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no difference to
Wegener how hard or how soft are the rocks of these shore lines, what are their geological structures that might aid or retard land or marine erosion, how often the strand lines have been elevated or depressed, and how far peneplanation has gone on during each period of continental stability. Furthermore, sea-level in itself has not been constant, especially during the Pleistocene, when the lands were covered by millions of square miles of ice made from water subtracted out of the oceans. In the equatorial regions, this level fluctuated three times during the Pleistocene, and during each period of ice accumulation the sea-level sank about 250 feet .
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900:, so Wegener and 27 year-old native Greenlander Rasmus Villumsen took two dog sleds and made for West camp. (Georgi later found that he had underestimated the supplies, and that Wegener and Villumsen could have overwintered at Eismitte.) They took no food for the dogs and killed them one by one to feed the rest until they could run only one sled. While Villumsen rode the sled, Wegener had to use skis, but they never reached the camp. Wegener died in his tent around 90 miles from
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640:. Koch broke his leg when he fell into a glacier crevasse and spent months recovering in a sickbed. Wegener and Koch were the first to winter on the inland ice in northeast Greenland. Inside their hut they drilled to a depth of 25 m with an auger. In summer 1913 the team crossed the inland ice, the four expedition participants covering a distance twice as long as
780:("The Climates of the Geological Past") together with his father-in-law, Wladimir Köppen, in 1924. In 1922 the third, fully revised edition of "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" appeared, and discussion began on his theory of continental drift, first in the German language area and later internationally. Withering criticism was the response of most experts.
590:. His students and colleagues in Marburg particularly valued his ability to clearly and understandably explain even complex topics and current research findings without sacrificing precision. His lectures formed the basis of what was to become a standard textbook in meteorology, first written In 1909/1910:
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Alfred
Wegener has been mischaracterised as a lone genius whose theory of continental drift met widespread rejection until well after his death. In fact, the main tenets of the theory gained widespread acceptance by European researchers already in the 1920s, and the debates were mostly about specific
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was soon producing data in favour of
Wegener's theory. By early 1953 samples taken from India showed that the country had previously been in the Southern hemisphere as predicted by Wegener. By 1959, the theory had enough supporting data that minds were starting to change, particularly in the United
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of the
Americas fits closely to Africa and Europe. Antarctica, Australia, India and Madagascar fit next to the tip of Southern Africa. But Wegener only published his idea after reading a paper in 1911 which criticised the prevalent hypothesis, that a bridge of land once connected Europe and America,
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On 24 September, although the route markers were by now largely buried under snow, Wegener set out with thirteen
Greenlanders and his meteorologist Fritz Loewe to supply the camp by dog sled. During the journey, the temperature reached −60 °C (−76 °F) and Loewe's toes became so frostbitten
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During this vast time the sea waves have been continuously pounding against Africa and Brazil and in many places rivers have been bringing into the ocean great amounts of eroded material, yet everywhere the geographic shore lines are said to have remained practically unchanged! It apparently makes
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In his work, Wegener presented a large amount of observational evidence in support of continental drift, but the mechanism remained a problem, partly because
Wegener's estimate of the velocity of continental motion, 250 cm/year, was too high. (The currently accepted rate for the separation of
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Interest in this small publication was however low, also because of wartime chaos. By the end of the war
Wegener had published almost 20 additional meteorological and geophysical papers in which he repeatedly embarked for new scientific frontiers. In 1917 he undertook a scientific investigation of
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in Serbia, for whom continental drift theory was the premise for investigating polar wandering, the hypothesis was initially met with scepticism from geologists, who viewed
Wegener as an outsider and were resistant to change. The German geologist Max Semper wrote a critique of the theory, which
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Wegener's last
Greenland expedition was in 1930. The 14 participants under his leadership were to establish three permanent stations from which the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet could be measured and year-round Arctic weather observations made. They would travel on the ice cap using two
1090:"... so one can only ask for the necessary distance to be maintained and the request to stop honouring geology in the future, but to visit specialist areas that have so far forgotten to write above their gate: "Oh holy Saint Florian, spare this house, set others on fire!" (Max Semper, 1917)
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method using a particular type of quadrant ("Libellenquadrant"), the
Wegener brothers set a new record for a continuous balloon flight, remaining aloft 52.5 hours from 5–7 April 1906. His observations during his time at the Observatorium made a significant contribution to the field of
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From 1912, Wegener publicly advocated the existence of "continental drift", arguing that all the continents were once joined in a single landmass and had since drifted apart. He supposed that the mechanisms causing the drift might be the centrifugal force of the Earth's rotation
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he experienced fierce fighting but his term lasted only a few months: after being wounded twice he was declared unfit for active service and assigned to the army weather service. This activity required him to travel constantly between various weather stations in Germany, on the
2003:
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sponsors an Alfred Wegener Medal & Honorary Membership "for scientists who have achieved exceptional international standing in atmospheric, hydrological or ocean sciences, defined in their widest senses, for their merit and their scientific achievements."
