817:
472:
31:
615:
709:
378:
722:
About 115,000 years ago average temperatures dropped markedly and warmth-loving woodland species were displaced. This significant turning point in average temperatures marked the end of the Eemian interglacial and start of the
Weichselian glacial stage. It is divided into three sections, based on the
601:
It is not known if the ice sheet disintegrated into scattered remains before vanishing or if it shrank while maintaining its coherence as a single ice mass. It is possible that while some ice remained east of Sarek
Mountains parts of the ice sheet survived temporarily in the high mountains. Remnants
752:
Brörup
Interstadial (also WF II) – Several profiles show a short period of cooling shortly after the start of the Brörup Interstadial, but this does not appear in all profiles. This led some authors to distinguish the first warm period as the Amersfoort Interstadial. However, since then, this first
576:
When ice margin retreat resumed the ice sheet became increasingly concentrated in the
Scandinavian Mountains (it had left Russia 10.6 ka BP and Finland 10.1 ka BP). Further retreat of the ice margin led the ice sheet to concentrate in two parts of the Scandinavian Mountains, one part in
1439:
Stroeven, Arjen P; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W; Harbor, Jonathan M; Jansen, John D; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N (2016).
723:
temperature variation: the
Weichselian Early Glacial, the Weichselian High Glacial (also Weichselian Pleniglacial) and the Weichselian Late Glacial. During the Weichselian, there were frequent major variations in climate in the northern hemisphere, the so-called
2062:
Thomas Litt; Karl-Ernst Behre; Klaus-Dieter Meyer; Hans-JĂĽrgen
Stephan; Stefan Wansa (2007), T. Litt im Auftrag der Deutschen Stratigraphischen Kommission (ed.), "Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes",
593:
hosted the last remnant of the
Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. As the ice sheet retreated to the Scandinavian Mountains this was not a return to its former mountain centred glaciation from which the ice sheet grew out; it was dissimilar in that the
454:
The Last
Glacial Maximum extent was first reached 22 ka BP in the southern boundary of the ice sheet in Denmark, Germany and Western Poland (Sławskie Lake District and Leszczyńskie Lake District). In Eastern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and
432:) and with the ice sheet of the British Isles at about thousand years later. At this point the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet formed part of a larger Eurasian ice sheet complex—a contiguous glacial ice mass which spanned an area from Ireland to
321:. The initial glaciation of the Scandinavian Mountains would have been enabled by moisture coming from the Atlantic Ocean and the mountains high altitude. Perhaps the best modern analogues to this early glaciation are the ice fields of
328:. Since the proximity to the temperate North Atlantic typically precludes ice growth in Scandinavia, changes in the North Atlantic are thought to be required for glaciation to develop in Scandinavia. The freezing and glaciation of the
1711:Ågren, J. and Svensson, R., 2006. Land uplift model and system definitions used for the RH 2000 adjustment of the Baltic levelling ring. The 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, Copenhagen, 29 May–2 June 2006, 1–9
649:
lies the area with the highest uplift rates at present with values of about 9 mm/yr. Ongoing post-glacial rebound is thought to result in splitting of the Gulf of
Bothnia into a southern gulf and a northern lake across
589:. About 10.1 ka BP the linkage had disappeared and so did the Southern Norway centre of the ice sheet about a thousand years later. The northern centre remained a few hundred years more so that by 9.7 ka BP the eastern
518:
were free from ice during the
Younger Dryas. Before the Younger Dryas, deglaciation had not been uniform and small ice sheet re-advances had occurred forming a series of end-moraine systems, notably those in Götaland.
1227:; Gulliksen, Steinar; Larsen, Eiliv; Oddvar, Longva; Miller, Gifford H.; Sejrup, Hans-Petter; Sønstegaard, Eivind (1981). "A Middle Weichselain ice-free period in Western Norway: the Ålesund Interstadial".
753:
warm period and cooling phase has been included in the Brörup Interstadial. Northern Central Europe was populated by birch and pine woods. The Brörup Interstadial is identified with marine isotope stage 5c.
80:
1870:
Romanenko, F.A.; Shilova, O.S. (2011). "The Postglacial Uplift of the Karelian Coast of the White Sea according to Radiocarbon and Diatom Analyses of LacustrineBoggy Deposits of Kindo Peninsula".
