Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

1034:, but the rebels were victorious (early 701). Al-Hajjaj abandoned Basra to the rebels, and Ibn al-Ash'ath entered the city in triumph. Reinforced with Syrian troops, al-Hajjaj managed to score a minor victory, after which the bulk of the rebel army left Basra for their natural stronghold, Kufa. Al-Hajjaj recaptured Basra and pursued Ibn al-Ash'ath to Kufa, encamping near the city. Ibn al-Ash'ath's progress had sufficiently alarmed the Umayyad court that they sought a negotiated settlement, even though they kept sending Syrian reinforcements to al-Hajjaj. Abd al-Malik offered to dismiss al-Hajjaj, appoint Ibn al-Ash'ath as governor over one of the Iraqi towns, and raise the Iraqis' pay so that they received the same amount as the Syrians. Ibn al-Ash'ath was inclined to accept, but the more radical of his followers, especially the scholars known as 923:); the latter named his first-born son after al-Hajjaj, who in turn named three of his sons after members of the dynasty. Abd al-Malik also named one of his sons al-Hajjaj. This close relationship is further evidenced by the many surviving letters exchanged between al-Hajjaj and Abd al-Malik. Al-Hajjaj's relationship with the latter was much different than with al-Walid, with whom the correspondence was restricted to their official functions. On the other hand, while Abd al-Malik was able to restrain his over-zealous governor whenever he was "extortionate in the raising of taxes, was too liberal with public resources, or was shedding more blood than was necessary" (A. Dietrich), al-Walid considered himself in al-Hajjaj's debt because he had championed the succession of al-Walid against Abd al-Malik's brother 1064:, situated midway between Basra and Kufa, where he moved his seat. There he gathered all Syrian troops present in Iraq, ostensibly in order to rein in the Syrians and prevent excess at the expense of the populace, but in reality his aim was to isolate the Syrians from the locals and solidify their loyalty to him. Henceforth, Iraq passed under virtual Syrian occupation, and the Iraqis, regardless of social status, were deprived of any real power in the governance of the region. Al-Hajjaj was now the undisputed master not only of Iraq, but of the entire Islamic East; only the governor of Khurasan, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, retained some autonomy. Although Yazid was able to refuse several summons to Wasit, finally in 704 al-Hajjaj persuaded the Caliph to dismiss him, and Yazid was imprisoned. 1387:, was a stomach cancer. The following year, al-Walid died as well, and his brother Sulayman came to power. As the heir apparent, Sulayman had allied with many of al-Hajjaj's opponents, particularly Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, whom he appointed governor of Iraq just after his accession. Possibly having been convinced by such allies that al-Hajjaj had provoked hatred among the Iraqis toward the Umayyads as opposed to fostering their loyalty, the caliph deposed the late viceroy's appointees and allies in the province and throughout the eastern Caliphate. This was likely due to their connection with al-Hajjaj personally. Among those who fell from grace was Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, who was dismissed from his governorship of Sindh and executed in Wasit. 1394:, al-Hajjaj was "harsh and at times hard, but not cruel; neither was he petty or bigoted". Though he was criticized in the early Muslim sources for his bombardment of Mecca and the Ka'aba during his siege of Ibn al-Zubayr, "other shameful deeds" al-Hajjaj was held responsible for are the "inventions and fabrications of the hatred of his enemies". Among these was a charge by an anonymous source recorded by al-Tabari that al-Hajjaj massacred between 11,000 and 130,000 men in Basra following his suppression of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, in contrast to the older traditional Muslim sources, which held that al-Hajjaj granted a general pardon in Kufa and Basra after his victory for rebels who renounced Ibn al-Ash'ath. 1023:

letter after letter to his commander, demanding an immediate assault against the Zunbil. The tone of these letters was extremely offensive, and he threatened to dismiss Ibn al-Ash'ath and appoint his brother Ishaq to command the expedition instead. Al-Hajjaj's harsh tone and unreasonable demands, as well as the army's evident reluctance to continue such a protracted and arduous campaign so far from their homes, provoked a widespread mutiny, led by Ibn al-Ash'ath. The rebel army marched back to Iraq, growing to over 100,000 strong in the process as they were joined by other malcontents. It transformed from a mutiny against al-Hajjaj—denounced as an enemy of God and a latter-day

894: 1156: 1225: 786: 1466:(d. 1064), al-Hajjaj had four sons: his eldest Muhammad, and Abd al-Malik, Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid). The latter three were named after members of the Umayyad dynasty. Al-Tabari mentions a son named Abd Allah. Muhammad died during al-Hajjaj's lifetime and his descendants were recorded living in Damascus as late as the 9th century. Abd al-Malik also had descendants recorded living in the 9th century, in Basra, while Aban and Sulayman (or al-Walid) died without progeny. 741:, Abd al-Malik entrusted him to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. In late 691 he set out from Kufa at the head of 2,000 Syrian troops. After taking over Ta'if unopposed, he halted there as Abd al-Malik had charged him to try to secure Ibn al-Zubayr's capitulation by diplomatic means if possible, and to avoid the shedding of blood in Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the Umayyad offers, and al-Hajjaj, after receiving reinforcements and the Caliph's permission, moved to 858:, while the average Kufan was given land as a stipend for military service; but as the size of the stipend was determined by the earliness of conversion to Islam, many received only minuscule grants. Finally, the Kufans were largely left out of the spoils of conquest in the East; it was the Basrans who secured the lion's share, taking over far more extensive and richer territory like Khurasan or Sindh, while the Kufans were left with the mountains of 51: 3415: 813:) had not been a success and when he died in early 694, al-Hajjaj, whose ability and loyalty had been amply demonstrated, was appointed to the crucial office. The governorship of Iraq was indeed "the most important and responsible administrative post of the Islamic state" (A. Dietrich), as it comprised not only Iraq proper, but also included the lands conquered by troops from the two 'garrison towns' ( 1045:

to renouncing Islam; those who refused were executed. The remnants of the rebel army fled to Basra, but were soon evicted and pursued by the Syrians to Khuzistan and Sistan. There Ibn al-Ash'ath sought refuge with the Zunbil, but was either assassinated by the latter or committed suicide to avoid being surrendered to al-Hajjaj. Most of his remaining followers tried to reach

633:(Book of songs), al-Hajjaj acknowledged: "I took to flight ... but later, I made good my fault by renewing the attack. For a sheikh takes to flight only once". He and his father were among the few to survive the battle at al-Rabadha, where Hubaysh, the commander of the expedition, was slain fighting forces loyal to the Mecca-based anti-Umayyad caliph 1406:, an aide of Caliph Mu'awiya and onetime governor of Kufa. Before being appointed governor of Iraq, he was also wed to another daughter of Nu'man, Hamida, after she had been divorced by Rawh ibn Zinba; al-Hajjaj divorced Hamida during his governorship in Iraq. During his governorship of Medina, al-Hajjaj married Umm al-Julas, a daughter of 1106:. Although al-Hajjaj himself undertook no campaign during these years, his role was essential: not only did he select the generals who carried out these campaigns, but also "prepared them very carefully, sparing no expense, since he calculated that with victory he would recover his expenses many times over" (A. Dietrich). 1171:, and hence were initially opposed by many theologians who argued that they would also be used by infidels, but they quickly became a success and "helped to promote the circulation of money and the stabilization of economic conditions" (Dietrich). Al-Hajjaj also ordered the translation of the tax registers ( 1044:

in April 701, and al-Hajjaj and his more disciplined Syrians scored a crushing victory. Kufa surrendered afterward, and al-Hajjaj further undercut Ibn al-Ash'ath's support by promising amnesty to those who surrendered, providing however that they acknowledged that their rebellion had been tantamount