534:, who was likewise a scientist with an interest in meteorology and polar research. The two pioneered the use of weather balloons to track air masses. On a balloon ascent undertaken to carry out meteorological investigations and to test a
861:("mid-ice", also known as Central Station) for two men to winter there, and this was a factor in the decision that led to his death. Owing to a late thaw, the expedition was six weeks behind schedule and, as summer ended, the men at
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hypothesis on 6 January 1912. He analysed both sides of the Atlantic Ocean for rock type, geological structures and fossils. He noticed that there was a significant similarity between matching sides of the continents, especially in
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and was hastily buried with his skis stuck upright in the snow. Villumsen resumed his journey, but he was never seen again. Six months later, on 12 May 1931, Wegener's skis were discovered. Expedition members built a pyramid-shaped
1026:, a translation of the 1922 third German edition.) The last German edition, published in 1929, revealed the significant observation that shallower oceans were geologically younger. It was not translated into English until 1962.
1973:
673:, where Wegener resumed his university lectureship. There his two older daughters were born, Hilde (1914–1936) and Sophie ("Käte", 1918–2012). Their third daughter Hanna Charlotte ("Lotte", 1920–1989) was born in
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the small team ran out of food while struggling to find their way through difficult glacial break-up terrain. But at the last moment, after the last pony and dog had been eaten, they were picked up at a
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The one American edition of Wegener's work, published in 1925, was written in "a dogmatic style that often results from German translations". In 1926, at the initiative of Willem van der Gracht, the
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Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin on 1 November 1880, the youngest of five children, to Richard Wegener and his wife Anna. His father was a theologian and teacher of classical languages at the
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climatic zone. Here Wegener also made his first acquaintance with death in a wilderness of ice when the expedition leader and two of his colleagues died on an exploratory trip undertaken with
995:, stating that "the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic, as it keeps spreading, is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh, relatively fluid and hot
1124:, where they match well. Part of the reason Wegener's ideas were not initially accepted was the misapprehension that he was suggesting the continents had fit along the current coastline.
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in the ice and snow, and Alfred Wegener's body was laid to rest. Wegener had been 50 years of age and a heavy smoker, and it was believed that he had died of heart failure brought on by
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and charged with studying the last unknown portion of the northeastern coast of Greenland. During the expedition Wegener constructed the first meteorological station in Greenland near
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in New York City, again earning rejection from everyone but the chairman. Three years later the fourth and final expanded edition of "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" appeared.
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According to the OED, 2nd edition (1989), the word is not found in the 1915 edition of Wegener's text; it appears in the 1920 edition but with no indication that Wegener coined it.
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they had to be amputated with a penknife without anaesthetic. Twelve of the Greenlanders returned to West camp. On 19 October the remaining three members of the expedition reached
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In that same year 1906, Wegener participated in the first of his four Greenland expeditions, later regarding this experience as marking a decisive turning point in his life. The
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and the continents drifting apart. Its spatial and temporal classification corresponds to his conception at that time, not to the later proven positions and geological epochs.
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between the continents could best be explained by these being fixed land masses which over time were connected and disconnected by periodic flooding, a theory known as
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During his lifetime he was primarily known for his achievements in meteorology and as a pioneer of polar research, but today he is most remembered as the originator of
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was accepted. Expedition participants made many meteorological observations and were the first to overwinter on the inland Greenland ice sheet and the first to bore
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Theory of Continental Drift: a Symposium on the Origin and Movement of Land Masses, both Inter-Continental and Intra-Continental, as proposed by Alfred Wegener
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1022:", meaning "All-Lands" or "All-Earth"). Expanded editions during the 1920s presented further evidence. (The first English edition was published in 1924 as
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1010:, written in German, Wegener drew together evidence from various fields to advance the theory that there had once been a giant continent, which he named "
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Wegener was in the audience for this lecture, but made no attempt to defend his work, possibly because of an inadequate command of the English language.