813:
The short "Weichselian Late Glacial" (12,500 – c. 10,000 BC) was the period of slow warming after the Weichselian High Glacial. It was however again interrupted by some colder episodes.
1346:
Patton, Henry; Hubbard, Alun; Andreasen, Karin; Auriac, Amandine; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stroeven, Arjen P.; Shackleton, Calvin; Winsborrow, Monica; Heyman, Jakob; Hall, Adrian M. (2017).
443:
during the times of maximum extent. This means that in areas like north-east Sweden and northern Finland pre-existing landforms and deposits escaped glacier erosion and are particularly
2006:
Friedrich, M; Kromer, B; Spurk, M; Hofmann, J; Kaiser, KF (1999). "Paleo-environment and radiocarbon calibration as derived from Late Glacial/Early Holocene tree-ring chronologies".
921:
In addition to the above subdivisions the depositions of the Weichselian Late Glacial following the retreat of the ice sheet are divided into four stages: the Germanic Glacial (
408:
By circa 26 ka BP, the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet reached the mid-Norwegian continental shelf break. The growth of the ice sheet was accompanied by an eastward migration of the
677:
connected to the world's oceans uplift along the southern coast of the gulf has totaled 90 m. In the interval from 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was of 9–13 mm/
447:
at present. Also during times of maximum extent the ice sheet terminated to the east in a gently uphill terrain meaning that rivers drained into the glacier front and large
734:
Odderade Interstadial (WF IV) – The pollen spectra indicate a boreal forest. It starts with a tree birch phase, which rapidly transitions to pine forest. Also apparent are
1007:(1923) proposed the so-called oscillation theory, which holds that the land-level had oscillated up and down "like a pendulum losing momentum" after deglaciation. The
413:
629:
bought by deglaciation is reflected in the shoreline changes of the Baltic Sea and other nearby bodies of water. In the Baltic Sea uplift has been greatest at the
859:
129:. The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. Its end corresponds with the end of the Pleistocene epoch and the start of the
250:
756:
Herning Stadial (also called WF I) – Was the first cold phase, in which northwestern Europe was largely treeless. It corresponds to marine isotope stage 5d.
412:
from the Scandinavian Mountains eastwards into Sweden and the Baltic Sea. As the ice sheets in northern Europe grew prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, the
2181:
2134:
134:
344:
that blockades the entering of North Pacific water to the Arctic Ocean would have been detrimental for the inception of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.
642:
585:
and Norway. These two centres were linked for a time. The linkage constituted a major drainage barrier that formed various large and ephemeral
1405:
764:(57,000 – c. 15,000 BC) the ice sheet advanced into North Germany. In this period, however, several interstadials have been documented.
1529:
243:
685:
the uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate of 4 mm/yr.
1913:
Smith, Colby A.; Larsson, Olof; Engdahl, Mats (2017). "Early Holocene coastal landslides linked to land uplift in western Sweden".
1297:"Behavior of the northwestern part of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum – a response to external forcing"
801:
Schalkholz Stadial (WP I) – The first ice advance may have already reached the southern Baltic Sea coast. At the type locality of
641:
is at present the highest known point on Earth to have been uplifted by postglacial isostatic rebound. North of the High Coast at
2067:(in German), vol. 56, No. 1/2, Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele und Obermiller), pp. 7–65,
910:, the Weichselian Glacial ended with an abrupt climb in temperature around 9,660 ± 40 BC. This was the start of our present
749:
Rederstall Stadial (also WF III) – In North Germany the pollen spectra indicate a grassy tundra followed later by shrubby tundra.
1591:"Tracing the last remnants of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet: Ice-dammed lakes and a catastrophic outburst flood in northern Sweden"
2127:
1994:
1969:
789:
Moershoofd Interstadial – The pollen spectra show a treeless tundra vegetation with a high proportion of sedges (Cyperaceae).
768:
Glaciation and ice sheet advances to North Germany (Brandenburg Phase, Frankfurt Phase, Pomeranian Phase, Mecklenburg Phase).
236:
350:
posits that parts of the Norwegian coast were likely free from glacier ice during most of the Weichselian prior to the
2120:
2107:
1854:
1124:
1078:
1667:
Berglund, M. (2012). "The highest postglacial shore levels and glacio-isostatic uplift pattern in northern Sweden".
