713:
611:(HS1). The authors postulated that this warm salty water (WSW) layer, situated beneath the colder surface freshwater in the North Atlantic, generated ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE) over decades at the end of HS1. According to fluid modelling, at one point the accumulation of OCAPE was released abruptly (c. 1 month) into kinetic energy of thermobaric cabbeling convection (TCC), resulting in the warmer salty waters getting to the surface and subsequently warming the sea surface by approximately 2 °C (3.6 °F).
429:
418:
437:
121:
927:, accounting for 80 to 90% of the identifiable large mammal remains. Mammoth is less common, typically 15% or less, as the availability of wood eliminated the need for heavy consumption of bone fuel and collection of large bones for construction. Mammoth remains may have been collected for other raw material, namely ivory. Other large mammals in modest numbers include
952:
termed microblades less than 8 mm wide with unusually sharp edges indicating frugality from low resource levels. They were fixed into grooves along one or both edges of a sharpened bone or antler point. Specimens of complete microblade-inset points have been recovered from both
Kokorevo and Chernoozer'e. At Kokorevo, one was found embedded in a
1061:
Cold temperatures and massive ice sheets covered most of Canada and the northwest coast, thus preventing human colonization of North
America prior to 16,000 years ago. An "ice-free corridor" through western Canada to the northern plains is thought to have opened up no earlier than 13,500 years ago.
947:
During the interstadial, Siberian human occupations sites are confined to latitudes below 57°N and most are C dated from 19,000 to 14,000 years ago. Settlements differed from those of the East
European Plain as they reflected a more mobile lifestyle by the absence of mammoth-bone houses and storage
1567:
Canadell, J.G.; Monteiro, P.M.S.; Costa, M.H.; Cotrim da Cunha, L.; Cox, P. M.; Eliseev, A.V.; Henson, S.; Ishii, M.; Jaccard, S.; Koven, C.; Lohila, A.; Patra, P. K.; Piao, S.; Rogelj, J.; Syampungani, S.; Zaehle, S.; Zickfeld, K. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.;
1141:
The distribution of mtDNA haplogroup H has been postulated as representing the major female repopulating of Europe from the Franco-Cantabrian region after the Last
Glacial Maximum. mtDNA haplogroups A, B, C, D and X are interpreted according to some as supporting a single pre-Clovis populating of
951:
The habitat of
Siberia was far harsher than anywhere else and often did not provide enough survival opportunities for its human inhabitants. That is what forced human groups to remain dispersed and mobile, as is reflected in the lithic technology, as tiny blades were typically manufactured, often
667:
during the deglaciation following the LGM, which has been hypothesised to be the result of sluggish meridional overturning circulation or due to a release of volcanic carbon or methane clathrates into abyssal waters. The
Eastern Tropical Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone (ETP-OMZ) witnessed high oxygen
365:
concentrations. A warming of around 2 °C (3.6 °F) had occurred during this period, nearly of half of which had taken place during its last couple of centuries. In contrast, the entire Bølling–Allerød
Interstadial experienced very little change in global temperature. Instead, the rapid
904:
implements are common, and ornamentation and art are associated with all major industries. Insights into the technology of the time can also be seen in features such as structures, pits, and hearths mapped on open-air occupation areas scattered across the East
European Plain.
484:
evidence for consistent warming at these sites during the last glacial period, because the temperatures were warm enough to support these trees. In contrast, the rest of the glacial period was so cold that the dominant plant in the area was a small, cold-adapted flower called
603:
increase had also occurred during this interstadial, it was at a rate of 20–35 ppmv within 200 years, or less than half of the increase of the recent 50 years, and role in global warming was dwarved by the opposing hemispheric changes caused by thermohaline circulation.
655:
in response to glacier retreat (unloading) and an increase in local salinity (i.e., δOsw) was associated with increased volcanic activity at the onset of Bølling–Allerød. Notably, volcanic ash fallout on glacier surfaces could have had enhanced their melting through
1101:, small bifacial points were found. People were thought to have moved into this area to hunt elk and sheep on a seasonal basis. Microblade sites typologically similar to Dyuktai appear about 13,000 years ago in central Kamchatka and throughout many parts of Alaska.
938:
Plant foods more likely played an increasing role in the southwest region than in the central and southern plains since southwest sites consistently yield grinding stones widely thought to have been used for preparation of seeds, roots, and other plant parts.
971:, on the Aldan River at 59°N, is similar to southern Siberian sites and includes the wedge-shaped cores and microblades, along with some bifacial tools, burins, and scrapers. The site likely represents the material remains of the people who spread across the
642:
A 2017 study attributed the second
Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet collapse, onshore (est. net wastage 221 Gt a over 750 years) and similar to today's Greenland rates of mass loss, to atmospheric Bølling–Allerød warming. The melting of the glaciers of
1066:
may have taken place more rapidly and a coastal route could have been available by 17,000 years ago. Rising temperatures and increased moisture accelerated environmental change after 14,000 years ago, as shrub tundra replaced dry steppe in many parts of
959:
As climates warmed further around 15,000 years ago, fish began to populate rivers, and technology used to harvest them, such as barbed harpoons, first appeared on the Upper Angara River. People expanded northwards into the Middle Lena Basin.