988:

for an excuse to break them". The explosion came in 699: when he had been conferred the governorships of Khurasan and Sistan, al-Hajjaj had given it to al-Muhallab, but in Sistan, the situation was far more unstable, and the country had to be essentially reconquered. An army under the local governor

959:

had instead, upon the death of Bishr, left the camp and were idling in the cities. In order to restore discipline, al-Hajjaj announced that any man who did not within three days return to the camp would be put to death and his property be left open to plunder. This proved effective, but when he went

1022:

Ibn al-Ash'ath led his army to Sistan, and, as Dietrich writes, "at first carried out his campaign carefully and according to orders; he pacified each territory as it was conquered, ensured supplies and accustomed his troops gradually to the different climatic conditions". Al-Hajjaj, however, sent

987:

These campaigns eradicated the Kharijite rebellion, but came at a cost to his relationship with the Iraqis: the campaigns against the Kharijites were extremely unpopular, and measures like the reductions in pay, according to Kennedy, " almost to have goaded the Iraqis into rebellion, as if looking

1186:

Following his victory over the Iraqis, al-Hajjaj began a series of reforms aimed at restoring tranquility and prosperity to the troubled province after almost twenty years of civil war and rebellions. He invested much effort in reviving agriculture, especially in the Sawad, and thereby increasing

757:

was also targeted, despite the presence of the assembled pilgrims. When a sudden thunderstorm broke out, which his soldiers interpreted as divine wrath, he was able to rally them and convince them that it was actually a sign of victory. Finally, in October 692, after seven months of siege and the

1127:(modern Sri Lanka) as well as the female pilgrims on board who were captured. Upon hearing of the matter, al-Hajjaj wrote a letter to the Raja, and upon unsuccessful resolution being reached, launched a military attack. Other reasons attributed to al-Hajjaj's interest was gaining a foothold in 870:, but in 697/8 he received these two provinces as well, expanding his rule over the entire eastern half of the Caliphate. He remained in this post until his death in 714, and throughout this period, encompassing the remainder of Abd al-Malik's reign and most of that of his successor 1362:('script') of early "defective" Arabic so that consonants such as these five letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ (y, n, th, t, b) could be distinguished from one another. However, some historians believe these language reforms occurred earlier in Syria or Iraq before the advent of Islam. 927:, and the new Caliph allowed his powerful governor free rein and relied heavily on his counsel even in the appointment and dismissal of officials. If his meddling in the succession had secured him the favour of al-Walid, it had also caused the declared enmity of al-Walid's brother 845:

and political dissent in Iraq, particularly in Kufa. This discontent was driven by various tribal, economic, and political factors. The population of Kufa contained people from almost all Arab tribes, but also many of those undesired elsewhere, such as the vanquished of the

705:, was impressed with al-Hajjaj's military capabilities and thinking. Upon Rawh's recommendation, Abd al-Malik appointed al-Hajjaj to enforce the Caliph's authority over a large army he mobilized for an expedition against the Zubayrid ruler of Iraq, Ibn al-Zubayr's brother 950:

Arriving at Kufa, al-Hajjaj gave an inaugural sermon at the local mosque that has become famous and is "often cited as an example of Arab eloquence" (G. R. Hawting). The situation he found there was one of disorder. The troops of Basra and Kufa, ostensibly garrisoned at

907:

Al-Hajjaj was, in the words of A. Dietrich, "the most loyal servant that a dynasty could wish for", and his loyalty was reciprocated by Abd al-Malik with his full trust. The relationship was further strengthened through family ties: al-Hajjaj's daughter wed

1312:, which was known for polemically showcasing the negative aspects of Umayyad rule, would have taken the opportunity to show that the Umayyads had corrupted the Quran. One of the Christian sources was a letter reported by the 8th-century Armenian priest 960:

to the troops to distribute the pay, al-Hajjaj faced another mutiny under Ibn al-Jarud for making pay cuts that the troops refused to accept. These problems overcome, al-Hajjaj sent the troops against the Kharijites. In 696 al-Muhallab defeated the

1378:

When I meet God and find favour with Him, therein shall be the joy of my soul. The eternity of God sufficeth me, and I therefore place not my hopes on mortals. Those who were before us have tasted of death, and after them we also shall taste

496:

Al-Hajjaj was a highly capable though ruthless statesman, strict in character, and a harsh and demanding master. Widely feared by his contemporaries, he became a deeply controversial figure and an object of deep-seated enmity among later,

1328:, who denied that Levond had reported it. Neal Robinson argues that even if the letter was authentic, the activity of al-Hajjaj would have been limited to destroying sectarian writings and early codices which preserved the 1018:

who composed it" (Hawting), that it became known in history as the "Peacock Army". This expedition marked the beginning of a rebellion that came close to destroying not only al-Hajjaj's, but also Umayyad, power in Iraq.

736:

As a result of his success suppressing the Caliph's mutinous troops, Abd al-Malik entrusted al-Hajjaj with command of the army's rear-guard. He achieved further feats of valour, so that after the defeat of Mus'ab at the

1199:, he spared no expense to repair embankments when they broke, awarded uncultivated lands to deserving Arabs, and took measures to reverse the flow of the rural population to the cities, especially the new converts ( 1285:). On the other hand, a number of authors argue that it is difficult to assess any role had by al-Hajjaj, though they argue for the plausibility of a widely known account that has him ordering the grammarian and 549:

in 661. Al-Hajjaj's ancestry was not particularly distinguished: the Abu Aqil family was poor and its members had worked as stone carriers and builders. His mother, al-Fari'a, had been married and divorced by

423:(western Arabia) in 692–694, and the practical viceroy of a unified Iraqi province and the eastern parts of the Caliphate in 694. Al-Hajjaj retained the last post under Abd al-Malik's son and successor 1451:, divorced her in 708/09 because she cried audibly at the torture of her brother Yazid in al-Hajjaj's prison. With his marriage to Umm Banin bint al-Mughira ibn Abd al-Rahman, a great-granddaughter of 709:, in 689/90. The Caliph was satisfied by the rapidity and efficiency with which al-Hajjaj restored discipline during a mutiny by the troops. During Abd al-Malik's siege of the rebel leader of the 1012:) to lead an army against the Zunbil. This army was drawn from the Kufan soldiery, and such was the splendour of its equipment, or perhaps the "proud and haughty manner of the Kufan soldiers and 645:

region 240 kilometres (150 mi) south of Ta'if, was unremarkable. Al-Hajjaj abandoned the post, considering it beneath his ambition. An Arabic proverb later developed out of this anecdote:

1447:; the modern historian Shiv Rai Chowdhry argues the latter account is more credible. During his rule in Iraq, al-Hajjaj married Hind, a daughter of al-Muhallab, but according to the historian 1344:

concluding that its composition dated to the beginning of the 10th century. Moreover, other authors have rejected that the letter had any factual basis, arguing that it was a polemical work.