1493:
1491:
Olvmo, M. (1992). "Glaciofluvial canyons and their relation to the Late Weiochselian deglaciation in Fennoscandia".
1260:
1727:
1643:
309:
The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet of the Weichselian glaciation most likely grew out of a mountain glaciation of small
2112:
332:
could effect this by causing "relatively fresher" water from the Arctic and the North Pacific to flow east of
2237:
2065:
Stratigraphie von Deutschland – Quartär. Special Issue. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart/Quaternary Science Journal
724:
397:
Note that the coastlines are modern; coastlines during the Weichselian were different as sea level was lower.
385: Maximum extent of the ice (Brandenburg Stage) during the Weichselian in Germany and Poland (red line).
2242:
1268:
476:
475:
17.-18.000 year old fossils of marine mammals from below the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Denmark,
1296:
2232:
603:
329:
17:
1765:
1595:
1352:
1301:
91:), Vistulian glaciation, Weichsel or, less commonly, the Weichsel glaciation, Weichselian cold period (
798:
Oerel Interstadial (WP II) – The pollen diagrams point to a treeless, shrubby tundra in North Germany.
541:
It is speculated that during the Younger Dryas a small glacier readvance in Sweden created a natural
365:
municipality in Norway where its existence was first established based on the local fossil record of
337:
170:
1797:
1555:
2252:
1259:
Larsen, Eiliv; Fredin, Ola; LysĂĄ, Astrid; Amantov, Aleksey; Feldskaar, Willy; Ottesen, Dag (2016).
1039:
1008:
1802:
1140:
Lofverstrom, Marcus; Thompson, Diane M.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Brady, Esther C. (2022-06-09).
961:
542:
440:
2061:
795:
Ebersdorf Stadial (WP III) – In North Germany this period is characterised by pollen-free sands.
2247:
2186:
946:
655:
486:), Germany, Poland and Belarus were ice-free 16 ka BP. The ice margin then retreated until the
318:
63:
1846:
847:
835:
2206:
2042:
1561:(Report). Medelande (in Swedish). Vol. 2009. Länstyrensen i Jönköpings Län. p. 1–49
1142:"The importance of Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateways for glacial expansion in Scandinavia"
1037:
Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia".
1011:
society expelled Cleve for her unrelenting support of this theory once it became discredited.
659:
361:
in Fennoscandia called the Ă…lesund interstadial. The interstadial receives its name from the
1838:
1837:
Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.).
1723:"Investigations of Fennoscandian glacial isostatic adjustment using modern sealevel records"
2171:
2015:
1924:
1879:
1811:
1736:
1678:
1604:
1502:
1453:
1361:
1310:
1158:
1044:
697:
602:
east of the Sarek Mountains formed various ephemeral ice-dammed lakes that caused numerous
402:
351:
293:
285:
2083:
1401:"Weichselian stratigraphy, geomorphology and glacial dynamics in southern Finnish Lapland"
1261:"Causes of time-transgressive glacial maxima positions of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet"
8:
1915:
1669:
816:
730:
The Weichsel Early Glacial (115,000–60,000 BC) is in turn divided into four stages:
590:
502:
and the southeastern coast of Finland had been added to the ice-free regions. In Russia,
460:
126:
43:
2019:
1928:
1883:
1815:
1740:
1682:
1608:
1506:
1457:
1365:
1314:
1162:
1141:
1048:
714:
1940:
1895:
1766:"Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland"
1694:
1651:
The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe
1242:
1210:
1174:
828:– In this period the proportion of non-tree pollens climbed again, especially those of
688:
Emergence above sea level is thought to have resulted in the triggering of a series of
459:
in Russia the ice sheet reached its maximum extent about 19 ka BP. In the remainder of
139:
67:
2027:
1056:
792:
Glinde Interstadial (WP IV) – The pollen diagrams indicate a treeless, shrubby tundra.
