Aleuts - Knowledge

774: 1225: 1650:

longest part was the shaft with the thicker stalk closer to the tip of the harpoon. The shaft was fitted into the socket of the fore shaft and a bone ring was then placed over the joint to hold the two pieces together, as well as, protecting the wooden shaft from splitting. Connected to the fore shaft of the harpoon is the toggle head spear tip. This tip was made of two sub shafts that break apart on impact with an animal. The upper sub shaft held the razor stone head and attached to the lower sub shaft with a small braided twine loop. Once the tip penetrates the animal the upper sub head broke off from the rest of the shaft, however, since it was still connected with the braided loop it rotated the head into a horizontal position inside the animal's body so that it could not get away from the hunter.

847: 1365: 1239: 1414: 1568: 255: 1527: 52: 902: 969:

Japanese castaways and published in 2004, otters were decreasing year by year. The Russians paid the Aleuts less and less in goods in return for the furs they made. The Japanese learned that the Aleuts felt the situation was at crisis. The leading Aleuts negotiated with the Russians, saying they had failed to deliver enough supplies in return for furs. Nezimov, leader of the Russians, ordered two of his men, Stephanov (

1703:. These sarcophagi are left exposed, with no attempt to bury the dead in the ground. These burials tend to be isolated and limited to the remains of adult males, which may indicate a specific ritual practice. In the Near Islands, isolated graves have also been found with the remains, and not just the sarcophagus, left exposed on the surface. This way of erecting sarcophagi above ground is not as common as 1426:

weather. When the men were hunting on the water, they wore waterproof parkas made from seal or sea-lion guts, or the entrails of bear, walrus, or whales. Parkas had a hood that could be cinched, as could the wrist openings, so water could not get in. Men wore breeches made from the esophageal skin of seals. Children wore parkas made of downy eagle skin with tanned bird skin caps. They called these parkas

1439:

inside out. A bone knife was used to remove the muscle tissue and fat from the walls of the intestine. The gut was cut and stretched, and fastened to stakes to dry. It was then cut and sewn to make waterproof parkas, bags, and other receptacles. On some hunting trips, the men would take several women with them. They would catch birds and prepare the carcasses and feathers for future use. They caught

766: 1175:

framed with driftwood, thatched with grass, and then covered with earth for insulation. Inside trenches were dug along the sides, with mats placed on top to keep them clean. The bedrooms were at the back of the lodge, opposite the entrance. Several families would stay in one house, with their own designated areas. Rather than fireplaces or bonfires in the middle, lanterns were hung in the house.

3152: 1654:

belt, and the compound head that was made with a barbed bonehead and a stone tip. The length of the compound head was equivalent to the distance between the planes of a man's chest to his back. The lance would penetrate the chest and pass through the chest cavity and exit from the back. The bone ring was designed to break after impact so that the shaft could be used again for another kill.

1400: 880: 773: 432: 1387:

world. A male would wear sea lion whiskers in his ears as a trophy of his expertise as a hunter. Worn for decorative reasons, and sometimes to signify social standing, reputation, and the age of the wearer, Aleuts would pierce their lower lips with walrus ivory and wear beads or bones. The individual with the most piercings held the highest respect.

1302:). Some Aleut women continue to weave ryegrass baskets. Aleut arts are practiced and taught throughout the state of Alaska. As many Aleut have moved out of the islands to other parts of the state, they have taken with them the knowledge of their arts. They have also adopted new materials and methods for their art, including 1723:

The variety of mortuary practices mostly did not include the ritual of including extensive grave goods, as has been found in other cultures. The remains so far have been mainly found with other human and faunal remains. The addition of objects to "accompany" the dead is rare. Archaeologists have been

1653:

The throwing lance may be distinguished from a harpoon because all its pieces are fixed and immovable. A lance was a weapon of war and it was also used to kill large marine animals after it has already been harpooned. The throwing lance usually consisted of three parts: a wooden shaft, a bone ring or

1712:

Another type of practice has been to bury remains in areas next to the communal houses of the settlement. Human remains are abundant in such sites. They indicate a pattern of burying the dead within the main activity areas of the settlement. These burials consist of small pits adjacent to the houses

1677:

burials are the most widely known type of mortuary practice found in the Aleutian Islands. The people created burial mounds, that tend to be located on the edge of a bluff. They placed stone and earth over the mound to protect and mark it. Such mounds were first excavated by archeologists in 1972 on

1438:

Sea-lions, harbor seals, and sea otters are the most abundant marine mammals. The men brought home the skins and prepared them by soaking them in urine and stretching them. The women undertook the sewing. Preparation of the gut for clothing involved several steps. The prepared intestines were turned

1334:

then sharpened, as a tool. Today, Aleut weavers continue to produce woven grass pieces of a remarkable cloth-like texture, works of modern art with roots in ancient tradition. Birch bark, puffin feathers, and baleen are also commonly used by the Aleuts in basketry. The Aleut term for grass basket is

1317:

Aleut carving, distinct in each region, has attracted traders for centuries, including early Europeans and other Alaska Natives. Historically, carving was a male art and leadership attribute whereas today it is done by both genders. Most commonly the carvings of walrus ivory and driftwood originated

1662:

They buried their dead ancestors near the village. Archeologists have found many different types of burials, dating from a variety of periods, in the Aleutian Islands. Aleuts developed a style of burials that were accommodated to local conditions, and honored the dead. They have had four main types

1386:

Piercing ears was also common. The Aleuts pierced holes around the rim of their ears with dentalium shells (tooth shells or tusk shells), bone, feathers, dried bird wings or skulls and/or amber. Materials associated with birds were important, as birds were considered to defend animals in the spirit

1333:

was false embroidery (overlay). Strands of grasses or reeds were overlaid upon the basic weaving surface, to obtain a plastic effect. Basketry was an art reserved for women. Early Aleut women created baskets and woven mats of exceptional technical quality, using only their thumbnail, grown long and

1641:

Harpoons were also called throwing-arrows when the pointed head fit loosely into the socket of the foreshaft and the head was able to detach from the harpoon when it penetrated an animal, and remain in the wound. There were three main kinds of harpoon that the Aleuts used: a simple harpoon, with a

1544:

The interior regions of the rough, mountainous Aleutian Islands provided little in terms of natural resources for the Aleutian people. They collected stones for weapons, tools, stoves or lamps. They collected and dried grasses for their woven baskets. For everything else, the Aleuts had learned to

1470:

Women made needles from the wing bones of seabirds. They made thread from the sinews of different animals and fish guts. A thin strip of seal intestine could also be used, twisted to form a thread. The women grew their thumbnail extra long and sharpened it. They could split threads to make them as

1141:

Before their way of life was changed by major influences from the outside world, approximately 25,000 Aleuts were located on the archipelago. Foreign diseases, harsh treatment and disruption of aboriginal society soon reduced the population to less than one-tenth this number. The 1910 Census count

1727:

Not much information is known about the ritual parts of burying the dead. Archeologists and anthropologists have not found much evidence related to burial rituals. This lack of ritual evidence could hint at either no ritualized ceremony, or one that has not yet been revealed in the archaeological

1649:

The compound harpoon was the most prevalent weapon of the Aleuts. Also known as the toggle-head spear, it was about the same size as the simple harpoon and used to hunt the same animals, however, this harpoon provided a more efficient and lethal weapon. This harpoon separated into four parts. The

1390:

Tattooing for women began when they reached physical maturity, after menstruation, at about age 20. Historically, men received their first tattoo after killing their first animal, an important rite of passage. Sometimes tattoos signaled social class. For example, the daughter of a wealthy, famous

1382:

Before the 19th century, piercings and tattoos were very common among Aleuts, especially among women. Piercings, such as the nose pin, were common among both men and women and were usually performed a few days after birth. The ornament was made of various materials, a piece of bark or bone, or an

1355:

believed that another people lived in their land before them. They portrayed such ancients in their masks, which show anthropomorphic creatures named in their language. Knut Bergsland says their word means "like those found in caves." Masks were generally carved from wood and were decorated with

1174:

keep "occupants dry from the frequent rains, warm at all times, and snugly sheltered from the high winds common to the area". Aleuts traditionally built houses by digging an oblong square pit in the ground, usually 50 by 20 feet (15.2 by 6.1 m) or smaller. The pit was then covered by a roof

1466:

It took 40 skins of tufted puffin and 60 skins of horned puffin to make one parka. A woman would need a year for all the labor to make one parka. Each lasted two years with proper care. All parkas were decorated with bird feathers, beard bristles of seal and sea-lion, beaks of sea parrots, bird

1372:

The tattoos and piercings of the Aleuts demonstrated accomplishments as well as their religious views. They believed their body art would please the spirits of the animals and make any evil go away. The body orifices were believed to be pathways for the entry of evil entities. By piercing their

1064:

sought a payment from the Aleut hunters for the large number of otters being killed in the area. Disagreement arose, turning violent; an Aleut was killed, and in retaliation Aleuts killed a number of Nicoleño (the exact amount is unknown). In 1835, the remaining Nicoleños were removed from the

968:

traders established settlements on the islands. There was high demand for the furs that the Aleuts provided from hunting. In May 1784, local Aleuts revolted on Amchitka against the Russian traders. (The Russians had a small trading post there.) According to the Aleuts, in an account recorded by

1645:

The simple Aleut harpoon consisted of four main parts: the wooden shaft, the bone foreshaft, and the bonehead (tip) with barbs pointed backward. The barbed head was loosely fitted into the socket of the foreshaft so that when the animal was stabbed, it pulled the head away from the rest of the

1425:

Aleuts developed in one of the harshest climates in the world, and learned to create and protect warmth. Both men and women wore parkas that extended below the knees. The women wore the skin of seal or sea-otter, and the men wore bird skin parkas, the feathers turned in or out depending on the

1065:

island, except for one woman and possibly her child, who were left behind. In 1853 that woman, later christened Juana Maria, was found and taken to Santa Barbara. She may have been the last living Nicoleñan, as what happened to the others after they were brought to the mainland is unknown (

1101:

in harsh conditions. Fearing a Japanese attack on other Aleutian Islands and mainland Alaska, the U.S. government evacuated hundreds more Aleuts from the western chain and the Pribilofs, placing them in internment camps in southeast Alaska, where many died of

1325:

would have a specific style to signify their origin. Jewelry ornaments were made for piercing lips (labrum), nose, and ears, as well as for necklaces. Each woman had her own sewing needles, which she made, and that often had detailed end of animal heads.

1263:, figurines, clothing, carving, and mask making. Men as well as women often carved ivory and wood. Nineteenth century craftsmen were famed for their ornate wooden hunting hats, which feature elaborate and colorful designs and may be trimmed with sea lion 868:

in the late 18th century, many Aleuts became Christian. Of the numerous Russian Orthodox congregations in Alaska, most are majority Alaska Native or Native Alaskan in ethnicity. One of the earliest Christian martyrs in North America was Saint

335: 1642:

head that kept its original position in the animal after striking, a compound (toggle-head) harpoon in which the head took a horizontal position in the animal after penetration, and the throwing-lance used to kill large animals.

1356:

paints made from berries or other natural products. Feathers were inserted into holes carved out for extra decoration. These masks were used in ceremonies ranging from dances to praises, each with its own meaning and purpose.

1005:

After the four leaders had been killed, the Aleuts began to move from Amchitka to neighboring islands. Nezimov, leader of the Russian group, was jailed after the whole incident was reported to Russian officials. (According to

820:

According to the 2000 census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut, while 17,000 identified as having partial Aleut ancestry. Prior to sustained European contact, approximately 25,000 Aleut lived in the archipelago. The

1720:, private burial houses, abandoned houses, etc. To date, such examples are not considered to be part of a larger, unifying cultural practice. The findings discussed represent only the sites that have been excavated. 3721: 5193: 1391:

ancestor or father would work hard at her tattoos to show the accomplishments of that ancestor or father. They would sew, or prick, different designs on the chin, the side of the face, or under the nose.

1695:

have been found in the caves associated with such burials. For example, a deconstructed boat was found in a burial cave on Kanaga Island. There were no other major finds of grave goods in the vicinity.

275: 1646:

harpoon. The sharp barbs penetrated with ease, but could not be pulled out. The bone tip is fastened to a length of braided twine meanwhile; the hunter held the other end of the twine in his hand.

2077: 2492:/, "Life in the Village": Chapter 7, National Park Service, Island of the Blue Dolphins, date written is unknown but the page noted it was last updated February 25, 2020, accessed July 6, 2024 377:, as well as English and Russian in the United States and Russia respectively. An estimated 150 people in the United States and five people in Russia speak Aleut. The language belongs to the 1921: 1383:

eagle's feather shaft. From time to time, adult women decorated the nose pins by hanging pieces of amber and coral from strings on it; the semi-precious objects dangled down to their chins.

3174: 361:(western dialect); both terms mean "people". The Russian term "Aleut" was a general term used for both the native population of the Aleutian Islands and their neighbors to the east in the 876:

Russian traders "took Aleut women and children hostage" to force Aleut men to hunt foxes and sea otters so the Russians could have their pelts, and often additionally enslaved Aleut men.

1801:, a central character named Raven is portrayed as an Aleut with incredible toughness and hunting skill. The story is about revenge due in part to perceived mistreatment of the Aleuts. 1624:

were about 16 feet (4.9 m) long and 20 inches (51 cm) wide, whereas a two-man was on average about 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 24 inches (61 cm) wide. It was from the

1587:

was a large, open, walrus-skin-covered boat. Aleut families used it when traveling among the islands. It was also used to transport goods for trade, and warriors took them to battle.

1060:

pelts, a Russian company brought a party of conscripted Aleut hunters to the coastal island of San Nicolas, near the Alta California-Baja California border. The locally resident

412:

The Pribilof Islands has the highest number of active speakers of Unangam Tunuu. Most native elders speak Aleut, but it is rare for common people to speak the language fluently.

1110:

and other infectious diseases which spread quickly in the overcrowded dormitories. In total, about 75 died in American internment and 19 as a result of Japanese occupation. The

256: 1687:

Cave burials have been found throughout the eastern Aleutian Islands. The human remains are buried in shallow graves at the rear of the cave. These caves tend to be next to

3075:

Lee, Molly, Angela J. Linn, and Chase Hensel. Not Just a Pretty Face: Dolls and Human Figurines in Alaska Native Cultures. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, 2006. Print.

1638:

The Aleuts hunted small sea mammals with barbed darts and harpoons slung from throwing boards. These boards gave precision as well as some extra distance to these weapons.

2103: 833:. In addition, the population suffered as their customary lifestyles were disrupted. Russian traders, and later Europeans, married Aleut women and had families with them. 2459: 2412: 4822: 3628: 1713:

and scattered around them. In these instances, mass graves are common for women and children. This type of mortuary practice has been mainly found in the Near Islands.

1724:

trying to dissect the absence of grave goods, but their findings have been ambiguous and do not really help the academic community to understand these practices more.

4981: 825:

states that more than 15,000 people have Aleut ancestry in the early 21st century. Aleuts suffered high fatalities in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Eurasian

2891:

Veltre, Douglas W. (2001) "Korovinski: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Investigations of a Pre- and Post-Contact Aleut and Russian Settlement on Atka Island". In

2445:"Murder, Massacre, and Mayhem on the California Coast, 1814 –1815: Newly Translated Russian American Company Documents Reveal Company Concern Over Violent Clashes" 2398:"Murder, Massacre, and Mayhem on the California Coast, 1814 –1815: Newly Translated Russian American Company Documents Reveal Company Concern Over Violent Clashes" 1118:

to compensate the survivors. On June 17, 2017, the U.S. Government formally apologized for the internment of the Unangan people and their treatment in the camps.

3115:

Reedy-Maschner, Katherine. "Aleut Identities : Tradition and Modernity in an Indigenous Fishery". Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.

3082: 4976: 3292: 2128: 3716: 1321:

Aleuts also carve walrus ivory for other uses, such as jewelry and sewing needles. Jewelry is made with designs specific to the region of each people. Each

1856: 1615:

for one or two persons only. The deck was made with a sturdy chamber, the sides of the craft were nearly vertical and the bottom was rounded. Most one-man

1929: 1548:

To hunt sea mammals and to travel between islands, the Aleuts became experts of sailing and navigation. While hunting, they used small watercraft called

1596:(small skin boat) was a small boat covered in sea lion skin. It was developed and used for hunting because of its sturdiness and maneuverability. Aleut 1002:), who was the Aleut chief's daughter, because he doubted that Oniishin had tried to dissuade her father and other leaders from pushing for more goods. 3054: 1318:

as part of making hunting weapons. Sculptural carvings depict local animals, such as seals and whales. Aleut sculptors also have carved human figures.