1298:

argued that al-Hajjaj seemed "to have made an entirely new recension of the Qur'an", basing his argument on a Muslim source and two Christian sources. The Muslim source is a hadith report in

1308:. Doubting the authenticity of the hadith report, Radwan argues that the codex of Uthman, a caliph favored by al-Hajjaj, had already been memorised by thousands of Muslims and that the 1109:

The relationship between al-Hajjaj and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim has always been one of great debate. Many accounts list al-Hajjaj as being his uncle or father-in-law. According to the

841:, comprising half of the Caliphate's territory and producing more than half its income. In addition, the post was of particular political sensitivity due to the long history of 1135:) and Sindh, protecting the maritime interests of the caliphate, and punishing the armies of Sindh for participating alongside the Persians in various battles such as those at 758:

defection of several thousand of his supporters, including two of his sons, Ibn al-Zubayr was killed alongside his last remaining loyal followers, fighting around the Ka'aba.

489:

whose ranks spanned the Arab troops, Muslim converts and religious elites of Iraq. Consequently, al-Hajjaj further tightened control over the province, founding the city of

1167:

coins still used until then. He established mints at Kufa and later in Wasit and decreed strict punishments for counterfeiters. The new coins contained the name of

2635:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwānid House: The Last Years of ʿAbd al-Malik and the Caliphate of al-Walīd, A.D. 700–715/A.H. 81–95

1983:

Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Commissioners Press 1900, Section 18

773:(693 and 694 CE), and restored the Ka'aba to the shape and dimensions it had originally, rejecting the alterations made by Ibn al-Zubayr following the 529:

are located). He belonged to the family of Abu Aqil, called after al-Hajjaj's paternal great-grandfather. The family was part of the Banu Awf branch of the

1291:

Nasr ibn Asim al-Laythi to introduce new vowel diacritics, a story that is unchallenged, despite the strong hostility of Muslim sources towards al-Hajjaj.

829:

and the other eastern provinces of the Caliphate. The governor of Iraq was therefore in charge of a huge super-province or vice-royalty stretching from

3074: 1370:

Al-Hajjaj died in Wasit in May or June 714 at the age of 53 or 54. On his deathbed, he appointed his son Abd Allah to replace him as leader of the

481:(poll tax) nominally reserved for non-Muslim subjects, and oversaw large-scale canal digging projects. In 701, al-Hajjaj, with reinforcements from 2886: 3492: 621:

army dispatched by Yazid defeated the local defenders of Medina who had discarded the Caliph's authority, al-Hajjaj fought in the brigade of

3204: 1986: 1040:, refused, believing that the offered terms revealed the government's weakness, and pushed for outright victory. The two armies met in the 1001: 2468: 3295: 942:, whom al-Hajjaj had imprisoned. The possibility of Sulayman's accession so frightened al-Hajjaj that he wished not to outlive al-Walid. 777:

in 683. Al-Hajjaj was able to restore peace in the Hejaz, but his severity occasioned the frequent personal intervention of the Caliph.

3467: 2564: 1302:, which details eleven changes. Researcher Umar Ibn Ibrahim Radwan, argues that the changes could be categorised as differences in the 1077: 1115:, the oldest chronicle of the Arab conquest of Sindh, the primary reason al-Hajjaj ordered an expedition against the region's ruler 1443:

hold that Abd al-Malik ordered al-Hajjaj to divorce her and return her dowry after petitions by her father and the Umayyad prince

867: 1060:

The failure of Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt led to the tightening of Umayyad control over Iraq. In 702 al-Hajjaj founded the city of

598:

After a short, undetermined period, al-Hajjaj and his father left their teaching jobs and took up military service under Caliph

3067: 1249:

As part of his efforts to strengthen uniformity in the state, he also tried to introduce a definitive, uniform version of the

3224: 3189: 2921: 2840: 2819: 2769: 2745: 2712: 2643: 2504: 2381: 2357: 3507: 3029: 65: 3502: 3482: 17: 2907: 2805: 2698: 2586: 2490: 583:('little dog'), with which he was later derisively referred to. His early life is obscure, except for his having been a 3497: 3418: 2619: 1195:(land tax). He began to restore and expand the network of canals in lower Iraq. According to the 9th-century historian 1082:

As governor of Iraq and viceroy of the East, al-Hajjaj supervised a major wave of expansion. He appointed his kinsman

3060: 3002: 2667: 2453: 125: 461:. To revive agricultural production and increase tax revenue, al-Hajjaj expelled non-Arab, Muslim converts from the 3452: 3447: 3360: 3012: 1083: 2681: 1073: 1049:, but were defeated by al-Muhallab's son, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, who surrendered those of north Arab provenance ( 187: 2780: 797:

In early 694, Abd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj to govern Iraq. This involved combining the governorships of Kufa and

3214: 3199: 1403: 1426: 722: 714: 592: 283: 587:

in his hometown—another source of derision to his enemies—where he taught his pupils to copy and recite the

3269: 3209: 2973:

Klasova, Pamela (2022). "A Tyrant's Legacy in Medieval Syria: Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf on Trial in Ibn ʿAsākir's

1407: 969: 862:

and central Persia as their city's sole dependencies. Al-Hajjaj's purview originally excluded Khurasan and

437:

As governor of Iraq and the east, al-Hajjaj instituted key reforms. Among these were the minting of silver

1240:(examples in blue) indicate short vowels which have been used in the Quran but not in most written Arabic. 1163:

Already in 695, al-Hajjaj began minting the new gold and silver coins, which superseded the Byzantine and

1155: 3219: 980:

with the aid of Syrian troops. In the same year, al-Hajjaj suppressed the rebellion of the governor of

622: 3234: 1221:, despite its imposition being traditionally restricted to the non-Muslim subjects of the Caliphate. 1140: 3400: 3348: 3128: 2894: 2796: 2689: 2477: 1041: 989: 956: 928: 897: 893: 702: 542: 3229: 2367: 551: 2373:

The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads

3143: 3118: 2737:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

2325: 965: 706: 655: 634: 610: 401: 86: 30: 1984: 3477: 3457: 3378: 3320: 3249: 1236:(examples in red) was added in later Arabic so that consonant letters could be distinguished. * 1132: 1099: 924: 729:

in the summer of 691, al-Hajjaj was sent as an emissary of the Caliph alongside the theologian

538: 386: 355: 2830: 2573: 3239: 2638:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1414:. This followed his divorce of Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, a grandniece of Caliph 939: 912:, a son of al-Walid, while the daughter of his brother Muhammad was wed to the future caliph 746: 638: 617:(682) and of al-Rabadha (684)—both near Medina—but without distinction. At al-Harra, where a 2514:

Crone, Patricia (1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?".