787:, a position that was both secure and free of administrative duties. He concentrated on physics and the optics of the atmosphere as well as the study of
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as pack animals, the expedition arrived in Danmarkshavn. Even before the trip to the inland ice began the expedition was almost annihilated by a calving
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On 6 January 1912 he presented his first proposal of continental drift in a lecture to the Geologische Vereinigung (Geological Association) at the
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W.A.J.M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht; Bailey Willis; Rollin T. Chamberlin; et al. (1928). W.A.J.M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht (ed.).
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Greenland Journey, The Story of Wegener's German Expedition to Greenland in 1930–31 as told by Members of the Expedition and the Leader's Diary
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wrote a strong critique of the theory (as well as the rival theory of sunken land bridges) and gave evidence for the idea that similarities of
732:("The Origin of Continents and Oceans"). His brother Kurt remarked that Alfred Wegener's motivation was to "reestablish the connection between
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Wegener first thought of this idea by noticing that the different large landmasses of the Earth almost fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. The
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950:. Wegener's main interest was meteorology, and he wanted to join the Denmark-Greenland expedition scheduled for mid-1912. He presented his
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799:. Scientific assessment of his second Greenland expedition (ice measurements, atmospheric optics, etc.) continued to the end of the 1920s.
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1824:: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309 – via The journals@UrMEL portal operated by the Thuringian University and State Library Jena (ThULB).
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Lüdecke, C (27 October 2009). "Lifting the veil: the circumstances that caused Alfred Wegener's death on the Greenland icecap, 1930".
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that was starting. Wegener was then recognised as the founding father of one of the major scientific revolutions of the 20th century.
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had contributed $ 120,000 ($ 1.5 million in 2007 dollars). Success depended on enough provisions being transferred from West camp to
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and geology on the other, which had become completely ruptured because of the specialized development of these branches of science."
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Arldt, Th. (1910). "Referat Scharff: Ueber die Beweissgruende fuer eine fruehere Landbruecke zwischen Nordeuropa und Nordamerika".
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Wegener, Alfred (1912). "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage".
504:. Despite becoming a doctor in the field of astronomy, Wegener had always maintained a strong interest in the developing fields of
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1918:
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Later in 1913, after his return Wegener married Else Köppen, the daughter of his former teacher and mentor, the meteorologist
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Scharff, R. F. (1909). "Ueber die Beweissgruende fuer eine fruehere Landbruecke zwischen Nordeuropa und Nordamerika".
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astronomical observatory. He completed his doctoral dissertation on the subject of applying the astronomical data of
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From at least 1910, Wegener imagined the continents once fitting together not at the current shore line, but 200 m
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2333:"Mathematische Klimalehre und astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen", in W. Köppen & R. Geiger (eds):
847:, in addition to ponies and dog sleds. Wegener felt personally responsible for the expedition's success, as the
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In April–October 1929, Wegener embarked on his third expedition to Greenland, which laid the groundwork for the
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1255:, Germany, was established in 1980 on Wegener's centenary. It awards the Wegener Medal in his name. The crater
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594:(Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere), in which he incorporated many of the results of the Greenland expedition.
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Scientific Controversies: Case Solutions in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology
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Victor Silberer: Die Dauerfahrt von 52½ Stunden. In: Wiener Luftschiffer-Zeitung 5, Heft 8, 1906, S. 156–157
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1348: (Presented at the annual meeting of the German Geological Society, Frankfurt am Main, 6 January 1912).
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In 1919, Wegener replaced Köppen as head of the Meteorological Department at the German Naval Observatory (
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Scientific Controversies: Case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology
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took over the expedition's leadership in July, according to the prearranged plan for such an eventuality.
768:. From 1919 to 1923 Wegener did pioneering work on reconstructing the climate of past eras (now known as "
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Jacoby, W. R. (January 1981). "Modern concepts of earth dynamics anticipated by Alfred Wegener in 1912".
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His hypothesis was not accepted by mainstream geology until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries such as
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644:'s southern Greenland crossing in 1888. Only a few kilometres from the western Greenland settlement of
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605:. Later in 1912 he made the case for the theory in a long, three-part article and a shorter summary.
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with his wife and their two daughters. In 1921 he was moreover appointed senior lecturer at the new
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provided strong support for continental drift, and thereby a substantial basis for today's model of
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advocated Wegener's theory in his inaugural address to the 1922 International Geological Congress.
