Allied-occupied Germany

1824: 3073: 2646:, Poles, Hungarians and Yugoslavs of German ethnicity in their zones, France generally had not agreed to the expulsions approved by the Potsdam agreement (a decision made without input from France). Therefore, France strictly refused to absorb war refugees who were denied return to their homes in seized eastern German territories or destitute post-war expellees who had been expropriated there, into the French zone, let alone into the separated Saar protectorate. However, the native population, returning after Nazi-imposed removals (e.g., political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g., evacuation from air raids), were allowed to return home in the areas under French control. The other Allies complained that they had to shoulder the burden to feed, house and clothe the expellees who had to leave their belongings behind. 2618: 94: 5324: 77: 1804: 5418: 1396: 2585: 5282: 3112:

destitute expellees in its zone. While the few war-related refugees who had reached the area to become the French zone before July 1945 were taken care of, the French military government for Germany refused to absorb post-war expellees deported from the East into its zone. In December 1946, the French military government for Germany absorbed into its zone German refugees from Denmark, where 250,000 Germans had found a refuge from the Soviets by sea vessels between February and May 1945. These clearly were war-related refugees from the eastern parts of Germany however, and not post-war expellees.

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authorities against African-Americans compared with Caucasian soldiers, much more likely to result in a conviction by court-martial (in part because a German woman was both less likely to acknowledge consensual sexual relations with an African-American and more likely to be believed if she alleged rape against an African-American) and which carried a potential death sentence. Even in the rare cases where an African-American soldier was willing to take responsibility for fathering a child, until 1948 the U.S. Army prohibited

2276: 8783: 5338: 2964: 2013: 728: 1895:. This region bordered the Netherlands and covered an area of 6,500 km, and was originally intended to serve as a collection and dispersal territory for the millions of Polish displaced persons in Germany and Western Europe after the war. Early British proposals for this to form the basis of a formal Polish zone of occupation, were however, soon abandoned due to Soviet opposition. The zone had a large camp constructed largely for displaced persons and was administered by the 2152: 683: 2879: 2984:

total deficiency was about 50%, not 15% as stated in a ministerial reply in the British Parliament on 11 December. So only about 770 calories (3,200 kJ) would have been supplied, and he said the German winter ration would be 1,000 calories (4,200 kJ) as the recent increase was "largely mythical". His book includes photos taken on the visit and critical letters and newspaper articles by him published in several British newspapers;

1189: 626: 612: 5383: 1203: 1351:, with the exact line of the boundary to be determined in a final German peace treaty. This treaty was expected to confirm the shifting westward of Poland's borders, as the United Kingdom and United States committed themselves to support the permanent incorporation of eastern Germany into Poland and the Soviet Union. From March 1945 to July 1945, these 2891:

strictly this policy was applied varied from place to place, but in many places the restrictions were frequently ignored, as a result of which the policy was quickly abandoned. Germans were also prohibited from inhabiting any part of a building in which US soldiers were housed, leading to large numbers of Germans being ejected from their homes.

2736:, also known as the "Two-plus-Four Treaty", granting full sovereign powers to Germany did not become law until 15 March 1991, after all of the participating governments had ratified the treaty. As envisaged by the Treaty, the last occupation troops departed from Germany when the Russian presence was terminated in 1994, although the 2642:

of a Marxist political-economic system (enforced redistribution of land, nationalisation of businesses). Another dispute was the absorption of post-war expellees. While the UK, the US and the Soviet Union had agreed to accept, house and feed about six million expelled German citizens from former eastern Germany and four million

3009:. In the earliest stages of the occupation, U.S. soldiers were not allowed to pay maintenance for a child they admitted having fathered, since to do so was considered "aiding the enemy". Marriages between white U.S. soldiers and Austrian women were not permitted until January 1946, and with German women until December 1946. 2096:, which was disentangled from it on 16 February 1946. By 18 December 1946 customs controls were established between the Saar area and Allied-occupied Germany. The French zone ceded further areas adjacent to the Saar (in mid-1946, early 1947, and early 1949). Included in the French zone was the town of 1371:

After two months during which they held areas that had been assigned to the Soviet zone, U.S. forces withdrew in the first days of July 1945. Some have concluded that this was a crucial move which persuaded the Soviet Union to allow American, British and French forces into their designated sectors in

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Cf. the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 from other German states in the former British or American zone: "Beyond that already since summer 1945 France refused to absorb expellee transports in her zone. France, who had

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was overseen by the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD), which maintained close control over the Germans and allowed little room for independent action on the part of local German officials. Key posts in local administration, particularly those dealing with security members, were given to members

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on 3 September 1971) in the context of growing tensions between the Allies, with Britain and the US wishing cooperation, France obstructing any collaboration in order to partition Germany into many independent states, and especially: the Soviet Union unilaterally implementing from early on elements

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The food situation in occupied Germany was initially very dire. By the spring of 1946 the official ration in the American zone was no more than 1,275 calories (5,330 kJ) per day, with some areas probably receiving as little as 700 calories (2,900 kJ) per day. In the British zone the food

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To further the long-term aim of democratization, the British implemented government modeled on the UK system, placing heavy emphasis on local level democracy. The goal was to create a British-style administration with employees who viewed themselves as public servants, on the basis that this would

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the normal 28-day allocation should have been 1,548 calories (6,480 kJ) including 10 kilograms (22 lb) of bread, but as there was limited grain the bread ration was only 8.5 kilograms (19 lb). However, as there was only sufficient bread for about 50% of this "called up" ration, the

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Soviet occupation authorities also executed a rigorous program of land reform, expropriating large landed estates and imposing direct control over much of the economic activity in the zone. They closed major banks and insurance companies in July 1945, and seized property formerly belonging to the

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On the economic front, the French seized the opportunity to extract coal and steel resources from the Saar region, fusing it with France in a customs and currency union and encouraging the development of export industries. As a result, the French managed to extract a surplus from their occupation

