the Japanese as Ezo Nishiki
2228:
In recent years, there has been a growing movement to incorporate cultural elements from outside the adjacent cultural sphere and to interact with indigenous peoples from other regions. The musician
2315:
has been conducting the Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Measures Project since 1976 to improve the income and living standards of Ainu people engaged in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
1623:
suppressing religious freedom. Siebold recorded that he was asked by the Ainu people, who were bewildered by the Meiji government's ban on tattoos, if he could approach them to object to the ban.
1954:, including Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Chishima, was divided into about 80 places, which were known to vassals and became the domain of the Matsumae clan. In 1799, Eastern Ezochi was given to the
734:, which existed adjacent to the Abramian culture during the Abramian period. It has been speculated that it was probably introduced into the Ainu culture from the Okhotsk culture sphere via the
2173:, and other movements to revise the Ainu spiritual world were held in the early 1980s. As for traditional dance, there are 20 preservation societies in Hokkaido, and 17 of them were designated
1741:, and traditions were passed down orally. During the Meiji period, the Ainu continued to use the "tying rope" for arithmetic and record keeping. Similar customs include straw calculation in
624:
and often dried. This was not only important as a self-sufficient food source, but was also one of the main products that needed to be secured in large quantities for trade with the Japanese.
2052:, who left behind a vast amount of material on the Ainu language and culture, viewing the Ainu as a people to be destroyed. This situation continued until Japan's defeat in World War II.
189:
subcultures. It is suggested that Hokkaido had a continuous occupation by a people who undertook a cultural shift. This is similar to the situation in which the Japanese maintained the
2365:
However, there are some who point out the lack of usability of the reclaimed ior system selected in this way, and it cannot be said that ior reclamation is necessarily going smoothly.
943:
and the Ainu living in the north, there is only one site in Hokkaido where flat-land structures and pit dwellings are mixed, the Sapporo k528 site, which is believed to be from the
1025:
are thought to have been built between the 16th and 18th centuries. There are many unanswered questions about the purpose of their construction, but they may have been defensive
2255:
Exchange activities with indigenous people in other regions have not been uncommon in recent years. The Sapporo-based group Ainu Art Project performed music and dance with the
751:
away. The Jomon people of Hokkaido and the following Jomon people also introduced wild boar piglets and imitated this ritual, and eventually the wild boar was replaced by the
1584:
Tattoos were an important symbol of the gods associated with the belief in spirits. The traditional tattoo around the mouth of an adult Ainu woman is thought to resemble a
636:
in 1663. It is also thought that the Ainu specialized in trading with the Japanese, for whom they obtained large quantities of trade goods such as salmon, animal skins, and
3011:
197:
in the 13th century. In other words, the population remains the same, but the culture changed. Although there was not as much of a cultural break as the change from the
2064:, an English missionary, and Shujiro Ekuho (Japanese) (1849–1924), who became a teacher at the Harukoto Ainu School (established in 1891). Together, they compiled the
374:. Mummification is not practiced in the Okhotsk culture area, nor in the Ainu culture of Hokkaido. However, in northern Japan, the mummies of three generations of the
2309:
has a subordinate organization, the Ainu Culture Promotion and Research Organization, which works to promote the Ainu language and to pass on and revive Ainu culture.
1072:, but the hoe-shaped objects were never given away to others, and when their owners died, they were hidden in hidden places such as behind rocks, lost and decayed. .
1140:
804:. There are also reports that the Russian Orthodox Church proselytized to the remaining Sakhalin Ainu and others who had acquired Sakhalin from Japan through the
676:), and the residue after collecting the starch, was fermented and dried, and was also one of the staple foods. Because of this tradition of starch use, when the
3136:
2337:
wrote, "If the logic that 'because an ethnic group does not call itself "Ainu", it does not exist' holds true, then it would be impossible to say that there are
2312:
1564:
A woman with tattoos around her mouth. She wears ninkali (ear rings) in her ears, a lektumpe (necklace) around her neck, and a tamasai (necklace) down her neck
2174:
1124:
It is thought that the luxury goods brought by the Japanese were possessed by the wealthy as treasures, and that pedantic consumption of these goods secured
931:
is thought to be about 100 square meters. The dwellings built on flat land are distinct from the pit dwellings that were the main type of dwelling from the
2955:
1144:
2109:
565:
for the Hokkaido Ainu, but for serious crimes such as murder, some sentences were difficult to survive, such as being banished from the kotan after the
2032:
also visited Hokkaido during her travels in Japan from June to September 1878, and left a description of Ainu life and customs at the time in her book
119:. However, while some people conceal or downplay their Ainu identity, Ainu culture is still retained among many groups. The Ainu way of life is called
831:
education. However, it is reported that many Ainu still followed the ancient beliefs of Kamui. In addition, since the Meiji era, missionaries such as
2858:"Upshoro Kut or tush (secret girdle or cord) anciently a-eshumkep (most hidden thing), a honorific. Made of hai, a kind of flax obtained from a vine…
498:(the western group) was fierce, and there were battles that resulted in many deaths. Shakshain, the chief of the Menasunkuru clan who challenged the
71:
3132:
2578:
2166:
1987:
774:, which is processed from white wood, is used for the Kamuinomi. The rituals are performed by men, and women are responsible for the preparations.
502:, also fought and killed Onibishi, the chief of the Sumunkuru clan. Other inter-tribal battles were fought, sometimes involving extensive travel.
3319:
2137:, promoted the study of Ainu culture and the collection of materials, leading to the construction of archives and museums in various locations.
3271:
1266:-like undergarment that extends down to the knees is worn, and then a jacket. Depending on the temperature of the weather, they may also wear
1785:
1591:
When this traditional tattoo is applied, the mouth of the young woman is wiped clean and disinfected with hot water infused with the bark of
1714:
812:
and early Meiji periods. However, only a few converts were reported, and those were ridiculed as "Ntsa Ainu" (Russian Ainu) by other Ainu.