277:
51:
2211:
2191:
2103:
2088:
1990:
1965:
1944:
1899:
1850:
1839:
1823:
1698:
1690:
1178:
1149:
1120:
1074:
682:
626:
535:
1617:
1590:
1466:
1441:
1374:
1347:
1322:
2196:
2078:
2068:
2023:
1932:
1887:
1819:
1770:
1744:
1686:
1622:
1612:
1510:
1471:
1461:
1414:
1379:
1369:
1318:
1295:
Rørvik, K.-L.; Laberd, J. S.; Hald, M.; Ravna, E. K.; Vorren, T. O. (August 2010).
1238:
1229:
1206:
1197:
1166:
1052:
670:
444:
75:
1936:
1514:
1530:
De glacialrelikta kräftdjurens utbredning i södra Sverige (Götaland och Svealand)
586:
562:
448:
200:
157:
145:
111:
84:
2142:
771:
Denekamp Interstadial – The pollen spectra indicates a shrubby tundra landscape.
622:
around 7000 years BP. Note the reduced area of Finland due to higher sea levels.
471:
30:
2176:
1170:
566:
511:
429:
215:
1891:
1106:, London: University of London Press, 1970 (7th edn.), p. 254. SBN 340 09022 7
718:
by Thomas J. Crowley (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 377–389)
377:
2226:
2092:
1419:
1400:
907:
825:
693:
651:
619:
527:
499:
487:
433:
366:
341:
281:
220:
27:
Last glacial period and its associated glaciation in northern parts of Europe
1644:"A scientific outsider: Astrid Cleve von Euler and her passion for research"
654:
no earlier than in about 2,000 years. Isostatic rebound exposed a submarine
646:
565:. The survival of these cold-water taxa into the present-day means they are
1586:
1224:
1192:
1004:
1000:
986:
911:
856:– The cool period is characterised by a maximum number of non-tree pollens.
853:
806:
712:
Depiction of the Earth at the last glacial maximum. Illustration based on:
666:
634:
578:
456:
358:
347:
210:
2156:
2073:
1749:
1722:
863:
841:
779:
638:
614:
503:
417:
269:
119:
491:
2144:
1384:
956:
951:
829:
802:
775:
630:
595:
553:
507:
409:
225:
205:
182:
1627:
1476:
531:
362:
2166:
1556:
Sommenröding: En kartläggning av rödingens lekområden 2006 & 2008
1139:
895:
879:
689:
674:
515:
421:
333:
325:
310:
55:
1800:(1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield".
915:
844:– This cool period is characterised by a reduction in tree pollens.
582:
483:
425:
130:
2161:
887:
809:) pollen-free sands indicate a largely vegetation-free landscape.
495:
392:
314:
289:
153:
122:
115:
1721:
Davis, J.L.; Mitrovica, J.X.; Scherneck, H.-G.; Fan, H. (1999).
1535:(Report) (in Swedish). Länsstyrelsen Blekinge län. pp. 1–19
1195:(1981). "The Early and Middle Weichselian in Norway: a review".
850:– The period begins with a rapid increase in tree birch pollens.
482:
As the ice margin started to recede 22–17 ka BP Denmark (except
1438:
871:
739:
703:
558:
71:
47:
708:
538:
part of the meltwater was routed through a series of canyons.
1223:
999:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, N. O. Holst (1899),
743:
735:
547:
523:
322:
1553:
1345:
984:
species of Sommen evolved into a distinct subspecies called
862:– This interstadial is typified by a rise in the pollens of
78:. This glaciation is also known as the Weichselian ice age (
2005:
678:
273:
1720:
820:
Weichselian Late Glacial with mid-European culture groups
637:. Within the High Coast the relict shoreline at 286 m in
838:– This section is again dominated by birch tree pollens.
598:
lagged behind as the ice mass concentrated in the west.
1584:
1258:
2044:
Einführung in das Quartär. Das Zeitalter der Gletscher
933:) (Gotland becomes ice-free) and the Finnish Glacial (
1294:
490:
when the ice sheet stabilized. By this time, most of
416:
coalesced with the ice sheet that was growing in the
263:
292:
the Midlandian glaciation and in North America, the
1912:
1434:
1432:
1430:
929:) (Denmark becomes ice-free), The Gotland Glacial (
466:
125:. The preceding warm period in this region was the
34:
Europe during the Weichselian and WĂĽrm cold periods
925:) (Germany becomes ice-free), the Danish Glacial (
2047:(in German), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 72
1989:, New York, London, etc., Springer, 2010 p. 173.
