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of
Poggioreale, and that in the same way he evicted the nuns of La Maddalena for the construction of the villa called della Duchesca . He also obtained for the Como – family friends – the splendid garden that Francesco Scannasorice owned adjacent to their palace: the man had refused numerous times to cede the garden to the Como, despite the generous offers of money, but he did not dare to oppose a refusal to the fearsome Duke of Calabria. The Neapolitans were so terrified that at the death of King Ferrante they all ran to barricade themselves in the house shouting "inside! inside!", not even if they were chased by enemies. His wife Ippolita Maria Sforza herself experienced its cruelty when, newly married, jealous of her husband, she sent her own trusted servant, Donato, to keep an eye on Alfonso in his travels, and Alfonso's reaction towards Donato was of such recklessness that Hippolyta wrote to her mother in her own letter: "This thing about Donato that I will never forget not a wound to the heart, but I think it opened in the middle, so much was my pain and it will be".
144:
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684:, with its shaded avenues and baths, sophisticated hydraulics that powered splendid waterworks, formal tanks, fishponds and fountains, as a luxurious and secluded setting for court life, and combined them with Roman features: Alfonso's Poggio Reale was built around three sides of an arcaded courtyard with tiers of seating round a sunken centre that could be flooded for water spectacles; on the fourth side it opened onto a garden that framed a spectacular view of Vesuvius.
614:, who, faithful to her husband, did not correspond with him. Alfonso had her kidnapped and, for several days, abused her at will until the woman's father and husband urged King Ferrante to persuade his son to release her. Ceccarella then retired to the convent of San Sebastiano, where shortly after, she died of pain. Alfonso, outraged, then had her father, Muzio Caracciolo, slaughtered, while her husband Riccardo, fearing for his life, took the monastic habit.
33:
1113:"A Poggio Reale ordinò l'architettura di quel palazzo, tenuta sempre cosa bellissima; et a dipignerlo vi condusse Piero del Donzello fiorentino e Polito suo fratello che in quel tempo era tenuto buon maestro, il quale dipinse tutto il palazzo di dentro e di fuori con storie di detto re." (Giorgio Vasari, Le vie de' più eccelenti architetti, piiori...
581:
Beyond the possible exaggerations of enemy faction, many episodes of
Alfonso's life confirm these aspects of his character, such as the fact that he expropriated numerous lands without offering any compensation to the legitimate owners (who, it is said, died of pain) for the construction of the villa
549:
At a young age he was described by ladies and ambassadors as a very handsome young man, "So pretty you couldn't say", but "so alive that he couldn't sit still for half an hour". Doctors and ambassadors were surprised by his physical endurance, as he was able to keep himself healthy while eating
672:
his brother who was considered in that time a good master, who painted the whole palazzo, inside and out, with the history of the said king." There are no archives to connect
Giuliano or his brother Benedetto with the project; for documentation only a section and plan, reproduced with apologies for
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His first mistress was
Isabella Stanza, bridesmaid of his mother Isabella of Chiaramonte; the relationship, however, did not last long. As soon as the mother – a very chaste and very religious woman – had a hint of the relationship, she married Isabella to Giovan Battista Rota, a nobleman very fond
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For example, the anonymous author of the
Chronicum venetum reports - but it should be remembered that the Venetians were sworn enemies of the Neapolitans and of the Aragones in particular - who "wanting to narrate tyranny, cruelty, lustful and dishonest appetites, betrayals, the assassinations, the
617:
An other mistress was Maria d'Avellanedo, a
Spanish noblewoman and bridesmaid of his stepmother Giovanna, then married to Alfonso Caracciolo, knight of the seat of Capuana, then a nobleman of the Montefuscolo family, then married to Galeotto Pagano of the seat of Porto, and Laura Crispano, whom he
565:
However, he was greatly feared and hated by the
Neapolitan people for having offended their subjects with "most cruel insults and offenses", for having been guilty of the most heinous crimes, such as "violating virgins, taking other women for his pleasure" and practicing "Detesting and abominable
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by the people because he had his left eye marked, but it is not known whether from illness, from injury or from birth. According to other historians, this was instead because of his grim look and the habit of looking crooked. Francesco Pansa judges instead that he was squinting.