1047:
An Ainu hoe in the collection of the Tokyo National Museum. In Ainu language, it is called "kirau starting tamikami" (horned treasure god)
800:
near Hokkaido, where the Tishima Ainu, who had lived close to the Russian culture (in Uramori and Shinchi counties), migrated during the
766:
The Ainu ritual is called Kamuinomi, and is performed to various gods, but when starting Kamuinomi, the first prayer is to the fire god
1657:
in modern-day New Zealand, but tattoos specific to the Ainu people have been limited to temporary tattoos applied for specific events.
1424:
588:
1311:
490:
The Ainu were sometimes hostile to the Japanese. There was also periodic inter-Ainu warfare. In particular, the conflict between the
2472:
3082:
1214:
3111:
2296:
884:, and walls with few openings also made of bark or reeds, but the details differed from region to region. For example, from the
174:
perspective, refers to the cultural forms created by the indigenous peoples of Hokkaido and the northern Tohoku region after the
3015:
2933:
956:
was usually a square room. There was a hearth inside, and a window on the back of the upper part in front of the hearth for the
823:, has seen 336 of the Sakhalin Ainu who emigrated to Hokkaido in the early Meiji period return to their homeland. In addition,
2973:
2895:
2562:
2338:
2112:, and others appeared on the scene, and began to express the situation of the modern Ainu in the field of literature such as
541:
When a crime occurred in Ainu society, the village chief brought the defendant to justice at his own discretion. In general,
268:, the Ainu culture can be included into a wider "northern circumpacific region", referring to various indigenous cultures of
2189:
in 2009. In addition, not only Japanese but also Koreans and other people are involved in the preservation of Ainu culture.
572:
There is a theory that this kind of system was not understood by the Japanese, whose court system was developed during the
569:
was severed. In Sakhalin Ainu society, murderers were sentenced to be buried alive along with the bodies of their victims
2771:
1441:). Consists of a string of pierced glass beads obtained from the Santan trade, and at the center, a metal plate called a
1029:, treasuries, sanctuaries for ceremonies, or places for people to view some performance or ritual. So far, more than 500
701:
2068:(Ainu Miscellaneous Records). The Ainu language has been studied and documented academically. Major researchers include
746:
clay figurines resembling wild boars, which are not native to Hokkaido, have been unearthed at sites from the Jomon and
331:
for salmon fishing, and extended burials. The Ainu culture is also known to have had regional differences. According to
181:
The mainstream theory maintains that the Ainu culture originated from the local Hokkaido-Jōmon culture, a merger of the
3209:
3108:"Fiscal 2013 Subsidy for Promoting New Business Activities "Ainu Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Promotion Project""
3070:
2342:
2300:
2244:. The Ainu Rebels, formed by the Sakai siblings, who are half-Ainu and half-Japanese, have released works that combine
1116:. Some believe that this was to abduct the raptor feather collectors that existed in Nivkh . The Mongol Empire invaded
770:
Kamui. This is an act of rooting for the other gods through the fire gods who are close to humans. Wooden money called
3037:
2002:
was established by the Meiji government, which created family registers (Jinshin family registers) for Ainu living in
1999:
3331:
2989:
1176:
uniforms, brought by the visiting Primorsky people. They also exchanged iron products, glass beads, and other items.
1091:
1262:("inner belt") on the lower abdomen. This garment traces the woman's matrilineal line. To cover the upper body, a
1599:
is rubbed in. Because the procedure is quite painful, the tattoo is applied in small increments, several times.
1063:
plates about 1 to 2 millimeters thick, processed into a V-shape, and decorated with lacquer, leather, or silver
3388:
2642:
265:
1104:
trading economy was established around the middle of the ninth century and was inherited by the Ainu culture.
3367:
2549:
1653:, the custom remained until the modern era. The custom of tattooing women's faces has been revived among the
1068:
hoe-shaped objects were circulated among influential Ainu people as rare goods, just like the stone coins of
538:
or "trial by ordeal" remained strong, and the outcome of such ordeals constituted a pact to settle a matter.
453:
with extremely unequal distribution of wealth has been presented. Based on literature and the results of the
261:
Jōmon in about 15,000 BC. The Ainu in turn formed from the local Hokkaido Jōmon and from the Okhotsk tribes.
2707:
1792:
found on ancient artifacts in Hokkaido, but academics do not support the theory that the Ainu had a script.
2594:"Migration and adaptation of Jomon people during Pleistocene/Holocene transition period in Hokkaido, Japan"
2209:
2182:
1117:
644:(piyapa) has been practiced since ancient times, and it was used to brew an alcoholic beverage similar to
457:
of tombs, Takuro Segawa has pointed out that early modern Ainu society was divided into four classes: the
3263:
3242:
3186:"Who are the monster "discriminatory hoaxes" roaming the net preying on now (Kyohira Furuya) @gendai_biz"
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2061:
1773:
1645:) and fell into disuse in Japanese society with the Yamatization (Yamato Court). It remained a custom in
832:
3140:
1506:
to modify, repair, and reuse existing metalware. The majority of these items, with the exception of the
205:, the cultural customs differed greatly from earlier ones. The Ainu culture is considered indigenous to
3398:
2870:
902:
730:, the best-known Ainu religious ritual, was not found during the Abramian period, but was found in the
1907:
were used for fishing and trading. There was a culture of decorating woodwork, such as sword sheaths.
1169:
1912:
1600:
454:
2509:"Origins and genetic features of the Okhotsk people, revealed by ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis"
1765:. There was a rumor or myth among the Japanese that the Ainu could not count, but this is not true.
2770:
Shinichi Furoku. Institute for International Languages and Cultures, Ritsumeikan University (ed.).
2085:
1781:
1206:
chanting temporarily declined after the modern era, but a movement to preserve it is now underway.
50:
1959:
793:
779:
315:
In archaeological terms, Ainu culture is marked by material cultural features such as iron pots,
2849:
2778:
2259:
tribe of North America in 2000, and participated in the annual International Canoe Festival in
1922:. It was not a traditional craft, but Ainu participated in it because it provided cash income.
433:
67:
3107:
3393:
2432:
1080:
641:
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which are found in several places of northern Honshu, mostly among the western coast and the
166:
116:
2551:
Documentation and Revitalisation of two Endangered Languages in Eastern Asia: Nivkh and Ainu
2387:
Harukoro – A manga about the growth of an Ainu girl named Harukoro. Written by Kei Ishizaka.