791:. He had studied tornadoes for several years by this point, publishing the first thorough European
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1495:. Translated by Winifred M. Deans, from the seventh German edition. London: Blackie & Son Ltd.
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2121:[Wegener-Ampferer-Schwinner: A Contribution to the History of the Geology in Austria]
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Expedition member Johannes Georgi estimated that there were only enough supplies for three at
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1974:"100 Years Later: Reflecting on Alfred Wegener's Contributions to Tornado Research in Europe"
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organised a symposium on the continental drift hypothesis. The opponents argued, as did the
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in Eastern Greenland and the peninsula where he died in Western Greenland near Ummannaq,
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Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009).
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In November 1926 Wegener presented his continental drift theory at a symposium of the
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1460:. Translated by John Biram, from the fourth revised German edition. New York: Dover.
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1113:, that the oceanic crust was too firm for the continents to "simply plough through".
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586:, Wegener was a lecturer in meteorology, applied astronomy and cosmic physics at the
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2119:"Wegener-Ampferer-Schwinner: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geologie in Österreich"
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The 1960s saw several relevant developments in geology, notably the discoveries of
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Nevertheless, he was able in 1915 to complete the first version of his major work,
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sent a message that they had insufficient fuel and so would return on 20 October.
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In 1924 Wegener was appointed to a professorship in meteorology and geophysics in
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would involve only four men, take place in 1912–1913, and have Koch for leader.
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Drake, Ellen T. (1 January 1976). "Alfred Wegener's reconstruction of Pangea".
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Alfred Wegener : science, exploration, and the theory of continental drift
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Kingdom where, in 1964, the Royal Society held a symposium on the subject.
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677:. Lotte would in 1938 marry the famous Austrian mountaineer and adventurer
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1562:] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 177, 897.
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details. However, the theory took longer to be accepted in North America.
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As an infantry reserve officer Wegener was immediately called up when the
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The Continental Drift Controversy: Volume 1, Wegener and the Early Debate
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Dr. A. Petermanns Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' geographischer Anstalt
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1239:(GPS) in 1993, it became possible to measure continental drift directly.
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Wegener during J.P. Koch's Expedition 1912–1913 in the winter base "Borg"
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from depth." However, he did not pursue these ideas in his later works.
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to contemporary computational methods in 1905 under the supervision of
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388: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1509: – Wegener introduced a theory on the growth of hair ice in 1918.
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Die Alfonsinischen Tafeln für den Gebrauch eines modernen Rechners
1593:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 302, 1047.
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1156:. Alexander du Toit wrote a rejoinder to this the following year.
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2026:"Reached Central Station with No Supplies After a Forty-day Trek"
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Note prior advocates for various forms of continental dynamics:
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of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century.
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the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm/year.)
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From 1902 to 1903 during his studies he was an assistant at the
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Antonescu, Bogdan; H. M. A. M. Ricketts; D. M. Schultz (2019).
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64:
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Wegener, Alfred (July 1912). "Die Entstehung der Kontinente".
1333:] (in German). Leipzig: Verlag Von Johann Ambrosius Barth.
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Commemorative plaque on Wegener's former school in Wallstrasse
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2239:. Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
1481:, Borntraeger Science Publishers. English language edition:
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Plans for a new Greenland expedition grew out of Wegener and
2353:"Numerical trajectory of secular changes of pole's rotation"
2205:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 152, 584.
1018:" (German for "primal continent", analogous to the Greek "
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Engelhardt Jr, H. Tristam; Arthur L. Caplan, eds. (1987).
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McIntyre, Michael; Eilers, H. Peter; Mairs, John (1991).
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While his ideas attracted a few early supporters such as
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and his studies afterwards focused on these disciplines.
429:. In 1886 his family purchased a former manor house near
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Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie
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10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<25:MCOEDA>2.0.CO;2
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in 1917. He also posited tornado vortex structures and
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10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<41:AWROP>2.0.CO;2
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Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) .
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Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
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281:; 1 November 1880 – November 1930) was a German
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The Alfonsine Tables for the Use of a Modern Computer
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2249:University of California Museum of Paleontology,
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1614:Spaulding, Nancy E.; Namowitz, Samuel N. (2005).
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16:German climatologist and geophysicist (1880–1930)
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1958:, Borntraeger Science Publishers. In English as
1434:] (in German) (4th ed.). Braunschweig:
876:Snowmobiles used by the 1930 expedition (stored)
469:in Berlin, completing two external semesters at
2525:. In H.T. Engelhardt Jr and A.L. Caplan (ed.).