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to facilitate economic recovery within France itself. Since one of their key goals was to ensure that Germany would never again be in a position to threaten France, the French were strongly opposed to a unified approach to occupation, and favored political structures that were as decentralized as

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While Allied servicemen were ordered to obey local laws while in Germany, soldiers could not be prosecuted by German courts for crimes committed against German citizens except as authorised by the occupation authorities. Invariably, when a soldier was accused of criminal behaviour the occupation

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from public life; and take any other measures in Germany as might be necessary to ensure future peace and safety. The consensus among the Allies was that it was necessary to ensure Germany could not cause further world wars, but beyond that their opinion on what Germany's future should look like

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Initially, the US was extremely rigorous in its efforts to prevent fraternization with German civilians. US soldiers were forbidden to shake hands with Germans, visit their homes, play games or sports with them, exchange gifts, take part in social events, or walk in the streets with them. How

1915:, and withdrew recognition from the London-based Polish government in exile, the Emsland zone became more of an embarrassment. Polish units within the British Army were demobilised in June 1947. The expelled German populations were allowed to return and the last Polish residents left in 1948. 3111:

France was not invited to the Potsdam Conference. As a result, it chose to adopt some decisions of the Potsdam Agreements and to dismiss others. France maintained the position that it did not approve post-war expulsions and that therefore it was not responsible to accommodate and nourish the

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even with an "enemy" white population was regarded as an intolerable outrage. African-American soldiers were therefore reluctant to admit to fathering such children since this would invite reprisals and even accusations of rape, a crime which was much more aggressively prosecuted by military

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While located wholly within the Soviet zone, because of its symbolic importance as the nation's capital and seat of the former Nazi government, the city of Berlin was jointly occupied by the Allied powers and subdivided into four sectors. All four occupying powers were entitled to privileges

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Following the complete closure of all Nazi German media, the launch and operation of completely new newspaper titles began by licensing carefully selected Germans as publishers. Licenses were granted to Germans not involved in Nazi propaganda to establish those newspapers, including

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in March 1953, the Soviet Control Commission was replaced with the office of the Soviet High Commissioner on 28 May 1953. This office was abolished (and replaced by an ambassador) and (general) sovereignty was granted to the GDR, when the Soviet Union concluded a state treaty

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not participated in the Potsdam Conference, where the expulsions of eastern Germans had been decided, and who therefore did not feel responsible for the ramifications, feared an unbearable burden for its zone anyway strongly smarting from the consequences of the war." N.N.,

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In practice, each of the four occupying powers wielded government authority in their respective zones and carried out different policies toward the population and local and state governments there. A uniform administration of the western zones evolved, known first as the

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The city of Berlin was not part of either state and de jure continued to be under Allied occupation of the four countries until the reunification of Germany in October 1990. For administrative purposes, the three western sectors of Berlin were merged into the entity of

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authorities preferred to handle the matter within the military justice system. This sometimes led to harsher punishments than would have been available under German law – in particular, U.S. servicemen could be executed if court-martialed and convicted of rape. See

3104:, Hungary and elsewhere to the occupation zones of the UK, US, and USSR, which agreed in the Potsdam Agreement to absorb the post-war expellees into their zones. Many remained in refugee camps for a long time. Some Germans remained in the Soviet Union and were 2654:(the American and British zones merged as of 1 January 1947) and later the Trizone (after inclusion of the French zone). The complete breakdown of east–west allied cooperation and joint administration in Germany became clear with the Soviet imposition of the 3016:("Negro half-breeds"), comprising about three percent of the total number of children fathered by GIs, were particularly disadvantaged because of their inability to conceal the foreign identity of their fathers. For many white U.S. soldiers of this era, 2903:

included the Ruhr industrial region, which had experienced the heaviest bombing and therefore faced the greatest shortages of housing and food. Initial British occupation directives were concerned primarily with economic considerations and food supply.

2100:, a German exclave separated from the rest of the country by a narrow strip of neutral Swiss territory. The Swiss government agreed to allow limited numbers of French troops to pass through its territory in order to maintain law and order in Büsingen. 2908:

help to reeducate Germans to democratic modes of thought. To that end the British introduced new local government structures, including a nonpolitical position similar to the English town clerk ("city director") that replaced the office of mayor.

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in October 1990. Though West Germany was effectively independent, the western Allies maintained limited legal jurisdiction over 'Germany as a whole' in respect of West Germany and Berlin. At the same time, East Germany progressed from being a

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Conference to be "temporarily administered" pending the Final Peace Treaty on Germany between the four Allies and a future German state; eventually (under the September 1990 Peace Treaty) the northern portion of East Prussia became the

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The Belgians were allocated a territory which was garrisoned by their troops. The zone formed a 200 kilometres (120 mi) strip from the Belgian-German border at the south of the British zone, and included the important cities of

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had been administered under Soviet military occupation authorities, but following the Potsdam Agreement they were handed over to Soviet and Polish civilian administrations and ceased to constitute part of Allied-occupied Germany.

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Hungary, which had been allied with Germany and whose population was opposed to an expulsion of the German minority, tried to resist the transfer. Hungary had to yield to the pressure exerted mainly by the Soviet Union and by the

2836:"). Under this plan, Germany would have been broken into four autonomous states and not only demilitarized but also deindustrialized to the point of becoming chiefly agrarian. The Morgenthau plan was opposed by Secretary of State 2991:

Some occupation soldiers took advantage of the desperate food situation by exploiting their ample supply of food and cigarettes (the currency of the black market) to get to the local German girls as what became known as

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In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe, United States forces had pushed beyond the agreed boundaries for the future zones of occupation, in some places by as much as 320 km (200 miles). The so-called

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became law, the occupation ended, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. West Germany was also allowed to build a military, and the

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for Germany prohibited "proceedings to establish paternity or liability for maintenance of children." Even after the lifting of the ban West German courts had little power over American soldiers.