378:, who are said to have controlled northern trade in the late Heian period, are preserved in
2404:
2220:
1125:
881:
816:
3161:
2806:. その1(日本語版・増刷版) (1). Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, Hokkaido University: 97–104.
2407:, set in Hokkaido and Sakhalin in the late Meiji era. It has also been made into an anime.
2081:
2049:
1560:
1075:
In 1916, four of the seven hoe-shaped objects found in Kakuda Village, Yubari County (now
747:
367:
also differed from the Hokkaido Ainu, with a unique combination of chest and waist armor.
154:
8:
2485:
2329:
2205:
1789:
1710:) and ack (halibut skin) in hot springs (or ponds if not available) to remove the fibers.
1702:
Saku (summer) Collecting and processing tulep (bulbs of the giant lily), soaking nipesh (
1688:
1339:
843:
450:
300:
226:
1552:(knives for women), which were used for food, were also given strict female privileges.
629:
3086:
2619:
2572:
2289:
2204:, the Tiwassanke (boat-unloading ceremony) has been held. There is also a group in the
2150:
2145:
Since the late 1970s, the revival of Ainu traditional culture has gained momentum, and
1955:
1887:
In particular, the "aishiroshi" engraved on arrowheads had a role similar to that of a
1863:, a Japanese scholar of the mid-Edo period, painted a self-portrait of himself playing
1742:
1611:
1156:
1076:
820:
787:
783:
562:
429:
425:
111:) to the present. Today, most Ainu people live a life superficially similar to that of
76:
2377:
Regional Ior – Sapporo City, Asahikawa City, Hiratori Town, Shizunai, Tokachi, Kushiro
3327:
3066:
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2154:
1983:
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375:
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2520:
2334:
2272:
1975:
1964:
1915:
1692:
1610:
The custom of tattooing was seen as strange by the Japanese, and was banned by the
1495:
1055:
The most prized item by the Ainu was a metal tool called a hoe. These were made of
944:
936:
912:
898:
885:
524:, to prevent the disputes from escalating into violence. The debates took place in
436:(1669 – 1672), which was partly caused by the division of the region into separate
225:. Early Ainu-speaking groups (mostly hunters and fishermen) migrated also into the
186:
175:
234:
218:
2885:
2644:
The Ainu of Tsugaru : the indigenous history and shamanism of northern Japan
2606:
2593:
2437:
2390:
2101:
1971:
1935:
1696:
1373:
1363:
1323:, but features tubular sleeves and no gussets; garments are also single-layered.
1279:
1225:
1191:
1096:
987:
916:
872:
731:
566:
558:
513:
491:
401:
352:
194:
182:
142:
108:
2887:
The Return of Ainu: Cultural mobilization and the practice of ethnicity in Japan
2268:
2048:
Although there were researchers of Ainu culture, prejudice persisted, with even
1654:
1634:
1380:
trees, has become common since the 17th century. In addition, a large amount of
932:
880:. The basic structure consisted of dug-up pillars, a roof thatched with bark or
332:
2417:
2249:
2229:
2170:
2161:. In 1983, a ceremony to send the spirits of Blakiston's fish owls was held at
2130:
1738:
1721:
1707:
1670:
1592:
1377:
805:
778:
carry them) and Kwa (staffs), made of wood that does not decay easily, such as
712:
649:
424:
was a powerful ruler who politically integrated a large area comparable to the
303:(in the archaeological context) should be called "Nibutani culture", after the
269:
126:
2525:
2508:
2299:
is implementing the "Ainu Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Project" for
1316:, a headdress made of cloth wrapped in a ring, on their heads during rituals.
442:, the political unity of the Ainu region was dismantled with the shift to the
3382:
3185:
2615:
2422:
2326:
2245:
2162:
2134:
2105:
2089:
2077:
2029:
2023:
1847:
1762:
1627:
1619:
1113:
940:
707:
637:
596:
Prior to the modern era, the Ainus' livelihood consisted of a combination of
550:
499:
495:
371:
340:
276:
273:
214:
190:
112:
40:
3213:
2800:"Religious Attitudes of the Ainu People and Issues of Cultural Transmission"
2181:
compiling an Ainu dictionary. "The Ainu traditional dance was registered as
738:. On the other hand, archaeologist Takuro Segawa, in light of the fact that
592:
Scenes of Ainu fishing grounds by Kodama Teiryo (Ezo-no-kuni Gyoba)c.1751-64
282:
3045:
2534:
2400:
2011:
1919:
1904:
1888:
1860:
1638:
1416:
material was also brought outside of Hokkaido and processed into clothing.
1355:
1173:
1136:
1109:
836:
653:
351:. In the early modern period, they retained cultural elements found in the
344:
202:
198:
60:
2985:
1978:", and the Ainu did not use the Japanese language or accessories like the
846:
in 2012, the Ainu today primarily have Buddhism as their family religion.
2547:
2069:
1908:
1825:
1540:(needle cases), which were used for clothing, food, and shelter, and the
1452:
1152:
801:
621:
609:
356:
316:
296:
246:
242:
238:
171:
104:
3065:
Toshiyuki Akizuki, Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands, pp. 227–231
1595:. The tip of a mantis (small knife) is used to make fine scratches, and
390:
343:
adopted cultural elements from surrounding cultures, such as the use of
3295:
1979:
1947:
1873:
1853:
In addition, there are studies that suggest that Genzo may have been a
1703:
1319:
Traditional Ainu clothing appears similar in tailoring to the Japanese
1303:
1229:
1172:) for silk fabrics, iron products, and glass beads, including official
1026:
870:
In the past, Ainu dwellings were unique dugout pillar buildings called
767:
752:
573:
482:
421:
364:
2811:
2303:
that are developing businesses that target Ainu culture. Cite webpage.
608:, and trading to secure the goods necessary for their livelihood. The
2804:
Report on the Actual Condition of Life of the Ainu People in Hokkaido
2730:"Rekishi to Folk Ainu", Sarashina Genzo, Shakai Shiso-sha, 1968, p133
2195:
2158:
1807:
1750:
1148:
854:
809:
739:
633:
379:
360:
324:
3234:
2799:
2208:
area that is building Itaoma fish tapes as a tourist resource. The
2116:
poetry. Their works continue to influence Ainu thought to this day.