1916:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1796:
1670:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1580:
1578:
1576:
2224:
1869:
1427:
1348:"Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex"
1254:
1252:
439:The central parts of the Weichsel ice sheet had
299:
1763:
1662:
1660:
1135:
1133:
522:During deglaciation, meltwater formed numerous
463:the largest glacier advance occurred 17 ka BP.
304:
1573:
1527:
906:Following the last of these cold periods, the
778:(Cyperaceae) and temporarily a high number of
405:extent began after the Ă…lesund interstadial.
2128:
2040:
1406:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
1341:
1339:
1249:
244:
50:. In the Alpine region it corresponds to the
1657:
1130:
1032:
1030:
1028:
715:Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited
704:Sequence and subdivisions of the Weichselian
340:. According to this view any closing of the
1956:
1954:
1521:
2135:
2121:
1547:
1336:
251:
237:
2082:
2072:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1748:
1626:
1616:
1475:
1465:
1418:
1383:
1373:
1025:
66:and extended as far as the east coast of
1962:Quaternary field trips in central Europe
1951:
1836:
1666:
1191:
937:) (Finland and Norway become ice-free).
815:
707:
669:the rate of post-glacial rebound in the
613:
606:down the rivers of northernmost Sweden.
470:
376:
268:In other regions Major Glacial 4 of the
29:
1845:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1764:Tikkanen, Matti; Oksanen, Juha (2002).
1641:
1554:Melin, Daniel; Rydberg, Daniel (2009).
774:Hengelo Interstadial – The pollen show
609:
372:
14:
2225:
1999:
1974:
1398:
1089:
1087:
1036:
2116:
2102:, Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1995
1790:
1490:
571:
545:that brought freshwater taxa such as
103:or, rarely, the Weichselian complex (
1841:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
357:Between 38 and 28 ka BP there was a
62:ice sheet) that spread out from the
1084:
980:In the isolation that followed the
401:The growth of the ice sheet to its
391: Greatest extent of the older
24:
1243:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00500.x
1211:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00508.x
264:Naming in other parts of the world
54:. It was characterized by a large
25:
2264:
2143:The cold and warm periods of the
2100:Physische Geographie Deutschlands
1964:, Volume 1, Pfeil, 1995, p. 375.
1119:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 265.
1073:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 580.
561:that were never connected to the
1691:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00443.x
1117:Dictionary of Physical Geography
1104:Principles of Physical Geography
1071:Dictionary of Physical Geography
467:Deglaciation up to Younger Dryas
2034:
1906:
1863:
1830:
1757:
1728:Journal of Geophysical Research
1714:
1705:
1635:
1618:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105862
1484:
1467:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016
1392:
1375:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019
1323:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.022
1288:
993:
974:
272:is given a local name. In the
144:(1858–1944) named it using the
2098:H. Liedtke & J. Marcinek:
2084:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B9EB-9
1589:; Svendsen, John Inge (2019).
1494:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Geomorphologie
1442:"Deglaciation of Fennoscandia"
1217:
1185:
1109:
1096:
1063:
13:
1:
2055:
2028:10.1016/s1040-6182(99)00015-4
1937:10.1080/04353676.2017.1329624
1653:. 2nd ICESHS. Cracow, Poland.
1057:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00031-9
1018:
336:disrupting the convection of
300:Development of the glaciation
42:is the regional name for the
1824:10.1016/0169-555X(94)00076-4
1269:Norwegian Journal of Geology
604:glacial lake outburst floods
477:Copenhagen Zoological Museum
305:Early and Middle Weichselian
7:
1093:Litt et al. (2007: pp.45ff)
940:
700:zone came above sea level.
330:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
171:Evolution of the Baltic Sea
114:it was the youngest of the
10:
2269:
1642:Espmark, Kristina (2006).
1596:Quaternary Science Reviews
1446:Quaternary Science Reviews
1353:Quaternary Science Reviews
1302:Quaternary Science Reviews
1171:10.1038/s41561-022-00956-9
742:as well as low numbers of
2152:
1987:Earth Systems and Society
1892:10.1134/S1028334X12020079
1649:. In Kokowski, M. (ed.).
725:Dansgaard–Oeschger events
395:glaciation (yellow line).
