516:
387:
1400:
507:
return to Tver' in order that he might discredit himself in the eyes of the
Tverites–and indeed of any other Russians who might witness his predicament–and thus ultimately bring about his own destruction". He also says that an immediate execution of Aleksandr would have antagonized Novgorod, Pskov and Lithuania. In the autumn of 1338, Aleksandr returned to Tver and he called for his spouse and children to return from Pskov.
29:
482:, excommunicated Aleksandr and the city at the behest of Ivan. Aleksandr is alleged to have said: "O my brothers and friends, let not this curse and excommunication be upon you because of me. I shall leave your city, and your oath to me and my oath to you shall no longer be valid". After receiving assurances from Pskov that his wife would be cared for, Aleksandr left Pskov for Lithuania.
332:, who was the grand prince at the time. Aleksandr went there to conclude peace with Yury and to retrieve the body of his father, who had been executed by the Mongols in 1318. A treaty was signed on 29 June 1319 and Aleksandr and his brother were allowed to return to Tver with the body of their father.
490:
Aleksandr returned to Pskov from
Lithuania in 1331 or 1332 with the ultimate aim of recovering his principality and the grand principality. In 1334 or early 1335, he sent his son Fyodor to the Horde, who returned to Tver in 1335 with a Tatar official. Aleksandr visited Tver in the winter of 1336, and
349:
after Yury did not deliver all of the tribute from Tver to the khan. According to the
Tverite chronicle: "In that winter (1321, after the treaty with Dmitry) Prince Yury, having taken the tribute money from the Mikhaylovichi according to the treaty, did not go to meet the khan's envoy (i.e. to hand
498:
Aleksandr prepared a trip to the Horde to discuss his reinstatement as prince, after being persuaded by Ivan that it was safe to do so. Aleksandr made contact with
Theognostus and sent his boyars to the metropolitan "for the sake of his blessing and his prayers", as the chronicle says, though it is
527:
Aleksandr sent his son Fyodor to Sarai as an envoy, and at the same time, Ivan went to the khan. As a result of accusations made by "lawless people" inspired by "that all-cunning wicked counsellor the devil", according to the chronicle, Özbeg sent an ambassador to Tver, who informed him that Özbeg
506:
At Sarai, Aleksandr was granted a full pardon and the right to return to Tver. Some historians have explained
Aleksandr's reinstatement as an attempt to set up Tver against Moscow again. However, Fennell says that "the situation closely resembled that of 1326", in which Aleksandr "was permitted to
462:
Pskov not only granted
Aleksandr sanctuary, but also appointed him to be their prince. Pskov signed an agreement with Aleksandr in which they swore "not to hand him over to the Russian princes". Afterwards, a joint Muscovite–Novgorodian delegation was sent to urge him to go to the Horde, as the
408:
Shevkal, arrived in Tver from the Horde, with a large retinue. They took up residence at
Aleksandr's palace and, according to chronicle reports, started terrorizing the city, randomly robbing and killing. Rumors spread that Shevkal wanted to kill the prince, occupy the throne for himself and
1407:
372:
calls Özbeg's "anger with all the princes of Tver'", it is possible that
Aleksandr was given "sufficient rope to hang himself, to put him in a position in which there was no alternative but to compromise himself and thus bring about the destruction of Tver'".
463:
ambassadors said that his refusal would lead to the destruction of Pskov by the Horde. Aleksandr initially agreed to go to the Horde and sacrifice himself "for all the
Christian people", but he was persuaded by the Pskovites to not leave. According to
361:
Four years later, Aleksandr succeeded his childless brother Dmitry who had been executed at the behest of Özbeg after Dmitry avenged his father's death by murdering Yury. Özbeg appointed
Aleksandr as the grand prince. According to
535:). According to Fennell, "If Uzbek had not succeeded in bringing back Pskov into the orbit of the grand prince of Vladimir, he had at least removed from the political scene the most powerful ally of Gedimin in north-east Russia".
2385:
417:
named Dyudko, he cried for help and a mob of furious people rushed on the Tatars and killed them all. Shevkal and his remaining guards were burnt alive in one of the houses where they had attempted to hide.
421:
The massacre inevitably led to Tatar reprisals. Indeed, the whole incident may have been a provocation by the Tatars to destroy Aleksandr and the princes of Tver. Özbeg dispatched a punitive force led by
2593:
2588:
528:
would allow him to bring back his son. Aleksandr arrived at the Horde at the end of September, and both he and his son were executed on 28 October 1339, by the orders of Özbeg.