1580:
Traditional tattoo patterns of Ainu women, with regional differences
3340:
Organization for the Promotion of Ainu Culture and Research (ed.),
3312:
3165:
2394:
2276:
2237:
2201:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1777:
1666:
1499:
1485:
1438:
1247:
1165:
1132:
962:(god) to enter and leave. On the outside of the cise, there was an
889:
797:
756:
320:
304:
230:
210:
206:
1568:
1250:) and then a jacket. Women wear a sacred girdle or belt, called a
815:
The southern part of Sakhalin, which was returned to Japan by the
307:
site, one of the most important archaeological sites in Hokkaido.
2256:
2233:
2146:
2018:
were banned, along with traditional Japanese culture such as the
2015:
1841:
1813:
1642:
1525:
1462:
1291:
1263:
1064:
727:
720:
605:
601:
597:
328:
229:. Other evidence for Ainu-speakers in Honshu is through the Ainu
100:
1649:, but disappeared as they assimilated into Japanese society. In
862:
743:
3362:
2427:
2264:
2241:
2186:
1725:
1646:
1472:
1387:
1381:
1359:
1320:
1011:
677:
665:
645:
527:
348:
222:
939:. Although pit dwellings were preserved among the Ainu of the
648:
sake called "tonoto," which was used in rituals. In addition,
532:, or fortified compounds. In addition to this, the custom of
3373:
2772:"Conversion Policy of the Ainu of the Northern Kuril Islands"
2464:
2113:
2073:
1754:
1677:
1626:
In modern times, some Ainu women paint their mouths black as
1588:, but some believe it resembles the mouth of a sacred snake.
1585:
1576:
1395:
1349:
1297:
1185:
1095:
Lacquerware displayed in the iyoiki gallery inside the cise (
1060:
925:
found from Tokachi to Kunashir Island. The maximum area of a
546:
252:
148:
2739:"Illustrated Ainu", Tsunoda Yoichi, Shinkijinsha, 2018, p197
835:, who wanted to evangelize the Ainu, were allowed to spread
3162:"Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Measures Project"
2260:
1835:
1758:
1746:
1687:), which has awakened from hibernation. Forage for Makayo (
1596:
1482:
1435:
1343:
1326:
There are two types of jackets: grass skin jackets such as
1056:
771:
697:
669:
580:. This failure to understand led to contempt for the Ainu.
2934:"Association of Ainu People Living in Kanto - Rera no Kai"
2850:"Item description: belt; religious/ritual equipment; copy"
2193:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1489:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1442:
1429:
1411:
1367:
1333:
1327:
1309:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1233:
1219:
1201:
1195:
1030:
1020:
1004:
998:
988:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
926:
920:
906:
892:
873:
858:
Cise restored at the Museum of Ainu Culture, Hiratori Town
533:
525:
519:
511:
470:
464:
458:
437:
407:
399:
146:
136:
130:
120:
3133:"Ainu Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Measures Project"
2687:
2368:
2100:
At the beginning of the 20th century, Ainu poets such as
1951:
1228:) on her head. The costume is made of cotton fabric with
1161:
1069:
398:
It is thought that the Ainu lived in social units called
3342:
Together with the Ainu People: Their History and Culture
3085:. Sapporo University, Faculty of Culture. Archived from
2675:
1911:
were carved by Yoshichika Tokugawa in 1923 at a farm in
1272:(literally "hand-on things", i.e. gloves or mittens), a
256:
Historical homeland and distribution of the Ainu people.
3137:
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
2818:
2742:
2313:
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
1942:
painting, artist unknown, painted between 1800 and 1899
1633:
The custom of tattooing flourished in Japan during the
692:
576:
and who established a modern judicial system after the
370:
The Sakhalin Ainu are also notable for their custom of
1393:
1385:
1347:
518:
were decided on the merits in open discussions called
2830:
2760:『鈴木重尚 松浦武四郎 唐太日記』(嘉永7年(1854年刊行)に、弘化3年当時の状況の一部の記述が見える。
2192:
Activities to restore the traditional Ainu boat, the
2175:
List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties
2039:
2014:
effort, traditional Ainu culture such as tattoos and
3012:"Life of People in the Abrasive Era I "Blacksmiths""
2917:
2177:
in 1984 under the name of "Ainu Traditional Dance".
2133:
and others, who later became representatives in the
2084:(1882–1971). In the study of Sakhalin Ainu culture,
1772:
Currently, the Ainu language has been devised to be
1308:(an embroidered headband). Sakhalin Ainu women wear
165:
The term "Ainu culture" has two meanings. One is an
2663:
2651:
2169:ceremony was held to welcome the salmon run in the
2060:A dictionary of the Ainu language was published by
1974:was that the Ainu should "not be influenced by the
3324:History of the Ainu Nomads of the Sea and Treasure
3038:"Mogami Tokunai, "Ezo-kuni fuzoku jinjo no sassa""
2557:. Verlag Kulturstiftung Sibirien. pp. 49–64.
2548:de Graaf, Tjeerd and Shiraishi, Hidetoshi (2013).
2500:
2267:. In 2007, Haruzo Urakawa and other Ainu from the
1864:
1854:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1801:
1354:-like jackets made from fur from animals like the
668:. Starch collected and preserved in bulk from the
141:"customs, manners"). The unique Ainu patterns and
3264:"Regeneration of Traditional Living Space (Ioru)"
2797:
1372:, which is made from fibers from the bark of the
842:According to an interview with Ainu conducted by
819:signed in 1905 as a result of the victory in the
545:was punished by ear shaving or nose shaving, and
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3380:
2954:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2275:to hold a Kamuinomi for traditional canoeing in
2232:, of Ainu and Japanese descent, has brought the
1512:, were made exclusively for women, and like the
486:Portrait of two Ainu men in daily life clothing.
394:Ainu sundress (collection of the British Museum)
355:in northern Hokkaido, such as the production of
193:until the 12th century, and then shifted to the
1112:around the 13th century and later fighting the
719:The pre-modern Ainu religion is categorized as
3042:Ainu Folk Information Center Activity Magazine
2022:hairstyle and carrying swords, in the name of
1403:
759:, nor do they have a culture of making idols.