1894:. Odder, Denmark: Narayana Press. p. 124.
1472: British edition: Methuen, London (1968).
933:Original world maps created by Wegener showing
547:First Greenland expedition and years in Marburg
334:Wegener was involved in several expeditions to
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2194:
1916:Account of Uiberreither postwar incognito life
1710:"Zechlinerhütte – Alfred Wegener Gedenkstätte"
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454:in 1899, graduating as the best in his class.
312:are slowly drifting around the Earth (German:
2047:Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1086:culminated in this mockery against Wegener:
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2710:Wegener's paper (1912) online and analysed,
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1539:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
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1103:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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834:which he was planning to lead in 1930–1931.
804:American Association of Petroleum Geologists
342:air circulation before the existence of the
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2945:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
2940:Academic staff of the University of Marburg
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1491:Wegener, Elsie; Loewe, Fritz, eds. (1939).
1002:In 1915, in the first edition of his book,
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515:In 1905 Wegener became an assistant at the
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1892:Frozen Annals Greenland Ice Sheet Research
1094:Nevertheless, the eminent Swiss geologist
571:to make meteorological measurements in an
308:hypothesis by suggesting in 1912 that the
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448:on Wallstrasse in Berlin, completing his
427:Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster
404:Learn how and when to remove this message
2729:Newspaper clippings about Alfred Wegener
2719:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane
2714:(for English text go to "A télécharger")
2482:"Tertiary Mammals and Continental Drift"
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1028:
1006:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane
961:
928:
871:
813:
730:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane
435:
2520:
2479:
2426:
2104:
2059:
1834:
1811:
1785:
1679:"Wegener, Alfred - Deutsche Biographie"
1455:
1423:
1392:
1351:
1337:
1322:
1180:In the early 1950s, the new science of
517:Aeronautisches Observatorium Lindenberg
2862:
2429:"Mammals and the Nature of Continents"
2350:
2162:
2116:
2107:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
1954:Köppen, W. & Wegener, A. (1924):
1752:
1676:
1477:Köppen, W. & Wegener, A. (1924):
1228:were an important contribution to the
1163:
623:Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land
433:, which they used as a vacation home.
2298:
2283:
2088:
1729:
1607:
1340:Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen
1242:
946:on the grounds that this contradicts
276:
2920:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2915:German Army personnel of World War I
2558:from the original on 5 November 2011
1956:Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit
1943:The Climates of the Geological Past,
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1479:Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit
1437:Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges
778:Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit
386:adding citations to reliable sources
357:
2608:from the original on 15 August 2014
2117:Flügel, Helmut W. (December 1980).
1960:The Climates of the Geological Past
1939:introduction to the English edition
1753:Greene, Mott T. (15 October 2018).
1484:The Climates of the Geological Past
1458:The Origin of Continents and Oceans
1432:The Origin of Continents and Oceans
1399:The Origin of Continents and Oceans
1024:The Origin of Continents and Oceans
966:Fossil patterns across continents (
708:began in 1914. On the war front in
582:After his return in 1908 and until
530:. He worked there with his brother
13:
2722: – full digital facsimile at
2394:, 1917, pp. 146–163, quote p. 157.
1757:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
838:Fourth Greenland expedition: Death
772:"), closely in collaboration with
14:
2956:
2650:
2602:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser"
2461:from the original on 29 July 2017
2006:from the original on 27 July 2019
1663:
1316:
751:
2890:20th-century German male writers
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2700:Wegener biography at Pangaea.org
2682:
2666:Works by or about Alfred Wegener
2388:"Was ist eine Arbeitshypothese?"
1945:(2015), retrieved 28 August 2015
1401:] (in German). Borntraeger.
1331:Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere
987:. Wegener also speculated about
826:) in Greenland; 1 November 1930.
362:
245:
230:
2620:
2594:
2543:
2514:
2473:
2420:
2397:
2377:
2344:
2327:
2263:
2243:
2228:
2219:
2156:
2082:
2053:
2018:
1948:
1932:
1908:
1837:"Die Entstehung der Kontinente"
1835:Wegener, Alfred (1 July 1912).
1828:
1814:"Die Entstehung der Kontinente"
1805:
1796:
1591:German Pronunciation Dictionary
1220:of the ocean floors created by
444:Wegener attended school at the
373:needs additional citations for
2885:20th-century German geologists
2529:. Cambridge University Press.