338:North Atlantic Deep Water
164:) in present-day Poland.
46:in the northern parts of
2008:Quaternary International
1798:Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna
1040:Quaternary International
967:
762:Weichselian High Glacial
95:), Weichselian glacial (
1528:Kinsten, Björn (2010).
1515:10.1127/zfg/36/1992/343
1399:Sarala, Pertti (2005).
962:Toba catastrophe theory
414:Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
133:. The German geologist
2041:Karl N. Thome (1998),
1872:Doklady Earth Sciences
1420:10.17741/bgsf/77.2.001
1115:Whittow, John (1984).
1069:Whittow, John (1984).
947:Timeline of glaciation
860:Meiendorf Interstadial
821:
719:
673:has varied. Since the
656:joint valley landscape
623:
479:
398:
359:relatively warm period
319:Scandinavian Mountains
161:
88:
64:Scandinavian Mountains
40:Weichselian glaciation
35:
1009:Geologiska föreningen
819:
711:
692:in western Sweden as
660:Stockholm archipelago
617:
474:
441:cold-based conditions
380:
33:
2238:Last Glacial Maximum
2074:10.3285/eg.56.1-2.02
1750:10.1029/1998jb900057
1309:(17–18): 2224–2237.
698:groundwater recharge
627:Isostatic adjustment
610:Isostatic adjustment
403:Last Glacial Maximum
373:Last Glacial Maximum
352:Last Glacial Maximum
294:Wisconsin glaciation
286:Devensian glaciation
185:(130,000–115,000 BC)
2243:Last Glacial Period
2020:1999QuInt..61...27F
1985:John Dodson (ed.),
1960:Wolfgang Schirmer,
1929:2017GeAnA..99..288S
1884:2012DokES.442..242R
1816:1995Geomo..12...45L
1741:1999JGR...104.2733D
1683:2012GeAnA..94..321B
1609:2019QSRv..22105862R
1507:1992ZGm....36..343O
1458:2016QSRv..147...91S
1366:2017QSRv..169..148P
1315:2010QSRv...29.2224R
1163:2022NatGe..15..482L
1049:2002QuInt..95...99F
848:Bølling oscillation
836:Allerød oscillation
696:increased when the
530:. In north-central
461:northwestern Russia
190:(115,000–12,600 BC)
188:Ice sheets and seas
127:Eemian interglacial
44:Last Glacial Period
2233:Pleistocene events
822:
720:
624:
572:Final deglaciation
480:
399:
228:(4,000 BC–present)
203:(12,600–10,300 BC)
68:Schleswig-Holstein
36:
2220:
2219:
2212:Last Interglacial
1995:978-90-481-8716-4
1970:978-39-238-7191-9
1735:(B2): 2733–2747.
1150:Nature Geoscience
1043:. 95–96: 99–112.
645:off the coast of
261:
260:
226:Modern Baltic Sea
208:(10,300–9,500 BC)
101:Weichselian Stage
93:Weichsel-Kaltzeit
16:(Redirected from
2260:
2147:in North Germany
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1983:
1972:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1034:
1012:
997:
991:
978:
671:Kandalaksha Gulf
587:ice-dammed lakes
567:glacial relicts.
449:proglacial lakes
390:
384:
253:
246:
239:
223:(7,500–4,000 BC)
218:(8,000–7,500 BC)
213:(9,500–8,000 BC)
167:
166:
143:
105:Weichsel-Komplex
97:Weichsel-Glazial
89:Weichsel-Eiszeit
83:
76:Northwest Russia
21:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2253:Northern Europe
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2148:
2141:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2004:
2000:
1984:
1975:
1959:
1952:
1911:
1907:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1835:
1831:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1762:
1758:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1665:
1658:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1585:Regnéll, Carl;
1583:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1489:
1485:
1437:
1428:
1397:
1393:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1222:
1218:
1190:
1186:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1102:F.J. Monkhouse
1101:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1068:
1064:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
998:
994:
979:
975:
970:
943:
706:
683:Atlantic period
681:. Prior to the
633:in the western
612:
591:Sarek Mountains
583:Northern Sweden
581:and another in
579:Southern Norway
574:
563:Baltic Ice Lake
469:
396:
388:
386:
382:
375:
307:
302:
278:WĂĽrm glaciation
266:
257:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
201:Baltic Ice Lake
186:
137:
135:Konrad Keilhack
112:Northern Europe
79:
52:WĂĽrm glaciation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2033:
1998:
1973:
1950:
1923:(3): 288–311.