2608:
2603:
2598:
531:
The execution of Aleksandr marked the end of a 35-year-long struggle between Moscow and Tver for supremacy and the start of the fragmentation of Tver into lesser districts (
2239:
438:. For his role in leading the punitive expedition, Özbeg rewarded Ivan with the title of grand prince and shared the principality between him and Aleksandr of Suzdal.
491:
the chronicles simply state that he brought his son back to Pskov; however, historians have suggested that he may have went to Tver to make peace with his brother
2244:
2266:
2006:
2520:
499:
likely that he sought protection from the Russian Orthodox Church. Although the archbishop of Novgorod had warned him during his visit to not visit
1498:(Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSSR, 1941-1955), Vol. 1, p. 17, Vol. 2, p. 23; John Fennell, "The Tver Uprising of 1327: A Study of the Sources,"
2873:
2102:
2458:
1413:
515:
520:
503:, Aleksandr "refused judgement" and the archbishop left the city "having anathematized Pskov", according to the Novgorodian chronicle.
391:
2888:
2395:
2390:
2332:
2234:
467:, it is "hard to conceive of any possible motive behind the Pskovites' show of bravado except the assurance of Lithuanian support".
289:, which led to him losing the grand princely throne. After a period of exile, he was reinstated as prince before he was executed in
2256:
2843:
2708:
2583:
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2251:
1999:
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2629:
2365:
2080:
1870:
1846:
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2327:
2075:
2732:
2360:
2322:
2297:
2883:
2863:
2853:
2542:
2505:
2500:
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2139:
1992:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2651:
2527:
2490:
2317:
2307:
2282:
2117:
2070:
2065:
1502:
15 (1967), 161-179; Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest,"
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after Özbeg summoned him, but Aleksandr attacked him on his way, taking his possessions and forcing him to flee to
2748:
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2703:
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2027:
1856:
1365:
464:
363:
2793:
2537:
2480:
2470:
2453:
2448:
2132:
2107:
474:, situated about 100 miles (160 km) from Pskov, but decided against a direct attack on the city. Instead,
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2302:
2206:
2039:
2032:
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2122:
2644:
2165:
2639:
293:
by the Mongols, together with his son Fyodor. His death marked the end of a 35-year-long struggle with
386:
2858:
2092:
1928:
271:
81:
2438:
2423:
2112:
1111:
671:
479:
2510:
2758:
2567:
2160:
426:, the brother of Yury, to sack the city. Ivan was given 50,000 Tatar troops and was joined by
2753:
2443:
2418:
645:
282:
2838:
2833:
2800:
2485:
2175:
2170:
2087:
880:
275:
116:
8:
2763:
2463:
2211:
2190:
2180:
2127:
475:
427:
109:
2495:
1967:
1957:
1166:
557:
492:
207:
144:
134:
74:
2185:
1866:
1842:
1192:
544:
431:
194:
1938:
729:
703:
584:
567:
447:
423:
325:
259:
1902:
1836:
390:
A mob in Tver burning the Khan's cousin Shevkal alive in 1327, miniature from the
2805:
1860:
961:
935:
840:
439:
368:
306:
233:
1984:
1974:
1947:
1921:
1406:
1302:
590:
336:
329:
310:
267:
243:
211:
99:
64:
46:
37:
1886:
413:
to the city. When, on 15 August 1327, the Tatars tried to take a horse from a
2827:
2812:
346:
500:
351:
345:(patent) for the grand princely throne. Aleksandr had filed a complaint to
290:
179:
2783:
2788:
404:
1494:(Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSR, 1950), 98-99, 342; A. N. Nasonov, ed.,
1894:
601:
443:
223:
28:
471:
350:
it over), but went with the money to Novgorod". Yury went to the
218:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
571:
561:
414:
341:
294:
286:
1799:
451:
435:
410:
399:
355:
317:
1768:
John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339,"
519:
The execution of Aleksandr at the Horde, miniature from the
1533:
1492:
Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov
543:
Aleksandr was married to Anastasia of Galicia, daughter of
321:
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1704:
1702:
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1726:
1714:
1699:
1687:
1672:
1655:
1631:
1598:
1581:
1569:
1545:
560:(1333–1399), prince of Mikulin, married to Evdokia of
1557:
1521:
1504:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
1472:
305:
Aleksandr was born in 1301. He was the second son of
1509:
1457:
1445:
1433:
316:
He is first mentioned in 1319 when he went with the
570:(died 1364), prince of Kholm, married to Sophia of
2825:
2014:
434:refused to offer him asylum, Aleksandr fled to
2000:
1408:"Александр Михайлович, князь тверской"
495:or find out the attitude of the population.
