27:
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96:
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manual "turning over" of radial piston engine, which is done to release oil that has become trapped in the lower cylinders prior to starting, to avoid engine damage. The two appear similar, but while hand starting involves a sharp, strong "yank" on the prop to start the engine, turning over is simply done by turning the prop through a certain set amount.
755:
ignited, and the resulting expansion of gases forced the shutters closed. As the pressure in the engine dropped following combustion, the shutters reopened and the cycle was repeated, roughly 40 to 45 times per second. The electrical ignition system was used only to start the engine; heating of the tailpipe skin maintained combustion.
581:
for engine starting and often also provide electrical and hydraulic power for ground operations without the need to run the main engines. ASUs are used today within the civil and military Ground
Support to serve Aircraft on main engine start (MES) and pneumatic bleed-air-support for the Environmental
135:
Accidents have occurred during lone pilot hand starting, high throttle settings, brakes not applied or wheel chocks not being used, all resulting in aircraft moving off without the pilot at the controls. "Turning the engine" with the ignition and switches accidentally left "on" can also cause injury,
243:
Introduction of electric starter motors for aero engines increased convenience at the expense of extra weight and complexity. They were a necessity for flying boats with high mounted, inaccessible engines. Powered by an onboard battery, ground electrical supply or both, the starter is operated by a
49:
made their first powered flight in 1903. The methods used have been designed for weight saving, simplicity of operation and reliability. Early piston engines were started by hand. Geared hand starting, electrical and cartridge-operated systems for larger engines were developed between the First and
251:
engine oil causes a high load on the starting system. Another problem is the reluctance of the fuel to vaporise and combust at low temperatures. Oil dilution systems were developed (mixing fuel with the engine oil), and engine pre-heaters were used (including lighting fires under the engine). The
754:
Once the engine started and the temperature rose to the minimum operating level, the external air hose and connectors were removed, and the resonant design of the tailpipe kept the pulse jet firing. Each cycle or pulse of the engine began with the shutters open; fuel was injected behind them and
576:
Developed for short-haul airliners, most civil and military aircraft requiring self-contained starting systems these units are known by various names including
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), Jet Fuel Starter (JFS), Air Start Unit (ASU) or Gas Turbine Compressor (GTC). Comprising a small gas turbine
131:
period), single-person propeller swinging became physically difficult, ground crew personnel would join hands and pull together as a team or use a canvas sock fitted over one propeller blade, the sock having a length of rope attached to the propeller tip end. Note that this is different from the
123:', this spring-loaded device delays the spark until top dead centre and also increases the rotational speed of the magneto to produce a stronger spark. When the engine fires, the impulse coupling no longer operates and the second magneto is switched on. As aero engines grew bigger in
26:
535:
designation of S-746 AVPIN. For starting a measured amount of fuel was introduced to the starter combustion chamber then ignited electrically, the hot gases spinning the turbine at high revolutions with the exhaust exiting overboard.
103:
Hand starting of aircraft piston engines by swinging the propeller is the oldest and simplest method, the absence of any onboard starting system giving an appreciable weight saving. Positioning of the propeller relative to the
136:
as the engine can start unexpectedly when a spark plug fires. If the switch is not in start position, the spark will occur before the piston hits top dead center, which can force the propeller to violently kick back.
451:
With air-start systems, gas turbine engine compressor spools are rotated by the action of a large volume of compressed air acting directly on the compressor blades or driving the engine through a small, geared
274:
Many light aircraft are fitted with a 'starter engaged' warning light in the cockpit, a mandatory airworthiness requirement to guard against the risk of the starter motor failing to disengage from the engine.
490:
was equipped with its own
Palouste in a removable underwing container to facilitate starting when away from base. Other military aircraft types using ground supplied compressed air for starting include the
386:. The starting system has to overcome inertia of the compressor and friction loads, the system remains in operation after combustion starts and is disengaged once the engine has reached self-idling speed.