1905:
1878:(2): 544–548.
1862:
1855:
1829:
1789:
1756:
1713:
1704:
1677:(3): 321–337.
1656:
1634:
1572:
1546:
1520:
1501:(3): 343–363.
1483:
1426:
1391:
1335:
1287:
1248:
1237:(4): 381–393.
1216:
1205:(4): 447–462.
1184:
1157:(6): 482–488.
1129:
1108:
1095:
1083:
1062:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
992:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
942:
939:
923:Germaniglazial
904:
903:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
811:
810:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
772:
769:
758:
757:
754:
750:
747:
705:
702:
611:
608:
573:
570:
557:to lakes like
512:Kola Peninsula
510:, the bulk of
468:
465:
445:well preserved
430:Before Present
387:
381:
374:
371:
306:
303:
301:
298:
265:
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
248:
241:
233:
230:
229:
216:Mastogloia Sea
197:
196:
192:
191:
179:
178:
174:
173:
60:Fenno-Scandian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2265:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Younger Dryas
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:3-623-00840-0
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1856:9780521472999
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:Geomorphology
1799:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1587:Mangerud, Jan
1581:
1579:
1577:
1557:
1550:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1413:(2): 71–104.
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:Mangerud, Jan
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:Mangerud, Jan
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:0-14-051094-X
1122:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:0-14-051094-X
1076:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
989:
988:
983:
977:
973:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
908:Younger Dryas
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:dwarf birches
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:Younger Dryas
824:
823:
818:
814:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:dwarf birches
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
765:
763:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
731:
728:
726:
717:
716:
710:
701:
699:
695:
694:pore pressure
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
652:Norra Kvarken
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
620:Littorina Sea
616:
607:
605:
599:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
569:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
549:
544:
539:
537:
534:and southern
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Baltic states
498:, all of the
497:
493:
489:
488:Younger Dryas
485:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
434:Novaya Zemlya
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
394:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
342:Bering Strait
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Great Britain
279:
275:
274:Alpine region
271:
254:
249:
247:
242:
240:
235:
234:
232:
231:
227:
222:
221:Littorina Sea
217:
212:
207:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
189:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2201:
2099:
2064:
2043:
2036:
2014:(1): 27–39.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1961:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1832:
1810:(1): 45–61.
1807:
1801:
1792:
1782:December 22,
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1769:
1759:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1674:
1668:
1650:
1637:
1600:
1594:
1563:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1523:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1449:
1445:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1357:
1351:
1326:. Retrieved
1306:
1300:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1276:(2): 159–170
1273:
1267:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1154:
1148:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1070:
1065:
1038:
1005:Astrid Cleve
1001:Ernst Antevs
995:
987:Sommen charr
985:
981:
976:
934:
930:
926:
922:
920:
912:interglacial
905:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
854:Oldest Dryas
812:
807:Dithmarschen
783:
761:
759:
729:
721:
713:
687:
667:deglaciation
664:
635:Bothnian Sea
625:
600:
575:
552:
546:
540:
536:Östergötland
521:
481:
457:Pskov Oblast
453:
438:
407:
400:
356:
348:Jan Mangerud
346:
308:
267:
211:Ancylus Lake
187:
149:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
59:
39:
37:
2202:Weichselian
2157:Pre-Tiglian
1385:10037/11970
1360:: 148–172.
1328:25 November
1280:January 20,
1003:(1921) and
935:Finiglazial
931:Gotiglazial
927:Daniglazial
868:Betula nana
842:Older Dryas
830:heliophytes
805:(county of
784:Betula nana
639:Skuleberget
618:Map of the
543:lock system
504:Lake Ladoga
418:Barents Sea
270:Pleistocene
177:Pleistocene
138: [
120:Pleistocene
70:, northern
18:Weichselian
2227:Categories
2145:Quaternary
2056:Literature
1628:1956/21672
1603:: 105862.
1477:1956/11701
1452:: 91–121.