755:, which is the Iomanthe. The Ainu do not have
2856:. Field Collection by: Dr Neil Gordon Munro.
2450:
2319:
1800:Traditional Ainu musical instruments include
1384:clothing was brought in by the Japanese, and
680:was introduced, it was immediately accepted.
469:(lords and nobility), the commoners, and the
2936:. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009
2577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2140:
1366:. In addition, a strong bark garment called
1218:A reproduction of an Ainu girl. She wears a
1003:, Ainu villages often also had areas called
656:(mengku) were cultivated. These were called
3298:(Shogakukan Library), 1995, ISBN 4094600671
2769:
1618:government. The Meiji Restoration and the
1288:(leggings). During ceremonies, men wear a
475:(slaves), with wealth concentrated in the
310:
2647:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
2605:
2524:
2495:from the 7th century to the 12th century.
1683:Paikal (spring) Hunting for Kimun Kamui (
1572:Traditional tattoo patterns of Ainu women
1528:), which were given male privileges, the
684:handicrafts and work at fishing grounds.
2219:
2124:
2055:
1934:
1737:The Ainu language does not have its own
1575:
1567:
1559:
1423:
1213:
1090:
1042:
861:
853:
706:
691:
587:
481:
389:
281:
251:
3112:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
2883:
2705:
2591:
2297:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1724:), moyuk (Ezo raccoon dog), and isopo (
827:spread to the Sakhalin Ainu along with
620:(original food), and was regarded as a
241:is found through Ainu loanwords in the
3381:
3318:
3305:, Akashi Shoten, 1995, ISBN 4750307203
2836:
2824:
2748:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2640:
2393:– A fighting game. The main character
2369:Candidate sites for Ior revitalization
1795:
632:, which was buried by the eruption of
264:According to Tanaka Sakurako from the
2884:Sjoberg, Katarina (31 October 2013).
2348:
2339:Native Americans in the United States
107:, from around the 13th century (late
3326:. Kodansha Sensho Metier. Kodansha.
2507:Sato, Takehiro; et al. (2007).
2506:
2215:
980:(toilet). A few to a dozen of these
711:Ainu bear sacrifice, 1870 painting (
363:during the winter. The shape of the
237:. Evidence for Ainu speakers in the
153:) have been selected as features of
18:
2992:from the original on March 25, 2016
2918:Heinrich von Siebold (1996-02-01).
2461:An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary
1732:
1300:) on their heads, and women wear a
1035:sites have been found in Hokkaido.
1015:from the adoption of the term into
702:Kayano Shigeru Nibutani Ainu Museum
449:The theory that Ainu society was a
385:
16:Overview of the culture of the Ainu
13:
3114:Small and Medium Enterprise Agency
2890:. Routledge. pp. 69–70, 108.
2641:Tanaka, Sakurako (Sherry) (2000).
2301:small and medium-sized enterprises
2236:, a traditional instrument of the
2040:Hokkaido Old Native Protection Act
1918:, which was settled by former the
1630:, especially at important events.
1179:
1128:their authority within the tribe.
968:(a cage for keeping bear cubs), a
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
3410:
3355:
2486:"The hardship of the Ainu people"
2282:
1925:
604:, gathering (forest and marine),
3361:
2490:Mt. Apoi – UNESCO Global Geopark
2381:
2248:with traditional Ainu dance and
2092:, and Taroji Chitoku are known.
1788:is sometimes referred to as the
1475:, literally "throat-on thing"),
796:were built in the settlement of
23:
3274:from the original on 2006-10-06
3256:
3245:from the original on 2012-07-11
3227:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3125:
3100:
3075:
3059:
3030:
3004:
2978:
2962:
2926:
2911:
2877:
2842:
2791:
2763:
2754:
2733:
2724:
2699:
2467:: Methodist Publishing House.
1993:
1958:and with the Matsumae family's
1865:
1855:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1812:
1802:
1720:Mata (winter) Hunting for yuk (
1665:The Ainu did not use a written
839:in Japan with some conditions.
505:
2634:
2585:
2541:
2478:
2119:
2072:, who recorded and translated
1502:, literally "hand-on metal").
1455:are mainly metalware, such as
549:was punished by caning with a
266:University of British Columbia
72:multilingual support templates
1:
3292:Ainu, People Living with Gods
3083:"Ulesipa Project implemented"
2592:Natsuki, Daigo (2021-01-19).
2443:
2095:
1930:
1894:
1358:, or skin from fish like the
1190:The Ainu have a tradition of
696:Ceremonial implements called
640:feathers. The cultivation of
583:
3374:Ainu Folk Culture Foundation
3268:www.town.shiraoi.hokkaido.jp
3044:. 2007-10-17. Archived from
2986:"Hokkaido Utari Association"
2607:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.01.009
2210:Ainu Association of Hokkaido
2194:
2183:intangible cultural heritage
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:(mountain swords similar to
1520:
1514:
1508:
1490:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1443:
1430:
1412:
1368:
1334:
1328:
1310:
1302:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1234:
1220:
1202:
1196:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1005:
999:
989:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
927:
921:
907:
893:
874:
866:Painting of a cise from 1805
849:
534:
526:
520:
512:
494:(the eastern group) and the
471:
465:
459:
438:
408:
400:
147:
137:
131:
121:
7:
2411:
2307:Agency for Cultural Affairs
1878:
1660:
1394:
1386:
1348:
1209:
1155:, were among the Ou clan's
687:
672:(scale) of the giant lily (
660:when cooked into rice, and
160:
10:
3415:
2798:Yoshihide Sakurai (2012).
2165:. In Sapporo in 1982, the
1946:From the beginning of the
1871:
1713:Chuk (autumn) Fishing for
1675:
1555:
1419:
1183:
1151:, which had a navy in the
986:formed a village called a
113:mainstream Japanese people
2920:Small Siebold Ezoimihonki
2526:10.1007/s10038-007-0164-z
2513:Journal of Human Genetics
2141:Cultural revival movement
1601:Philipp Franz von Siebold
1546:(iron pots and pans) and
1404:
794:Russian Orthodox Churches
2922:. Heibonsha. p. 41.