3735: 3078:

Madden, Ryan Howard. "An enforced odyssey: The relocation and internment of Aleuts during World War II" (PhD thesis U of New Hampshire, Durham, 1993)

2069: 3480: 1162: 1007: 1049:

with a mixed-nationality crew, including a majority Aleut contingent, was involved in conflict resulting in a massacre of the indigenous natives of

2476: 2429: 2537: 3934: 3730: 1728:

record. As a result, archaeologists cannot decipher the context to understand exactly why a certain type of burial was used in particular cases.

2558: 1471:

fine as a hair. They used vermilion paint, hematite, the ink bag of the octopus, and the root of a kind of grass or vine to color the threads.

1716:

In addition to these four main types, other kinds of burials have been found in the Aleutian Islands. These more isolated examples in include

1208:

Today, many Aleut continue to eat customary and locally sourced foods but also buy processed foods from abroad, which is expensive in Alaska.

4485: 2737: 1352: 2983: 2185: 1183:

Aleuts survived by hunting and gathering. They fished for salmon, crabs, shellfish, and cod, as well as hunting sea mammals such as seal,

3497: 1224: 1142:

showed 1,491 Aleuts. In the 2000 Census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut; nearly 17,000 said Aleuts were among their ancestors.

5178: 3923: 3285: 1951: 1507:(female-bodied, 'woman transformed into a man'), but it is unclear whether these tales are about historical individuals or spirits. 2242: 2212: 2586: 1199:, whale, and other types of game were eaten roasted or preserved for later use. They dried berries. They were also processed as 2489: 2444: 2397: 3473: 3305: 3278: 3032: 2965:, edited by D. Dumond, pp. 251–266. University of Oregon Anthropological Papepers, no. 58. University of Oregon, Eugene. 2613: 2360: 2026: 1130: 759: 327: 3242: 5173: 2895:, edited by D. Dumond, pp. 251–266. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, no. 58. University of Oregon, Eugene. 5183: 2048: 4409: 3120: 2442: 2395: 3042:. Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Anchorage, 1995. 3200: 3134: 3079: 3047: 2817: 2717: 2697: 2384: 1980: 949: 262: 931: 822: 5188: 3466: 2152: 1205:, a mixture of berries, fat, and fish. The boiled skin and blubber of a whale is a delicacy, as is that of walrus. 2530:"Evacuation and Internment, 1942–1945 – Aleutian World War II National Historic Area (U.S. National Park Service)" 1684:

burials, and concluded it is a regional mortuary practice. It may be considered a pan-Aleutian mortuary practice.

2634: 1126: 2329: 4701: 3105: 2017: 1846: 1831: 1678:

Southwestern Unmak Island, and dated to the early contact period. Researchers have found a prevalence of these

927: 3229: 1746:(1929–2014) businessman, state representative, who served from 1965 to 1973 as both a Republican and Democrat, 1340:. One Aleut leader recognized by the State of Alaska for her work in teaching and reviving Aleut basketry was 5038: 4771: 4187: 4115: 2502:

Madden, Ryan (2000). "'The Government's Industry': Alaska Natives and Pribilof Sealing during World War II".

2286: 1959: 1111: 423:. An Aleut dictionary and grammar have been published, and portions of the Bible were translated into Aleut. 3065: 4727: 3256: 1379:, from entering their bodies. Body art also enhanced their beauty, social status, and spiritual authority. 5011: 777:

Settlement of Aleuts in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census

2529: 2000: 1537: 1364: 846: 4913: 4766: 3025:

Unangam Ungiikangin Kayux Tunusangin = Unangam Uniikangis ama Tunuzangis = Aleut Tales and Narratives

2171:"The Aleuts and the Pacific Eskimo in the colonial economy of Russian Alaska in the mid 19th century" 2004: 1122: 634: 2787: 5076: 4741: 3744: 3182: 3178: 3162: 1277: 1187:, and whales. They processed fish and sea mammals in a variety of ways: dried, smoked, or roasted. 1125:

by the United States to retake Attu and Kiska was a significant component of the operations in the

912: 790: 2729: 1234:, or bentwood hunting visor, Arvid Adolf Etholén collection, Museum of Cultures, Helsinki, Finland 4796: 3489: 3270: 1017: 923: 916: 862: 288: 125: 119: 2443:

Morris, Susan L.Farris, Glenn J.Schwartz, Steven J.Wender, Irina Vladi L.Dralyuk, Boris (2014).

2396:

Morris, Susan L.Farris, Glenn J.Schwartz, Steven J.Wender, Irina Vladi L.Dralyuk, Boris (2014).

1238: 4557: 4386: 3362: 2975: 2603: 2170: 1451: 1115: 1039:

According to Russian American Company (RAC) records which were translated and published in the

24: 2908:

Nelson, Willis H.; Barnett, Frank (1955). "A Burial Cave on Kanaga Island, Aleutian Islands".

4849: 4562: 4533: 4470: 3098: 2470: 2423: 1028: 789:, with an estimated population of around 25,000 prior to European contact. In the 1820s, the 159: 2490:

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/islandofthebluedolphins/upload/JCGBA_34-1_Morris-etal_final.pdf

1275:

of the Shumagin Islands has played a vital role in reviving the ancient art of building the

4996: 4607: 3821: 1737: 656: 534: 386: 3027:. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1990. 1024: 8: 4864: 4854: 4841: 4659: 4552: 4538: 3314: 2961:

Corbett, Debra G. (2001) "Prehistoric Village Organization in the Western Aleutians". In

2234: 1341: 826: 488: 793:

administered a large portion of the North Pacific during a Russian-led expansion of the

5147: 5071: 5016: 4908: 4835: 4751: 4258: 3357: 2933: 2925: 2511: 2209: 1836: 1821: 1567: 1050: 830: 378: 362: 3095:. Juneau, AK: Alaska State Museums, Division of Libraries, Archives and Museums, 1997. 2579: 4782: 4776: 4756: 4712: 4523: 4265: 3130: 3116: 3043: 3028: 2937: 2813: 2713: 2693: 2609: 2380: 2356: 2022: 1012: 802: 798: 730: 682: 588: 570: 493: 1413: 5137: 5001: 4859: 4803: 4587: 4460: 4311: 4077: 3884: 2917: 1816: 1311: 1272: 1216:

A full list of their ethnobotany has been compiled, with 65 documented plant uses.

1093:

Islands in the western Aleutians. They later transported captive Attu Islanders to

854: 810: 786: 782: 744: 566: 390: 382: 331: 303: 279: 221: 207: 103: 99: 1699:

Throughout the Aleutian Islands, gravesites have been found that are above-ground

314:. Both the Aleuts and the islands are politically divided between the US state of 5142: 5091: 5066: 4986: 4942: 4890: 4816: 4424: 4371: 4351: 4346: 4331: 4288: 4224: 4062: 4047: 3828: 3246: 3239: 3109: 3086: 2216: 2156: 2099: 1984: 1798: 1779: 1755: 1749: 1247: 1098: 870: 686: 668: 562: 530: 477: 416: 151: 4090: 3170: 5168: 5056: 5046: 4746: 4706: 4672: 4641: 4634: 4572: 4498: 4475: 4404: 4341: 4316: 4067: 3947: 3835: 3623: 3597: 3592: 3409: 3301: 1550: 1521: 1445: 1293: 1243: 964: 884: 806: 698: 664: 642: 374: 347: 319: 299: 197: 107: 84: 20: 2042: 5162: 5081: 5032: 4918: 4879: 4874: 4830: 4719: 4654: 4649: 4627: 4602: 4582: 4465: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4336: 4251: 4244: 4230: 4052: 4033: 4028: 4015: 3905: 3898: 3773: 3664: 3633: 3385: 1851: 1743: 1717: 1603: 1492: 1298: 1289: 716: 712: 690: 638: 608: 592: 574: 518: 497: 402: 307: 147: 3327: 381:

and includes three dialects: Eastern Aleut, spoken on the Eastern Aleutian,

5132: 4869: 4455: 4376: 4326: 4301: 4172: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4023: 3967: 3871: 3858: 3793: 3705: 3700: 3686: 3535: 3437: 3062:

Quarterly Journal of the Association of Professional Piercers 44 (2008): 22

3023:

Jochelson, Waldemar, Bergsland, Knut (Editor) & Dirks, Moses (Editor).