2406:

Donner, Fred M. (2008). "The Quran in Recent Scholarship". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.).

1144: 769:(central Arabia). As governor, al-Hajjaj led the Hajj in person in the years 73 and 74 3487: 3462: 3368: 3244: 3158: 2418:(September–December 1965). "Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab Conquest of Sind". 2328:(October 1953). "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality". 1452: 1341: 1317: 1054: 802: 774: 742: 8: 3472: 3442: 3437: 2398: 1337: 1124: 909: 838: 665:) acceded to the caliphate, al-Hajjaj left his hometown and went to the Umayyad capital, 625:. He fled the field in that engagement. According to verses compiled in the 10th-century 614: 609:), who was facing increasing opposition to his rule in the Hejaz. He participated in the 2948: 1253:

so as to eliminate theological quarrels. Al-Hajjaj's version also probably included new

1232:(in black) was the only script found in the earliest surviving fragments of the Quran. * 3264: 3039: 2800: 2539: 2481: 2427: 2415: 1091: 534: 493:

to house the loyalist Syrian troops whom he thereafter relied on to enforce his rule.

441:

with strictly Muslim religious formulas instead of the coins' traditional, pre-Islamic

434:), whose decision-making was heavily influenced by al-Hajjaj, until his death in 714. 118: 3083: 2954: 2944: 2917: 2836: 2815: 2765: 2741: 2708: 2663: 2639: 2615: 2596: 2543: 2531: 2500: 2449: 2377: 2353: 1391: 1324:. Jefferey notes the authenticity of the letter is disputed by historians, including 1309: 1254: 1224: 790: 718: 546: 486: 397: 243: 221: 1425:). While al-Mas'udi holds al-Hajjaj divorced Umm Kulthum to humiliate the family of 533:

tribe. Members of the Thaqif attained high military and administrative ranks in the

3388: 2995: 2788: 2523: 1444: 1299: 1208: 1136: 806: 738: 175: 1257:. He declared this version to be the only valid one, while prohibiting the use of 3290: 2851: 2784: 2759: 2755: 2735: 2731: 2657: 2633: 2609: 2552: 2443: 2392: 2371: 2347: 1990: 1455:, al-Hajjaj became one of the few non-Qurayshites to marry into the aristocratic 1436: 1411: 1325: 855: 810: 688: 628: 442: 377: 346: 3383: 3373: 3108: 2902: 2890: 2792: 2693: 2685: 2581: 2577: 2485: 2473: 2463: 2439: 1295: 1180: 730: 454: 2761:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

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in which it had hitherto been kept, so that he could supervise it personally.

50: 3431: 3254: 3098: 3022: 2958: 2898: 2653: 2600: 2569: 2557:. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. p. 631. 2535: 2527: 1384: 1371: 1258: 984:, al-Mutarrif ibn al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, who had allied with the Kharijites. 882: 692: 677:(select troops) of the Caliph. However, according to a different account, by 618: 559: 482: 106: 2931:

Wansbrough, John (1978). "Review of Hagarism: The Making of Islamic World".

1354:, al-Hajjaj improved written Arabic by adding diacritical marks to the bare 1211:, al-Hajjaj, with the support of Abd al-Malik, was the first to collect the 3194: 3052: 2677: 2629: 1456: 1440: 1196: 834: 770: 584: 545:. The tribe's political influence continued to grow with the advent of the 2014: 2012: 2010: 1332:(Quranic chapters) in a different order. The other Christian source is an 3395: 3259: 3184: 3148: 1333: 1159:

Silver dirham following Sasanian motives, struck in the name of al-Hajjaj

1095: 830: 678: 330: 239: 2953:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 2869:

Aara' al-Mustashriqin Hawl al-Qur'an al-Karim wa Tafsir: Dirasah Wa Naqd

2431: 761:

As a reward, Abd al-Malik gave al-Hajjaj the governorship of the Hejaz,

3338: 3123: 2007: 1264: 1116: 1111: 993: 981: 871: 847: 424: 155: 805:

twenty years earlier. The caliph had previously appointed his brother

362:

Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī

3163: 3153: 1448: 1123:, resulting in the capturing of gifts to the caliph from the king of 1087: 977: 952: 842: 766: 754: 726: 537:

and played important command and economic roles during and after the

343:

Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi

2349:

The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation

3315: 3138: 3113: 1463: 1164: 1031: 913: 826: 666: 510: 213: 1244: 968:

as their anti-caliph, and in spring 697 another Kharijite leader,

3133: 3103: 2394:

Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf (An Examination of His Works and Personality)

1624: 1321: 1024: 961: 599: 498: 2878:

Discovering the Qur'an: A Contemporary Approach to a Veiled Text

1383:

The cause of his death, according to the 13th-century historian

992:

had suffered a heavy defeat against the ruler of the kingdom of

866:, which were governed by the largely ineffectual Umayyad prince 854:, many of these were assigned by the Umayyads to princes of the 3414: 3343: 3310: 3285: 3179: 2255: 1731: 1729: 1313: 1190: 1128: 1007: 997: 900: 863: 822: 785: 672: 642: 530: 526: 518: 501:

writers, who ascribed to him persecutions and mass executions.

438: 414: 3325: 3305: 3300: 2165: 1374:. He penned a letter to al-Walid, which concluded as follows: 1329: 1250: 1212: 1202: 1174: 1168: 1147:

and also the granting of refuge to fleeing rebel chieftains.

1120: 1061: 1050: 1046: 973: 859: 851: 816: 798: 762: 588: 522: 514: 490: 476: 470: 462: 458: 448: 420: 411:), who successively promoted him as the head of the Caliph's 272:

Umm al-Banin bint al-Mughira ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Makhzumiyya

217: 2659:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

2218: 2216: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2044: 2042: 1801: 1799: 1726: 1004:, the most pre-eminent member of the Kufan aristocracy (the 745:. The Umayyad troops bombarded the city with catapults from 457:

to Arabic; and the introduction of a uniform version of the

2228: 1943: 1941: 1480: 1478: 1357: 1103: 750: 710: 555: 466: 2862:. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Islamic Studies: 125–136. 2245: 2243: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1741: 485:, crushed a mass rebellion led by the Kufan Arab nobleman 2611:

The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (A Political Study)

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Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi § Conquest of Sindh

2376:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2337:

Beeston; Johnstone; Serjeant (1983). G. R. Smith (ed.).