523:
This interstadial is commonly divided into three stages. The initial Bølling stage had the largest hemispheric temperature change, and it is also the stage when
Meltwater Pulse 1A had occurred. The beginning of the Bølling is also end of the
1097:(about 13,000 years ago) display evidence of small oval houses and bifacial points. Stone pendants, beads, and a burial pit are present. In central Alaska up the northern foothills at the Dry Creek site c. 13,500-13,000 years ago near
2986:
Liu, Li; Wang, Jiajing; Rosenberg, Danny; Zhao, Hao; Lengyel, György; Nadel, Dani (October 2018). "Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting".
1804:
Veski, S; Amon, L; Heinsalu, A; Reitalu, T; et al. (2012). "Late glacial vegetation dynamics in the eastern Baltic region between 14,500 and 11,400 cal yr BP: A complete record since the Bølling (GI-1e) to the Holocene".
2513:
887:
The time of the Epigravettian also reveals evidence for tailored clothing production, a tradition persisting from preceding Upper Paleolithic archaeological horizons. Fur-bearing small mammal remains abound such as
1626:; Belfer-Cohen, A. (31 December 2002) . "Facing environmental crisis. Societal and cultural changes at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Holocene in the Levant". In Cappers, R.T.J.; Bottema, S. (eds.).
595:
is considered to be the primary cause for the Bølling–Allerød warming of the Northern Hemisphere, while its weakening is considered responsible for the inverse pattern during the Older and Younger Dryas. While
2363:
Chen, Tianyu; Robinson, Laura F.; Burke, Andrea; Claxton, Louis; Hain, Mathis P.; Li, Tao; Rae, James W. B.; Stewart, Joseph; Knowles, Timothy D. J.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Harpp, Karen S. (12 October 2020).
549:, an Arctic plant widespread during such cold periods in the Northern Hemisphere). The Older Dryas lasted approximately one century. before northern hemisphere warming returned during the Allerød stage.
1254:
Rasmussen, S. O.; Andersen, K. K.; Svensson, A. M.; Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, B. M.; Clausen, H. B.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Johnsen, S. J.; Larsen, L. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Bigler, M. (2006).
2430:
1131:
and various associated subclades has also been explained as resulting from male postglacial recolonization of Europe from refugia in the Balkans, Iberia, and the Ukraine/Central Russian Plain.
760:. Sites of human occupation reappeared in northern France, Belgium, northwest Germany, and southern Britain between 15,500 and 14,000 years ago. Many of these sites are classified as
3271:
2448:
Hoogakker, Babette A. K.; Lu, Zumli; Umling, Natalie; Jones, Luke; Zhou, Xiaoli; Rickaby, Rosalind E. M.; Thunell, Robert; Cartapanis, Olivier; Galbraith, Eric (17 October 2018).
631:
event coincides with or closely follows the abrupt onset of the Bølling–Allerød (BA), when global sea level rose about 16 m during this event at rates of 26–53 mm/yr. In the
3294:
880:
sites, are common in the southwest, central, and southern regions of the East European Plain about 17,000 to 10,000 years BP and are also present in the Crimea and Northern
740:. This trend is not representative of the global temperatures - Southern Hemisphere experienced opposite changes during the Late Glacial Interstadial and the Younger Dryas.
125:
Model simulations of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial show significant warming of the Northern Hemisphere and the equivalent cooling of the South, caused by changes in the
1422:
2118:
Stewart, Joseph A.; Robinson, Laura F.; Rae, James W. B.; Burke, Andrea; Chen, Tianyu; Li, Tao; de Carvalho Ferreira, Maria Luiza; Fornari, Daniel J. (16 December 2023).
607:
Some research shows that a warming of 3–5 °C (5.4–9.0 °F) had occurred at intermediate depths in the North Atlantic over the preceding several millennia during
1726:
1493:
Shakun, Jeremy D.; Clark, Peter U.; He, Feng; Marcott, Shaun A.; Mix, Alan C.; Liu, Zhenyu; Oto-Bliesner, Bette; Schmittner, Andreas; Bard, Edouard (4 April 2012).
2365:
1777:
Rosen, JL; Brook, EJ; Severinghaus, JP; Blunier, T; et al. (2014). "An ice core record of near-synchronous global climate changes at the Bølling transition".
623:
show abrupt sea-surface warming of about 3 °C (in less than 90 years), matching ice-core records that register this transition as occurring within decades.
3315:
1577:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
849:
region and increased as early as around 16,000 years ago. Reoccupation of northern territories of the East European Plain did not occur until 13,000 years ago.
2449:
948:
pits, all indicators of long-term settlement. Visual art was uncommon. Fauna remained red deer, reindeer, and moose and indicate a mainly meat-oriented diet.
1110:
3264:
2512:
Yu, Jimin; Oppo, Delia W.; Jin, Zhangdong; Lacerra, Matthew; Umling, Natalie E.; Lund, David C.; McCave, Nick; Menviel, Laurie; Shao, Jun (17 March 2022).
993:
indicate extreme shifts in Indian Summer Monsoon intensity at Termination 1a, which marks the start of the Bølling–Allerød and occurred about 14,800 BP.
1835:
Seierstad, IK; Johnsen, SJ; Vinther, BM; Olsen, J (2005). "The duration of the Bølling-Allerød period (Greenland Interstadial 1) in the GRIP ice core".
3338:
2842:
1038:, increased aridity occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum. Sea level fell to about 120 m below its present position, exposing a dry plain between
964:
818:, but climates improved slightly during several brief interstadials and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the Late Glacial Maximum.