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In general, the British believed strongly in reeducation as a means to achieve democracy, which led them to prioritize the reestablishment of schooling and university education in their zone.

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Despite the grants of general sovereignty to both German states in 1955, full and unrestricted sovereignty under international law was not enjoyed by any German government until after the

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had liberated the Netherlands and had conquered Northern Germany. The Canadian forces went home following the German surrender, leaving Northern Germany to be occupied by the British.

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on 1 August 1945 that "the transfer to Germany of German populations...in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary will have to be undertaken"; "wild expulsion" was already going on.

4339: 2844:, and Roosevelt distanced himself from the idea after it was reported on by major American newspapers. Ultimately, US occupation policy came to be determined chiefly by the 2031:

was at first not granted an occupation zone in Germany, but the British and American governments later agreed to cede some western parts of their zones of occupation to the

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on 8 May 1945, the four countries representing the Allies (the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the

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and the westernmost part of Austria. In July, the French relinquished Stuttgart to the Americans, and in exchange were given control over cities west of the Rhine such as

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throughout Berlin that were not extended to the rest of Germany – this included the Soviet sector of Berlin, which was legally separate from the rest of the Soviet zone.

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The French were less concerned with improving Germany's moral and civic character, focusing instead on ensuring France's future security and utilizing the resources of

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Soviet aims in Germany were similar to those of the French, with the primary goals being to prevent future aggression by Germany and to extract reparations.

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in April 1947, between Denmark and United Kingdom. A Danish Occupation Force was formally established on 7 October 1949. The headquarters was in the town of

93: 8869: 6665: 6611: 5797: 1234: 8884: 7129: 6618: 6234: 5644: 1423: 3262: 7015: 6455: 6331: 3368: 3121: 3305: 2605:, a communist party that would come to dominate the future East German state. Walter Ulbricht is seated in the foreground to the right of Grotewohl. 76: 6308: 5688: 1642: 5323: 3239: 2732:

of the Soviet Union to increasing independence of action; while still deferring in matters of security to Soviet authority. The provisions of the

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with its constitution took effect on 17 December 1947, however the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union and Germans here were not expelled.

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Biddiscombe, P. (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948".

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redoubt. Perry Biddiscombe estimates the total death toll as a direct result of Werewolf actions and the resulting reprisals as 3,000–5,000.

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zone, and prevented it from becoming a financial liability the way the British and American zones were to their respective occupying powers.

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On 20 March 1948, the Soviets withdrew from the Allied Control Council. The split led to the establishment in 1949 of two new German states,

7078: 3953: 7456: 7312: 7296: 7268: 6509: 5716: 1522: 3209: 8220: 7280: 7192: 7136: 7099: 6374: 3545: 3105: 2208: 1347:, at Potsdam, the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union approved the detachment from Germany of the territories east of the 3072: 8894: 8829: 7185: 5910: 2786: 2683:) entered into force. However, upon the creation of the Federal Republic in May 1949, the military governors were replaced by civilian 2059:. All this resulted in two barely contiguous areas of Germany along the French border which met at just a single point along the River 8698: 7319: 5702: 5660: 5251: 2700: 2196: 8547: 6352: 6126: 5889: 5755: 5566: 4997: 4237: 2643: 1227: 160: 3418:"Agreement concerning the participation of a Danish contingent in the occupation of Germany. Signed at Copenhagen, April 22, 1947" 1463: 8824: 7435: 7232: 6884: 6262: 5762: 5674: 5610: 5178: 786: 17: 2761:

and while not recognised by the Western powers as a part of East Germany, the GDR declared it its capital (Hauptstadt der DDR).

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on 2 August 1945 defined the new eastern German border by giving Poland and the Soviet Union all regions of Germany east of the

8839: 7638: 7150: 5993: 5531: 4116: 4095: 453: 8844: 8834: 8241: 8146: 7666: 7412: 7287: 6366: 6340: 6197: 5903: 5820: 5498: 4471: 4006: 3935: 3688: 3662: 3580: 3330: 3097: 2266: 1790: 1781:. It was created in July 1949 and was not under British or any other allied control. Instead it was under the control of the 1352: 1299: 1167: 1098: 1031: 3505:

Campion, Corey (2019). "Remembering the Forgotten Zone: Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany".

2662:(FRG) i.e. West Germany in May 1949, and after that the Soviets followed suit in October 1949 with the establishment of the 8864: 8859: 8474: 7874: 7760: 6925: 6385: 6381: 6359: 5963: 5432: 5244: 4778: 2192: 1333: 1680:, but with borders that had been drawn by the Nazi government in 1937. The British also created the new German states of: 648:

by joining it on 1 January 1957, not recognized by all four Allied powers, the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union.

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which they had taken over from the Americans a few weeks before, as it had previously been agreed to be occupied by the

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Campion, Corey. "Remembering the" Forgotten Zone": Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany."

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British occupation policy was similar to that of the United States, but with a greater focus on economic problems. The

2240: 1977:. So, at 12 noon that day, Dutch troops moved to occupy an area of 69 km (17,000 acres), the most relevants parts were 1598: 1133: 927: 782: 222: 3450: 2617: 8714: 7589: 7561: 7378: 6960: 6672: 6639: 5412: 5377: 4965: 4869: 4706: 2168: 2146: 2007: 1840: 1586: 1318:) and divided the remaining "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones, each administered by one of the Allies. 243: 212: 5855: 8751: 7902: 7839: 6974: 6803: 5926: 2795:, where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin signed an agreement stating that they intended to: disarm and disband the 2602: 1332:, annexed by Germany from Lithuania before the war, was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and transferred to the 777: 6480: 4049:

Knowles, Christopher. "The British Occupation of Germany, 1945–49: A Case Study in Post-Conflict Reconstruction."