2523:"The Continental Drift Debate"
1779:
1697:
1632:
1586:Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
1576:
1545:
1520:
699:
681:, while in 1939, Käte married
1:
2707: – Biographical material
1513:
843:innovative, propeller-driven
38:
2925:Köllnisches Gymnasium alumni
2341:. Borntraeger, Berlin, 1930.
1618:. Boston: McDougal Littell.
1560:The Pronunciation Dictionary
1346:: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309.
1326:Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre
1064:
592:Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre
467:Friedrich Wilhelm University
353:
350:on a moving Arctic glacier.
7:
2733:20th Century Press Archives
2681:(public domain audiobooks)
2550:Brady Haran (4 June 2003).
2486:American Journal of Science
2433:American Journal of Science
1705:Gedenkstätte Zechlinerhütte
1645:. New York: Wiley. p.
1500:
1259:on the Moon and the crater
832:German Greenland Expedition
609:Second Greenland expedition
423:Joachimsthalschen Gymnasium
278:[ˈʔalfʁeːtˈveːɡənɐ]
10:
2961:
2705:Alfred Wegener (1880–1930)
2628:"EGU: Awards & Medals"
2251:Alfred Wegener (1880–1930)
2201:Frankel, Henry R. (2012).
1927:Stadt und Kreis Böbblingen
1683:www.deutsche-biographie.de
1454:English language edition:
1310:European Geosciences Union
810:Third Greenland expedition
669:. The young pair lived in
2695:USGS biography of Wegener
2690:Wegener Institute website
2335:Handbuch der Klimatologie
2280:(accessed 30 April 2015).
2260:(accessed 30 April 2015).
2076:10.1017/S0032247400016247
1703:The memorial site is the
1237:Global Positioning System
1043:Antonio Snider-Pellegrini
660:
229:
224:
220:
204:
186:
164:
157:
126:
116:
105:
97:
89:
75:
46:
30:
23:
2589:Alfred Wegener Institute
2129:Mitt. österr. Geol. Ges.
1999:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0316.1
1812:Wegener, Alfred (1912).
1786:Wegener, Alfred (1905).
1555:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
1456:Wegener, Alfred (1966).
1424:Wegener, Alfred (1929).
1393:Wegener, Alfred (1922).
1323:Wegener, Alfred (1911).
1263:on Mars, as well as the
925:Continental drift theory
477:. His teachers included
417:Early life and education
121:Continental drift theory
2880:Explorers of the Arctic
2675:Works by Alfred Wegener
2657:Works by Alfred Wegener
2271:Plate Motion Calculator
2256:8 December 2017 at the
1978:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
1677:Wutzke, Ulrich (2020).
1305:, are named after him.
1235:With the advent of the
1186:University of Cambridge
983:") or the astronomical
316:Kontinentalverschiebung
79:November 1930 (aged 50)
2930:Scientists from Berlin
2900:German polar explorers
2427:Simpson, G.G. (1943).
2128:
2092:
1436:
1355:
1177:
1142:George Gaylord Simpson
1135:
1120:, at the level of the
1092:
1034:
1013:
1005:
977:
971:
938:
903:
895:
884:
877:
864:
854:
827:
683:Siegfried Uiberreither
557:Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen
441:
315:
151:Siegfried Uiberreither
2910:German meteorologists
2895:German climatologists
2507:10.2475/ajs.242.3.145
2351:Milanković, Milutin.
2339:Allgemeine Klimalehre
2276:25 April 2015 at the
1841:Geologische Rundschau
1532:29 March 2018 at the
1356:Geologische Rundschau
1171:
1130:
1088:
1032:
965:
932:
875:
817:
766:University of Hamburg
632:to purchase and test
588:University of Marburg
439:
241:Alfred Lothar Wegener
51:Alfred Lothar Wegener
2905:German geophysicists
2582:30 June 2013 at the
2577:"2005 Annual report"
2552:"The millimetre men"
2521:Frankel, H. (1987).
2480:du Toit, A. (1944).
1890:Dansgaard W (2004).
1224:in cooperation with
1210:Wadati–Benioff zones
1059:Frank Bursley Taylor
991:and the role of the
736:on the one hand and
653:by the clergyman of
628:After a stopover in
563:, where he launched
555:was led by the Dane
536:celestial navigation
485:for thermodynamics.