1050:
deposition promoted well-drained, nutrient-rich soils that supported diverse steppic plant communities and herds of large grazing mammals. The wet
3257:
3114:"The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms That the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge Was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool"
1965:"Abrupt climate change experiments: the role of freshwater, ice sheets and deglacial warming for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation"
775:
As the Fennoscandian ice sheet continued to shrink, plants and people began to repopulate the freshly deglaciated areas of southern Scandinavia.
385:
For human populations of the Northern Hemisphere, Bølling–Allerød Interstadial had represented the first pronounced warming since the end of the
1138:
are postulated as representing a significant portion of the population who crossed Beringia and populated North America for the first time.
3311:
1031:
3244:
669:
592:
371:
3299:
3234:
3073:"High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas"
1114:
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in central Alaska by 14,000 years ago. Earliest occupation levels at the Tanana Valley sites contain artifacts similar to the Siberian
712:
1079:
3300:
3297:
1318:
Naughton, Filipa; Sánchez-Goñi, María F.; Landais, Amaelle; Rodrigues, Teresa; Riveiros, Natalia Vazquez; Toucanne, Samuel (2022).
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culture. At Swan Point, these comprise microblades, burins, and flakes struck from bifacial tools. Artifacts at the nearby site of
2178:
3307:
3304:
515:. Samples are gathered and measured for change in isotope levels to determine temperature fluctuation for given periods of time.
335:
that could have only survived during a comparatively warm period in Northern Europe. It is also referred to as Interstadial 1 or
3296:
3220:
576:
concentrations once that period had transitioned to Holocene. There may have also been another brief cold stage during Allerød.
3301:
1630:. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment. Vol. 6. Berlin, DE: Ex Oriente. pp. 55–66.
1459:
1122:
676:
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warming was limited to the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemipshere had experienced equivalent cooling. This "polar
17:
3163:"Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas"
2904:
2749:
1871:
1736:
1686:
1607:
1339:
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3229:
2258:
1995:"Abrupt rise in atmospheric CO2 at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød: in-situ ice core data versus true atmospheric signals"
1205:"Abrupt climate changes in the last two deglaciations simulated with different Northern ice sheet discharge and insolation"
3298:
2836:
Lone, Mahjoor Ahmad; Ahmad, Syed Masood; Dung, Nguyen Chi; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Raza, Waseem; Kumar, Anil (1 February 2014).
432:
Calcium concentration and d18O isotope ratios from the Greenland NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice cores on the GICC05 time scale
560:. It raised temperatures in the northern Atlantic region to almost present-day levels, before they declined again in the
3312:
2919:
Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia; Gonzalez Carretero, Lara; Ramsey, Monica N.; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Richter, Tobias (31 July 2018).
3309:
1761:
1703:
1635:
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1016:. By the time of the Allerød, the Natufians may have started to domesticate grain, bake bread, and ferment alcohol.
421:
651:
had already begun to deglaciate before the onset of the Bølling–Allerød interstadial. Some research suggests that
3292:
1569:
2081:"Interaction between climate, volcanism, and isostatic rebound in Southeast Alaska during the last deglaciation"
3313:
3305:
668:
depletion during the early stages of the deglaciation following the LGM, most likely as a result of a weakened
3310:
3295:
2838:"Speleothem based 1000-year high resolution record of Indian monsoon variability during the last deglaciation"
568:. The interstadial stage abruptly with a decline in temperatures within a decade and the onset of the glacial
2321:
1086:
are few, but include several rods of mammoth ivory. The diet was of large mammals and birds, as indicated by
841:
in the central region, and steppe in the south. The pattern reflects the reemergence of a marked zonation of
3303:
3333:
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680:
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390:
336:
3302:
3348:
3306:
3024:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe"
695:
concentrations during the interstadial. The Bølling–Allerød was almost completely synchronous across the
206:
1430:
2837:
572:. Global temperatures declined only slightly during YD, and they had steadily climbed alongside the CO
3343:
1118:
1039:
2767:"Climate-driven habitat shifts of high-ranked prey species structure Late Upper Paleolithic hunting"
3353:
2568:
Markle; et al. (2016). "Global atmospheric teleconnections during Dansgaard–Oeschger events".
2198:"New constraints on the postglacial shallow-water carbonate accumulation in the Great Barrier Reef"
2035:
580:
379:
126:
2597:"Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination"
1673:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 100–103.
1495:"Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation"
2595:
Benson, Larry; Burdett, James; Lund, Steve; Kashgarian, Michaele; Mensing, Scott (17 July 1997).
1162:
2921:"Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan"
2431:"Like 'champagne bottles being opened': Scientists document an ancient Arctic methane explosion"
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with the decline of glacial conditions. Human site occupation density was most prevalent in the
457:
3281:
869:
688:
221:
2259:"The configuration, sensitivity and rapid retreat of the Late Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet"
2317:"Deglaciation of Boknafjorden, south-western Norway: DEGLACIATION OF BOKNAFJORDEN, SW NORWAY"
1906:
1005:
2514:"Millennial and centennial CO2 release from the Southern Ocean during the last deglaciation"
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1579:(Report). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US. pp. 673–816.
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2006:
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505:
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Methane (CH4) record from the North Greenland Ice Sheet Project (NGRIP) ice core, Greenland
402:
386:
355:
1355:
Brendryen, J.; Haflidason, H.; Yokoyama, Y.; Haaga, K. A.; Hannisdal, B. (20 April 2020).