2692:. Ed. L. Raymond Hudson. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. pp. 70–71. 1773: 1669:, cave, above-ground sarcophagi, and burials connected to communal houses. 1545:

use the fish and mammals they caught and processed to satisfy their needs.

1488: 1480: 1460: 1351:

Masks were created to portray figures of their myths and oral history. The

1268: 1082: 720: 660: 604: 526: 501: 465: 420: 3458: 2178:

Arctic & Antarctic International Journal of Circumpolar Socio-Cultural

1034: 5122: 5112: 5051: 4968: 4790: 4686: 4544: 4381: 4321: 4237: 4177: 4162: 4057: 3800: 3710: 3602: 3507: 3432: 2149: 2012: 2008: 1977: 1692: 1090: 1066: 1045: 694: 600: 596: 522: 469: 406: 398: 56: 5194:

Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East

3337: 3332: 2515: 1467:

claws, sea otter fur, dyed leather, and caribou hair sewn in the seams.

1373:

orifices: the nose, the mouth, and ears, they would stop evil entities,

1094: 1061: 4991: 4924: 4898: 4884: 4679: 4577: 4518: 4211: 4167: 3987: 3977: 3692: 3638: 3347: 1841: 1793: 1700: 1484: 1303: 865: 311: 155: 3380: 2929: 2626: 5127: 4957: 4932: 4811: 4665: 4528: 4493: 4200: 4085: 4039: 3891: 3787: 3779: 3653: 3648: 3548: 3520: 3447: 2321: 2124: 1526: 1456: 1307: 1264: 1246:

basket and lid embellished with wool embroidery, early 20th century,

1107: 794: 365:, who were also referred to as "Pacific Eskimos" or Sugpiat/Alutiit. 3404: 3102: 901: 51: 4952: 4761: 4567: 4447: 4440: 4195: 4147: 4129: 4100: 4002: 3972: 3814: 3808: 3752: 3608: 3578: 3568: 3541: 3527: 3513: 3251: 3181:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3013:. Anchorage, Alaska: Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 2005. 2921: 1811: 1767: 1418: 1330: 1255: 1188: 1157: 3300: 2278: 5107: 5086: 5006: 4947: 4903: 4429: 4397: 4391: 4296: 4278: 4273: 4105: 3997: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3866: 3758: 3671: 3643: 3573: 3563: 3555: 3442: 3396: 3390: 3352: 1826: 1688: 1440: 1260: 1103: 351: 131: 2580:"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000 Table 5" 1253:

Customary arts of the Aleuts include weapon-making, building of

5061: 4962: 4937: 4597: 4592: 4434: 4419: 4123: 3992: 3982: 3913: 3876: 3852: 3844: 3765: 3681: 3658: 3615: 3372: 1609:, but it is hydrodynamically sleeker and faster. They made the 1479:

Russian travelers making early contact with the Aleuts mention

1285: 1192: 1184: 814: 781:

Aleuts historically lived throughout the Aleutian Islands, the

473: 315: 72: 3342: 2836:. Anchorage: The Alaska Historical Commission. pp. 85–95. 1630:

that Aleut men would stand on the water to hunt from the sea.

236: 4733: 4693: 4621: 4613: 4306: 4219: 4205: 4137: 4095: 4008: 3584: 3427: 3322: 1606: 1196: 1086: 1057: 394: 242: 186: 181: 143: 3234: 3214: 2769:: Department of Anthropology University of Alaska. pp. 32–34 2559:

US apologizes for WWII internment of Alaska's Unangan people

1399: 765: 5117: 3219: 3129:. Akureyri, Iceland: CAFF International Secretariat, 2006. 1322: 3266:

Aleutian Pribilof Island Community Development Association

3265: 3040:

When the Wind Was a River Aleut Evacuation in World War II

2903: 2901: 879: 2779: 2100:"List of Federally Recognized Tribes in the Aleut Region" 1344:. Her life and accomplishments are portrayed in the book 891: 227: 3224: 2878:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 145. 1536:, with an anchored Russian ship in the background, near 431: 3020:. Washington: Carnegie institution of Washington, 1933. 2898: 2669:. Anchorage, AK: Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association. 1155:

Aleuts constructed partially underground houses called

1035:

Aleut genocide against the Nicoleño Tribe in California

883:

Aleuts. Ethnographic description of the peoples of the

2279:"Endangered people of the Arctic. Struggle to Survive" 2129:

Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North

1409:, an Aleut coat made from bird skins and sea otter fur 997: 986: 975: 817:). These continue to have majority-Aleut communities. 2876:

Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands

1056:

In 1814, to obtain more of the commercially valuable

330:

Aleut tribes in the Aleut Region of Alaska. In 2000,

293: 263: 224: 3127:

Aleut Unangax̂ Ethnobotany An Annotated Bibliography

2355:. Anchorage: Arctic Circle Enterprises. p. 23. 1857:

List of Native American peoples in the United States

245: 233: 2712:. New York : Chelsea House Publishers. p. 52. 2270: 1501:(male-bodied, 'man transformed into a woman') and 326:in Unangam Tunuu, the Aleut language. There are 13 239: 2452:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2405:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2267:: Noted on their ethnological history (in Russian) 1041:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 419:. From 1870, the language has been written in the 3165:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 3018:History, Ethnology, and Anthropology of the Aleut 2314: 1076: 5160: 3055:"Tattooing and Piercing Among the Alaskan Aleut" 2210:Unangam Language Pre-contact Tribes and Dialects 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2608:Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions. p. 377 1776:(1916–1979) Eastern Orthodox Saint and Matushka 3240:Unalaska Communities of Memory Project Jukebox 2887: 2885: 2854:. Seattle: Copper Canoe Press. pp. 11–20. 2276: 1782:(1800–1815), Eastern Orthodox Saint and martyr 1752:(1802–1864), Russian Orthodox saint and priest 1709:and cave burials, but it is still widespread. 1284:Aleut women sewed finely stitched, waterproof 992: 981: 970: 753: 3474: 3286: 2907: 2627:"BRIT – Native American Ethnobotany Database" 2229: 2227: 2225: 2168: 2021:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1797:, a science fiction novel by American writer 1435:meaning 'rain gear' in the English language. 2976:"Raven a.k.a. Dmitri Ravinoff in Snow Crash" 2944: 2501: 2475:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 887:by Gustav-Fyodor Khristianovich Pauli (1862) 841: 797:. They resettled many Aleut families to the 415:Beginning in 1829, Aleut was written in the 3488: 2882: 2765:Gross, J. Joseph and Khera, Sigrid (1980). 1895: 1889: 1759: 1704: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1597: 1591: 1582: 1572: 1556: 1531: 1502: 1496: 1427: 1404: 1374: 1335: 1229: 1200: 1166: 930:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 318:and the Russian administrative division of 230: 3481: 3467: 3293: 3279: 2350: 2283:The Aleuts of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska 2222: 1555:For regular travel, they used their large 334:were recognized by government decree as a 50: 3201:Learn how and when to remove this message 2873: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2311:, Seattle: University of Washington Press 950:Learn how and when to remove this message 16:Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands 2831: 2802: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2070:"Unangax̂ (Aleut) & Alutiiq/Sugpiaq" 2018:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 1566: 1525: 1412: 1398: 1363: 1359: 1237: 1223: 878: 845: 772: 764: 430: 3091:Murray, Martha G., and Peter L. Corey. 2963:Archaeology of the Aleut Zone of Alaska 2893:Archaeology of the Aleut Zone of Alaska 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1510: 1136: 758:For specific tribal village names, see 5161: 3052: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2827: 2825: 2790:from the original on December 18, 2022 2673: 2637:from the original on December 24, 2019 2369: 2309:Seals and Man: A Study of Interactions 2191:from the original on November 14, 2022 892:Recorded uprising against the Russians 373:Aleut people speak Unangam Tunuu, the 3462: 3274: 2986:from the original on January 15, 2018 2767:Ethnohistory of the Aleuts. Fairbanks 2752: 2740:from the original on January 20, 2021 2664: 2592:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2465:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2418:from the original on October 9, 2022. 2332:from the original on February 1, 2015 2277:Corbett, H.D.; Swibold, S. M (2000). 1999: 1786: 1043:, a 200-ton otter hunting ship named 760:List of Alaska Native tribal entities 439:Aleut (Unangan) dialects and tribes: 3225:Aleutian Pribilof Island Association 3145: 2852:Canoes and Kayaks of Western America 2649: 2540:from the original on October 6, 2017 2322:"Alaskan People: Aleut Native Tribe" 1966: 1530:Illustration of an Aleut paddling a 928:adding citations to reliable sources 895: 486:(in Aleut, lit. 'Russian Aleut') or 65:Regions with significant populations 2858: 2840: 2822: 2245:from the original on April 30, 2015 2219:by Knut Bergland and Moses L. Dirks 2143: 1657: 13: 3002: 2605:The Voyages of Captain James Cook. 1928:. US Census Bureau. Archived from 785:, and the far western part of the 322:. This group is also known as the 14: 5205: 5179:Native American history of Alaska 3141: 2379:(Japanese), 2004. Iwanami, Japan 2289:from the original on May 14, 2011 2080:from the original on May 10, 2023 2051:from the original on May 10, 2023 1731: 1394: 991:) to kill his mistress Oniishin ( 851:Aleut in Festival Dress in Alaska 3258:A Grammar of Fox Island Aleutian 3150: 3011:Aleut Art: Unangam Aguqaadangin 900: 769:Map of Aleut tribes and dialects 551:(in Aleut) and speaking tribes: 336:small-numbered Indigenous people 306:, which are located between the 220: 3252:Aleut International Association 3053:Krutak, Lars (April 24, 2011). 2968: 2772: 2722: 2702: 2619: 2596: 2572: 2552: 2522: 2495: 2483: 2436: 2389: 2344: 2301: 2257: 2203: 2162: 1896: 1890: 1870: 1421:, or sea mammal intestine coat. 1292:gut and wove fine baskets from 1165:, a 20th-century Aleut leader, 631:Islanders of the Four Mountains 3629:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan 2812:. Writers Club Press. p. 206. 2667:Aleut Art Unangam Aguqaadangin 2159:Alaska Native Language Center. 2117: 2092: 2062: 2035: 1993: 1944: 1914: 1847:Shamanism among Alaska Natives 1832:Indigenous Amerindian genetics 1770:, academic, indigenous studies 1219: 1211: 1178: 1077:Internment during World War II 823:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 1: 1990:. Retrieved February 3, 2014. 1907: 1112:Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 1071:the Lone Woman of San Nicolas 405:islands; and the now extinct 3302:Indigenous peoples of Alaska 3262:at Dartmouth College Library 3230:Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska 2874:Jochelson, Waldemar (1925). 1281:or bentwood hunting visors. 962:In the 18th century, Russia 341: 59:Aleut mother and child, 1941 7: 5174:Alaska Native ethnic groups 2504:Pacific Northwest Quarterly 1880:. The Cyrillic spelling of 1804: 1085:, Japanese forces occupied 998: 987: 976: 754:Population and distribution 368: 294: 10: 5210: 5184:People from Kamchatka Krai 2808:Murray, Stephen O. (2002) 2688:Turner, M. Lucien. (2008) 2104:ANCSA Regional Association 1774:Olga (Arrsamquq) of Alaska 1633: 1519: 1150: 1145: 1097:, where they were held as 836: 757: 18: 5100: 5025: 4511: 4484: 4287: 4186: 4114: 4076: 3933: 3922: 3496: 3420: 3371: 3313: 3220:Aleut Management Services 3108:January 14, 2015, at the 2734:Google Arts & Culture 2710:The Peoples of the Arctic 2155:February 9, 2018, at the 1764:(model sea kayak) builder 1474: 1329:The main Aleut method of 1259:(special hunting boats), 1016: 993: 982: 971: 842:After contact with Russia 635:Islands of Four Mountains 426: 283: 203: 193: 177: 169: 142: 137: 118: 113: 98: 93: 81: 69: 64: 49: 40: 2351:Chandonnet, Ann (2013). 2074:Anchorage Public Library 1863: 1691:and near villages. Some 1515: 791:Russian-American Company 460:(in Western dialect) or 379:Eskaleut language family 350:, they are known by the 5189:Ethnic groups in Russia 3490:Ethnic groups in Russia 3235:Museum of the Aleutians 2832:Antonson, Joan (1984). 2810:Pacific Homosexualities 2690:An Aleutian Ethnography 2353:Alaska's Native Peoples 2285:. Milton M.R. Freeman. 2263:Lyapunova, R.G. (1987) 2239:Encyclopædia Britannica 1760: 1758:(1901–1989), educator, 1705: 1680: 1673: 1665: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1598: 1592: 1583: 1573: 1557: 1540:, by Louis Choris, 1817 1532: 1503: 1497: 1428: 1405: 1375: 1336: 1230: 1201: 1167: 496:of Russian Federation ( 126:Russian Orthodox Church 3245:June 24, 2010, at the 3071:on September 28, 2011. 2708:Osborn, Kevin (1990). 2215:March 3, 2016, at the 2169:Marcus Lepola (2010). 