1414:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
617:Ancestors of Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
2007:
1993:
1770:Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte
521:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
392:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
27:
514:
385:
366:, in spite of what the compiler of the
266:; 7 October 1301 – 28 October 1339) was
16:Prince of Tver (r. 1326–1327; 1338–1339)
1855:
1834:
1818:
1793:
1781:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1693:
1681:
1666:
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1637:
1625:
1613:
1592:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1478:
1466:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1250:13. Maria Yaroslavna, Princess of Murom
554:Lev (born 1321, date of death unknown);
2826:
1306:
1208:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
977:
860:
856:
844:
745:
635:
631:
627:
454:district went to Aleksandr of Suzdal.
1988:
1300:
1290:
1278:
1268:
1264:
1252:
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1239:
1226:
1216:
1212:
1196:
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1180:
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1135:
1125:
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1067:
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1045:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1007:
995:
985:
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965:
959:
949:
933:
923:
919:
907:
904:
894:
878:
868:
864:
838:
828:
815:
805:
801:
789:
786:
776:
763:
753:
749:
733:
727:
717:
701:
691:
687:
675:
669:
659:
643:
639:
470:Ivan moved his troops to the town of
1500:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
1378:
2874:People executed by the Golden Horde
278:from 1338 until his death in 1339.
13:
1862:The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359
1838:The Formation of Muscovy 1300–1613
1835:Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014).
1490:Arsenii Nikolaevich Nasonov, ed.,
402:official and cousin of Özbeg, the
14:
2900:
1880:
485:
281:His reign was marked by a failed
34:Prince Aleksandr of Tver in Pskov
2889:Assassinated Russian politicians
1398:
381:
1828:
1762:
1366:Family tree of Russian monarchs
428:Aleksandr Vasilyevich of Suzdal
335:In 1322, he helped his brother
2844:14th-century murdered monarchs
2794:genealogical numbering systems
1484:
1227:26. Yaroslav Yurevich of Murom
1070:Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
583:Maria (died 1399), married to
1:
1903:Pedigree of Alexander of Tver
1371:
594:
300:
2849:14th-century Russian princes
2015:Royal and noble family trees
1865:. Univ of California Press.
510:
7:
1359:
608:
200:
10:
2905:
1202:
1089:
1085:
971:
858:
850:
739:
633:
629:
478:, the metropolitan of the
2884:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
2864:Murdered Russian monarchs
2854:Grand princes of Vladimir
2776:
2741:
2693:
2660:
2617:
2576:
2411:
2345:
2275:
2227:
2199:
2153:
2048:
2020:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1945:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1284:
1266:
1258:
1233:
1214:
1210:
1174:
1152:
1144:
1119:
1097:
1093:
1051:
1033:
1025:
1001:
983:
979:
943:
921:
913:
888:
866:
862:
822:
803:
795:
770:
751:
747:
711:
689:
681:
653:
637:
547:. He had eight children:
538:
263:
239:
229:
217:
193:
185:
173:
154:
150:
140:
130:
122:
115:
105:
95:
87:
80:
70:
60:
52:
45:
26:
21:
2240:Spring and Autumn period
1929:Grand Prince of Vladimir
457:
376:
272:Grand Prince of Vladimir
82:Grand Prince of Vladimir
2879:14th-century executions
2869:Executed Russian people
1112:Vasilko Konstantinovich
672:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
480:Russian Orthodox Church
2635:Ancient Roman emperors
905:10. Youri Mikhailovich
524:
395:
274:from 1326 to 1327 and
256:Alexander Mikhailovich
22:Aleksandr Mikhailovich
1895:Biography at rulex.ru
1887:Biography at hrono.ru
1136:12. Boris Vasilkovich
646:Vsevolod the Big Nest
580:Vladimir (died 1364);
518:
389:
2801:Quarters of nobility
2352:Pharaonic dynasties
2145:United Arab Emirates
1859:(15 November 2023).