78:(APUs) or external air compressors now seen as a common starting method. Often only one engine needs be started using the APU (or remote compressor). After the first engine is started using APU bleed air,
194:(often known as 'turbos') are fitted with small two-stroke engines with no starting system, for ground testing a cord is wrapped around the propeller boss and pulled rapidly in conjunction with operating
365:
to prevent over-torque conditions. Three variations have been used, hand driven, electrically driven and a combination of both. When the flywheel is fully energised either a manual cable is pulled or a
1859:
119:
there is a risk of the engine kicking back during hand starting. To avoid this problem one of the two magnetos used in a typical aero engine ignition system is fitted with an '
562:
Similar in operating principle to the piston engine
Coffman starter, an explosive cartridge drives a small turbine engine which is connected by gears to the compressor shaft.
1259:
345:
design. With no electric starter installed, engines can be restarted by diving the aircraft to increase airspeed and the rotation speed of the 'windmilling' propeller.
464:
400:
Two types of electrical starter motor can be used, direct-cranking (to disengage as internal combustion engines) and starter-generator system (permanently engaged).
341:
that have been soaring with the engine turned off. During aerobatics with earlier aircraft types it was not uncommon for the engine to cut during manoeuvres due to
229:
195:
1852:
1845:
1252:
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was a notable exception. In this pulse jet three air nozzles in the front section were connected to an external high-pressure air source,
2243:
1681:
1245:
240:. The systems were initially not powerful enough to drive starter motors. Introduction of engine-driven generators solved the problem.
687:
is used to 'windmill' the compressor then fuel and ignition are switched on, an on-board auxiliary power unit may be used at high
649:
633:(APU) for starting a jet engine — for the Jumo 004, a hole in the extreme nose of the intake diverter contained a D-shaped manual
2233:
2206:
1651:
260:
1347:
1197:
602:
An interesting feature of all three German jet engine designs that saw production of any kind before May 1945: the German
337:
When a piston engine needs to be started in flight the electric starter motor can be used. This is a normal procedure for
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The
Coffman starter was an explosive cartridge operated device, the burning gases either operating directly in the
1980:
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544:
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driven shaft to turn the propeller, disengaging as the engine starts. A Hucks starter is used regularly at the
95:
236:
Aircraft began to be equipped with electrical systems around 1930, powered by a battery and small wind-driven
1237:
2343:
1816:
1405:
740:
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the jet engine was shut down on climbing through 85,000 ft (26,000 m) and was started using the
169:
during WWI) is a mechanical replacement for the ground crew. Based on a vehicle chassis the device uses a
2191:
1636:
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located behind the shutter system, electricity to the plug being supplied from a portable starting unit.
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32:
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Gas turbine engines can be shut down in flight, intentionally by the crew to save fuel or during a
645:
264:
2135:
1917:
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1506:
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air-cooled engine hidden in the intake, and essentially functioned as a pioneering example of an
174:
155:
2111:
2081:
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1995:
1912:
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1546:
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handle which started the piston engine, which in turn rotated the compressor. Two small petrol/
557:
487:
284:
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as starter motors, which were mounted on a AG-330 Start Kart trolley, later with big-block V8
2348:
2116:
2086:
2066:
1821:
1600:
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key or switch in the cockpit. The key system usually facilitates switching of the magnetos.
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2005:
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valves. These engines are started in flight by operating the decompressor and increasing
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motor. These motors can weigh up to 75% less than an equivalent electrical system.
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326:
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215:
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to rotate the engine or operating through a geared drive. First introduced on the
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1975:
1903:
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1719:
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1501:
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1425:
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736:
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329:, the system had disadvantages only overcome by conversion to electric starting.
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1176:
Rolls-Royce Piston Aero
Engines - a designer remembers: Historical Series no 16
638:
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528:
413:
358:
203:
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from an external supply was used for starting, ignition was accomplished by a
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1952:
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https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/jumo-004-b4-turbojet-enginejpg
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2015:
1985:
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from the running engine can be used to start the remaining engine(s).
2338:
2196:
2046:
2000:
1937:
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248:
70:
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priming pump system was used to assist starting of
British engines.
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2010:
1932:
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A 1918 sketch of ground crew receiving instruction on hand starting
65:
57:
1069:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press Ltd., 2000.
731:
Pulse jet engines are uncommon aircraft powerplants. However, the
1922:
1206:. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1988.