2150:"Unangam Tunuu/Aleut," 1983:June 20, 2017, at the 1578: 1541: 1452:Fratercula corniculata 1422: 1410: 1369: 1346:Moments Rightly Placed 1250: 1242:Unknown Aleut artist, 1235: 888: 858: 809:in Russia) and to the 778: 770: 436: 357:(eastern dialect) and 25:Aleut (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 19:For the language, see 3103:Aleutian World War II 3099:National Park Service 3085:May 24, 2018, at the 3016:Jochelson, Waldemar. 2850:Durham, Bill (1960). 2665:Black, Lydia (2003). 2307:Bonner, W. N. (1982) 1926:factfinder.census.gov 1876:The singular form is 1740:(1919–2011), sculptor 1570: 1529: 1416: 1402: 1367: 1360:Tattoos and piercings 1241: 1227: 1123:World War II campaign 1081:In June 1942, during 882: 861:After the arrival of 849: 829:to which they had no 776: 768: 619:and speaking tribes: 617:Eastern Aleut dialect 456:(in Eastern dialect)/ 446:and speaking tribes: 435:Customary Aleut dress 434: 138:Related ethnic groups 5026:Unrecognized peoples 4512:Other ethnic peoples 3822:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks 3171:improve this article 2602:Cook, James (1999). 2563:The Associated Press 1932:on February 14, 2020 1602:resembles that of a 1511:Hunting technologies 1368:Tattooed Aleut woman 1137:Population's decline 924:improve this section 452:(in Attuan dialect)/ 328:federally recognized 5101:Assimilated peoples 3717:Meadow-Eastern Mari 3183:footnote references 3125:Veltre, Douglas W. 2375:Yamashita, Tsuneo. 1342:Anfesia Shapsnikoff 1027:after interviewing 827:infectious diseases 679:Krenitzen Islanders 585:Andreanof Islanders 489:Copper Island Aleut 308:North Pacific Ocean 37: 5148:Siberian Bukharans 4307:Aukhovite Chechens 4259:Siberian Bukharans 3585:Aukhovite Chechens 2910:American Antiquity 1962:on April 24, 2012. 1837:Maritime Fur Trade 1822:Aleutian tradition 1787:In popular culture 1579: 1542: 1423: 1411: 1370: 1251: 1236: 1114:was an attempt by 1051:San Nicolas Island 889: 859: 779: 771: 741:Shumigan Islanders 667:, western part of 484:Kasakam Unangangis 437: 363:Kodiak Archipelago 35: 5156: 5155: 4785: 4783:Astrakhan Kazakhs 4507: 4506: 4266:Zabolotnie Tatars 3745:Northwestern Mari 3456: 3455: 3215:Aleut Corporation 3211: 3210: 3203: 3033:978-1-55500-036-3 3009:Black, Lydia T. 2834:Alaska's Heritage 2784:Aleut Corporation 2614:978-1-84022-100-8 2362:978-1-933837-14-7 2326:alaskannature.com 2028:978-0-521-15255-6 1577:(large skin boat) 1538:Saint Paul Island 1495:people, known as 1481:traditional tales 1025:Katsuragawa Hoshū 960: 959: 952: 803:Aleutsky District 799:Commander Islands 705:Qagaan Tayaĝungin 685:(eastern part of 683:Krenitzin Islands 589:Andreanof Islands 571:Andreanof Islands 559:Delarof Islanders 494:Commander Islands 300:Indigenous people 292: 213: 212: 165: 164: 120:Eastern Orthodoxy 5201: 5072:Crimean Italians 5041: 4971: 4927: 4893: 4860:Meskhetian Turks 4844: 4825: 4806: 4804:Sakhalin Koreans 4799: 4781: 4736: 4722: 4715: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4616: 4588:Crimean Karaites 4547: 4450: 4443: 4414: 4413: 4400: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4214: 4132: 4042: 4018: 4011: 3931: 3930: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3885:Astrakhan Tatars 3880: 3861: 3847: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3803: 3796: 3782: 3768: 3761: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3695: 3674: 3667: 3618: 3611: 3587: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3399: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3072: 3070: 3064:. Archived from 3059: 3038:Kohlhoff, Dean. 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2942: 2941: 2905: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2820: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2726: 2720: 2706: 2700: 2686: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2623: 2617: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2464: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2417: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2377:Daikokuya Kodayu 2373: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2231: 2220: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2190: 2175: 2166: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2039: 2033: 2032: 1997: 1991: 1975: 1964: 1963: 1958:. Archived from 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1918: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1874: 1817:Aleutian Islands 1763: 1708: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1658:Burial practices 1629: 1620: 1614: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1576: 1560: 1535: 1506: 1500: 1431: 1408: 1378: 1339: 1337:qiigam aygaaxsii 1312:installation art 1273:Andrew Gronholdt 1267:, feathers, and 1233: 1204: 1170: 1131:Pacific theaters 1099:prisoners of war 1029:Daikokuya Kōdayū 1022: 1020: 1001: 996: 995: 990: 985: 984: 980:) and Kazhimov ( 979: 974: 973: 955: 948: 944: 941: 935: 904: 896: 863:Russian Orthodox 855:Mikhail Tikhanov 853:, watercolor by 811:Pribilof Islands 787:Alaska Peninsula 783:Shumagin Islands 745:Shumagin Islands 391:Pribilof Islands 332:Aleuts in Russia 304:Aleutian Islands 297: 287: 285: 278: 270: 266: 261: 260: 259: 258: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 208:Unangam Tanangin 167: 166: 129: 54: 44:унаӈас (unangas) 42:унаӈан (unangan) 38: 34: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5096: 5067:Caucasus Greeks 5039:Afro-Abkhazians 5037: 5021: 4967: 4923: 4891:Kola Norwegians 4889: 4840: 4821: 4802: 4795: 4732: 4718: 4711: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4612: 4543: 4503: 4480: 4446: 4439: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4283: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225:Siberian Tatars 4210: 4182: 4128: 4110: 4072: 4038: 4014: 4007: 3925: 3918: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3857: 3843: 3834: 3829:Baikal Cossacks 3827: 3820: 3813: 3799: 3792: 3778: 3764: 3757: 3743: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3715: 3691: 3670: 3663: 3614: 3607: 3583: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3457: 3452: 3416: 3405:Central Alaskan 3395: 3391:Alutiiq–Sugpiaq 3367: 3363:Upper Kuskokwim 3309: 3306:Tribal entities 3299: 3247:Wayback Machine 3207: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3168: 3159:This article's 3155: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3110:Wayback Machine 3087:Wayback Machine 3068: 3057: 3005: 3003:Further reading 3000: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2945: 2906: 2899: 2890: 2883: 2872: 2859: 2848: 2841: 2830: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2707: 2703: 2687: 2674: 2663: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2569:. June 17, 2017 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2223: 2217:Wayback Machine 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2157:Wayback Machine 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2131:. June 20, 2023 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2029: 1998: 1994: 1985:Wayback Machine 1976: 1967: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1900:, respectively. 1875: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1807: 1799:Neal Stephenson 1789: 1780:Peter the Aleut 1756:Sergie Sovoroff 1750:Jacob Netsvetov 1734: 1660: 1636: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1477: 1403:Replica of the 1397: 1362: 1248:Brooklyn Museum 1222: 1214: 1181: 1163:Lillie McGarvey 1161:. According to 1153: 1148: 1139: 1079: 1062:Nicoleño nation 1037: 1010: 1008:Hokusa bunryaku 956: 945: 939: 936: 921: 905: 894: 871:Peter the Aleut 844: 839: 763: 756: 743: : in the 711: : in the 709:Sanak Islanders 681: : in the 655: : in the 633: : in the 587: : in the 563:Delarof Islands 561: : in the 517: : in the 429: 417:Cyrillic script 371: 344: 274: 268: 264: 254: 253: 223: 219: 185: 160:Alaskan Creoles 123: 122: 83: 71: 60: 45: 43: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5057:Astrakhan Jews 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642:Siberian Finns 4638: 4635:Murmansk Finns 4631: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4499:Tver Karelians 4496: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4444: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4401: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4012: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3836:Kuban Cossacks 3832: 3825: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3727: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3624:Crimean Tatars 3621: 3620: 3619: 3612: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3254: 3249: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3163:external links 3158: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3142:External links 3140: 3138: 3137: 3123: 3121:978-0773537484 3113: 3096: 3089: 3076: 3073: 3050: 3036: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2967: 2943: 2922:10.2307/277079 2916:(4): 387–392. 