8:
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2010:
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Meddelelser Fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark)
1512:
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2405:
2338:
2316:
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2234:
2202:
2197:
2124:
1945:
1542:
1396:
1357:"Eurasian Ice Sheet collapse was a major source of Meltwater Pulse 1A 14,600 years ago"
1231:
1209:
1204:
972:
873:
632:
628:
320:
2315:
Gump, Dale J.; Briner, Jason P.; Mangerud, Jan; Svendsen, John Inge (6 January 2017).
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had caused far more heat to be transferred from the Southern Hemisphere to the North.
3217:
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2620:
2547:
2518:
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2479:
2409:
2370:
2366:"Persistently well-ventilated intermediate-depth ocean through the last deglaciation"
2342:
2239:
2221:
2159:
2141:
2120:"Arctic and Antarctic forcing of ocean interior warming during the last deglaciation"
2080:
1937:
1867:
1757:
1732:
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1603:
1534:
1494:
1400:
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1335:
1322:. In Palacios, David; Hughes, Philip D.; García-Ruiz, José M.; Andrés, Nuria (eds.).
1319:
1285:
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857:
795:
672:(AMOC) and an increased influx of nutrient-rich waters due to intensified upwelling.
652:
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254:
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1818:
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2229:
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2100:
2058:
2014:
1975:
1949:
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1786:
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1546:
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1516:
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486:
428:
3224:
3000:
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1964:
1678:
579:
In regions where the Older Dryas is not detected in climatological evidence, the
481:
283:
41:
469:
3178:
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2782:
2539:
2450:"Glacial expansion of oxygen-depleted seawater in the eastern tropical Pacific"
2216:
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1848:
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1222:
1157:
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745:
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244:
2742:
The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World
2475:
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1907:"Abrupt pre-Bølling–Allerød warming and circulation changes in the deep ocean"
1600:
The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World
1584:
1382:
635:, the Bølling–Allerød period is associated with a substantial accumulation of
436:
3327:
2954:
2892:
2863:
2727:
The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability
2671:
2624:
2225:
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2062:
1887:
1651:
1289:
1098:
928:
757:
733:
569:
561:
498:
445:
398:
393:, but the warming of the interstadial enabled them to begin repopulating the
72:
3089:
3072:
2945:
2918:
1979:
1331:
752:
c. 16,000-15,000 years ago. The environmental landscape became increasingly
3196:
3147:
3098:
3057:
2972:
2800:
2689:
2483:
2243:
2196:
Hinestrosa, Gustavo; Webster, Jody M.; Beaman, Robin J. (18 January 2022).
2163:
1941:
1538:
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interspersed with the steppe in the deglaciated northern plain, birch-pine
553:
525:
490:
347:
343:
328:
292:
130:
3240:
Sensitivity and rapidity of vegetational response to abrupt climate change
2019:
1994:
1529:
1423:"A global perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene climate change"
1391:
1280:
1255:
997:
990:
915:, bone shelter, and bone fuel. In the southwest region around the middle
769:
761:
664:
540:
512:
494:
489:. Thus, the cold period which preceded this interstadial is known as the
148:
47:
1933:
1520:
120:
2400:
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889:
877:
853:
648:
231:
92:
57:
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1570:
Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks
1256:"A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination"
2581:
2334:
1790:
1094:
783:
536:
ice indicates that the Bølling stage lasted approximately 600 years.
533:
312:
97:
2712:
A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlements of the Higher Latitudes
1728:
A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlements of the Higher Latitudes
1566:
1317:
1203:
Obase, Takashi; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; Saito, Fuyuki (25 November 2021).
736:, rapidly rising afterwards to reach the level of the globally warm
3129:
3039:
1439:
1253:
1068:
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932:
920:
908:
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tool forms such as burins and backed blades (the most persistent).
830:
791:
779:
737:
565:
509:
351:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2615:
2596:
896:, reflecting pelt removal. Large and diverse inventories of bone,
3071:
Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004).
2897:
Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra
2640:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia"
1177:
868:
persist from the Last Glacial Maximum on the eastern edge of the
477:
473:
461:
394:
324:
102:
77:
1354:
983:
2638:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).
1658:(paperback ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 46–55.
1568:
Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
1055:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1013:
916:
897:
846:
834:
819:
811:
639:, which is consistent with the modelled cooling of the region.
448:(1867–1937) and Vilhelm Milthers (1865–1962) found deposits of
406:
367:
332:
3291:
3070:
2179:"The Great Ice Meltdown and Rising Seas: Lessons for Tomorrow"
732:), followed by very low temperatures for the most part of the
707:
504:
Additional evidence for this period involves the gathering of
1776:
1622:
1087:
1047:
1009:
953:
924:
901:
893:
842:
827:
807:
449:
1834:
1706:[The late glacial clay of the clay-pit at Alleröd].
724:. It shows local warming of the Late Glacial Interstadial, (
691:, and this was likely the main reason for the increase in CO
2594:
823:
465:
453:
350:
was still significantly colder than the current epoch, the
331:
evidence for it was first found, in the form of vegetation
3279:
2314:
1656:
After the Ice: A global human history, 20,000–5000 BC
3022:
Rootsi, S.; Magri, C.; Kivisild, T.; et al. (2004).