2336: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2018: 1938: 1926: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1475: 945: 809:

governor of Kufa, but this "experiment in family rule" (

473:

to their villages of origin and collected from them the

2240: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2112: 2100: 1871: 1869: 1811: 1641: 1639: 1614: 1612: 1587: 1585: 1497: 1495: 1493: 691:, Abd al-Malik's half-brother and one-time governor of 554:, a member of the Thaqif who was appointed governor of 2979:

Journal of Late Antique, Islamic and Byzantine Studies

2933:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2024: 1965: 1881: 1842: 1765: 1711: 1663: 1597: 1507: 881:), he would be "the dominant feature in the sources" ( 2445:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

2303: 2153: 2071: 1953: 1902: 1854: 1753: 1531: 2291: 2267: 2124: 1866: 1651: 1636: 1609: 1582: 1519: 1490: 1430: 1355: 1340:. The dating of the letter is disputed, the Arabist 1303: 1286: 1262: 1216: 1200: 1188: 1172: 1035: 1013: 1005: 938:). Sulayman furthermore had championed the cause of 814: 696: 682: 670: 646: 626: 578: 474: 446: 412: 391: 360: 2662:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2345: 1995: 1699: 1630: 1402:Al-Hajjaj's first wife was Umm Aban, a daughter of 1074:

Qutayba ibn Muslim § Conquests in Central Asia

351:أبو محمد الحجاج بن يوسف بن الحكم بن أبي عقيل الثقفي 263:

Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah ibn Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