2897: 2881: 2857: 2839: 2821: 2801: 2771: 2751: 2721: 2701: 2672: 2648: 2618: 2595: 2585:. census.gov. 2571: 2551: 2521: 2510:(4): 202–209. 2494: 2482: 2435: 2388: 2368: 2361: 2343: 2313: 2300: 2269: 2256: 2235:"Aleut People" 2221: 2202: 2161: 2142: 2116: 2091: 2061: 2044:We Are Unangax 2034: 2027: 1992: 1965: 1943: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1732:Notable Aleuts 1730: 1659: 1656: 1635: 1632: 1522:Aleutian kayak 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1476: 1473: 1446:Lunda cirrhata 1396: 1395:Aleut clothing 1393: 1361: 1358: 1294:sea-lyme grass 1244:sea lyme grass 1221: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1180: 1177: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1078: 1075: 1036: 1033: 965:promyshlenniki 958: 957: 908: 906: 899: 893: 890: 885:Russian Empire 843: 840: 838: 835: 807:Kamchatka Krai 755: 752: 751: 750: 749: 748: 734: 727:Taxtamam Tunuu 724: 702: 672: 646: 614: 613: 612: 578: 538: 507: 506: 505: 481: 462:Near Islanders 444:Attuan dialect 428: 425: 375:Aleut language 370: 367: 348:Aleut language 343: 340: 320:Kamchatka Krai 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 179: 175: 174: 171: 163: 162: 140: 139: 135: 134: 116: 115: 111: 110: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 85:Kamchatka Krai 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 62: 61: 55: 47: 46: 41: 31: 21:Aleut language 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5206: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5082:Pontic Greeks 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Mountain Jews 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4797:North Koreans 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4721: 4720:Volga Germans 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4702:Georgian Jews 4700: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4628:Ingrian Finns 4625: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583:Bukharan Jews 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4252:Kalmak Tatars 4249: 4246: 4245:Eushta Tatars 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231:Baraba Tatars 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899:Mishar Tatars 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3731:Mountain Mari 3728: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3500:nationalities 3495: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3194: 3184: 3180: 3179:inappropriate 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3135:9979-9778-0-9 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093:Aleut Weavers 3090: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3048:0-295-97403-6 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2818:9780595227853 2815: 2811: 2805: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718:9780877548768 2715: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2698:9781602230286 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2636: 2632: 2631:naeb.brit.org 2628: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2458:(1): 81–100. 2457: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2411:(1): 81–100. 2410: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2385:4-00-430879-8 2382: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2260: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Jones, Daniel 1996: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:"Aleut alone" 1917: 1913: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:Unangan Aleut 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744:Carl E. Moses 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1718:mummification 1714: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1575: 1571:Men rowing a 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1523: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1493:fourth gender 1490: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1366: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1299:Elymus mollis 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1226: 1217: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202:alutiqqutigaq 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1023:, written by 1019: 1014: 1009: 1003: 1000: 989: 978: 967: 966: 954: 951: 943: 933: 929: 925: 919: 918: 914: 909:This section 907: 903: 898: 897: 886: 881: 877: 874: 872: 867: 864: 856: 852: 848: 834: 832: 828: 824: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 775: 767: 761: 746: 742: 738: 735: 732: 728: 725: 722: 718: 714: 713:Sanak Islands 710: 706: 703: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:Fox Islanders 650: 647: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 621: 620: 618: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 553: 552: 550: 546: 545:Western Aleut 542: 541:Atkan dialect 539: 536: 535:Semisopochnoi 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:Buldir Island 516: 515:Rat Islanders 512: 508: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490: 485: 482: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 447: 445: 442: 441: 440: 433: 424: 422: 418: 413: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 366: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 290: 281: 277: 272: 271: 257: 250: 217: 209: 206: 202: 199: 198:Unangam Tunuu 196: 192: 188: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 133: 127: 121: 117: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 92: 88: 86: 80: 76: 74: 70:United States 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 39: 30: 26: 22: 4870:Montenegrins 4558:Azerbaijanis 4387:Azerbaijanis 3942: 3872:Volga Tatars 3859:Tozhu Tuvans 3701:Komi-Permyak 3257: 3197: 3191:October 2023 3188: 3173:by removing 3160: 3126: 3092: 3066:the original 3061: 3039: 3024: 3017: 3010: 2988:. Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2962: 2913: 2909: 2892: 2875: 2851: 2833: 2809: 2804: 2794:December 18, 2792:. Retrieved 2783: 2774: 2766: 2742:. Retrieved 2733: 2724: 2709: 2704: 2689: 2666: 2641:September 6, 2639:. Retrieved 2630: 2621: 2604: 2598: 2574: 2567:Miami Herald 2566: 2562: 2554: 2542:. Retrieved 2533: 2524: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2485: 2471:cite journal 2455: 2451: 2438: 2424:cite journal 2408: 2404: 2391: 2376: 2371: 2352: 2346: 2336:February 14, 2334:. Retrieved 2325: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2282: 2272: 2264: 2259: 2247:. Retrieved 2238: 2205: 2195:November 14, 2193:. Retrieved 2181: 2177: 2164: 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2119: 2107:. Retrieved 2094: 2082:. Retrieved 2073: 2064: 2053:, retrieved 2043: 2037: 2016: 2013:Esling, John 2009:Setter, Jane 2005:Roach, Peter 1995: 1987: 1960:the original 1955: 1946: 1936:February 20, 1934:. Retrieved 1930:the original 1925: 1916: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1792: 1790: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1698: 1686: 1671: 1663:of burials: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1621: 1589: 1580: 1561: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1450: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1424: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1350: 1345: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1297: 1283: 1276: 1269:walrus ivory 1254: 1252: 1215: 1207: 1182: 1171: 1156: 1154: 1140: 1120: 1083:World War II 1080: 1070: 1055: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1004: 963: 961: 946: 937: 922:Please help 910: 875: 866:missionaries 860: 850: 819: 801:(within the 780: 740: 736: 726: 708: 704: 678: 674: 652: 648: 630: 626: 622: 616: 584: 580: 558: 554: 548: 544: 540: 514: 510: 487: 483: 466:Near Islands 461: 457: 453: 449: 443: 438: 421:Latin script 414: 411: 397:, spoken on 372: 358: 354: 345: 323: 215: 214: 32:Ethnic group 29: 5052:Armeno-Tats 4969:Ural Swedes 4855:Macedonians 4850:Lithuanians 4687:Mingrelians 4563:Belarusians 4545:Cherkesogai 4408: [ 4238:Chat Tatars 3734: [ 3720: [ 3315:Athabaskans 2990:January 14, 2744:January 16, 