590:
453:
298:
297:
diesel engine in 1936 the
Coffman starter was not widely used by
253:
577:
which is electrically started, these devices provide compressed
523:
turbojet engine used a geared turbine starter motor that burned
2096:
1947:
1382:
1352:
744:
362:
170:
321:
engines ducted high-pressure air from a ground unit through a
2276:
1745:
471:
from a running engine in the case of multi-engined aircraft.
618:
engine designs was the starter system, which consisted of a
1087:
532:
382:
to a speed that provides sufficient pressurised air to the
378:
Starting of a gas turbine engine requires rotation of the
361:
to the crankshaft, normally through reduction gears and a
313:
designed a piston engine gas starting system, used on the
1867:
150:
1085:
Airframe & Powerplant
Mechanics Powerplant Handbook
1118:. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1997.
1104:. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 2006.
206:
motor glider use a cockpit mounted pull start system.
108:
is arranged such that the engine pistons pass through
1223:, Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1975
1192:. Shrewsbury, England. Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1986.
585:
1160:. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003.
459:
The compressed air can be supplied from an on-board
16:
Overview article on aircraft engine starting methods
90:
31:Ground crew disconnecting an air start hose from a
2244:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
353:An aero engine inertia starter uses a pre-rotated
267:are started in fine pitch to reduce air loads and
247:In cold ambient conditions the friction caused by
68:often use air/pneumatic starting, with the use of
2277:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
565:
202:to windmill the propeller. Early variants of the
2361:
1204:The Air Pilot's Manual 4-The Aeroplane-Technical
1116:The Development of Jet and Turbine Aero Engines
158:'s working Hucks Starter positioned with their
115:As the ignition system is normally arranged to
2234:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
1853:
1253:
1047:
1045:
988:
986:
933:
931:
837:
835:
807:
805:
803:
2239:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
1860:
1846:
1260:
1246:
1042:
724:Sectioned AS 014 engine on display at the
1158:British Piston Engines and their Aircraft
983:
928:
921:
919:
641:tanks were fitted in the annular intake.
582:Control System (ECS) cooling and heating
423:using oil pressure from a ground supply.
1144:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II
832:
800:
719:
589:
543:
467:used by ground crew or by cross feeding
441:Cutaway view of an air-start motor of a
436:
408:Small gas turbine engines, particularly
325:driven distributor to the cylinders via
219:
149:
94:
594:Riedel two-stroke starter motor of the
317:engine in 1922. A system used in early
2362:
916:
527:as the fuel. In military service this
509:
373:
301:due to the expense of the cartridges.
1841:
1241:
1146:. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1998.
1130:Gliders & Sailplanes of the World
705:
389:
332:
117:produce sparks before top dead centre
694:During zoom climb operations of the
659:
539:
478:gas generator was used to start the
403:
304:
1274:components, systems and terminology
1178::Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990.
209:
13:
1102:Development of Piston Aero Engines
586:Internal combustion engine starter
348:
278:
14:
2386:
85:
2107:Thrust specific fuel consumption
691:where the air density is lower.
514:
412:engines used in helicopters and
139:
91:Hand starting/propeller swinging
25:
1081:Federal Aviation Administration
1033:
1024:
1013:
1004:
995:
967:
958:
949:
940:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
702:on descent through denser air.
370:is used to engage the starter.
165:The Hucks starter (invented by
2156:Propeller speed reduction unit
1596:Propeller speed reduction unit
862:
853:
844:
823:
814:
791:
782:
566:Fuel/air turbine starter (APU)
271:in the starter motor circuit.
177:for starting period aircraft.
1:
770:
192:Self-sustaining motor gliders
1406:Capacitor discharge ignition
1132:. London: Ian Allan, 1982.
741:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
426:
180:
112:during the swinging stroke.
7:
2067:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
758:
598:. Note the pull-cord handle
419:can be started by a geared
10:
2391:
2334:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
1958:Rotating detonation engine
1067:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
765:Index of aviation articles
709:
668:or unintentionally due to
569:
555:
493:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
430:
393:
282:
213:
184:
143:
33:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
2321:
2295:
2262:
2219:
2164:
2143:
2134:
2034:
1966:
1896:
1882:
1799:
1733:
1710:
1664:
1609:
1583:
1574:
1449:
1416:Electronic fuel injection
1391:
1288:
1279:
980:Retrieved: 15 August 2012
622:10 hp (7.5 kW)
265:constant speed propellers
261:variable-pitch propellers
56:aircraft engines such as
45:have been used since the
24:
2042:Aircraft engine starting
1462:Aircraft engine starting
886:Gunston 2006, pp. 87–88.
646:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
548:Mass cartridge start of
43:aircraft engine starting
20:Aircraft engine starting
1918:Pulse detonation engine
1507:Mean effective pressure
974:Flightglobal archive -
175:Shuttleworth Collection
156:Shuttleworth Collection
2112:Thrust to weight ratio
2082:Overall pressure ratio
2077:Jet engine performance
1996:Centrifugal compressor
1913:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
1547:Time between overhauls
946:FAA 1976, pp. 271–272.
728:
599:
558:Coffman engine starter
553:
488:de Havilland Sea Vixen
448:
285:Coffman engine starter
233:
162:
100:
2349:Ice protection system
2117:Variable cycle engine
2087:Propulsive efficiency
1822:Ice protection system
1562:Volumetric efficiency
1527:Overhead valve engine
1030:Gunston 1997, p. 141.
904:Williams 1975, p. 59.
726:London Science Museum
723:
593:
547:
440:
259:Aircraft fitted with
223:
153:
98:
76:auxiliary power units
2249:Flight data recorder
2006:Constant speed drive
1986:Afterburner (reheat)
1807:Auxiliary power unit
1687:Flight data recorder
1051:Jane's 1998, p. 284.
1039:Bowman 2000, p. 173.
992:Gunston 1997, p. 81.
955:Gunston 1997, p. 82.
937:Stewart 1986, p. 33.
868:Gunston 2006, p. 85.
859:Gunston 2006, p. 89.
841:Gunston 2006, p. 87.
811:Gunston 2006, p. 86.
797:Lumsden 2003, p. 40.
631:auxiliary power unit
572:Auxiliary power unit
501:General Electric J79
495:and variants of the
461:auxiliary power unit
443:General Electric J79
228:at readiness with a
226:Supermarine Spitfire
1776:Pressure carburetor
1512:Naturally aspirated
1482:Engine displacement
1190:Flying the Big Jets
895:Rubbra 1990, p. 40.
829:Hardy 1982, p. 174.
510:Combustion starters
484:Blackburn Buccaneer
384:combustion chambers
374:Gas turbine engines
319:Rolls-Royce Kestrel
230:trolley accumulator
160:Bristol F.2 Fighter
50:Second World Wars.
41:Many variations of
21:
2151:Propeller governor
1791:Updraft carburetor
1665:Engine instruments
1591:Propeller governor
1487:Four-stroke engine
1188:Stewart, Stanley.
1065:Bowman, Martin W.
877:Thom 1988, p. 165.
850:Thom 1988, p. 167.
820:Thom 1988, p. 202.
788:Thom 1988, p. 166.
735:used to power the
729:
706:Pulse jet starting
600:
554:
476:Turbomeca Palouste
463:(APU), a portable
449:
333:In-flight starting
234:
163:
101:
19:
2357:
2356:
2229:Annunciator panel
2215:
2214:
2130:
2129:
2021:Propelling nozzle
1835:
1834:
1672:Annunciator panel
1660:
1659:
1570:
1569:
1552:Two-stroke engine
1522:Overhead camshaft
1502:Manifold pressure
1472:Compression ratio
1010:FAA 1976, p. 283.
1001:FAA 1976, p. 281.
964:FAA 1976, p. 277.
925:FAA 1976, p. 270.
913:FAA 1976, p. 263.
660:In-flight restart
540:Cartridge starter
525:isopropyl nitrate
404:Hydraulic starter
327:non-return valves
305:Pneumatic starter
39:
38:
2382:
2375:Aircraft systems
2370:Starting systems
2344:Hydraulic system
2339:Bleed air system
2329:Air-start system
2192:Counter-rotating
2141:
2140:
2122:Windmill restart
2092:Specific impulse
2062:Compressor stall
1991:Axial compressor
1894:
1893:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1817:Hydraulic system
1637:Counter-rotating
1581:
1580:
1333:Hydraulic tappet
1286:
1285:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1128:Hardy, Michael.