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and was laid out in the 1480s, has utterly disappeared and no extensive description has survived. Decades later, Vasari reported, "At Poggio Reale laid out the architecture of that palazzo, always considered a most beautiful thing; and to fresco it he brought there
598:
by Silvio
Ascanio Corona, a seventeenth-century collection of novels in which the secrets of the members of the Aragonese court of Naples are collected – or at least it seems – Alfonso had many mistresses, thus not differing from his father Ferrante.
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He had exceptional military skills and spent most of his life on the battlefields, leading a soldier's life. Andrea
Bernardi says that, following the death of the famous leader Roberto Sanseverino, Alfonso remained the first armigero of Italy.
373:
in 1484. In 1486 Alfonso's repressive conduct towards the
Neapolitan nobility prompted a revolt; the violent excesses of suppressing this uprising further discredited Alfonso and King Ferdinand. Under Alfonso's patronage the city of
585:
It was no coincidence that, when the situation of the kingdom became desperate, Alfonso decided to abdicate in favor of his son, since he was so hated for his vices and cruelty as vices Ferrandino loved for his virtues and justice.
460:
describes the proper virtues and manner of life becoming to a prince; the work took the form of letter of advice to the twenty-year old Alfonso, then Duke of Calabria, in 1468. Pontano dedicated a further treatise on courage,
570:
murders of King Ferrante and of Alfonso d'Aragona, his eldest son, Duke of Calabria, father of betrayals, conservative of rebels, a great book would not be enough for me: I believe that Nero was a saint among these tyrants".
687:
It was all unlike anything experienced by the French king, who retreated from Italy, loaded with tapestries and works of art, and filled with building and gardening ambitions, but he would die young only three years later.
492:(1482–1484). Alfonso had shown himself a skilled and determined soldier, helping his father in the suppression of the conspiracy of the barons (1485) and in the defense of the Kingdom's territory against the
537:. Alfonso, terrified by a series of portents, as well as unusual dreams and despised by Neapolitans, he abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinand II. He then fled to a Sicilian monastery. He died in
993:
Istoria dell'antica repubblica d'Amalfi e di tutte le cofe appartenenti alla medefima, accadute nella cittá di Napoli, e fuo regno. Con lo registro di tutti gli archivj dell'istessa · Volume 1.
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and drinking very little and often in a hurry, being continuously busy in different activities during the day and resting a few hours at night, which he spent continuously with his wife.
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Alfonso participated in the brilliant Renaissance culture that surrounded his father's court. His lasting contribution to European culture was the example set at his villas of
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features two fictional characters: "Alonso, King of Naples" and "Ferdinand, son to the King of Naples" who may have been named after Alfonso II and his son Ferdinand II.
511:
claim to Naples. He invaded Italy in September 1494 and was able to move swiftly south along the peninsula. Alfonso managed to regain the support of Pope
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Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, Nuova serie Anno IX. - XLVIII. dell'intera collezione, 1923; Leostello, effemeridi per lo duca di Calabria.
816:
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When his father died, the kingdom's finances were exhausted and the invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France was imminent. Instigated by
743:
Piero, Prince of Rossano (31 March 1472 – 17 February 1491), Lieutenant General of Apulia, died of an infection following leg surgery.
437:, died, and he obtained some lands from the inheritance. When his mother died in 1465, he succeeded to her feudal claims, including the title
1138:
The first description of a surprise jet of water as a practical joke, a garden feature with a long career, was remarked on at Poggio Reale.
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during his brief sojourn at Naples during February–June 1495, that he was inspired to emulation of the "earthly paradise" he encountered.
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17:
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677:. Serlio's reproduction seems to show an idealized plan, identical on all four sides, ranged around a court with a double arcading.
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357:, Alfonso held the dukedom of Calabria for most of his life. In the 1480s Alfonso commanded the Neapolitan forces in
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Alfonso became King of Naples in 1494 on his father's death. Within a year he was forced by the approaching army of
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515:, who invited Charles to devote his effort against the Turks instead. Alfonso was crowned on 8 May 1494 by the
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Alfonso depicted in the work Portraits of a hundred illustrious captains by Aliprando Caprioli, 1596.