2135:January 11, 2109:January 11, 1738:John Hoover 1693:grave goods 1485:two-spirits 1353:Atka people 1220:Visual arts 1212:Ethnobotany 1179:Subsistence 1067:Juana Maria 729:dialect of 657:Fox Islands 523:Rat Islands 5163:Categories 5012:Vietnamese 4997:Ukrainians 4925:Ruska Roma 4899:Pakistanis 4885:Norwegians 4842:Latgalians 4752:Hungarians 4713:Mennonites 4578:Bulgarians 4461:Tabasarans 3978:Kamchadals 3924:Indigenous 3693:Izhma Komi 3639:Kabardians 3348:Holikachuk 3328:Deg Hitʼan 3260:Manuscript 2980:shmoop.com 2730:"Kamleika" 1988:Ethnologue 1952:"ВПН-2010" 1908:References 1842:Sadlermiut 1794:Snow Crash 1701:sarcophagi 1504:tayagigux̂ 1457:guillemots 1304:serigraphy 940:April 2016 649:Qawalangin 549:Aliguutax̂ 312:Bering Sea 298:) are the 156:Sadlermiut 5143:Pumpokols 5138:Meshchera 4958:Spaniards 4933:Romanians 4865:Moldovans 4812:Krymchaks 4747:Hamshenis 4666:Adjarians 4660:Georgians 4608:Estonians 4553:Assyrians 4539:Armenians 4529:Americans 4494:Besermyan 4405:Kubachins 4347:Chamalals 4332:Bagvalals 4201:Kumandins 4130:Hamnigans 4086:Izhorians 4078:Northwest 4048:Nganasans 4040:Khandeyar 3935:Far North 3906:Nağaybäks 3892:Kryashens 3788:Ossetians 3780:Khandeyar 3654:Karelians 3649:Karachays 3549:Telengits 3521:Natukhajs 3448:Tsimshian 3175:excessive 2938:162015286 2293:April 13, 1551:baidarkas 1498:ayagigux̂ 1308:video art 1256:baidarkas 1108:influenza 977:Suteppano 911:does not 795:fur trade 731:Belkofski 567:Amatignak 555:Naahmiĝus 492:: in the 464:: in the 409:dialect. 342:Etymology 289:romanized 276:‹See Tfd› 94:Languages 5092:Sireniki 5033:Africans 4982:Turkmens 4953:Slovenes 4909:Persians 4836:Latvians 4767:Japanese 4762:Italians 4568:Bosniaks 4476:Tsakhurs 4448:Karagash 4441:Ak Nogai 4372:Khwarshi 4352:Godoberi 4342:Botlikhs 4317:Akhvakhs 4289:Dagestan 4279:Tofalars 4196:Kamasins 4148:Negidals 4116:Far East 4101:Vepsians 4063:Yukaghir 4003:Alyutors 3973:Itelmens 3948:Chukchis 3815:Cossacks 3809:Russians 3753:Mordvins 3609:Besleney 3603:Cherkess 3579:Chechens 3569:Bashkirs 3556:Tubalars 3542:Chelkans 3536:Altaians 3528:Shapsugs 3514:Bzhedugs 3410:Siberian 3338:Gwichʼin 3333:Denaʼina 3243:Archived 3106:Archived 3083:Archived 2984:Archived 2788:Archived 2738:Archived 2635:Archived 2587:Archived 2544:June 17, 2538:Archived 2516:40492595 2460:Archived 2413:Archived 2330:Archived 2287:Archived 2243:Archived 2241:. 2011. 2213:Archived 2186:Archived 2153:Archived 2125:"Aleuts" 2078:Archived 2049:archived 2015:(eds.). 2003:(2011). 1981:Archived 1978:"Aleut." 1878:Unangax̂ 1812:Adamagan 1805:See also 1768:Eve Tuck 1627:baidarka 1618:baidarka 1612:baidarka 1599:baidarka 1593:baidarka 1533:baidarka 1429:kameikas 1419:Kamleika 1376:khoughkh 1348:(1998). 1331:basketry 1278:chagudax 1265:whiskers 1231:chagudax 1195:, deer, 1193:muskoxen 1168:barabara 1158:barabara 1127:American 1116:Congress 1095:Hokkaidō 1013:Japanese 999:Oniishin 988:Kazimofu 831:immunity 737:Qaĝiiĝun 687:Unalaska 675:Qigiiĝun 669:Unalaska 581:Niiĝuĝis 531:Amchitka 458:Sasxinas 450:Sasignan 383:Shumagin 369:Language 352:endonyms 324:Unangax̂ 310:and the 194:Language 173:Unangax̂ 114:Religion 5108:Agrzhan 5087:Qaratay 5077:Korlaks 5017:Yazidis 5007:Uyghurs 4948:Slovaks 4904:Pamiris 4823:Kurmanj 4791:Koreans 4777:Kazakhs 4757:Indians 4707:Germans 4673:Ingiloy 4603:Dungans 4573:Britons 4524:Afghans 4430:Lezgins 4398:Kaitags 4392:Dargins 4367:Karatas 4362:Hunzibs 4357:Hinukhs 4337:Bezhtas 4297:Abazins 4274:Teleuts 4188:Siberia 4106:Votians 4053:Selkups 3998:Koryaks 3963:Dolgans 3958:Chuvans 3953:Chulyms 3926:peoples 3867:Udmurts 3759:Mokshas 3672:Abugach 3665:Koibals 3644:Kalmyks 3598:Chuvash 3593:Chukchi 3574:Buryats 3564:Balkars 3498:Titular 3443:Tlingit 3397:Chugach 3381:Iñupiat 3353:Koyukon 3169:Please 3161:use of 2534:nps.gov 2249:June 2, 2084:May 10, 2055:May 10, 1886:Unangas 1882:Unangan 1827:Alutiiq 1689:middens 1634:Weapons 1584:baidara 1574:baidara 1558:baidara 1441:puffins 1261:weaving 1189:Caribou 1151:Housing 1146:Culture 1104:measles 1046:Il’mena 932:removed 917:sources 837:History 805:of the 699:Tigalda 665:Samalga 643:Kagamil 627:Uniiĝun 623:Akuuĝun 478:Semichi 454:Sasxnan 359:Unangas 355:Unangan 346:In the 302:of the 291:: 280:Russian 204:Country 187:Unangas 182:Unangan 152:Sirenik 132:Animism 104:Russian 100:English 5128:Muroma 5062:Buzava 5002:Uzbeks 4977:Tajiks 4963:Swedes 4938:Rusyns 4831:Kyrgyz 4728:Greeks 4655:Gagauz 4650:French 4598:Czechs 4593:Cubans 4519:Abkhaz 4466:Talysh 4456:Rutuls 4435:Nogais 4420:Kumyks 4377:Tindis 4327:Archis 4302:Aghuls 4220:Soyots 4158:Orochs 4153:Nivkhs 4124:Evenks 4068:Yupiks 4034:Nenets 4029:Naukan 4016:Karaga 3993:Khanty 3983:Kereks 3943:Aleuts 3914:Yakuts 3877:Tatars 3853:Tuvans 3845:Pomors 3794:Digors 3774:Nenets 3766:Erzyas 3682:Khanty 3659:Khakas 3634:Ingush 3616:Ademey 3508:Adyghe 3373:Eskimo 3358:Tanana 3133: 3119: 3080:online 3046: 3031: 2936: 2930:277079 2928: 2816: 2780:"Home" 2716: 2696: 2612: 2514: 2383: 2359: 2265:Aleuts 2025: 1956:gks.ru 1897:Унаӈас 1891:Унаӈан 1761:iqya-x 1604:Yup'ik 1475:Gender 1461:murres 1459:, and 1310:, and 1286:parkas 1228:Men's 1185:walrus 857:, 1818 815:Alaska 717:Unimak 691:Akutan 639:Amukta 609:Seguam 593:Kanaga 575:Tanaga 569:) and 511:Qax̂un 498:Bering 474:Agattu 427:Tribes 407:Attuan 403:Bering 316:Alaska 295:Aleuty 284:Алеуты 216:Aleuts 189:(west) 184:(east) 178:People 170:Person 82:Russia 73:Alaska 36:Aleuts 5169:Aleut 5133:Merya 5123:Kotts 5113:Asans 5047:Ainus 4987:Turks 4943:Serbs 4914:Poles 4880:Mugat 4817:Kurds 4734:Urums 4694:Svans 4622:Finns 4614:Setos 4534:Arabs 4486:Other 4412:] 4322:Andis 4312:Avars 4206:Shors 4178:Ulchs 4173:Udege 4163:Oroks 4143:Nanai 4138:Evens 4096:Setos 4058:Yughs 4024:Mansi 4009:Apuka 3968:Enets 3801:Irons 3738:] 3724:] 3706:Mansi 3438:Haida 3428:Aleut 3421:Other 3386:Yupik 3323:Ahtna 3069:(PDF) 3058:(PDF) 2934:S2CID 2926:JSTOR 2590:(PDF) 2583:(PDF) 2512:JSTOR 2463:(PDF) 2448:(PDF) 2416:(PDF) 2401:(PDF) 2189:(PDF) 2174:(PDF) 1864:Notes 1706:umqan 1681:umqan 1674:Umqan 1666:umqan 1607:kayak 1516:Boats 1489:third 1288:from 1197:moose 1087:Kiska 1058:otter 994:オニイシン 972:ステッパノ 721:Sanak 661:Umnak 605:Amlia 527:Kiska 502:Medny 395:Atkan 267:-lee- 252: 148:Yupik 144:Inuit 108:Aleut 77:6,752 5118:Chud 4992:Udis 4919:Roma 4772:Jews 4471:Tats 4425:Laks 4382:Tsez 4091:Sámi 3988:Kets 3875:(as 3711:Mari 3687:Komi 3433:Eyak 3131:ISBN 3117:ISBN 3044:ISBN 3029:ISBN 2992:2018 2814:ISBN 2796:2022 2746:2019 2714:ISBN 2694:ISBN 2643:2021 2610:ISBN 2565:via 2546:2017 2477:link 2430:link 2381:ISBN 2357:ISBN 2338:2015 2295:2011 2251:2022 2197:2022 2137:2024 2111:2024 2086:2023 2057:2023 2023:ISBN 1938:2018 1894:and 1888:are 1884:and 1590:The 1581:The 1491:and 1323:clan 1290:seal 1129:and 1121:The 1091:Attu 1089:and 1018:北槎聞略 983:カジモフ 915:any 913:cite 813:(in 695:Akun 601:Atka 597:Adak 521:and 470:Attu 401:and 399:Atka 389:and 57:Attu 4742:Han 4680:Laz 4212:Aba 4168:Taz 3343:Hän 3177:or 3101:. " 2918:doi 1791:In 1487:or 1483:of 1455:), 1406:sax 1073:). 1031:.) 926:by 739:or 707:or 677:or 651:or 629:or 625:or 583:or 557:or 547:or 543:or 513:or 387:Fox 269:OOT 89:482 5165:: 4410:ru 3736:ru 3722:ru 3112:." 3060:. 2982:. 2978:. 2946:^ 2932:. 2924:. 2914:20 2912:. 2900:^ 2884:^ 2860:^ 2842:^ 2824:^ 2786:. 2782:. 2754:^ 2736:. 2732:. 2675:^ 2651:^ 2633:. 2629:. 2561:. 2536:. 2532:. 2508:91 2506:. 2473:}} 2469:{{ 2456:34 2454:. 2450:. 2426:}} 2422:{{ 2409:34 2407:. 2403:. 2328:. 2324:. 2281:. 2237:. 2224:^ 2184:. 2180:. 2176:. 2127:. 2102:. 2076:. 2072:. 2047:, 2011:; 2007:; 1968:^ 1954:. 1924:. 1564:. 1463:. 1449:, 1417:A 1314:. 1306:, 1271:. 1191:, 1133:. 1106:, 1069:, 1053:. 1015:: 873:. 723:). 719:, 701:). 697:, 693:, 689:, 671:). 663:, 645:). 641:, 611:). 607:, 603:, 599:, 595:, 577:). 537:). 533:, 529:, 509:? 504:). 500:, 480:). 476:, 472:, 393:; 385:, 338:. 286:, 282:: 273:; 243:uː 237:iː 158:, 154:, 150:, 146:, 130:, 106:, 102:, 3879:) 3482:e 3475:t 3468:v 3308:) 3304:( 3294:e 3287:t 3280:v 3204:) 3198:( 3193:) 3189:( 3185:. 3167:. 3035:. 2994:. 2940:. 2920:: 2798:. 2748:. 2645:. 2616:. 2548:. 2518:. 2479:) 2432:) 2365:. 2340:. 2297:. 2253:. 2199:. 2182:4 2139:. 2113:. 2088:. 2031:. 1940:. 1622:s 1562:s 1553:. 1443:( 1433:, 1296:( 1172:s 1021:) 1011:( 953:) 947:( 942:) 938:( 934:. 920:. 762:. 747:. 733:. 715:( 659:( 637:( 591:( 573:( 565:( 525:( 468:( 265:A 249:/ 246:t 240:ˈ 234:l 231:. 228:æ 225:ˌ 222:/ 218:( 128:) 124:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index