461:
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which the
Muslims retained. Moreover, all current Muslim residents of the city would retain their homes and property. They would also have their own city officials to administer a separate justice system and safeguard their religious interests. The walls of Jerusalem, which had been destroyed, were rebuilt, and the peace was to last for 10 years.
487:, a fortress further up the Nile. After this there was little action until 1221, when al-Kamil offered peace again, proposing to surrender the entire territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, except Transjordan, in return for the Crusaders evacuating Egypt but was again refused. The Crusaders marched out towards
599:
Who could doubt that such goodness, friendship and charity come from God? Men whose parents, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, had died in agony at our hands, whose lands we took, whom we drove naked from their homes, revived us with their own food when we were dying of hunger and showered us
540:
The treaty of 1229 is unique in the history of the
Crusades. By diplomacy alone and without major military confrontation, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and a corridor running to the sea were ceded to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Exception was made for the Temple area, the Dome of the Rock, and the Aqsa Mosque,
422:
regiment, to replace him with his younger and more pliant brother al-Faiz
Ibrahim. Alerted to the conspiracy, Al-Kamil had to flee the camp to safety and in the ensuing confusion the Crusaders were able to tighten their grip on Damietta. Al-Kamil considered fleeing to Yemen, which was ruled by his
407:
in Syria and the Jazira. Nominally the other two recognised Al-Kamil's supremacy as Sultan. Unusually for an
Ayyubid succession, there was no obvious dissent or rivalry between the brothers at this point, partly because just before Al-Adil's death, Egypt had been attacked by the forces of the
345:) in 1199 when he was called away urgently to deal with a security threat in Damascus. Al-Adil left al-Kamil to command the forces around Mardin continuing the siege. Taking advantage of the Sultan's absence, the combined forces of
49:
385:, issued decrees in his own name, and even managed to persuade his father to dismiss the powerful minister Ibn Shukr. Al-Kamil remained viceroy until his father's death in 1218 when he became Sultan himself.
415:
Al-Kamil took command of the forces which defended
Damietta against the Crusaders. In 1219 he was almost overthrown by a conspiracy led by the amir Imad ad-Din ibn al-Mashtub, commander of the
377:
In 1200, after proclaiming himself Sultan, Al-Adil invited Al-Kamil to come from the
Eastern Territories to join him in Egypt as his viceroy (na'ib) in that country. Al-Adil's second son,
579:
succeeded him in Syria and Egypt respectively, but the
Ayyubid empire soon descended into civil war. In 1239 the treaty with Frederick expired, and Jerusalem came under Ayyubid control.
381:, had already been made prince of Damascus in 1198. It appears that Al-Adil allowed Al-Kamil a fairly high degree of authority, since he oversaw much of the work on the
513:. Al-Mu'azzam died in 1227, eliminating the need for a peace, but Frederick had already arrived in Palestine. After al-Mu'azzam's death, al-Kamil and his other brother
1426:
725:
The chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the
Crusading period from al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh, Part 3, edited by D. S. Richards Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Farnham 2008, p. 46
491:, but al-Kamil simply opened the dams and allowed the Nile to flood, and finally the Crusaders accepted an eight-year peace. He retook Damietta in September.
505:
In the following years there was a power struggle with his brother al-Mu'azzam, and al-Kamil was willing to accept a peace with emperor and King of Sicily
544:
After the treat with
Frederick, al-Kamil turned his attention to Damascus. He sent al-Ashraf to begin operations against the city. He arrived to pen the
1416:
1421:
787:
1537:
754:
548:
on 6 May. After almost two months of intense fighting, the city surrendered on 25 June. It was given to al-Ashraf, while al-Muazzam's son,
460:
357:
appeared at Mardin when it was on the point of surrender, and drew Al-Kamil into battle. Although he was badly defeated and retreated to
1073:
437:. He offered to return Jerusalem and rebuild its walls (which his brother had torn down earlier in the year), and to return the
399:
When Al-Adid died on 31 August 1218, the
Ayyubid domains were divided into three parts, with Al-Kamil ruling Egypt, his brother
1532:
1527:
1451:
843:
1547:
1542:
427:, but the timely arrival of his brother Al-Muazzam from Syria with reinforcements brought the conspiracy to a swift end.