2563: 2467: 2346:Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018). 2339:Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayad Period 1459:clan; two of his sons also married into the clan. 1347:According to the Islamic historical tradition, in 1150: 591:. His father Yusuf ibn al-Hakam and elder brother 509:Al-Hajjaj was born in ca. 661 in the city of 322:Al-Fari'a bint Hammam ibn Urwa al-Thaqafi (mother) 2554:Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1 850:. Although it dominated the fertile lands of the 651:("as insignificant as Tabala is to al-Hajjaj"). 3429: 637:. Al-Hajjaj's first public post, as governor of 396:), was the most notable governor who served the 1245:Uniformity of the Quran and grammatical reforms 780: 266:Umm al-Julas bint Abd Allah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 1429:(the father of Ali), accounts recorded in the 1316:to have been written by the Byzantine emperor 681:(d. 889), al-Hajjaj started his career in the 3068: 2764:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. 888: 3082: 801:, which had not been done since the days of 257:Umm Aban bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansariyya 2366: 1735: 1270: 3075: 3061: 2943: 2930: 2908:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2806:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2699:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2587:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2491:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2222: 2207: 2195: 2183: 2171: 2048: 1207:). According to the 9th-century historian 577:As a boy, al-Hajjaj acquired the nickname 260:Hamida bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansariyya 2916:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 120–121. 2828: 2707:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 137–140. 2448:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2094: 1067: 1002:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath 2884: 2875: 2561: 2550: 2414: 2390: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2234: 2147: 2106: 2033: 1920: 1848: 1836: 1824: 1805: 1790: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1618: 1603: 1591: 1576: 1513: 1484: 1223: 1154: 1027:—to a full-blown anti-Umayyad movement. 892: 784: 572: 36:Umayyad governor and viceroy (c.661-714) 2972: 2754: 2730: 2721: 2652: 2595:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 39–43. 2159: 2065: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1932: 1908: 1896: 1860: 1759: 1747: 1720: 1119:, was the pirate raid off the coast of 868:Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 320:Yusuf ibn al-Hakam al-Thaqafi (father) 14: 3493:One Thousand and One Nights characters 3430: 2866: 2778: 2522:(1). Walter de Gruyter and Co.: 1–57. 2405: 2324: 2309: 2118: 2082: 2019:Beeston, Johnstone & Serjeant 1983 1525: 1501: 1030:Al-Hajjaj tried to stop the rebels at 29:For other people named al-Hajjaj, see 3056: 2849: 2832:The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'an 2726:. New York: Russell F. Moore Company. 2676: 2628: 2607: 2513: 2462: 2438: 2297: 2135: 2001: 1875: 1705: 1657: 1645: 946:Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt and aftermath 445:design; changing the language of the 419:(select troops), the governor of the 2871:. Vol. 1. Riyadh: Dar al-Tibah. 2814:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 432. 2740:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 2499:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 357. 400:. He began his service under Caliph 2408:The Quran in its Historical Context 1390:In the assessment of the historian 1365: 381: 350: 269:Hind bint al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 24: 2966: 2852:"Early Life of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf" 833:to the still expanding borders in 25: 3519: 3468:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate 3048: 2867:Radwan, Umar Ibn Ibrahim (1992). 749:, not letting up even during the 733:to negotiate a peace with Zufar. 3413: 3013:Yazid ibn Abi Kabshah al-Saksaki 1084:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Thaqafi 49: 2829:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2006). 2318: 1977: 1631:Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018 1420: 1151:Domestic government and reforms 933: 918: 876: 660: 648:ahwan ʿala al-Hajjaj min Tabala 604: 564: 429: 406: 188:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki 160: 148: 91: 3240:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 3225:Second siege of Constantinople 3215:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 3200:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 2835:. Cambridge University Press. 595:were also teachers in Ta'if. 13: 1: 3190:First siege of Constantinople 2950:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 2608:Dixon, 'Abd al-Ameer (1971). 2565:"al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲ b. Yūsuf" 2551:De Slane, Mac Guckin (1842). 2341:. Cambridge University Press. 1469: 1445:Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya 1348: 1053:) but let the southern Arab ( 723:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi 613:, fighting in the battles of 558:by the first Umayyad caliph, 453:(tax registers) of Iraq from 366: 284:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi 231: 206: 66:Umayyad governor of the Hejaz 3270:Umayyad rule in North Africa 3210:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 2850:Oseni, Zakariyau I. (1982). 1408:Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid 1000:, and now al-Hajjaj ordered 970:Shabib ibn Yazid al-Shaybani 781:Viceroy of Iraq and the East 701:, the Caliph's main adviser 7: 3508:Umayyad governors of Medina 2391:Chowdhry, Shiv Rai (1972). 1462:According to the historian 1431: 1404:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 1356: 1304: 1287: 1263: 1217: 1201: 1189: 1173: 1036: 1014: 1006: 815: 697: 683: 671: 647: 627: 579: 504: 475: 447: 413: 392: 361: 55:Seal of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 10: 3524: 3503:Umayyad governors of Mecca 3483:People of the Second Fitna 3245:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj 3220:Umayyad campaigns in India 2469:"al-Muhallab b. Abī Ṣufra" 1071: 903:minted by al-Hajjaj in 695 889:Relations with the caliphs 821:) of Kufa and Basra, i.e. 623:Hubaysh ibn Dulja al-Qayni 28: 3498:Umayyad governors of Iraq 3411: 3401:Painting of the Six Kings 3359: 3278: 3172: 3091: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3009: 3000: 2992: 2368:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya 1397: 1042:Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim 990:Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra 957:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra 793:) in the late 9th century 703:Rawh ibn Zinba al-Judhami 336: 326: 316: 290: 279: 250: 227: 202: 197: 193: 181: 169: 142: 131: 124: 112: 100: 82: 71: 64: 60: 48: 41: 3384:Great Mosque of Damascus 3230:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 3205:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 2887:"ʿAbd al-Masīḥ al-Kindī" 2722:Jeffrey, Arthur (1952). 2528:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1 1086:to lead the conquest of 126:Umayyad governor of Iraq 3453:8th-century Arab people 3448:7th-century Arab people 2876:Robinson, Neal (1996). 2724:The Qur'an as Scripture 2264:, pp. 34, 151–152. 1989:19 October 2017 at the 1179:) into Arabic from the 964:who had rallied around 695:. The commander of the 669:, where he entered the 635:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 611:Second Muslim Civil War 3379:Great Mosque of Aleppo 3235:Second Arab–Khazar War 1381: 1241: 1160: 1090:(northwestern India), 1068:Campaigns of expansion 972:, was defeated on the 925:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan 904: 794: 539:early Muslim conquests 306:Sulayman (or al-Walid) 3349:Arab–Sasanian coinage 3250:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 2885:Troupeau, G. (1986). 2562:Dietrich, A. (1971). 1376: 1338:Abd al-Masih al-Kindi 1227: 1158: 940:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab 896: 788: 573:Early life and career 552:al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba 3369:Umayyad architecture 1453:al-Harith ibn Hisham 1320:addressed to Caliph 1215:(poll tax) from the 1187:revenue through the 1098:(Central Asia), and 966:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a 803:Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan 3331:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 2975:History of Damascus 2779:Lecker, M. (2000). 