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1231:. Vol. 2, The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance (9th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Absolutism in Renaissance Milan: Plenitude of Power Under the Visconti and the Sforza, 1329–1535
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By Maria d'Avellanedo he had two sons, Francesco and Carlo, both of whom died at a young age.
732:, Princess of Rossano (2 October 1470 – 11 February 1524), married her first cousin
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It is clear that the Aragonese court at Naples introduced the Moorish garden traditions of
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610:, whom he led to court. Tired of Trogia, he fell in love with Francesca Caracciolo, called
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Charles' letter to his brother-in-law, Pierre de Bourbon, noted in William Howard Adams,
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529:, after having defeated Florence and the Neapolitan fleet under Alfonso's brother
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is portrayed as his half-sister rather than his daughter. In the European series
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from 25 January 1494 to 23 January 1495. He was a soldier and a patron of
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1005:, Volume 1, Numero 1, Di Andrea Bernardi, Giuseppe Mazzatinti · 1895, p. 199.
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had by force and who he then married to his waiter Angelo Crivelli Milanese.
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1129:, whose own villa at Poggio a Caiano it somewhat resembled, are tenuous.
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From Laura Crispano he had a little girl who died in swaddling clothes.
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Charles, however, did not relent; by early 1495 Charles was approaching
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819:, his portrayal is more historically accurate in terms of his age and
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962:, part III; by Niccolo Gianfala, Reale Stamperia, Palermo page 57.
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Webb, Nicholas (1997). "Giovanni Pontano". In Kraye, Jill (ed.).
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of the Aragonese faction, and thus to distance her from her son.
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429:. In 1463, when Alfonso was fifteen, his maternal great uncle
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Suggestions that its design was sketched by Alfonso's friend
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was remodelled with new churches, straightened roads, and an
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and is depicted as a sadistic warlord, bitterly jealous of
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1240:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–87.
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Con animo virile, donne e potere nel Mezzogiorno medievale
507:, and with papal support, Charles decided to reassert the
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Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts
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Campbell, Gordon, ed. (2005) . "Alfonso II of Aragon".
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Medal of Alfonso in armor, Andrea Guazzalotti, 1481.
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
704:. His mistress, by whom he also had children, was
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465:, to Alfonso in 1481, after his victory over the
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606:After her, Alfonso had his best-known mistress,
330:(4 November 1448 – 18 December 1495) was
1173:"The Tempest :|: Open Source Shakespeare"
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1220:Alfonso II and the Artistic Renewal of Naples
960:Cognizioni elementari della Storia di Sicilia
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1064:. p. 34 – via Edizioni dell'Orso.
409:, where he survived until 18 December 1495.
1211:Jousting in Medieval and Renaissance Iberia
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719:(26 August 1469 – October 1496), married
634:just outside Naples, which so captivated
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
942:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 5
879:The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance
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700:, whom he married on 10 October 1465 in
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520:Juan de Borja Lanzol de RomanĂ, el mayor
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444:Alfonso's education was at his father's
148:Medal of Alfonso as Duke of Calabria by
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1088:Catalogo di mss. della (sua) biblioteca
452:between 1468 and 1475 was the humanist
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1229:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
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787:Alfonso II of Naples is portrayed by
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645:Arms of Alfonso II, King of Naples,
55:adding citations to reliable sources
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1222:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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1003:Cronache forlivesi dal 1476 al 1517
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421:, Alfonso was the eldest child of
361:in 1478–79. He helped reverse the
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1245:Brief description of Poggio Reale
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431:Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini
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1591:15th-century monarchs of Naples
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971:Patrizia Mainoni (a cura di),
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953:
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393:; he was succeeded by his son
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1:
1227:Previté-Orton, C. W. (1978).
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1177:www.opensourceshakespeare.org
1047:Breve storia di re Ferrandino
280:Sancha, Princess of Squillace
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369:in 1480–81, and against the
267:Ferdinand II, King of Naples
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1102:The French Garden 1500–1800
882:. Oxford University Press.
840:William Shakespeare's play
747:And two with Trogia :
467:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
363:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
10:
1622:
1218:Hersey, George L. (1969).
1204:. Oxford University Press.
1049:– via Guida Editori.
728:, Duchess of Milan and of
545:Appearance and personality
285:Alfonso, Prince of Salerno
272:Isabella, Duchess of Milan
18:Alfonso II, King of Naples
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340:Renaissance architecture
1060:Ippolita Maria Sforza.