1052:
1049:
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1037:
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842:
839:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
798:
795:
789:
786:
712:Pulse jet engine
696:Lockheed NF-104A
678:compressor stall
608:Junkers Jumo 004
596:Junkers Jumo 004
521:Rolls-Royce Avon
519:Versions of the
433:Air-start system
396:Starter (engine)
390:Electric starter
295:Junkers Jumo 205
216:Starter (engine)
210:Electric starter
121:impulse coupling
29:
22:
18:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2317:
2300:
2291:
2287:Thrust reversal
2264:Engine controls
2258:
2221:
2211:
2187:Contra-rotating
2160:
2126:
2030:
1976:Accessory drive
1968:
1962:
1904:Air turborocket
1886:
1878:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1812:Coffman starter
1795:
1738:
1729:
1720:Carburetor heat
1712:Engine controls
1706:
1656:
1632:Contra-rotating
1605:
1566:
1497:Ignition timing
1445:
1426:Ignition system
1393:
1387:
1290:
1275:
1266:
1235:
1233:
1156:Lumsden, Alec.
1114:Gunston, Bill.
1056:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
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885:
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833:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
773:
761:
737:V-1 flying bomb
718:
710:Main articles:
708:
700:windmill method
670:fuel starvation
662:
650:Buick Nailheads
612:Heinkel HeS 011
588:
574:
568:
560:
550:Hawker Sea Hawk
542:
517:
512:
482:engines of the
435:
429:
421:hydraulic motor
406:
398:
392:
376:
351:
349:Inertia starter
335:
315:Bristol Jupiter
307:
299:civil operators
287:
281:
279:Coffman starter
218:
212:
189:
183:
167:Bentfield Hucks
148:
142:
110:top dead centre
93:
88:
80:cross-bleed air
47:Wright brothers
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2372:
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2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2207:Variable-pitch
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Constant-speed
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1889:jet propulsion
1880:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Inlet manifold
1763:
1758:
1756:Fuel injection
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1652:Variable-pitch
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Constant-speed
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:Obturator ring
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Connecting rod
1300:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1281:Piston engines
1277:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1232:
1231:
1217:Williams, Neil
1214:
1202:Thom, Trevor.
1200:
1186:
1169:
1154:
1141:
1126:
1112:
1095:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1012:
1003:
994:
982:
966:
957:
948:
939:
927:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
831:
822:
813:
799:
790:
780:
779:
778:
777:
772:
769:
768:
767:
760:
757:
707:
704:
661:
658:
587:
584:
570:Main article:
567:
564:
556:Main article:
541:
538:
516:
513:
511:
508:
431:Main article:
428:
425:
414:cruise missile
405:
402:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
375:
372:
359:kinetic energy
350:
347:
334:
331:
306:
303:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
214:Main article:
211:
208:
204:Slingsby Falke
185:Main article:
182:
179:
144:Main article:
141:
138:
92:
89:
87:
86:Piston engines
84:
74:from built-in
37:
36:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:Other systems
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:and induction
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2254:Glass cockpit
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Brayton cycle
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2026:Turbine blade
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:Other systems
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:and induction
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Glass cockpit
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Shock cooling
1535:
1533:
1532:Rotary engine
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Dual ignition
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Cylinder head
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:piston engine
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:1-85310-017-X
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:0 906393 69 8
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:1-87292-200-7
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:1-85310-294-6
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:0-517-67964-7
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:0-7110-1152-4
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:1-85260-586-3