2416:Gabrieli, Francesco 2399:University of Delhi 2326:Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh 2237:, pp. 51, 152. 2174:, pp. 257–258. 1750:, pp. 241–242. 839:Indian subcontinent 775:first Umayyad siege 393:al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf 374:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 372:), known simply as 246:, Umayyad Caliphate 43:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 18:Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf 3321:Qays–Yaman rivalry 3265:Abbasid Revolution 3040:Yahya ibn al-Hakam 3030:Governor of Medina 2945:Wellhausen, Julius 2654:Hawting, Gerald R. 2068:, pp. 99–120. 1839:, pp. 41, 42. 1410:, a member of the 1242: 1161: 1092:Qutayba ibn Muslim 905: 795: 541:, particularly in 119:Yahya ibn al-Hakam 3425: 3424: 3084:Umayyad Caliphate 3046: 3045: 3037:Succeeded by 3010:Succeeded by 2923:978-90-04-07819-2 2842:978-0-521-53934-0 2821:978-90-04-11211-7 2771:978-0-306-81740-3 2747:978-0-582-40525-7 2714:978-90-04-08112-3 2645:978-0-88706-721-1 2614:. London: Luzac. 2506:978-90-04-09419-2 2383:978-0-7914-1827-7 2359:978-90-04-35621-4 2352:. Leiden: Brill. 2288:, pp. 33–34. 2121:, pp. 35–36. 1950:, pp. 68–69. 1935:, pp. 67–68. 1923:, pp. 40–41. 1808:, pp. 41–42. 1738:, pp. 57–67. 1696:, pp. 13–14. 1684:, pp. 12–13. 1487:, pp. 39–40. 1392:Julius Wellhausen 1334:apologetic letter 791:Lower Mesopotamia 719:Upper Mesopotamia 547:Umayyad Caliphate 535:nascent Caliphate 398:Umayyad Caliphate 390: 359: 340: 339: 222:Umayyad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 3515: 3417: 3389:Dome of the Rock 3335:Umayyad coinage 3077: 3070: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3020:Preceded by 3003:Governor of Iraq 2996:Bishr ibn Marwan 2993:Preceded by 2990: 2989: 2986: 2962: 2940: 2927: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2856:Studies in Islam 2846: 2825: 2801:Heinrichs, W. P. 2775: 2751: 2727: 2718: 2673: 2649: 2625: 2604: 2567: 2558: 2547: 2510: 2482:Heinrichs, W. P. 2471: 2459: 2435: 2411: 2402: 2387: 2363: 2342: 2333: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2069: 2063: 2052: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2022: 2016: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1809: 1803: 1794: 1788: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1736:Blankinship 1994 1733: 1724: 1718: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1580: 1574: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1366:Death and legacy 1361: 1353: 1350: 1307: 1300:Sunan Abu Dawood 1294:The orientalist 1290: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1255:vowel diacritics 1220: 1209:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1206: 1194: 1178: 1100:Mujja'a ibn Si'r 1039: 1017: 1011: 937: 935: 922: 920: 880: 878: 820: 807:Bishr ibn Marwan 753:pilgrimage; the 747:Mount Abu Qubays 739:Battle of Maskin 700: 686: 676: 664: 662: 650: 632: 608: 606: 582: 568: 566: 480: 452: 433: 431: 418: 410: 408: 395: 385: 383: 371: 368: 364: 354: 352: 236: 233: 211: 208: 198:Personal details 184: 176:Bishr ibn Marwan 172: 164: 162: 152: 150: 136: 115: 103: 95: 93: 76: 53: 39: 38: 21: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3407: 3355: 3291:Umayyad dynasty 3274: 3168: 3087: 3081: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3025: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2985:(1–2): 133–166. 2969: 2967:Further reading 2924: 2891:Bosworth, C. E. 2843: 2822: 2793:Bosworth, C. E. 2772: 2748: 2715: 2686:Bosworth, C. E. 2670: 2646: 2622: 2507: 2474:Bosworth, C. E. 2456: 2440:Crone, Patricia 2384: 2360: 2330:Islamic Culture 2321: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2223:Wellhausen 1927 2221: 2214: 2208:Wellhausen 1927 2206: 2202: 2196:Wellhausen 1927 2194: 2190: 2184:Wellhausen 1927 2182: 2178: 2172:Wellhausen 1927 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2072: 2064: 2055: 2049:Wansbrough 1978 2047: 2040: 2032: 2025: 2017: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1991:Wayback Machine 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1882: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1719: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1617: 1610: 1606:, pp. 8–9. 1602: 1598: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1491: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1437:Ibn Abd Rabbihi 1432:Kitab al-aghani 1419: 1412:Umayyad dynasty 1400: 1368: 1351: 1326:John Wansbrough 1310:Abbasid dynasty 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1247: 1153: 1080: 1072:Main articles: 1070: 996:, known as the 948: 932: 917: 891: 875: 811:Hugh N. Kennedy 783: 689:Aban ibn Marwan 659: 629:Kitab al-aghani 603: 575: 563: 507: 463:garrison cities 428: 405: 369: 321: 312: 275: 238: 234: 212: 209: 182: 170: 159: 154: 147: 137: 132: 113: 101: 90: 77: 72: 56: 44: 37: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3521: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3374:Desert castles 3365: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3050: 3049:External links 3047: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3008: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2941: 2928: 2922: 2895:van Donzel, E. 2882: 2873: 2864: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2797:van Donzel, E. 2785:Bearman, P. J. 2776: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2690:van Donzel, E. 2674: 2668: 2650: 2644: 2632:, ed. (1990). 2626: 2621:978-0718901493 2620: 2605: 2559: 2548: 2511: 2505: 2478:van Donzel, E. 2460: 2454: 2436: 2426:(3): 281–295. 2412: 2403: 2388: 2382: 2364: 2358: 2343: 2334: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2312:, p. 249. 2302: 2300:, p. 139. 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2252:, p. 152. 2239: 2227: 2225:, p. 256. 2212: 2210:, p. 255. 2200: 2198:, p. 258. 2188: 2186:, p. 260. 2176: 2164: 2152: 2150:, p. 362. 2140: 2138:, p. 216. 2123: 2111: 2109:, p. 120. 2099: 2097:, p. 166. 2095:McAuliffe 2006 2087: 2085:, p. 430. 2070: 2053: 2051:, p. 156. 2038: 2023: 2021:, p. 243. 2006: 1994: 1976: 1974:, p. 102. 1964: 1952: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1899:, p. 101. 1880: 1878:, p. 357. 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1827:, p. 155. 1810: 1795: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1725: 1723:, p. 100. 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1660:, p. 124. 1650: 1648:, p. 129. 1635: 1633:, p. 953. 1623: 1608: 1596: 1581: 1530: 1528:, p. 432. 1518: 1516:, p. 282. 1506: 1504:, p. 243. 1489: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1423: 656–661 1399: 1396: 1372:Friday prayers 1367: 1364: 1336:attributed to 1296:Arthur Jeffery 1246: 1243: 1152: 1149: 1069: 1066: 947: 944: 936: 715–717 921: 720–724 898:Sasanian-style 890: 887: 879: 705–715 782: 779: 731:Raja ibn Haywa 713:tribes of the 663: 685–705 607: 680–683 574: 571: 567: 661–680 506: 503: 487:Ibn al-Ash'ath 432: 705–715 409: 685–705 382:الحجاج بن يوسف 370: 661–714 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 318: 314: 313: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 294: 292: 288: 287: 281: 277: 276: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247: 229: 225: 224: 204: 200: 199: 195: 194: 191: 190: 185: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 163: 705–715 151: 685–705 146:Abd al-Malik ( 144: 140: 139: 129: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 94: 685–705 84: 80: 79: 69: 68: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3520: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:City founders 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3458:Arab generals 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255:Berber Revolt 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3023:Tariq ibn Amr 3018: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Bianquis, Th. 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756:Kennedy, Hugh 2753: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2732:Kennedy, Hugh 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2669:0-415-24072-7 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630:Hinds, Martin 2627: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Ménage, V. L. 2571: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455:0-521-52940-9 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:East and West 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2286:Chowdhry 1972 2282: 2275: 2274:Chowdhry 1972 2270: 2263: 2262:Chowdhry 1972 2258: 2251: 2250:Chowdhry 1972 2246: 2244: 2236: 2235:Chowdhry 1972 2231: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2162:, p. 92. 