835:Lorenzo the Magnificent
823:being his daughter. In
397:. Alfonso went into an
1209:Fallows, Noel (2010).
975:, Viella, pp. 393-397.
717:Ferdinand II of Naples
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636:Charles VIII of France
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387:Charles VIII of France
66:"Alfonso II of Naples"
1606:Knights of the Garter
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698:Ippolita Maria Sforza
692:Marriage and children
659:said was designed by
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423:Ferdinand I of Naples
382:supplying fountains.
310:Ferdinand I of Naples
252:Ippolita Maria Sforza
1264:Cadet branch of the
1213:. The Boydell Press.
1200:Black, Jane (2009).
734:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
668:, a Florentine, and
488:(1478–1480) and the
427:Isabella of Clermont
320:Isabella of Clermont
51:improve this article
1596:House of Trastámara
1313:Charles the Affable
1259:House of Trastámara
696:Alfonso's wife was
673:its inaccuracy, by
666:Pietro del Donzello
622:Renaissance culture
425:by his first wife,
349:Heir to his father
1601:Monarchs of Naples
1352:Monarchs of Naples
1127:Lorenzo de' Medici
911:Previté-Orton 1978
783:In popular culture
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826:Da Vinci's Demons
770:Prince of Salerno
675:Sebastiano Serlio
566:vice of sodomy".
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454:Giovanni Pontano
403:Mazara del Vallo
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107:December 2019
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62:Find sources:
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40:This article
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1546:Ferdinand IV
1527:Ferdinand IV
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1442:Ferdinand II
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1180:. Retrieved
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1148:Fallows 2010
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190:Ferdinand II
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1586:1495 deaths
1581:1448 births
1550:(3rd reign)
1531:(2nd reign)
1515:(1st reign)
1505:Charles VII
1432:Ferdinand I
1411:(2nd reign)
1398:(1st reign)
1390:Charles III
1296:Ferdinand I
1045:Ciro Raia.
843:The Tempest
813:Tom Fontana
811:written by
798:The Borgias
628:La Duchesca
555:the Guercio
482:condottiero
458:De principe
448:court. His
351:Ferdinand I
180:Ferdinand I
176:Predecessor
1575:Categories
1499:Charles VI
1487:Philip III
1469:Charles IV
1463:Joanna III
1437:Alfonso II
1369:Charles II
1307:1494–1495
1194:References
1182:2023-03-24
1160:Black 2009
831:Kieran Bew
764:, Duke of
612:Ceccarella
328:Alfonso II
300:Trastámara
137:Alfonso II
77:newspapers
1541:Joachim I
1493:Charles V
1481:Philip II
1452:Louis III
1447:Frederick
1426:Alfonso I
1416:Joanna II
1408:Ladislaus
1395:Ladislaus
1363:Charles I
1030:Anonimo.
1015:Anonimo.
926:Webb 1997
766:Bisceglie
531:Frederick
413:Biography
186:Successor
1536:Joseph I
1475:Philip I
1403:Louis II
1379:Joanna I
793:Showtime
682:Valencia
655:, which
496:claims.
456:, whose
446:humanist
417:Born in
399:Olivetan
391:abdicate
380:aqueduct
344:the arts
1385:Louis I
1091:, 1868.
1062:Lettere
795:series
791:in the
762:Alfonso
539:Messina
509:Angevin
359:Tuscany
91:scholar
1560:*Also
1421:René I
1374:Robert
1278:
947:
894:
821:Sancia
808:Borgia
670:Polito
527:Naples
419:Naples
407:Sicily
376:Naples
367:Apulia
316:Mother
306:Father
248:Spouse
236:Burial
206:Naples
152:, 1481
93:
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64:
1280:Died:
1273:Born:
850:Notes
756:Gaeta
715:King
702:Milan
590:Loves
505:Milan
494:Papal
480:As a
450:tutor
405:, on
295:House
259:Issue
165:Reign
98:JSTOR
84:books
1382:with
945:ISBN
892:ISBN
768:and
730:Bari
342:and
216:Died
200:Born
70:news
884:doi
533:at
389:to
365:in
353:'s
53:by
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