446:Köllnische Gymnasium
382:improve this article
110:University of Berlin
2498:1944AmJS..242..145D
2454:10.2475/ajs.241.1.1
2445:1943AmJS..241....1S
2313:1976Geo.....4...41D
2177:1981Geo.....9...25J
1990:2019BAMS..100..567A
1921:10 May 2019 at the
1853:1912GeoRu...3..276W
1370:1912GeoRu...3..276W
1289: /
1164:Modern developments
1122:continental shelves
1077:from South Africa,
989:sea-floor spreading
797:formative processes
793:tornado climatology
541:atmospheric physics
2724:Linda Hall Library
2034:The New York Times
1929:, 21 February 2017
1861:10.1007/BF02202896
1792:. Berlin: Ebering.
1642:Physical geography
1378:10.1007/BF02202896
1243:Awards and honours
1206:seafloor spreading
1178:
1083:Milutin Milanković
1035:
972:
939:
878:
828:
774:Milutin Milanković
619:Danmark expedition
599:Senckenberg Museum
553:Denmark expedition
498:Julius Bauschinger
481:for astronomy and
461:, meteorology and
442:
211:Julius Bauschinger
2661:Project Gutenberg
2536:978-0-521-27560-6
2365:on 3 January 2016
2212:978-0-521-87504-2
2093:Naturwiss. Rdsch.
1764:978-1-4214-2709-6
1600:978-3-11-018202-6
1569:978-3-411-04067-4
1293:71.200°N 51.833°W
1272:Wegener Peninsula
1184:pioneered at the
1126:Charles Schuchert
1075:Alexander Du Toit
1051:Roberto Mantovani
952:continental drift
943:continental shelf
849:German government
822:) and Villumsen (
758:Deutsche Seewarte
603:Frankfurt am Main
569:tethered balloons
414:
413:
406:
306:continental drift
238:
237:
159:Scientific career
2952:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2686:
2685:
2670:Internet Archive
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2630:. Archived from
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2358:. Archived from
2357:
2348:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2296:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2137:. Archived from
2131:
2124:
2114:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2070:(197): 139–154.
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2001:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1750:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1712:. Archived from
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1524:
1496:
1471:
1451:
1439:
1420:
1389:
1358:
1347:
1334:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1194:Imperial College
1081:in England and
1039:Abraham Ortelius
1016:
1008:
993:mid-ocean ridges
982:
906:
898:
887:
867:
859:
770:paleoclimatology
746:Treysa meteorite
615:Johan Peter Koch
525:
494:Alfonsine tables
457:Wegener studied
409:
402:
398:
395:
389:
366:
358:
318:
299:polar researcher
280:
275:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
234:
206:Doctoral advisor
200:
60:
58:
40:
35:
21:
20:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2634:on 18 July 2011
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2584:Wayback Machine
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:. BBC News UK.
2548:
2544:
2537:
2519:
2515:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2425:
2421:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2297:
2284:
2278:Wayback Machine
2268:
2264:
2258:Wayback Machine
2248:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2199:
2192:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2144:on 8 March 2012
2141:
2122:
2087:
2083:
2058:
2054:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1923:Wayback Machine
1914:Michaël Stürm,
1913:
1909:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1833:
1829:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1765:
1751:
1730:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1657:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1550:
1546:
1534:Wayback Machine
1525:
1521:
1516:
1503:
1468:
1448:
1409:
1319:
1298:71.200; -51.833
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1245:
1216:. Maps of the
1214:plate tectonics
1198:P.M.S. Blackett
1174:tectonic plates
1166:
1067:
927:
840:
812:
760:) and moved to
754:
706:First World War
702:
679:Heinrich Harrer
667:Wladimir Köppen
663:
642:Fridtjof Nansen
611:
549:
519:
502:Wilhelm Förster
479:Wilhelm Förster
419:
410:
399:
393:
390:
379:
367:
356:
329:plate tectonics
325:palaeomagnetism
273:
248:
244:
215:Wilhelm Förster
198:
149:
146:Heinrich Harrer
144:
143:(father-in-law)
141:Wladimir Köppen
139:
134:
106:Alma mater
85:
80:
71:
62:
61:1 November 1880
56:
54:
53:
52:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2794:Earth sciences
2784:
2772:
2760:
2740:
2739:
2726:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2672:
2663:
2652:
2651:External links
2649:
2646:
2645:
2619:
2593:
2569:
2542:
2535:
2513:
2472:
2419:
2396:
2376:
2343:
2326:
2282:
2262:
2242:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2190:
2155:
2081:
2052:
2017:
1984:(4): 567–578.