2161: 2156: 2149: 2148:De Slane 1842 2144: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2107:Troupeau 1986 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2036:, p. 56. 2035: 2034:Robinson 1996 2030: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2004:, p. 14. 2003: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1962:, p. 69. 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1921:Dietrich 1971 1917: 1911:, p. 67. 1910: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1863:, p. 66. 1862: 1857: 1851:, p. 42. 1850: 1849:Dietrich 1971 1845: 1838: 1837:Dietrich 1971 1833: 1826: 1825:Chowdhry 1972 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1806:Dietrich 1971 1802: 1800: 1793:, p. 41. 1792: 1791:Dietrich 1971 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1762:, p. 58. 1761: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1708:, p. 93. 1707: 1702: 1695: 1694:Chowdhry 1972 1690: 1683: 1682:Chowdhry 1972 1678: 1672:, p. 12. 1671: 1670:Chowdhry 1972 1666: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1619:Chowdhry 1972 1615: 1613: 1605: 1604:Chowdhry 1972 1600: 1593: 1592:Chowdhry 1972 1588: 1586: 1579:, p. 40. 1578: 1577:Dietrich 1971 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1514:Gabrieli 1965 1510: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1485:Dietrich 1971 1481: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1385:Ibn Khallikan 1380: 1375: 1373: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 943: 941: 930: 926: 915: 911: 902: 899: 895: 886: 884: 883:G. R. Hawting 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 818: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 789:Map of Iraq ( 787: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 732: 728: 727:al-Qariqisiya 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 694: 690: 685: 680: 675: 674: 668: 657: 652: 649: 644: 640: 636: 631: 630: 624: 620: 616: 612: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 581: 570: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 500: 494: 492: 488: 484: 479: 478: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 450: 444: 440: 435: 426: 422: 417: 416: 403: 399: 394: 388: 379: 375: 363: 357: 348: 344: 335: 332: 329: 325: 319: 315: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 210: 661 CE 205: 201: 196: 192: 189: 186: 180: 177: 174: 168: 157: 145: 141: 135: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 111: 108: 107:Tariq ibn Amr 105: 99: 88: 85: 81: 75: 70: 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 32: 27: 19: 3330: 3195:Second Fitna 3119:Abd al-Malik 3028: 3001: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2949: 2936: 2932: 2913: 2906: 2880:. 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Routledge. 2407: 2393: 2372: 2348: 2338: 2329: 2319:Bibliography 2305: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2230: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2160:Kennedy 2004 2155: 2143: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2066:Jeffrey 1952 1997: 1979: 1972:Kennedy 2004 1967: 1960:Hawting 2000 1955: 1948:Hawting 2000 1933:Hawting 2000 1928: 1916: 1909:Hawting 2000 1904: 1897:Kennedy 2004 1861:Hawting 2000 1856: 1844: 1832: 1760:Hawting 2000 1755: 1748:Kennedy 2007 1743: 1721:Kennedy 2004 1701: 1689: 1677: 1665: 1653: 1626: 1621:, p. 9. 1599: 1594:, p. 4. 1521: 1509: 1461: 1457:Banu Makhzum 1441:Ibn al-Athir 1401: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1346: 1293: 1248: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1197:al-Baladhuri 1185: 1162: 1110: 1108: 1081: 1059: 1029: 1021: 986: 949: 906: 835:Central Asia 796: 760: 743:attack Mecca 735: 656:Abd al-Malik 653: 597: 585:schoolmaster 576: 508: 495: 436: 402:Abd al-Malik 373: 342: 341: 303:Abd al-Malik 183:Succeeded by 133: 114:Succeeded by 87:Abd al-Malik 73: 26: 3463:Banu Thaqif 3396:Umayyad art 3260:Third Fitna 3185:First Fitna 3149:Al-Walid II 3109:Mu'awiya II 2903:Pellat, Ch. 2694:Pellat, Ch. 2591:Volume III: 2582:Schacht, J. 2578:Pellat, Ch. 2495:Volume VII: 2486:Pellat, Ch. 2310:Baloch 1953 2119:Donner 2008 2083:Radwan 1992 1526:Lecker 2000 1502:Baloch 1953 1133:Balochistan 1096:Transoxiana 1094:to conquer 831:Mesopotamia 679:Ibn Qutayba 654:Soon after 331:Banu Thaqif 171:Preceded by 102:Preceded by 3473:Chach Nama 3443:714 deaths 3438:661 births 3432:Categories 3339:Gold dinar 3279:Government 3124:Al-Walid I 3099:Mu'awiya I 2703:Volume VI: 2397:(Thesis). 2332:: 242–271. 2298:Hinds 1991 2136:Hinds 1990 2002:Crone 1994 1876:Crone 1993 1706:Dixon 1971 1658:Crone 1980 1646:Oseni 1982 1470:References 1352: 700 1342:Paul Kraus 1259:Ibn Mas'ud 1117:Raja Dahir 1112:Chach Nama 994:Zabulistan 872:al-Walid I 848:Ridda wars 560:Mu'awiya I 425:al-Walid I 235: 714 156:Al-Walid I 3296:Governors 3164:Marwan II 3154:Yazid III 2959:752790641 2912:Volume V: 2899:Lewis, B. 2810:Volume X: 2682:"Makhzūm" 2678:Hinds, M. 2601:495469525 2570:Lewis, B. 2544:154370527 2536:0021-1818 2516:Der Islam 2464:Crone, P. 1449:al-Tabari 1427:Abu Talib 1141:Qadisiyya 978:Khuzistan 976:river in 953:Ramhurmuz 843:Kharijism 767:al-Yamama 693:Palestine 517:(western 387:romanized 356:romanized 317:Parent(s) 309:Abd Allah 286:(brother) 280:Relations 237:(aged 53) 134:In office 74:In office 3316:al-Haras 3139:Yazid II 3129:Sulayman 3114:Marwan I 3034:693–694 3007:694–714 2947:(1927). 2914:Khe–Mahi 2905:(eds.). 2803:(eds.). 2781:"Thakīf" 2758:(2007). 2734:(2004). 2705:Mahk–Mid 2696:(eds.). 2680:(1991). 2656:(2000). 2584:(eds.). 2488:(eds.). 2466:(1993). 2442:(1980). 2432:29754928 2370:(1994). 1987:Archived 1464:Ibn Hazm 1280:readings 1165:Sasanian 1145:Nahawand 1125:Serendib 929:Sulayman 914:Yazid II 837:and the 827:Khurasan 667:Damascus 615:al-Harra 593:Muhammad 521:, where 505:Ancestry 443:Sasanian 297:Muhammad 291:Children 143:Monarchs 3488:Tabi‘un 3361:Culture 3173:History 3159:Ibrahim 3134:Umar II 3104:Yazid I 3092:Caliphs 2497:Mif–Naz 1435:and by 1322:Umar II 1318:Leo III 1305:qira'at 1274: 1238:Harakat 1181:Persian 1137:Salasal 1051:Mudaris 1025:Pharaoh 982:Mada'in 962:Azariqa 856:dynasty 641:in the 600:Yazid I 513:in the 499:Abbasid 455:Persian 439:dirhams 389:: 358:: 251:Spouses 138:694–714 83:Monarch 78:692–694 3344:Dirham 3326:Mawali 3311:Shurta 3286:Caliph 3180:Uthman 3144:Hisham 3086:topics 2957: 2920: 2901:& 2839: 2818: 2799:& 2768: 2744: 2711: 2692:& 2666: 2642: 2618: 2599: 2593:H–Iram 2580:& 2542: 2534: 2503: 2484:& 2452: 2430: 2380: 2356: 1398:Family 1314:Levond 1265:qira'a 1218:mawali 1203:mawali 1191:kharaj 1129:Makran 1076:, and 1057:) go. 1055:Yamani 1037:qurrāʾ 1032:Tustar 1015:ashrāf 1008:ashrāf 998:Zunbil 974:Dujayl 955:under 910:Masrur 901:dirham 864:Sistan 823:Persia 765:, and 755:Ka'aba 715:Jazira 707:Mus'ab 698:shurta 684:shurta 673:shurta 643:Tihama 639:Tabala 619:Syrian 580:Kulayb 531:Thaqif 527:Medina 519:Arabia 415:shurta 378:Arabic 347:Arabic 31:Hajjaj 3419:Media 3306:Barid 3301:Diwan 2889:. In 2783:. In 2684:. In 2568:. In 2540:S2CID 2472:. In 2428:JSTOR 1330:suras 1251:Quran 1234:Iʿjām 1213:jizya 1175:diwan 1169:Allah 1121:Debal 1088:Sindh 1062:Wasit 1047:Herat 860:Jibal 852:Sawad 817:amsar 799:Basra 763:Yemen 725:, in 589:Quran 523:Mecca 515:Hejaz 511:Ta'if 491:Wasit 483:Syria 477:jizya 471:Basra 459:Quran 449:diwan 421:Hejaz 327:Tribe 240:Wasit 218:Hejaz 214:Ta'if 2955:OCLC 2918:ISBN 2837:ISBN 2816:ISBN 2766:ISBN 2742:ISBN 2709:ISBN 2664:ISBN 2640:ISBN 2616:ISBN 2597:OCLC 2532:ISSN 2501:ISBN 2450:ISBN 2378:ISBN 2354:ISBN 1439:and 1358:rasm 1288:qari 1271:lit. 1230:Rasm 1143:and 1104:Oman 751:Hajj 711:Qays 556:Kufa 543:Iraq 525:and 497:pro- 469:and 467:Kufa 300:Aban 244:Iraq 228:Died 203:Born 2977:". 2812:T–U 2524:doi 1416:Ali 1379:it. 1261:'s 1102:to 885:). 721:), 687:of 569:). 465:of 3434:: 2981:. 2937:41 2935:. 2910:. 2897:; 2893:; 2860:19 2858:. 2854:. 2808:. 2795:; 2791:; 2787:; 2701:. 2688:; 2589:. 2576:; 2572:; 2538:. 2530:. 2520:71 2518:. 2493:. 2480:; 2476:; 2424:15 2422:. 2242:^ 2215:^ 2126:^ 2073:^ 2056:^ 2041:^ 2026:^ 2009:^ 1940:^ 1883:^ 1868:^ 1813:^ 1798:^ 1767:^ 1728:^ 1713:^ 1638:^ 1611:^ 1584:^ 1533:^ 1492:^ 1477:^ 1421:r. 1349:c. 1139:, 934:r. 919:r. 877:r. 825:, 771:AH 661:r. 605:r. 565:r. 430:r. 407:r. 384:, 380:: 367:c. 365:; 353:, 349:: 242:, 232:c. 220:, 216:, 207:c. 161:r. 153:) 149:r. 92:r. 3076:e 3069:t 3062:v 2983:1 2961:. 2939:. 2926:. 2845:. 2824:. 2774:. 2750:. 2717:. 2672:. 2648:. 2624:. 2603:. 2546:. 2526:: 2509:. 2458:. 2434:. 2401:. 2386:. 2362:. 2276:. 1418:( 1283:' 1277:' 1269:( 1228:* 1131:( 931:( 916:( 874:( 717:( 658:( 602:( 562:( 427:( 404:( 376:( 345:( 165:) 158:( 96:) 89:( 33:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Index