2823:
Desolate Landscapes: Ice Age Settlement in Eastern Europe
1671:
Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments
912:
876:. Epigravettian archaeological sites, similar to Eastern
354:, globally it was a period of warming from the very cold
2362:
1803:
856:
technology is dominated by blade production and typical
397:
landmass. The abrupt Northern cooling of the subsequent
2195:
2117:
370:" pattern had occurred due to the strengthening of the
3245:
Settlements of the Hamburgian and Federmesser Cultures
2447:
346:
period, which lasted from ~18,000 to 14,700 BP. While
1111:
Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
756:, except in the far north, where conditions remained
627:(AAIW) cooled slightly during this interstadial. The
295:
period which occurred from 14,690 to c. 12,890 years
2985:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2764:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2637:
1669:
Wim Z. Hoek (2009). "Bølling-Allerød Interstadial".
1492:
3230:
Climate change clues revealed by ice sheet collapse
3021:
1421:Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E. (July 2010).
1202:
1093:Earliest site occupation at Ushki sites of central
1718:
1324:European Glacial Landscapes: The Last Deglaciation
2883:
2843:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2835:
2807:
2696:
2074:
2072:
1650:
3325:
2511:
744:The climate began to improve rapidly throughout
389:(LGM). The cold had previously forced them into
2925:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1560:
2069:
2036:"On the Abruptness of Bølling–Allerød Warming"
552:The Allerød stage was a warm and moist global
3265:
1724:
1701:
1420:
493:, and the two subsequent cold periods as the
2765:Yaworsky, PM; Hussain, ST; Riede, F (2023).
1830:
1828:
1704:"Det senglaciale Ler i Allerød Teglværkgrav"
1597:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1348:
1247:
583:is considered a single interstadial period.
2739:
1904:
1668:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
708:Western Europe and the North European Plain
670:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
593:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
372:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
323:. This period was named after two sites in
3272:
3258:
2989:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2078:
1127:The European distribution of Y-chromosome
1115:Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
778:Prey favored by European hunters included
405:, with the adoption of agriculture in the
303:. It was defined by abrupt warming in the
27:Interglacial period about 14,000 years ago
3339:History of climate variability and change
3186:
3137:
3088:
3047:
2962:
2944:
2877:
2820:
2790:
2709:
2679:
2614:
2399:
2233:
2215:
2153:
2018:
1825:
1528:
1477:
1414:
1390:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1279:
1230:
1046:. Clear skies reduced precipitation, and
675:In the Southern Hemisphere, the weakened
564:, which was followed by the present warm
3160:
2744:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 440.
1866:. London: William Collins. p. 313.
1731:. Rutgers University Press: New Jersey.
1616:
1602:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 428.
1189:
711:
435:
427:
416:
374:(and the corresponding weakening of the
3111:
2825:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
2714:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
2176:
1962:
1751:
1008:coast to exploit wild cereals, such as
14:
3326:
3167:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2567:
2505:
2256:
1992:
1861:
1296:
1123:Recent African origin of modern humans
1074:Camp settlement sites are found along
801:
716:Greenland temperature trend after the
677:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
614:
376:Southern Ocean overturning circulation
3253:
2724:
539:It was then interrupted by the older
307:, and a corresponding cooling in the
282:
2873:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1886:
1628:The Dawn of Farming in the Near East
702:
2899:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2085:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1598:Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012).
1058:bogs that exist today were absent.
24:
3118:American Journal of Human Genetics
2740:Pettit, Paul; White, Mark (2012).
2033:
1894:. Penguin Press. pp. 123–124.
1320:"The Bølling–Allerød Interstadial"
1142:the Americas via a coastal route.
822:profiles for this time indicate a
814:environments prevailed across the
358:, caused by a gradual increase in
268:(1.5 °C below pre-industrial)
25:
3365:
3206:
1905:Thiagarajan; et al. (2014).
942:
864:archaeological sites of multiple
663:The deep oceans were depleted in
556:that occurred c.13,900 to 12,900
532:. The Oxygen isotope record from
299:, during the final stages of the
2079:Praetorius; et al. (2016).
1754:Dictionary of Physical Geography
1702:Hartz, N.; Milthers, V. (1901).
1019:
768:developed as an offshoot of the
647:began during this interstadial.
464:island and later in the drained
422:North Greenland Ice Core Project
119:
45:
3154:
3105:
3064:
3015:
2979:
2912:
2829:
2758:
2733:
2718:
2631:
2588:
2561:
2441:
2423:
2356:
2308:
2286:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.001
2250:
2189:
2170:
2111:
2027:
1986:
1956:
1898:
1880:
1855:
1819:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.02.013
1797:
1770:
1756:. London: Penguin. p. 67.
1745:
1695:
1662:
1644:
1456:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016
1260:Journal of Geophysical Research
919:Valley, sites are dominated by
726:
508:(OIS) from stratified deep-sea
342:This interstadial followed the
311:, as well as a period of major
1591:
528:at approximately 14,600 years
129:. This is consistent with the
13:
1:
3235:Chronology of the Netherlands
2322:Journal of Quaternary Science
1963:Lohmann; et al. (2016).
1183:
1062:However, deglaciation in the
989:records from Valmiki Cave in
238:Atmospheric and climatic data
3001:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.08.008
2856:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.010
2257:Patton; et al. (2017).
1993:Köhler; et al. (2011).
1679:10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_26
1326:. Elsevier. pp. 45–50.