1019:References
982:Salvelinus
957:Quaternary
952:Glaciology
880:sandthorns
803:Schalkholz
690:landslides
647:SkellefteĂĄ
643:Furuögrund
631:High Coast
596:ice divide
554:Salvelinus
508:Lake Onega
451:built up.
420:24 ka BP (
410:ice divide
311:ice fields
276:it is the
206:Yoldia Sea
183:Eemian Sea
2187:Cromerian
2167:Eburonian
2093:0424-7116
1945:133775764
1900:129656482
1699:128972883
1565:April 20,
1539:April 19,
1179:249524145
900:Artemisia
896:sagebrush
892:Juniperus
884:Hippophae
675:White Sea
516:White Sea
334:Greenland
326:Patagonia
152:) of the
81:‹See Tfd›
56:ice sheet
2207:Holstein
2182:Bavelian
2177:Menapian
941:See also
916:Holocene
888:junipers
514:and the
492:Götaland
484:Bornholm
426:thousand
422:kiloannī
315:ice caps
195:Holocene
150:Weichsel
131:Holocene
116:glacials
2172:Waalian
2162:Tiglian
2016:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1880:Bibcode
1812:Bibcode
1737:Bibcode
1679:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1503:Bibcode
1454:Bibcode
1362:Bibcode
1311:Bibcode
1159:Bibcode
1045:Bibcode
872:willows
760:In the
736:larches
532:SmĂĄland
528:sandurs
496:Gotland
424:or one
393:Saalian
363:Ă…lesund
317:in the
290:Ireland
154:Vistula
123:ice age
118:of the
2192:Elster
2106:
2091:
1993:
1968:
1943:
1898:
1853:
1771:Fennia
1697:
1230:Boreas
1198:Boreas
1177:
1123:
1077:
914:, the
894:) and
878:sp.),
776:sedges
740:spruce
665:Since
559:Sommen
524:eskers
428:years
389:
383:
367:shells
323:Andean
158:Polish
148:name (
146:German
85:German
72:Poland
48:Europe
2197:Saale
1941:S2CID
1896:S2CID
1778:(1–2)
1695:S2CID
1647:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1175:S2CID
1145:(PDF)
968:Notes
876:Salix
744:alder
548:Mysis
288:, in
280:, in
162:Wisła
142:]
58:(the
2104:ISBN
2089:ISSN
1991:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1784:2017
1567:2019
1541:2019
1330:2022
1282:2018
1121:ISBN
1075:ISBN
738:and
551:and
526:and
313:and
284:the
74:and
38:The
2079:hdl
2069:doi
2024:doi
1933:doi
1888:doi
1876:442
1820:doi
1776:180
1745:doi
1733:104
1687:doi
1623:hdl
1613:doi
1601:221
1511:doi
1472:hdl
1462:doi
1450:147
1415:doi
1380:hdl
1370:doi
1358:169
1319:doi
1239:doi
1207:doi
1167:doi
1053:doi
886:),
870:),
658:as
110:In
107:).
99:),
2229::
2087:,
2077:,
2022:.
2012:61
2010:.
1976:^
1953:^
1939:.
1931:.
1921:99
1919:.
1894:.
1886:.
1874:.
1849:.
1847:37
1818:.
1808:12
1806:.
1774:.
1768:.
1743:.
1731:.
1725:.
1693:.
1685:.
1675:94
1673:.
1659:^
1621:.
1611:.
1599:.
1593:.
1575:^
1509:.
1499:36
1497:.
1470:.
1460:.
1448:.
1444:.
1429:^
1411:77
1409:.
1403:.
1378:.
1368:.
1356:.
1350:.
1338:^
1317:.
1307:29
1305:.
1299:.
1274:96
1272:.
1266:.
1251:^
1235:10
1233:.
1203:10
1201:.
1173:.
1165:.
1155:15
1153:.
1147:.
1132:^
1086:^
1051:.
1027:^
918:.
902:).
786:).
727:.
679:yr
662:.
506:,
494:,
436:.
369:.
354:.
296:.
160::
140:de
87::
2136:e
2129:t
2122:v
2081::
2071::
2030:.
2026::
2018::
1947:.
1935::
1927::
1902:.
1890::
1882::
1859:.
1826:.
1822::
1814::
1786:.
1753:.
1747::
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