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A 1956 plebiscite ended the French administration of the Saar protectorate, and it joined the Federal Republic as

828: 8275: 8116: 8105: 7934: 7693: 7652: 7545: 7483: 6863: 6133: 6002: 5970: 4831: 4431: 4063:

Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

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Transforming Occupation in the Western Zones of Germany: Politics, Everyday Life and Social Interactions, 1945-55

2016: 939: 804: 6650: 6218: 4164:

Miller, Paul D. "A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955."

4023: 2707:, although limited sovereignty was not granted to the GDR government until 11 November 1949. After the death of 84: 8661: 8633: 8511: 8304: 7534: 6985: 6911: 6700: 6071: 5790: 5695: 5580: 4814: 4630: 4314: 3960:

Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence, Department of history and civilization

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Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Multilateral, 1931-1945

2638: 2625:, which contained recommendations for the establishment of a new state and also formed a working basis for the 1880: 1705: 1691: 1276: 808: 767: 371: 3614: 1862:(known as the Belgian Forces in Germany from 1951) became autonomous in 1946 under the command, initially, of 8849: 8721: 8654: 8605: 8536: 8361: 7860: 7811: 7575: 7568: 7171: 6932: 6716: 5769: 5442: 5108: 4884: 4746: 4650: 4549: 3143: 2184: 1814: 1364:

between Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of hostilities, mostly lying eastward of the July 1945-established

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August 1948, German children deported from the eastern areas taken over by Poland arrive in western Germany.

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during 1951–1952, which terminated the occupation and prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany.

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The last Allied war advances into Germany and Allied occupation plans were affected by rumors of the Nazi

8758: 8082: 8027: 7645: 7617: 7470: 7085: 7064: 6578: 6241: 6147: 5637: 5427: 4923: 4836: 4288: 3927: 3302: 2188: 1970: 1912: 1325: 820: 772: 757: 752: 707: 692: 31: 5402: 3002:, 25 June 1945). Some soldiers still felt the girls were the enemy, but used them for sex nevertheless. 2474: 2315:

Saarland, an area in the French occupation zone, was separated from Allied-occupied Germany to become a

2074: 1336:. All territories annexed by Germany during the war from Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and 8556: 8045: 7964: 7909: 7797: 7753: 7403: 7029: 6953: 6848: 6725: 6597: 6590: 6550: 6523: 6255: 6188: 5783: 5594: 5524: 4846: 4758: 4736: 4655: 4640: 4456: 4436: 4278: 2699:

A similar situation occurred in East Germany. The GDR was founded on 7 October 1949. On 10 October the

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Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

3842: 3084:, where the victorious Allies drew up plans for the future of Germany, noted in article XIII of the 8197: 8174: 7419: 7220: 7213: 6870: 6530: 6502: 6495: 5882: 5075: 5037: 4874: 4645: 3631: 3600: 2808: 2782: 2724: 824: 6227: 6204: 3549: 2097: 1581: 8619: 8563: 8433: 8293: 7971: 7624: 7520: 7426: 6994: 6855: 6825: 6789: 6774: 6646: 6538: 6516: 6462: 6448: 6430: 5875: 5603: 5552: 5211: 5085: 5065: 5042: 5022: 4982: 4945: 4894: 4768: 4731: 4223: 3950: 3313: 3133: 2900: 2584: 1964:. It remained stationed at Itzehoe, under the name of The Danish Command in Germany, until 1958. 1793:. Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the 1701: 1654: 1623: 1602: 1417: 792: 682: 5236: 3951:

The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

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West German mayors and minister presidents receive the British, American, and French occupiers'

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A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

3203: 3138: 3093: 3029: 2940: 2920: 2634: 2539: 2396: 1782: 1727: 1715: 1344: 1280: 1248: 957: 851: 668: 385: 35: 2687:, whose powers lay somewhere between those of a governor and those of an ambassador. When the 2658:

that was enforced from June 1948 to May 1949. The three western zones were merged to form the

1551: 1500:) were also placed under U.S. control because of the U.S. request to have certain toeholds in 8802: 8525: 8368: 8264: 8234: 8190: 8059: 7923: 7888: 7881: 7804: 7702: 7143: 7120: 6967: 6571: 6108: 5848: 5834: 5517: 5173: 4992: 4977: 4940: 2125:

From November 1945, Luxembourg was allocated a zone within the French sector. The Luxembourg

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Also in 1947, the American zone of occupation being inland had no port facilities – thus the

1658: 1539: 1337: 1154: 796: 6406: 3354:"Entre ressentiment et ré-éducation, L'Armée belge d'Occupation et les Allemands, 1945–1952" 1973:, give to the Netherlands some less far-reaching border modifications, after the failure of 1645:(CCG/BE) ceded more slices of its area of occupation to the Soviet Union – specifically the 8626: 8481: 8132: 8089: 8052: 7978: 7788: 7767: 6686: 6163: 5841: 5397: 4955: 4899: 4783: 4721: 4716: 4686: 4618: 4596: 4544: 4446: 3875: 3601:"Vor 50 Jahren: Der 15. April 1950. Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland-Pfalz" 3022: 2829: 2800: 2448: 2309: 2288: 2156: 1688: 1575: 1348: 1295: 1149: 977: 964: 856: 654: 319: 5313: 2370: 2086: 2082: 1478: 1474: 8: 8744: 8518: 8396: 8352: 7867: 7001: 6760: 6287: 6117: 6101: 6050: 5138: 5032: 5007: 5002: 4879: 4824: 4763: 4669: 4400: 4334: 3052:

plan for insurgency, and successful Nazi deception about plans to withdraw forces to the

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with the GDR on 20 September 1955. On 1 March 1956, the GDR established a military, the

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At first, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as all territories of Germany before the

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American propaganda poster using images of concentration camp victims to warn against

2308:, also fell to Poland. Most German citizens residing in these areas were subsequently 2164: 1868: 1767: 1372:

Berlin, which occurred at roughly the same time; the need for intelligence gathering (

8728: 8612: 8502: 8442: 8403: 8336: 8318: 8284: 8227: 8181: 8125: 7943: 7681: 7673: 7610: 7463: 7057: 6582: 6043: 6022: 5732: 5158: 5133: 5080: 5027: 4841: 4613: 4405: 4199: 4186: 4134: 4002: 3931: 3921: 3824: 3684: 3658: 3576: 3526: 3085: 2845: 2684: 2316: 2270: 2093: 2065: 2036: 1982: 1974: 1786: 1677: 1530: 1469: 1442: 1400: 1291: 909: 832: 583: 504: 194: 4092: 4082: 1845:

Army units from other countries were stationed within the British occupation zone.