2598:Quaternary International
2374:Core Ioru – Shiraoi Town
2224:Ainu Dub Band led by OKI
2034:Unbeaten Tracks in Japan
1086:
919:, and the bark-thatched
444:place contracting system
3315:, 1996, ISBN 4062580691
1790:Hokkaido variant script
1232:patterns and is called
1079:) are preserved in the
412:) around rivers called
311:Archaeological evidence
2869:: CS1 maint: others (
2779:Ritsumeikan University
2471:entry viewable online
2225:
1943:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1448:
1239:
1141:Northern Fujiwara clan
1100:
1048:
911:found from Shiraoi to
867:
859:
716:
704:
593:
487:
395:
291:
257:
3389:Cultural anthropology
3303:The World of the Ainu
3235:"大盛り北海道 - 毎日jp(毎日新聞)"
2433:Japanese civilization
2223:
2200:, have begun, and in
2125:Study of Ainu culture
2056:Ainu cultural studies
1938:
1676:Further information:
1669:, but instead had an
1579:
1571:
1563:
1534:(sewing needles) and
1518:(knives for men) and
1427:
1217:
1094:
1081:Tokyo National Museum
1046:
865:
857:
710:
695:
591:
485:
393:
285:
255:
117:cultural assimilation
3370:at Wikimedia Commons
3351:, Miyama Shobo, 1982
1884:the spiral pattern.
1451:The trinkets of the
905:, the reed-thatched
817:Treaty of Portsmouth
557:, or by cutting the
34:specify the language
32:This article should
3290:Hisakazu Fujimura,
3018:on December 2, 2012
2684:, pp. 190–191.
2330:Yoshinori Kobayashi
2086:Bronisław Piłsudski
1796:Musical instruments
1410:or "Ezo silk", and
1200:. The tradition of
844:Hokkaido University
434:Shakushain's revolt
301:early modern period
227:Kamchatka Peninsula
2854:The British Museum
2696:, p. 195–199.
2600:. 608–609: 49–64.
2463:, John Batchelor,
2403:– A manga work by
2349:Ior Renewal Issues
2290:Sapporo University
2226:
2149:have been held in
1970:The policy of the
1956:Tokugawa shogunate
1944:
1671:orally handed down
1612:Tokugawa shogunate
1582:
1574:
1566:
1449:
1256:("under belt") or
1240:
1157:Primorskaya Oblast
1145:Oshu Fujiwara clan
1101:
1049:
950:The interior of a
908:siariki-kitai-cise
868:
860:
821:Russo-Japanese War
717:
705:
594:
488:
426:provinces of Japan
396:
376:Oshu Fujiwara clan
325:bone hunting tools
292:
277:" in North America
258:
3399:Hokkaido Heritage
3366:Media related to
3347:Sarashina Genzo,
3322:(November 2007).
2974:978-4-0615-9750-1
2897:978-1-134-35205-0
2827:, pp. 61–65.
2751:, pp. 46–47.
2564:978-3-942883-12-2
2216:Cultural blending
2110:Moritake Takeichi
2082:Kyōsuke Kindaichi
2050:Kyōsuke Kindaichi
1984:mino (straw cape)
1757:system among the
1616:Meiji Restoration
974:(pantry), and an
829:Japanese language
736:Tobinitai culture
664:when cooked into
616:(Lady's fish) or
578:Meiji Restoration
510:Disputes between
451:disparity society
432:. However, after
286:Two Ainu hunters
217:, as well as the
155:Hokkaido Heritage
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
3406:
3365:
3337:
3301:Mitsunori Kera,
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3212:. Archived from
3210:"Nittan vol. 15"
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3139:. Archived from
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
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3073:
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3014:. Archived from
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2528:
2504:
2498:
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2482:
2476:
2454:
2320:"Ainu privilege"
2273:Native Hawaiians
2199:
1976:culture of Japan
1965:Oshima Peninsula
1868:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1817:
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1805:
1804:
1733:Written language
1651:Amami and Ryukyu
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1493:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1446:
1433:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1376:(lobed elm) and
1371:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1315:
1307:
1295:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1237:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1034:
1024:
1009:, also known as
1008:
1002:
992:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
945:Satsumon culture
937:Satsumon culture
930:
924:
922:yaara kitai cise
910:
899:Oshima Peninsula
896:
888:to Shiraoi, the
886:Oshima Peninsula
877:
630:Tōyako, Hokkaido
537:
531:
523:
517:
474:
468:
462:
441:
428:or to a Chinese
411:
405:
386:Social structure
337:Hoki Bunkai Yōwa
289:
272:and "beyond the
195:Kamakura culture
176:Satsumon culture
152:
140:
134:
124:
115:, partly due to
89:
86:
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65:
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49:
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27:
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3190:Gendai Business
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2455:
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2446:
2438:Okhotsk culture
2414:
2391:Samurai Spirits
2384:
2371:
2351:
2322:
2285:
2218:
2143:
2127:
2122:
2102:Yaeko Batchelor
2098:
2066:Ainu Zasshiroku
2058:
2042:
1996:
1972:Matsumae domain
1933:
1928:
1897:
1889:household crest
1881:
1876:
1859:. In addition,
1798:
1735:
1695:), and Chirai (
1680:
1663:
1558:
1422:
1401:
1374:Ulmus laciniata
1212:
1192:oral literature
1188:
1182:
1180:Oral literature
1097:Hokkaido Museum
1089:
1041:
997:In addition to
935:through to the
917:Kunashir Island
897:found from the
852:
732:Okhotsk culture
690:
652:(munchiro) and
612:was called the
586:
567:Achilles tendon
559:Achilles tendon
508:
492:Menasunkur Ainu
420:. The Japanese
388:
359:and the use of
353:Okhotsk culture
321:sake chopsticks
313:
287:
167:anthropological
163:
143:oral literature
109:Kamakura period
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3356:External links
3354:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3310:History of Ezo
3306:
3299:
3285:
3284:
3270:. 2006-10-06.
3255:
3241:. 2012-07-11.