1506:8, No. 2 (2007), 251
881:Michael of Chernigov
816:19. Agrafena of Kiev
600:– 1392), married to
446:went to Ivan, while
276:Grand Prince of Tver
264:Александр Михайлович
189:Anastasia of Galicia
117:Grand Prince of Tver
2733:Pontefract de Lacys
2386:21st, 22nd and 23rd
1747:, pp. 164–165.
1652:, pp. 158–159.
1628:, pp. 117–118.
1542:, p. 111, 114.
1417:(in Russian). 1906.
787:9. Fedosia Igorevna
577:Andrey (died 1364);
551:Fyodor (died 1339);
110:Aleksandr of Suzdal
2652:Byzantine emperors
2630:Cornelii Scipiones
1496:Pskovskie Letopisi
1167:Maria of Chernigov
764:18. Igor Glebovich
525:
465:John L. I. Fennell
396:
364:John L. I. Fennell
208:Mikhail II of Tver
2821:
2820:
2772:
2771:
2341:
2340:
2333:Singapura-Melakan
1983:
1982:
1955:Succeeded by
1936:Succeeded by
1872:978-0-520-34759-5
1848:978-1-317-87200-9
1430:, pp. 92–93.
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1193:Dmitry Borisovich
545:Yuri I of Galicia
249:
248:
2896:
2625:Caecilii Metelli
2574:
2573:
2267:Kong (Confucius)
2207:Anatolian Seljuk
2151:
2150:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1965:Preceded by
1939:Ivan I of Moscow
1919:Preceded by
1911:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1876:
1852:
1822:
1816:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:38 (1988), 9-19.
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
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1410:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1395:
730:Yaroslav of Tver
704:Maria Shvarnovna
623:
622:
614:
613:
599:
596:
585:Simeon of Moscow
424:Ivan I of Moscow
283:popular uprising
265:
204:
164:
162:
31:
19:
18:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2859:Princes of Tver
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2806:seize quartiers
2768:
2737:
2689:
2656:
2613:
2572:
2533:Petrović-Njegoš
2407:
2337:
2303:Negeri Sembilan
2271:
2223:
2195:
2149:
2044:
2016:
2013:
1978:
1970:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1905:
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1426:
1422:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1379:
1374:
1362:
1357:
962:Xenia of Tarusa
936:Elena Romanovna
841:Mikhail of Tver
611:
597:
541:
513:
488:
460:
384:
379:
369:Nikon Chronicle
324:to the city of
307:Mikhail of Tver
303:
234:Mikhail of Tver
210:
198:
197:
178:
177:29 October 1339
166:
160:
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41:
36:, engraving by
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2640:Julio-Claudian
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:United Georgia
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2245:Warring States
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2231:
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2225:
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2222:
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1881:External links
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486:Return to Tver
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394:(16th century)
383:
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330:Yury of Moscow
311:Anna of Kashin
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268:Prince of Tver
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1857:Fennell, John
1854:
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1844:
1841:. Routledge.
1840:
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1833:
1832:
1821:, Appendix B.
1820:
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1566:, p. 40.
1565:
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1529:
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1518:, p. 39.
1517:
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1475:
1469:, p. 97.
1468:
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1453:
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412:
407:
406:
401:
393:
388:
382:Tver uprising
374:
371:
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365:
359:
357:
353:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