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:0-7509-4478-1
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Gunston, Bill
1096:
1094:
1093:0-89100-079-8
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:1-86126-314-7
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
987:
979:
977:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
932:
922:
920:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
836:
826:
817:
808:
806:
804:
794:
785:
781:
775:
774:
766:
763:
762:
756:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
722:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
654:Chevrolet 454
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
592:
583:
580:
573:
563:
559:
551:
546:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:AVPIN starter
507:
505:
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:gas generator
462:
457:
455:
447:
444:
439:
434:
424:
422:
418:
415:
411:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
371:
369:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
339:motor gliders
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
286:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
245:
241:
239:
231:
227:
222:
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
161:
157:
152:
147:
146:Hucks starter
140:Hucks starter
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
97:
83:
81:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
34:
28:
23:
2308:Flame holder
2282:Thrust lever
2272:Autothrottle
2102:Thrust lapse
2057:Bypass ratio
2041:
1884:Gas turbines
1876:gas turbines
1827:Recoil start
1786:Turbocharger
1781:Supercharger
1647:Single-blade
1557:Valve timing
1461:
1378:Sleeve valve
1363:Poppet valve
1338:Main bearing
1234:
1229:0 9504543 03
1220:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1101:
1084:
1066:
1059:Bibliography
1035:
1026:
1015:
1006:
997:
978:, March 1965
975:
969:
960:
951:
942:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
825:
816:
793:
784:
753:
733:Argus As 014
730:
716:Argus As 014
693:
682:
663:
643:
601:
575:
561:
518:
473:
458:
450:
407:
399:
377:
357:to transfer
352:
336:
308:
288:
273:
258:
246:
242:
235:
196:decompressor
190:
187:Recoil start
164:
134:
127:(during the
114:
102:
79:
69:
52:
42:
40:
2222:instruments
2177:Blade pitch
2172:Autofeather
2016:Nose bullet
1869:Jet engines
1771:Intercooler
1697:Hobbs meter
1622:Blade pitch
1617:Autofeather
1610:Terminology
1517:Monosoupape
1477:Dead centre
1450:Terminology
1358:Piston ring
1328:Gudgeon pin
1172:Rubbra, A.A
683:Sufficient
666:flight test
614:axial-flow
497:F-4 Phantom
343:carburettor
62:turboshafts
54:Gas turbine
2364:Categories
2165:Principles
2144:Components
2136:Propellers
2035:Principles
1981:Air intake
1969:components
1967:Mechanical
1943:Turboshaft
1761:Gascolator
1751:Carburetor
1702:Tachometer
1584:Components
1576:Propellers
1492:Horsepower
1457:Air-cooled
1436:Spark plug
1401:Alternator
1394:components
1392:Electrical
1373:Rocker arm
1313:Crankshaft
1291:components
1289:Mechanical
1221:Aerobatics
771:References
749:spark plug
656:engines.
627:two-stroke
499:using the
410:turboshaft
380:compressor
311:Roy Fedden
106:crankshaft
2197:Proprotor
2047:Bleed air
2001:Combustor
1938:Turboprop
1421:Generator
689:altitudes
648:used two
635:pull-cord
624:flat twin
579:bleed air
469:bleed air
427:Air-start
417:turbojets
291:cylinders
238:generator
232:connected
181:Pull cord
71:bleed air
66:turbofans
58:turbojets
2313:Jet fuel
2202:Scimitar
2072:Flameout
2011:Impeller
1933:Turbojet
1928:Turbofan
1909:Pulsejet
1873:aircraft
1725:Throttle
1642:Scimitar
1348:Oil pump
1318:Cylinder
1308:Crankpin
1298:Camshaft
1269:Aircraft
759:See also
685:airspeed
676:after a
674:flameout
616:turbojet
552:aircraft
531:had the
529:monofuel
506:engine.
504:turbojet
446:turbojet
368:solenoid
355:flywheel
323:camshaft
309:In 1920
200:airspeed
129:interwar
125:capacity
2301:systems
1923:Propfan
1601:Spinner
1441:Starter
1431:Magneto
1368:Pushrod
639:oil mix
604:BMW 003
454:turbine
269:current
254:Ki-Gass
249:viscous
2220:Engine
2097:Thrust
1953:Rocket
1948:Ramjet
1739:system
1542:Stroke
1383:Tappet
1353:Piston
1227:
1210:
1196:
1182:
1164:
1150:
1136:
1122:
1108:
1091:
1073:
976:Flight
745:butane
620:Riedel
486:. The
363:clutch
171:clutch
1897:Types
1746:Avgas
1682:EICAS
776:Notes
2297:Fuel
1887:and
1871:and
1735:Fuel
1677:EFIS
1467:Bore
1225:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1071:ISBN
739:and
714:and
644:The
610:and
533:NATO
480:Spey
474:The
154:The
64:and
672:or
263:or
2366::
1219:.
1174:.
1100:.
1083:,
1044:^
985:^
930:^
918:^
834:^
802:^
680:.
606:,
224:A
60:,
1911:/
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1261:e
1254:t
1247:v
1168:.
1140:.
1077:.
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