8647: 8640: 8584: 8248: 8006: 7992: 7895: 7832: 7783: 7596: 7449: 7396: 7206: 7157: 7071: 6294: 6271: 5804: 5352: 5220: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5143: 4970: 4935: 4909: 4581: 4385: 4354: 4309: 4304: 4204: 4192: 4169: 4068: 3812: 3514: 2866: 2862: 2841: 2792: 2020: 1941: 1888: 1709: 1555:(Munich; October 1945). Radio stations were run by the military government. Later, 1545: 1501: 1430: 871: 866: 861: 530: 275: 263: 5813: 4079:

Educating the Germans: People and Policy in the British Zone of Germany, 1945-1949

3326: 2975:

situation was dire, as found during a visit by the British (and Jewish) publisher

1810: 688: 8670: 8382: 8297: 8255: 8153: 8096: 7957: 7739: 7730: 7259: 6834: 6810: 6064: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5060: 4486: 4173: 4099: 4072: 3980: 3957: 3853: 3849: 3780: 3618: 3607: 3309: 3235: 3037: 2976: 2870: 2858: 2833: 2729: 2655: 2609: 2327:

In October 1946, the population of the various zones and sectors was as follows:

2275: 2126: 2070: 2028: 1771: 1361: 1329: 1041: 269: 257: 58: 8782: 8677: 8213: 8139: 6177: 6036: 5337: 5296: 5225: 5103: 5090: 4753: 4511: 3636:

Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945

3169: 3101: 2883: 2854: 2812: 2774: 2670: 2590: 2383: 1953: 1900: 1763: 1735: 1723: 1260: 1207: 1193: 934: 138: 2967: 2963: 651:

Reunited Germany by joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.

8818: 8488: 6399: 6248: 6087: 5306: 5281: 4466: 3923:

Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946

3518: 3025:. The mothers of the children would often face particularly harsh ostracism. 3017: 3006: 2878: 2708: 2594: 2500: 2312:. Returning refugees, who had fled from war hostilities, were denied return. 2012: 1903:

the German population of which was temporarily removed. The city was renamed

1672:

Within the British zone of occupation, the CCG/BE re-established the city of

1612: 1450: 1021: 518: 344: 175: 162: 2980: 2167:, not shown here, which were joined directly to the Soviet Union). Red: the 8787: 8591: 6877: 6782: 6413: 5776: 5540: 5417: 5347: 4851: 4526: 4521: 4491: 4390: 4344: 3443: 3054: 2837: 2659: 2409: 1989:. Many other small border corrections were done, mostly in the vicinity of 1928: 1697: 1608: 1384: 1380: 1311: 1272: 1264: 1256: 1130: 1126: 1061: 1051: 1012: 899: 645: 619: 601: 570: 425: 412: 3816: 3005:

The often destitute mothers of the resulting children usually received no

2811:

for damage done by Germany; wipe out the Nazi party and its institutions;

2151: 1899:. The administrative centre of the Polish occupation zone was the city of 727: 8426: 8412: 8074: 6736: 6557: 6542: 5896: 5474: 5466: 5392: 4861: 4575: 4410: 4359: 3858: 2758: 2754: 2565: 2552: 2526: 2461: 2078: 2032: 1739: 1646: 1638: 1630: 1493: 1489: 1268: 914: 150: 144: 4044: 4040: 2807:

that could be used for military production; punish war criminals; exact

2803:; remove or destroy all German military equipment; eliminate or control 2633:

The original Allied plan to govern Germany as a single unit through the

7774: 7527: 7506: 6392: 5725: 5653: 5070: 4691: 2791:

Allied aims with respect to postwar Germany were first laid out at the

2693: 2200: 1945: 984: 496: 8037: 7442: 7239: 7050: 6841: 6796: 5447: 4681: 4329: 2796: 2513: 2176: 2044: 2040: 1994: 1504:. At the end of October 1946, the American zone had a population of: 1497: 1458: 1287: 132: 6317: 3975:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

2579: 2137:. The final Luxembourg forces in Germany, in Bitburg, left in 1955. 6301: 6029: 4215: 3894: 3611: 2745: 2305: 2134: 1986: 1662: 1634: 358: 200: 2757:

being de facto part of the FRG. The Soviet sector became known as

1997:, which also were part of this small Dutch sub-zone of occupation. 1745:

At the end of October 1946, the British zone had a population of:

5357: 5291: 5266: 4960: 4380: 4324: 4246: 3263:"Germany 1945–1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction" 3049: 2952: 2849: 2770: 2696:, or Federal Defense Force, was established on 12 November 1955. 2669:

In the west, the occupation continued until 5 May 1955, when the

2435: 2344: 2292: 2214:

At the end of October 1946, the Soviet zone had a population of:

2130: 2103:

At the end of October 1946, the French zone had a population of:

2056: 1957: 1884: 1851: 1673: 1434: 1315: 1303: 1079: 881: 661: 125: 3571:

Murphy, David E.; Kondrashev, Sergei A.; Bailey, George (1997).

3168:

The two American exclaves in the British sector is the state of

1477:

and became northern portions of the present-day German state of

6918: 5509: 5493: 5490: 5457: 5382: 4106:

Exorcising Hitler: the occupation and denazification of Germany

4039:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 2824:

The US originally considered a punitive approach championed by

2651: 2487: 2180: 1990: 1855: 1777:

Another special feature of the British zone was the enclave of

1485: 1422:"American occupation zone" redirects here. For other uses, see 120: 3720: 3632:"Document 500: Communiqué Issued at the End of the Conference" 3181:

The quadripartite area shown within the Soviet zone is Berlin.