1964:
1947:
1931:
1907:
1900:
1882:
1847:(4): 276–292.
1827:
1804:
1795:
1778:
1763:
1728:
1716:on 2 July 2012
1696:
1662:
1655:
1631:
1624:
1606:
1599:
1575:
1568:
1544:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1446:
1421:
1407:
1390:
1364:(4): 276–292.
1349:
1335:
1318:
1317:Selected works
1315:
1244:
1241:
1230:paradigm shift
1182:paleomagnetism
1165:
1162:
1066:
1063:
926:
923:
839:
836:
811:
808:
753:
752:Postwar period
750:
701:
698:
662:
659:
646:Kangersuatsiaq
610:
607:
548:
545:
418:
415:
412:
411:
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124:
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118:
117:Known for
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
73:
72:
63:
50:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
25:Alfred Wegener
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
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2928:
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2814:
2809:
2807:
2797:
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2785:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
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2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
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2696:
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2597:
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2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:(3): 145–63.
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2140:
2136:
2133:(in German).
2132:
2130:
2120:
2112:
2109:(in German).
2108:
2100:
2097:(in German).
2096:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2037:. 12 May 1931
2036:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1901:87-990078-0-0
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:(in German).
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
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2842:Solar System
2718:
2638:16 September
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2632:the original
2622:
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2596:
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2572:
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2020:
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1981:
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1226:Bruce Heezen
1203:
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1154:permanentism
1139:
1136:
1131:
1115:
1100:
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1072:
1068:
1047:Eduard Suess
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1011:
1003:
1001:
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915:overexertion
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394:January 2015
391:
380:Please help
375:verification
372:
333:
322:
313:
303:
291:geophysicist
240:
239:
192:
158:
153:(son-in-law)
148:(son-in-law)
136:Paul Wegener
131:Kurt Wegener
18:
2875:1930 deaths
2870:1880 births
2830:Outer space
2612:14 November
2439:(1): 1–31.
2412:. pp.
2384:Semper, Max
1726:(in German)
1685:(in German)
1417:unk83068007
1296: /
1253:Bremerhaven
1222:Marie Tharp
1128:commented:
1014:Urkontinent
845:snowmobiles
721:and in the
700:World War I
685:, Austrian
584:World War I
520: [
510:climatology
506:meteorology
181:meteorology
169:Climatology
98:Citizenship
90:Nationality
2864:Categories
1773:1030902106
1689:5 February
1514:References
1118:below this
1109:geologist
985:precession
734:geophysics
621:. The new
483:Max Planck
471:Heidelberg
431:Rheinsberg
344:jet stream
310:continents
177:geophysics
57:1880-11-01
2806:Astronomy
2758:Biography
2562:6 October
2307:(1): 41.
2148:1 October
2115:cited in
1877:129316588
1869:1432-1149
1527:"Wegener"
1386:129316588
1140:In 1943,
1107:Leipziger
1065:Reactions
979:Polflucht
911:mausoleum
818:Wegener (
789:tornadoes
738:geography
717:, on the
690:Gauleiter
655:Upernavik
577:sled dogs
475:Innsbruck
463:astronomy
354:Biography
348:ice cores
338:to study
336:Greenland
287:geologist
225:Signature
133:(brother)
127:Relatives
83:Greenland
41:1924–1930
37:Wegener,
2679:LibriVox
2606:Archived
2580:Archived
2556:Archived
2459:Archived
2369:25 April
2274:Archived
2254:Archived
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2041:12 March
2004:Archived
1919:Archived
1720:18 April
1530:Archived
1507:Hair ice
1501:See also
1265:asteroid
968:Gondwana
948:isostasy
904:Eismitte
896:Eismitte
885:Eismitte
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856:Eismitte
138:(cousin)
2854:Science
2782:Weather
2770:Germany
2744:Portals
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2465:29 July
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1261:Wegener
1257:Wegener
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935:Pangaea
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715:Balkans
710:Belgium
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671:Marburg
638:glacier
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490:Urania
451:Abitur
297:, and
199:(1905)
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165:Fields
101:German
93:German
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2818:Stars
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2363:(PDF)
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340:polar
112:(PhD)
2640:2009
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2564:2011
2531:ISBN
2467:2017
2371:2016
2207:ISBN
2150:2010
2043:2024
2012:2019
1896:ISBN
1865:ISSN
1769:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1722:2012
1691:2024
1651:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1595:ISBN
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