681:Antarctic Intermediate Water
625:Antarctic Intermediate Water
412:
276:Bølling–Allerød Interstadial
7:
1145:
1104:
444:In 1901, Danish geologists
315:collapse and corresponding
10:
3370:
3179:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013
2783:10.1038/s41598-023-31085-x
2540:10.1038/s41561-022-00910-9
2217:10.1038/s41598-021-04586-w
2138:10.1038/s41598-023-49435-0
2105:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.033
1849:10.3189/172756405781812556
1807:Quaternary Science Reviews
1431:Quaternary Science Reviews
1223:10.1038/s41598-021-01651-2
1108:
1030:Over the land between the
1023:
911:were typically hunted for
687:less effectively than the
619:Records obtained from the
284:[ˈpøle̝ŋˈæləˌʁœðˀ]
258:(0.8 times pre-industrial)
178:Dansgaard-Oeschger event 1
3288:
2476:10.1038/s41586-018-0589-x
2392:10.1038/s41561-020-0638-6
1585:10.1017/9781009157896.007
1383:10.1038/s41561-020-0567-4
1119:Genetic history of Europe
591:The strengthening of the
586:
518:
476:peninsula (both parts of
289:Late Glacial Interstadial
262:
242:
237:
227:
217:
212:
202:
197:
189:
173:Late Glacial Interstadial
168:
160:
155:
143:
138:
118:
37:
32:
2729:. Springer. p. 133.
2063:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0675.1
2034:Su; et al. (2016).
1168:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
975:and into the New World.
679:caused the expansion of
380:thermohaline circulation
337:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
263:Mean surface temperature
127:thermohaline circulation
2946:10.1073/pnas.1801071115
2725:Maier, Andreas (2015).
2097:2016E&PSL.452...79P
1980:10.2312/polfor.2016.013
1332:10.1016/C2021-0-00331-X
1163:Antarctic Cold Reversal
1000:, the pre-agricultural
978:
401:may have triggered the
193:Bølling–Allerød warming
3282:history of Scandinavia
2181:. NASA. Archived from
1752:Whittow, John (1984).
1725:Hoffecker, J. (2005).
870:Central Russian Upland
741:
689:Antarctic bottom water
441:
433:
425:
3161:Fagundes, N. (2008).
3090:10.1093/molbev/msh009
2821:Hoffecker, J (2002).
2710:Hoffecker, J (2006).
2266:Earth-Science Reviews
2020:10.5194/cp-7-473-2011
1862:Ashton, Nick (2017).
1006:Eastern Mediterranean
715:
683:, which sequesters CO
506:oxygen isotope stages
439:
431:
420:
161:Alternate spelling(s)
3112:Achilli, A. (2004).
1837:Annals of Glaciology
1438:(15–16). Amsterdam:
1281:10.1029/2005JD006079
1026:Wisconsin glaciation
788:European fallow deer
750:North European Plain
718:Last Glacial Maximum
458:Allerød Municipality
403:Neolithic Revolution
387:Last Glacial Maximum
378:). These changes in
356:Last Glacial Maximum
3334:Last Glacial Period
3218:The Bølling–Allerød
2937:2018PNAS..115.7925A
2885:Moore, Andrew M. T.
2656:2017NatSR...740338P
2532:2022NatGe..15..293Y
2468:2018Natur.562..410H
2435:The Washington Post
2384:2020NatGe..13..733C
2278:2017ESRv..166..223P
2055:2016JCli...29.4965S
2011:2011CliPa...7..473K
1999:Climate of the Past
1934:10.1038/nature13472
1926:2014Natur.511...75T
1521:10.1038/nature10915
1513:2012Natur.484...49S
1448:2010QSRv...29.1801S
1375:2020NatGe..13..363B
1272:2006JGRD..111.6102R
1004:settled around the
816:East European Plain
802:East European Plain
766:Creswellian culture
722:Greenland ice cores
720:, derived from the
697:Northern Hemisphere
658:ice-albedo feedback
615:Geophysical effects
424:Oxygen Isotope Data
309:Southern Hemisphere
305:Northern Hemisphere
301:Last Glacial Period
287:), also called the
18:Allerød oscillation
3349:Pleistocene events
3223:2015-11-23 at the
2889:Hillman, Gordon C.
2771:Scientific Reports
2644:Scientific Reports
2203:Scientific Reports
2125:Scientific Reports
2043:Journal of Climate
1210:Scientific Reports
973:Bering Land Bridge
764:. In Britain, the
742:
633:Great Barrier Reef
629:Meltwater pulse 1A
609:Heinrich stadial 1
442:
434:
426:
321:Meltwater pulse 1A
228:Stratigraphic unit
218:Chronological unit
40:0.0147 – 0.0129
3321:
3320:
3028:Am. J. Hum. Genet
2931:(31): 7925–7930.
2906:978-0-19-510806-4
2893:Legge, Anthony J.
2751:978-0-415-67455-3
2664:10.1038/srep40338
2609:(6639): 263–265.
2570:Nature Geoscience
2519:Nature Geoscience
2462:(7727): 410–413.
2371:Nature Geoscience
2049:(13): 4965–4975.
1873:978-0-00-815035-8
1779:Nature Geoscience
1738:978-0-8135-3469-5
1688:978-1-4020-4551-6
1652:Mithen, Steven J.
1609:978-0-415-67455-3
1362:Nature Geoscience
1341:978-0-323-91899-2
1134:Males possessing
1064:Pacific northwest
892:and paw bones of
866:occupation layers
858:Upper Paleolithic
796:European wild ass
731:
703:Effects on humans
653:isostatic rebound
637:calcium carbonate
480:). This provided
272:
271:
243:Mean atmospheric
198:Usage information
16:(Redirected from
3361:
3344:Nordic Stone Age
3280:Timeline of the
3274:
3267:
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2629:
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2582:10.1038/ngeo2848
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2500:
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2335:10.1002/jqs.2925
2312:
2306:
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2263:
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2247:
2237:
2219:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2177:Gornitz (2012).