1866:. Belgian soldiers remained in Germany until 31 December 2005. 7106: 5301: 4340:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

4319: 4058:

Winning the Peace: The British in Occupied Germany, 1945-1948

3870: 3868: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 2948:

German state, Wehrmacht, Nazi party, and Nazi organizations.

2357: 2060: 2052: 1978: 1949: 1829:

British armoured car, at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, 1950

1446: 1343:

Deviating from the occupation zones planned according to the

1247:

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the

30:

For the occupation of Western Germany after World War I, see

4020:

Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich, 1945-1955

3761: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3681:

After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation

2955:

activity to tighten police control and secure forced labor.

1589:

in West-Berlin remained a radio station under U.S. control.

3012:

The children of African-American soldiers, commonly called

1778: 3865: 3697: 2241:

History of Berlin § West and East Germany (1945–1990)

3742: 3546:"L'Armée luxembourgeoise après la libération (1944–1967)" 286: 4210:

The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War

4159:

The papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945–1949

4037:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

2249:

At the end of October 1946, Berlin had a population of:

2117:(The Saar Protectorate had a further 0.8 million.) 3646: 3115: 1924:

had 4,000 soldiers in Hanover; amongst whom was future

1883:

were stationed in the northern area of the district of

6171:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3730: 3570: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2734:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1911:) from 1945 to 1947. Once the British recognised the 1834: 1457:, both part of the French zone) with a new capital in 4122: 2958: 3997:

Erlichman, Camilo, and Knowles, Christopher (eds.).

3038:

United States v. Private First Class John A. Bennett

2986:

The Times, the Daily Herald, the Manchester Guardian

3285: 1969:The London conference of 23 April 1949, during the 4203:is available for free viewing and download at the 4191:is available for free viewing and download at the 2740:stayed in German territory until the end of 2005. 2601:with a symbolic handshake. This merger formed the 2599:unification of the 2 communist parties-SPD and KPD 1762:The British headquarters were originally based in 3386: 3122:List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany 2589:An East German political event on 21 April 1946: 2580:Governance and the emergence of two German states 1956:. However, it was decided to move the brigade to 8816: 4149:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 3779: 3575:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 33. 3573:Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War 1643:Control Commission for Germany (British Element) 4013:The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany 3787:. Victor Gollancz, London. pp. 116, 125–6. 3398: 1817:, formerly the Stadt Hamburg Hotel in late 1945 3796: 3794: 3638:. U.S. Department of State. 12 February 1945. 3540: 3538: 3536: 1940:of 4,000 men, under British command, occupied 1661:, and exchanged some villages between British 8890:States and territories disestablished in 1949 5525: 5252: 4231: 4030:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 2848:, with long-term objectives summed up by the 2749:on 1 January 1957, becoming its tenth state. 2627:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 1340:were returned to their respective countries. 1228: 664:and the western sectors of Berlin (de facto). 3492:Mémoires de guerre : Le Salut 1944–1946 2894: 2073:in the north and west and on the other hand 1931:(then a Norwegian citizen) as press attaché. 1096: 982: 502: 494: 98:Germany from 17 December 1947 to 23 May 1949 50: 4350:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 4129:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022). 4128: 3919: 3800: 3791: 3533: 3068:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 2931: 2914: 2092:The French zone of occupation included the 8885:States and territories established in 1945 5532: 5518: 5259: 5245: 4238: 4224: 4115:(Central European University Press, 2004) 3838: 3836: 3834: 2787:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 2113:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1.05 million 1235: 1221: 646:Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 92: 8875:Germany–United Kingdom military relations 3874: 3767: 3736: 3678: 3594: 3592: 3489: 3444:"The Danish Brigade in Germany 1947–1958" 2813:remove all Nazi and militarist influences 2701:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 2047:, and conquered a territory extending to 1742:became exclaves within the British zone. 8880:Germany–United States military relations 3892: 3886: 3657:(eBook ed.). London: Pocket Books. 3474: 3096:. Millions of people were expelled from 3071: 2962: 2877: 2644:expelled and denaturalised Czechoslovaks 2616: 2583: 2274: 2175:The Soviet occupation zone incorporated 2150: 2011: 1867: 1749:North Rhine-Westphalia 11.7 million 1394: 8870:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 4133:. Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate. 3831: 3504: 3260: 2951:The Soviets used suspicion of supposed 2819: 2304:). A small area west of the Oder, near 1766:from 1946, but in 1954 it was moved to 1255:on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of 27:Post-World War II occupation of Germany 14: 8817: 7386: 7364:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3992:French Politics, Culture & Society 3755: 3724: 3652: 3612:Rheinland-Pfalz Landesarchivverwaltung 3589: 3507:French Politics, Culture & Society 3333:from the original on 18 September 2015 3201: 2637:de facto broke down on 20 March 1948 ( 2155:Pink: portions of Germany east of the 1872:Belgian occupation sub-zone of Germany 1622:was formed on 25 August 1945 from the 1399:4 occupation zones in Germany and the 1328:were returned to these countries. The 8242:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7667:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7313:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7269:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6367:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5513: 5240: 4219: 3973:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 3242:from the original on 16 February 2023 3098:former eastern territories of Germany 3040:, 7 C.M.A. 97, 21 C.M.R. 223 (1956). 2267:Former eastern territories of Germany 2203:, which also came to house the chief 1860:Belgian army of occupation in Germany 1791:British High Commissioner for Germany 1353:former eastern territories of Germany 7357:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6382:Rape during the liberation of France 4245: 3683:. New York: Basic Books. p. 7. 3424:from the original on 18 January 2023 3374:from the original on 14 October 2013 3212:from the original on 21 January 2023 3116:Military governors and commissioners 2764: 2110:Baden (South Baden) 1.2 million 1445:, both part of the French zone) and 4015:(University of Chicago Press, 1958) 3893:Benjamin, Daniel (29 August 2003). 3669:chpt. 10, "Visions of a New World". 3642:from the original on 6 August 2023. 3361:Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent 3061: 2279:Cover of the 1947 Saar constitution 1835:Belgian, Polish and Norwegian zones 1755:Schleswig-Holstein 2.6 million 1722:with the Prussian provinces of the 1414:American occupation zone in Germany 1390: 24: 7583:German invasion of the Netherlands 5856:Weather events during World War II 4123:Primary sources and historiography 3967: 3456:from the original on 21 March 2023 3261:Knowles, Chris (29 January 2014). 2959:Conditions in the occupation zones 2333:State, sector, or other territory 2133:and the 1st Battalion was sent to 2120: 1960:in October 1949, naming itself as 1922:Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany 1629:In July the British withdrew from 1599:British occupation zone in Germany 1514:Württemberg-Baden 3.6 million 1322:All territories annexed by Germany 25: 8906: 8895:World War II occupied territories 8855:France–Germany military relations 8830:1949 disestablishments in Germany 8221:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4179: 3901:from the original on 20 July 2008 3404: 3392: 3351: 2979:in October and November 1946. In 2260: 2169:Soviet Occupation zone of Germany 2147:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 2008:French occupation zone in Germany 1841:Polish occupation zone in Germany 1665:and Soviet Mecklenburg under the 1653:and some exclaves and fringes of 1424:United States military occupation 8781: 5539: 5416: 5381: 5336: 5322: 5280: 4151:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 3273:from the original on 9 June 2023 2253:Western sectors 2.0 million 2107:Rheinland Pfalz 2.7 million 1944:, after an agreement, signed at 1822: 1802: 1407: 1376:) may also have been a factor. 1324:before the war from Austria and 1201: 1187: 726: 681: 624: 610: 592: 563: 372:Surrender of German armed forces 75: 4442:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4411:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 4200:Civil Affairs In Germany (1945) 3985:Germany 1945: from war to peace 3944: 3913: 3773: 3672: 3655:Germany 1945: From War to Peace 3624: 3564: 3498: 3483: 3468: 3436: 3410: 2300:within the Soviet Union (today 2221:Saxony-Anhalt: 4.1 million 2159:attached to Poland (except for 1913:pro-Soviet government in Poland 1592: 1288:1938 Nazi annexation of Austria 995:German revolutions of 1848–1849 662:Western Allied zones of Germany 8825:1945 establishments in Germany 8468:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6164:Territorial changes of Germany 6072:Indonesian National Revolution 4427:Early modern period, 1500–1800 4315:List of early Germanic peoples 3345: 3319: 3254: 3224: 3195: 3175: 3162: 2828:'s Secretary of the Treasury, 2291:was assigned to Poland by the 2256:Soviet sector 1.1 million 2197:Soviet Military Administration 2140: 2001: 1692:Province of Schleswig-Holstein 1549:(Berlin; September 1945), and 13: 1: 8840:American military occupations 7861:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7812:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7576:German invasion of Luxembourg 5950:Mediterranean and Middle East 4550:History of Germany since 1990 4166:Small Wars & Insurgencies 4108:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011) 4060:, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2017) 4045:excerpt and text search vol 2 4041:excerpt and text search vol 1 3188: 3144:History of Germany since 1945 3043: 2322: 2230:Mecklenburg: 2.1 million 2227:Brandenburg: 2.5 million 2035:. In April and May 1945, the 1752:Lower Saxony 6.2 million 1736:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 1496:(at the Weser estuary of the 657:took place on 3 October 1990. 