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309:by his wife,
308:
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69:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2589:Tao-Klarjeti
2403:Muhammad Ali
2076:Khmer Varman
1973:
1946:
1927:
1906:(in Russian)
1898:(in Russian)
1890:(in Russian)
1861:
1837:
1829:Bibliography
1819:Fennell 2023
1794:Fennell 2023
1789:
1782:Fennell 2023
1777:
1769:
1764:
1757:Fennell 2023
1752:
1745:Fennell 2023
1740:
1733:Fennell 2023
1728:
1721:Fennell 2023
1716:
1709:Fennell 2023
1694:Fennell 2023
1689:
1682:Fennell 2023
1667:Fennell 2023
1650:Fennell 2023
1645:
1638:Fennell 2023
1633:
1626:Fennell 2023
1621:
1614:Fennell 2023
1593:Fennell 2023
1576:Fennell 2023
1571:
1564:Crummey 2014
1559:
1552:Fennell 2023
1547:
1540:Fennell 2023
1535:
1528:Fennell 2023
1523:
1516:Crummey 2014
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1479:Fennell 2023
1474:
1467:Fennell 2023
1452:Fennell 2023
1447:
1440:Fennell 2023
1435:
1428:Fennell 2023
1423:
1412:
1069:
542:
532:
530:
526:
505:
497:
489:
469:
461:
420:
403:
397:
367:
360:
340:
334:
315:
304:
285:against the
280:
255:
251:
250:
199:
33:
2839:1339 deaths
2834:1301 births
2784:Family tree
2749:Trpimirović
2516:Netherlands
598: 1325
476:Theognostos
398:In 1327, a
339:obtain the
131:Predecessor
96:Predecessor
61:Predecessor
2828:Categories
2789:Ahnentafel
2714:simplified
2568:Von Graben
2459:simplified
2328:Terengganu
2217:simplified
2161:Achaemenid
1979:1338–1339
1968:Konstantin
1958:Konstantin
1952:1326–1327
1933:1326–1327
1372:References
493:Konstantin
409:introduce
347:Özbeg Khan
301:Early life
161:1301-10-07
145:Konstantin
135:Konstantin
75:Konstantin
2754:Frankopan
2700:Monarchs
2444:De Graeff
2439:Branković
2419:Bagratuni
2118:Sri Lanka
2103:Jerusalem
511:Execution
252:Aleksandr
141:Successor
126:1338–1339
106:Successor
91:1326–1327
71:Successor
56:1326–1327
2777:See also
2721:Scotland
2668:Monarchs
2543:Portugal
2511:Nemanjić
2486:Habsburg
2481:Flanders
2323:Selangor
2298:Kelantan
2283:Monarchs
2276:Malaysia
2176:Bavandid
2171:Sasanian
2166:Arsacids
2123:Thailand
2088:Fujiwara
2071:Cambodia
2040:Thomsons
2021:Americas
1360:See also
609:Ancestry
602:Algirdas
568:Vsevolod
450:and the
448:Vladimir
444:Kostroma
440:Novgorod
432:Novgorod
430:. After
326:Vladimir
2764:Zrinski
2742:Croatia
2704:England
2694:Britain
2683:Navarre
2678:Castile
2645:Severan
2609:Imereti
2604:Kakheti
2577:Georgia
2491:Hungary
2471:Germany
2464:Bourbon
2449:Denmark
2434:Bohemia
2429:Belgium
2235:Ancient
2212:Ottoman
2191:Pahlavi
2181:Safavid
2140:Vietnam
2128:Timurid
2093:Göktürk
558:Mikhail
472:Opochka
328:to see
260:Russian
201:more...
2673:Aragon
2599:Kartli
2584:Iberia
2563:Sweden
2558:Sicily
2553:Serbia
2548:Russia
2538:Poland
2528:Norway
2506:Naples
2501:Monaco
2496:Medici
2476:Greece
2454:France
2424:Balšić
2412:Europe
2318:Perlis
2308:Pahang
2257:Middle
2200:Turkey
2066:Busaid
2056:Brunei
2028:Mexico
1922:Dmitry
1869:
1845:
1403:
591:Uliana
572:Ryazan
562:Suzdal
539:Family
415:deacon
405:baskak
342:yarlyk
337:Dmitry
318:boyars
295:Moscow
287:Tatars
240:Mother
230:Father
186:Spouse
65:Dmitry
40:(1836)
2759:Šubić
2726:Wales
2661:Spain
2618:Roman
2346:Egypt
2313:Perak
2293:Kedah
2288:Johor
2252:Early
2228:China
2186:Qajar
2133:Lanna
2108:Korea
2098:Japan
2061:Burma
2033:Aztec
533:udely
501:Sarai
458:Exile
452:Volga
436:Pskov
411:Islam
400:Tatar
377:Reign
356:Pskov
352:Horde
291:Sarai
224:Rurik
219:House
195:Issue
180:Sarai
123:Reign
88:Reign
53:Reign
2396:26th
2391:25th
2381:19th
2376:18th
2371:12th
2366:11th
2262:Late
2154:Iran
2049:Asia
1867:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1165:25.
1110:24.
934:21.
879:20.
702:17.
644:16.
442:and
322:Tver
270:and
174:Died
168:Tver
155:Born
2361:4th
2356:1st
1301:3.
1191:6.
960:5.
839:2.
728:4.
670:8.
320:of
254:or
2830::
1801:^
1701:^
1674:^
1657:^
1600:^
1583:^
1459:^
1411:.
1380:^
1068:1.
595:c.
358:.
313:.
297:.
262::
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1875:.
1851:.
593:(
587:;
574:;
564:;
258:(
163:)
159:(
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