2174:
2168:
2167:
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2067:
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2040:
2031:
2025:
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1990:
1984:
1983:
1969:
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1791:10.1038/ngeo2147
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1558:
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1555:
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1474:
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1470:
1464:
1458:. Archived from
1427:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1315:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1200:
1173:Hiawatha Glacier
956:shoulder blade.
730:
729:
725:
546:Dryas octopetala
487:Dryas octopetala
286:
281:
164:B-A Interstadial
123:
114:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:Historical eras
3324:
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3317:
3316:
3314:
3284:
3278:
3225:Wayback Machine
3209:
3204:
3159:
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3106:
3077:Mol. Biol. Evol
3069:
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2868:
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2593:
2589:
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2562:
2552:
2550:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2446:
2442:
2437:. June 1, 2017.
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2378:(11): 733–738.
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2313:
2309:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2171:
2116:
2112:
2077:
2070:
2038:
2032:
2028:
1991:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1920:(7507): 75–78.
1909:
1903:
1899:
1892:Before the Dawn
1885:
1881:
1874:
1860:
1856:
1833:
1826:
1802:
1798:
1775:
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1764:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1596:
1592:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1507:(7392): 49–54.
1491:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1316:
1297:
1252:
1248:
1201:
1190:
1186:
1148:
1125:
1109:Main articles:
1107:
1028:
1022:
981:
965:Dyuktai culture
945:
839:broadleaf trees
804:
727:
710:
705:
694:
686:
617:
601:
589:
581:Bølling–Allerød
575:
521:
415:
363:
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185:
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134:
113:
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75:
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65:
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55:
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39:
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33:Bølling–Allerød
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
3357:
3356:
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3290:
3289:
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3248:
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3215:
3208:
3207:External links
3205:
3203:
3202:
3173:(3): 583–592.
3153:
3130:10.1086/425590
3124:(5): 910–918.
3104:
3063:
3040:10.1086/422196
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2587:
2560:
2526:(4): 293–299.
2504:
2440:
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2355:
2307:
2249:
2188:
2185:on 2012-07-16.
2169:
2110:
2068:
2026:
2005:(2): 473–486.
1985:
1972:Polarforschung
1955:
1897:
1888:Wade, Nicholas
1879:
1872:
1854:
1824:
1796:
1785:(6): 459–463.
1769:
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1530:2027.42/147130
1476:
1465:on 6 June 2022
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1369:(5): 363–368.
1347:
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1266:(D6): D06102.
1246:
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1158:Mammoth steppe
1155:
1147:
1144:
1106:
1103:
1084:Broken Mammoth
1034:and northwest
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
991:southern India
980:
977:
944:
943:Siberian Plain
941:
803:
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746:Western Europe
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684:
645:Hardangerfjord
621:Gulf of Alaska
616:
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317:sea level rise
297:Before Present
291:(LGI), was an
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203:Celestial body
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3083:(1): 164–75.
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3034:(1): 128–37.
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2016:
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1996:
1989:
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1959:
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1763:0-14-051094-X
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1734:
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1721:
1713:
1710:(in Danish).
1709:
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1672:
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1639:
1637:3-9804241-5-4
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1624:Bar-Yosef, O.
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1442:: 1801–1816.
1441:
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1392:11250/2755925
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499:Younger Dryas
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451:
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446:Nikolaj Hartz
438:
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399:Younger Dryas
396:
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266:c. 12 °C
265:
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54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
3170:
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3107:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2928:
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2914:
2896:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2847:
2841:
2831:
2822:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2647:
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2633:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2523:
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2459:
2453:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2375:
2369:
2358:
2348:29 September
2346:. Retrieved
2329:(1): 80–90.
2326:
2320:
2310:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2207:
2201:
2191:
2183:the original
2172:
2132:(1): 22410.
2129:
2123:
2113:
2088:
2084:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1971:
1958:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1864:Early Humans
1863:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1727:
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1670:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1627:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1576:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1504:
1498:
1467:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1435:
1429:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1366:
1360:
1350:
1323:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1217:(1): 22359.
1214:
1208:
1140:
1136:haplogroup Q
1133:
1129:haplogroup I
1126:
1092:
1076:Tanana River
1073:
1060:
1042:and western
1029:
1012:and two-row
995:
984:
982:
969:Dyuktai Cave
962:
958:
950:
946:
937:
929:steppe bison
907:
886:
872:, along the
851:
806:Periglacial
805:
777:
774:
743:
674:
662:
641:
618:
606:
590:
578:
554:interstadial
551:
544:
538:
526:Oldest Dryas
522:
503:
491:Oldest Dryas
470:Bølling Lake
468:deposits at
443:
391:refuge areas
384:
348:Oldest Dryas
344:Oldest Dryas
341:
329:paleoclimate
293:interstadial
288:
275:
273:
182:
177:
176:
172:
144:Subdivisions
131:paleoclimate
2995:: 783–793.
2777:(1): 4238.
2401:10023/23008
2272:: 223–245.
1843:: 337–344.
1714:(8): 31–60.