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failed to flood, al-Kamil could not defend Damietta and it was captured in November 1219. The sultan withdrew to
48:
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115:
1066:
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Al-Kamil made many offers of peace to the Crusaders, all of which were rejected, due to the influence of the
1296:
876:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c. 1198–c. 1300 edited by David Abulafia, CUP 1999 p. 576
643:
17:
361:., dissent and weakness among his opponents meant that Al-Kamil was able to secure Ayyubid rule in the
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313:
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Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 163
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Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 161
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Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 145
734:
Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 125
716:
Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 115
707:
Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 114
698:
Humphreys, R. Stephen, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260, p. 112
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533:, a ten-year peace with Frederick II and returned Jerusalem and other holy sites to the
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304:, a name by which he is referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the
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praised and commented on how al-Kamil supplied the defeated Frankish army with food:
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445:, who had accompanied the crusade. Their meeting became a subject for painters like
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Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter
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Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.), The Atlas of the Crusades,Times Books 1990, p. 94
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Although there was peace with the Crusaders, al-Kamil had to contend with the
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sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the
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759:. The Crusades Reference Library. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale.
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with the Sultan al-Kamil during the Fifth Crusade. 15th century. By
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441:(which he probably did not have). At one point he even met with
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139:
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838:: Institut français d'études anatoliennes, pp. 63–79,
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ruling in Palestine and Transjordan, and a third brother,
220:
al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Maʽali Muhammad
591:. For example, after al-Kamil defeated the Fifth Crusade,
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to al-Ashraf. In February 1229 al-Kamil negotiated the
828:"Traces of the Kurds and Kurdistan in Italy and Rome"
337:. Al-Kamil's father was laying siege to the city of
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944:
916:
753:J. Jones, Michael O'Neal, Ralph Zerbonia (2005).
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312:to the Christians and is known to have met with
600:with kindness even when we were in their power.
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1067:
786:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
300:. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as
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945:Judge Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997),
917:Judge Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997),
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634:
632:
47:
834:, Bibliothèque (électronique) de l'IFEA,
27:Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt from 1218 to 1238
821:
459:
292:), was an Egyptian ruler and the fourth
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263:Al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir ad-Din Muhammad
14:
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832:Joyce Blau l'éternelle chez les Kurdes
1538:13th-century Ayyubid sultans of Egypt
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822:Galletti, Mirella (18 January 2018),
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815:
495:Power struggle and the treaty of 1229
479:Due to famine and disease after the
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826:; Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence (eds.),
517:negotiated a treaty, giving all of
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24:
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25:
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587:Al-Kamil exemplified the Islamic
552:, had to settle for Transjordan.
889:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia
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329:Al-Kamil was the son of sultan
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648:(in Turkish). pp. 329–342
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271:الملك الكامل ناصر الدين محمد
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1548:13th-century Kurdish people
1543:12th-century Kurdish people
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369:(in modern-day Turkey).
280:– 6 March 1238), titled
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617:List of rulers of Egypt
605:Oliverus Scholasticus,
509:, who was planning the
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1342:al-Muzaffar III Mahmud
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1427:al-Muzaffar Sulaiman
1322:al-Mansur I Muhammad
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1216:al-Muazzam Turanshah
1143:al-Muazzam Turanshah
1019:1218 – 6 March 1238
953:, pp. 136–137,
1412:Tughtakin ibn Ayyub
1277:Asad ad-Din Shirkuh
593:Oliver of Paderborn
469:Illuminatus of Arce
282:Abu al-Maʽali
162:, Ayyubid Sultanate
72:1218 – 6 March 1238
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1042:Sultan of Damascus
525:) to al-Kamil and
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1382:al-Muzaffar Ghazi
1352:al-Afdal Muhammad
1292:al-Mansur Ibrahim
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1022:Succeeded by
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443:Francis of Assisi
389:The Fifth Crusade
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157:(aged 60–61)
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241:Father
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997:Died:
990:Born:
527:Syria
489:Cairo
347:Mosul
215:Names
185:Issue
140:Cairo
104:Reign
69:Reign
1308:Hama
1268:Homs
992:1177
955:ISBN
927:ISBN
895:2012
853:2021
840:ISBN
788:link
774:2023
761:ISBN
674:help
654:2024
575:and
481:Nile
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