3226:
3201:
3177:
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3124:
3099:
3074:
3071:978-4832933866
3058:
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3003:
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2896:
2876:
2841:
2839:, p. 146.
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2519:(7): 618–627.
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2335:Keihira Furuya
2321:
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2293:
2284:
2283:Public support
2281:
2250:Ainu languages
2217:
2214:
2171:Toyohira River
2167:Ashiricep Nomi
2142:
2139:
2131:Shigeru Kayano
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2097:
2094:
2062:John Batchelor
2057:
2054:
2041:
2038:
1995:
1992:
1988:zori (sandals)
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Modern history
1924:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1877:
1797:
1794:
1782:Roman alphabet
1739:writing system
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1711:
1700:
1685:Ezo brown bear
1662:
1659:
1641:(until around
1557:
1554:
1421:
1418:
1211:
1208:
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1088:
1085:
1040:
1037:
851:
848:
833:John Batchelor
806:unequal treaty
713:British Museum
689:
686:
650:foxtail millet
585:
582:
507:
504:
463:(chiefs), the
387:
384:
312:
309:
270:Northeast Asia
162:
159:
92:
91:
70:. Knowledge's
31:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3360:
3359:
3350:
3349:Ainu Folklore
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3333:9784062584012
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:Takuro Segawa
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:Mineo Kaiho,
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3216:on 2009-05-13
3215:
3211:
3205:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3143:on 2013-02-13
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3089:on 2011-02-24
3088:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3048:on 2014-03-26
3047:
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2727:
2713:. Shiraoi-cho
2709:
2706:Yosuke Mori.
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2672:, p. 15.
2671:
2666:
2660:, p. 16.
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2382:Related works
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2327:Comics artist
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2246:hip hop music
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2163:Lake Kussharo
2160:
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2138:
2136:
2135:National Diet
2132:
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2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Hokuto Iboshi
2103:
2093:
2091:
2090:Lev Sternberg
2087:
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2078:Mashiho Chiri
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2067:
2063:
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2031:
2030:Isabella Bird
2027:
2025:
2024:modernization
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:In 1869, the
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
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1937:
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1905:dugout canoes
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1775:
1774:transcription
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1763:South America
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1629:
1628:face painting
1624:
1621:
1620:Edo Shogunate
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1549:menoko makiri
1544:
1538:
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1516:
1510:
1503:
1501:
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1154:
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1114:Mongol Empire
1111:
1105:
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948:
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942:
941:Kuril Islands
938:
934:
929:
923:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
895:
894:ki-kitai-cise
891:
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883:
879:
878:
876:
864:
856:
847:
845:
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838:
834:
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826:
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703:
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679:
675:
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659:
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647:
643:
639:
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623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
581:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
563:death penalty
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
530:
529:
522:
516:
515:
503:
501:
500:Matsumae clan
497:
496:Sumunkur Ainu
493:
484:
480:
478:
473:
467:
461:
456:
452:
447:
445:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
404:
403:
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:mummification
368:
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350:
346:
342:
341:Sakhalin Ainu
338:
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326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
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284:
280:
278:
275:
274:Bering Strait
271:
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262:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Tōhoku region
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Tōhoku region
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Heian culture
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
172:archeological
168:
158:
156:
151:
150:
144:
139:
133:
128:
127:Ainu language
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3394:Ainu culture
3368:Ainu culture
3348:
3341:
3323:
3309:
3302:
3291:
3276:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:the original
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3102:
3091:. Retrieved
3087:the original
3077:
3061:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3041:
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2980:
2968:pp. 232–233
2964:
2938:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2886:
2879:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2803:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2765:
2756:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2715:. Retrieved
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2597:
2587:
2550:
2543:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2401:Golden Kamuy
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2323:
2269:Kantō region
2254:
2227:
2191:
2179:
2151:Hiratori-cho
2144:
2128:
2099:
2065:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2012:civilization
1997:
1994:Assimilation
1969:
1945:
1940:Ainu Hunters
1939:
1920:Owari Domain
1909:Wooden bears
1902:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1861:Ueda Akinari
1852:
1799:
1771:
1767:
1736:
1693:Gyoja garlic
1664:
1655:Māori people
1632:
1625:
1609:
1605:
1590:
1583:
1504:
1450:
1356:earless seal
1325:
1318:
1243:
1241:
1189:
1174:Qing dynasty
1137:Heian period
1130:
1123:
1110:Nivkh people
1106:
1102:
1077:Kuriyama-cho
1074:
1054:
1050:
1010:
996:
949:
933:Jōmon period
871:
869:
841:
837:Christianity
814:
792:
788:Shizunai-cho
776:
765:
761:
725:
718:
682:
673:
661:
657:
654:proso millet
626:
617:
613:
595:
571:
554:
540:
509:
506:Legal system
489:
476:
472:usiune utare
448:
443:
417:
413:
397:
369:
345:dog sledding
336:
333:Rinzō Mamiya
314:
293:
263:
259:
203:Yayoi period
180:
164:
97:Ainu culture
96:
95:
82:
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
3022:October 18,
2996:October 18,
2940:October 18,
2903:25 February
2837:Segawa 2007
2825:Segawa 2007
2749:Segawa 2007
2708:"Charanque"
2694:Segawa 2007
2682:Segawa 2007
2670:Segawa 2007
2658:Segawa 2007
2405:Satoru Noda
2397:is an Ainu.
2240:Ainu, into
2120:Modern Ainu
2070:Yukie Chiri
1821:Uma Tonkori
1786:Ainu script
1691:), Pukusa (
1346:fiber, and
1242:Men wear a
1230:embroidered
1153:Middle Ages
658:chisassuyep
622:staple food
610:chum salmon
357:earthenware
317:lacquerware
297:Middle Ages
247:Ulch people
239:Amur region
129:(literally
105:Ainu people
3383:Categories
3296:Shogakukan
3278:2021-12-08
3249:2021-10-18
3239:archive.is
3220:2008-06-18
3195:2021-10-18
3171:2013-08-18
3147:2013-08-18
3118:2013-03-29
3093:2013-03-29
3052:2013-08-18
2812:2115/48225
2784:2019-03-18
2717:2021-01-30
2444:References
2096:Ainu poets
2000:Kaitakushi
1980:kasa (hat)
1948:Edo period
1931:Edo period
1916:Yakumo-cho
1913:Nikkai-gun
1895:Technology
1874:Ainu music
1872:See also:
1848:mouth harp
1753:, and the
1715:Kamui chep
1673:calendar.