1406:26 December
1154:(North Sea)
998:Middle East
852:Generally,
770:Magdalenian
762:Magdalenian
665:radiocarbon
541:Older Dryas
452:trees in a
149:Older Dryas
3328:Categories
2553:21 January
2294:1893/25102
2210:(1): 924.
1552:17 January
1184:References
1152:Doggerland
1054:soils and
1032:Lena Basin
890:Arctic fox
878:Gravettian
837:with some
649:Boknafjord
232:Chronozone
213:Definition
169:Synonym(s)
139:Chronology
3009:165595175
2955:0027-8424
2869:1 January
2864:0031-0182
2672:2045-2322
2650:: 40338.
2625:1476-4687
2576:: 36–40.
2548:247501785
2497:8 January
2492:256768041
2415:8 January
2410:222298222
2343:133355572
2226:2045-2322
2146:2045-2322
2091:: 79–89.
1813:: 39–53.
1401:216031874
1290:0148-0227
1095:Kamchatka
1090:remains.
874:Don River
784:wild boar
534:Greenland
456:pit near
413:Discovery
319:known as
313:ice sheet
156:Etymology
151:, Allerød
147:Bølling,
3221:Archived
3197:18313026
3148:15382008
3099:14595095
3058:15162323
2973:30012614
2895:(2000),
2801:36918697
2792:10015039
2690:28059138
2484:30333577
2302:73574698
2244:35042895
2164:38104174
2155:10725493
1942:24990748
1890:(2006).
1654:(2003).
1539:22481357
1440:Elsevier
1241:34824287
1146:See also
1105:Genetics
1069:Beringia
1040:Chukotka
1002:Natufian
933:red deer
921:reindeer
909:Mammoths
882:Caucasus
862:Kostenki
831:woodland
792:red deer
780:reindeer
748:and the
738:Holocene
566:Holocene
510:sediment
395:Eurasian
352:Holocene
3213:Belarus
3188:2427228
3139:1182122
3049:1181996
2964:6077754
2933:Bibcode
2850:: 1–8.
2681:5216412
2652:Bibcode
2528:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2380:Bibcode
2274:Bibcode
2235:8766595
2093:Bibcode
2051:Bibcode
2007:Bibcode
1950:4460693
1922:Bibcode
1547:2152480
1509:Bibcode
1444:Bibcode
1371:Bibcode
1268:Bibcode
1232:8616927
1178:Ice age
1080:Dyuktai
996:In the
967:, near
728:
543:(after
478:Denmark
474:Jutland
462:Zealand
333:fossils
325:Denmark
280:Danish:
253:c. 235
250:content
109:↓
3195:
3185:
3146:
3136:
3097:
3056:
3046:
3007:
2971:
2961:
2953:
2903:
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2799:
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2623:
2602:Nature
2546:
2490:
2482:
2455:Nature
2408:
2341:
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2232:
2224:
2162:
2152:
2144:
1948:
1940:
1914:Nature
1870:
1760:
1735:
1685:
1634:
1606:
1545:
1537:
1500:Nature
1469:5 July
1399:
1338:
1288:
1239:
1229:
1121:, and
1088:faunal
1056:spruce
1052:tundra
1044:Alaska
1036:Canada
1014:barley
917:Dnestr
900:, and
898:antler
854:lithic
847:Crimea
843:biomes
835:forest
820:Pollen
812:steppe
794:, and
758:arctic
754:boreal
587:Causes
519:Timing
407:Levant
368:seesaw
327:where
3005:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2488:S2CID
2406:S2CID
2339:S2CID
2298:S2CID
2262:(PDF)
2039:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1946:S2CID
1910:(PDF)
1573:(PDF)
1543:S2CID
1463:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
1397:S2CID
1048:loess
1010:emmer
954:bison
925:horse
902:ivory
894:hares
828:birch
808:loess
513:cores
495:Older
482:proxy
450:birch
222:Chron
207:Earth
133:data.
3193:PMID
3144:PMID
3095:PMID
3054:PMID
2969:PMID
2951:ISSN
2901:ISBN
2871:2024
2860:ISSN
2797:PMID
2746:ISBN
2686:PMID
2668:ISSN
2621:ISSN
2555:2023
2499:2023
2480:PMID
2417:2023
2350:2023
2240:PMID
2222:ISSN
2160:PMID
2142:ISSN
1938:PMID
1868:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1554:2023
1535:PMID
1471:2019
1408:2023
1336:ISBN
1286:ISSN
1237:PMID
979:Asia
963:The
931:and
923:and
824:pine
497:and
466:peat
454:clay
274:The
48:PreꞒ
3183:PMC
3175:doi
3134:PMC
3126:doi
3085:doi
3044:PMC
3036:doi
2997:doi
2959:PMC
2941:doi
2929:115
2852:doi
2848:395
2787:PMC
2779:doi
2676:PMC
2660:doi
2611:doi
2607:388
2578:doi
2536:doi
2472:doi
2460:562
2396:hdl
2388:doi
2331:doi
2290:hdl
2282:doi
2270:166
2230:PMC
2212:doi
2150:PMC
2134:doi
2101:doi
2089:452
2059:doi
2015:doi
1976:doi
1930:doi
1918:511
1845:doi
1815:doi
1787:doi
1675:doi
1581:doi
1525:hdl
1517:doi
1505:484
1452:doi
1387:hdl
1379:doi
1328:doi
1276:doi
1264:111
1227:PMC
1219:doi
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472:in
460:on
339:1.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