1643:Umataikoku
1338:made from
1304:matanpushi
1259:upsoro kut
1147:, and the
1126:collateral
1070:Yap Island
1027:fortresses
753:brown bear
748:Zoku-Jōmon
742:bones and
614:kamui-chel
584:Livelihood
574:Edo period
455:excavation
422:lord mayor
361:pit-houses
85:March 2022
2624:234215606
2616:1040-6182
2573:cite book
2288:In 2010,
2206:Shiretoko
2196:itaomacip
2159:Asahikawa
2129:The Ainu
1826:Matoukoto
1808:Balalaika
1803:Palalaiki
1751:East Asia
1749:knots in
1717:(salmon).
1689:butterbur
1491:tekunkane
1468:rekutunpe
1248:loincloth
1149:Ando clan
1039:Treasures
850:Dwellings
810:Shogunate
802:Meiji era
740:Wild boar
700:, in the
634:Mount Usu
553:called a
380:Hiraizumi
327:, hooked
3313:Kodansha
3272:Archived
3243:Archived
3166:Hokkaido
2990:Archived
2950:cite web
2865:cite web
2535:17568987
2412:See also
2395:Nakoruru
2277:Yokohama
2252:poetry.
2202:Nibutani
2147:Iomantes
2020:chonmage
2016:iomantes
2008:Sakhalin
2004:Hokkaido
1960:Yanagawa
1879:Patterns
1842:Mukkuri
1778:Katakana
1722:Ezo deer
1704:endocarp
1667:calendar
1661:Calendar
1614:and the
1526:machetes
1500:bracelet
1486:necklace
1463:earrings
1439:necklace
1396:jinwaori
1329:tetarabe
1253:raun kut
1235:cikiribe
1210:Clothing
1166:Karafuto
1133:Abe clan
1118:Sakhalin
1017:Japanese
965:epereset
890:thatched
825:Buddhism
798:Shikotan
784:hashidoi
757:idolatry
688:Religion
666:porridge
543:adultery
414:Sodaisho
329:harpoons
305:Nibutani
231:toponyms
213:and the
211:Sakhalin
207:Hokkaido
187:Satsumon
178:period.
161:Overview
122:Ainupuri
3344:, 2007.
2354:called
2343:Indians
2271:joined
2257:Tlingit
2234:tonkori
2155:Shiraoi
1866:tonkori
1856:tonkori
1814:Tonkori
1784:. The
1780:or the
1747:Fuxi Xi
1743:Okinawa
1556:Tattoos
1509:ninkari
1488:), and
1478:tamasai
1458:ninkari
1431:tamasai
1420:Jewelry
1312:hetmuye
1292:sapanpe
1269:tekunpe
1264:T-shirt
1194:called
1135:of the
1065:plating
913:Tokachi
903:Shiraoi
808:in the
768:apehuti
728:Iomante
721:animism
606:farming
602:fishing
598:hunting
521:carange
418:Sotomyo
319:bowls,
299:to the
201:to the
183:Okhotsk
125:in the
103:of the
101:culture
99:is the
77:See why
3330:
3069:
2972:
2894:
2629:small.
2622:
2614:
2561:
2533:
2428:Emishi
2265:Hawaii
2242:reggae
2238:Kabuto
2187:UNESCO
2157:, and
2080:, and
2074:Yukara
1952:Ezochi
1776:using
1726:rabbit
1708:linden
1521:tasiro
1515:makiri
1473:choker
1444:sitoki
1388:kosode
1382:cotton
1378:linden
1360:salmon
1340:nettle
1335:utarbe
1321:kimono
1282:), or
1143:, the
1139:, the
1012:chashi
977:asinru
678:potato
674:tulais
646:nigori
638:raptor
535:saimon
430:county
349:skiing
339:, the
223:Honshu
215:Kurils
2775:(PDF)
2711:(PDF)
2620:S2CID
2555:(PDF)
2465:Tokyo
2114:tanka
1986:, or
1831:Kacho
1755:Quipu
1678:month
1639:Yayoi
1635:Jōmon
1593:alder
1586:beard
1537:cispo
1413:attus
1369:attus
1350:haori
1298:crown
1275:konci
1221:konci
1203:yukar
1197:yukar
1186:Yukar
1087:Trade
1061:brass
990:kotan
983:cises
959:kamui
882:reeds
786:. In
555:shuto
547:theft
514:kotan
477:kamoi
466:nispa
460:kamoi
402:kotan
365:armor
243:Uilta
199:Jomon
149:yukar
3328:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3024:2021
2998:2021
2970:ISBN
2956:link
2942:2021
2905:2022
2892:ISBN
2871:link
2612:ISSN
2579:link
2559:ISBN
2531:PMID
2473:here
2469:Puri
2457:1905
2345:)."
2341:(or
2295:The
2261:Maui
1903:The
1836:Drum
1759:Inca
1697:Itou
1637:and
1597:soot
1496:ring
1483:bead
1453:Ainu
1436:bead
1392:and
1364:itou
1344:hemp
1332:and
1280:hood
1244:tepa
1226:hood
1170:Sōya
1168:and
1131:The
1057:iron
1032:casi
1022:Casi
1006:casi
1000:cise
953:cise
928:cise
915:and
875:cise
782:and
780:enju
772:Inau
744:Dogū
726:The
698:inau
670:bulb
662:sayo
642:hiye
618:sipe
551:club
528:casi
439:iwor
409:iwor
347:and
290:1878
245:and
185:and
138:puri
132:ainu
41:lang
2808:hdl
2602:doi
2521:doi
2356:ior
2230:Oki
2185:by
1850:).
1838:),
1828:),
1810:).
1761:of
1706:of
1647:Ezo
1543:shu
1531:kem
1498:or
1465:),
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1362:or
1342:or
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1246:(a
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416:or
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