514:West zones (except Saarland): 8845:British military occupations 8835:Allied occupation of Germany 7768:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7457:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6768:Independent State of Croatia 4174:10.1080/09592318.2013.857935 4073:10.1080/09668136.2014.941704 3621:, retrieved on 4 March 2013. 2779:Industrial plans for Germany 1687:– emerging in 1946 from the 1667:Barber-Lyashchenko Agreement 1523:American military government 588:Saar Protectorate (de facto) 266:(American and British zones) 7: 8865:Soviet military occupations 8860:French military occupations 8759:End of World War II in Asia 8599:Western invasion of Germany 8106:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8083:Second Battle of El Alamein 7646:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7618:Battle of the Mediterranean 7471:Italian invasion of Albania 5638:Air warfare of World War II 4067:(2014) 66#8 pp: 1380–1382. 3928:University of Toronto Press 3920:Biddiscombe, Perry (1998). 3490:de Gaulle, Charles (1959). 3327:"British Army of the Rhine" 3303:"I. Gebiet und Bevölkerung" 3126: 3028:Between 1950 and 1955, the 2660:Federal Republic of Germany 2224:Thuringia: 2.9 million 1936:In 1947 (during summer), a 1887:as well as in the areas of 1700:– the merger of Brunswick, 1461:, and of northern parts of 1249:Allies of World War II 32:Occupation of the Rhineland 10: 8911: 8685:Naval bombardment of Japan 8046:First Battle of El Alamein 7965:Battle of Christmas Island 7910:Japanese invasion of Burma 7674:Italian invasion of Greece 7590:German invasion of Belgium 7562:German invasion of Denmark 7535:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7404:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5661:Comparative military ranks 4457:North German Confederation 4437:Confederation of the Rhine 4147:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 3987:(Simon and Schuster, 2012) 3880:The Bitter Road to Freedom 3548:. Armée.lu. Archived from 3494:. Plon. pp. 170, 207. 3475:Reinisch, Jessica (2013). 3119: 3065: 2939:Political activity in the 2768: 2664:German Democratic Republic 2557:American, British, French 2264: 2238: 2144: 2005: 1897:Polish government in exile 1838: 1596: 1421: 1411: 1000:North German Confederation 970:Confederation of the Rhine 333:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 29: 8774: 8606:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8546: 8537:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8274: 8161:Allied invasion of Sicily 8115: 8014:Aleutian Islands campaign 7986:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7933: 7924:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7819:Second Battle of Changsha 7724:German invasion of Greece 7692: 7569:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7544: 7482: 7377: 7258: 6984: 6894: 6735: 6438: 6429: 6187: 6012: 5904:North and Central Pacific 5865: 5627: 5620: 5547: 5486: 5456: 5411: 5376: 5331: 5320: 5275: 5191: 5051: 4931: 4922: 4805: 4796: 4677: 4668: 4604: 4595: 4558: 4537: 4419: 4373: 4297: 4266: 4257: 4168:(2013) 24#4 pp: 751–759. 3804:Journal of Social History 3679:MacDonogh, Giles (2007). 3653:Bessel, Richard (2010) . 3352:Brüll, Christoph (2011). 2944:of the Communist party. 2895:British occupation policy 2738:Belgian Forces in Germany 2705:Soviet Control Commission 2666:(GDR) i.e. East Germany. 2310:expropriated and expelled 2234: 1938:Danish Brigade in Germany 1879:Polish units mainly from 1620:British Army of the Rhine 678: 640: 542: 487: 483: 473: 463: 459: 452: 448: 435: 422: 409: 396: 381: 368: 364: 354: 350: 338: 326: 312: 300: 296: 285: 250: 113: 103: 91: 72: 67: 45: 8198:Allied invasion of Italy 8175:Solomon Islands campaign 7917:Third Battle of Changsha 7514:First Battle of Changsha 7420:Second Sino-Japanese War 6353:German military brothels 6219:United States war crimes 5403:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 4609:Administrative divisions 4188:A DEFEATED PEOPLE (1946) 3519:10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304 3155: 2932:Soviet occupation policy 2915:French occupation policy 2783:Food in occupied Germany 2725:reunification of Germany 2553:Berlin (western sectors) 2475:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2218:Saxony: 5.5 million 2075:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1758:Hamburg 1.4 million 1521:The headquarters of the 1517:Bremen 0.48 million 1508:Bavaria 8.7 million 234:American occupation zone 8620:Second Guangxi campaign 8475:Philippines (1944–1945) 7972:Battle of the Coral Sea 7875:Fall of the Philippines 7521:Battle of South Guangxi 7427:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6826:Italian Social Republic 5268:Allied-occupied Germany 4053:(2013) 158#6 pp: 84–91. 3895:"Condi's Phony History" 3882:. New York: Free Press. 3314:Statistisches Bundesamt 3208:. Department of State. 3202:States, United (1968). 3134:Allied-occupied Austria 3108:for a period of years. 2901:British Occupation Zone 2063:. Three German states ( 1624:British Liberation Army 1603:Allied-occupied Austria 1511:Hesse 3.97 million 1439:Rhine Palatinate Region 1418:Allied-occupied Austria 1345:London Protocol in 1944 1259:on 23 May 1949. Unlike 666: 659: 653: 650: 643: 223:British occupation zone 18:Allied occupied Germany 8205:Armistice of Cassibile 8000:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7951:Battle of the Java Sea 7854:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7754:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7747:Battle of South Shanxi 7717:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7500:Battle of the Atlantic 7114:Korean Liberation Army 6820:(until September 1943) 6777:(until September 1944) 6755:(until September 1944) 5363:North Rhine-Westphalia 4870:Science and technology 4571:History of Brandenburg 4462:Unification of Germany 4452:Frankfurt Constitution 4056:Knowles, Christopher. 3956:1 October 2009 at the 3139:German-occupied Europe 3106:used for forced labour 3094:Allied Control Council 3077: 3030:Allied High Commission 2971: 2941:Soviet occupation zone 2887: 2718:National People's Army 2680: 2635:Allied Control Council 2630: 2614: 2566:Berlin (Soviet sector) 2540:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2397:North Rhine-Westphalia 2280: 2172: 2161:northerly East Prussia 2127:2nd Infantry Battalion 2089:of the American zone. 2024: 1873: 1795:Bonn–Paris conventions 1783:Allied High Commission 1770:where it was known as 1716:North Rhine-Westphalia 1404: 1281:Allied Control Council 1097: 983: 852:Linear Pottery culture 669:Soviet zone of Germany 644:Became a state of the 503: 495: 386:Allied Control Council 244:Soviet occupation zone 213:French occupation zone 205:not a part of Germany) 51: 36:Occupation of the Ruhr 8369:Second Battle of Guam 8265:Bengal famine of 1943 8235:Second Battle of Kiev 8191:Battle of the Dnieper 8060:Kokoda Track campaign 7889:Battle of Wake Island 7761:East African campaign 7703:Battle of South Henan 7348:atrocities by Germans 7121:Korean Volunteer Army 6095:Occupation of Germany 5849:Music in World War II 5270:(1945–1949/1956/1990) 4507:Flight and expulsions 4087:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 3876:Hitchcock, William I. 3843:Children of the Enemy 3817:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 3617:25 April 2009 at the 3232:"What Is to Be Done?" 3075: 3023:interracial marriages 2966: 2921:their occupation zone 2881: 2620: 2587: 2278: 2199:was headquartered in 2154: 2098:Büsingen am Hochrhein 2049:Hitler's Eagle's Nest 2015: 1881:1st Armoured Division 1871: 1839:Further information: 1659:County of Blankenburg 1597:Further information: 1582:Süddeutscher Rundfunk 1540:Frankfurter Rundschau 1429:The American zone in 1412:Further information: 1398: 778:Territorial evolution 687:The four sectors and 671:and sector of Berlin. 314:• American zone 251:Common languages 8850:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8655:Surrender of Germany 8133:Battle of West Hubei 8090:Guadalcanal campaign 8053:Battle of Stalingrad 7979:Battle of Madagascar 6746:Albania protectorate 6533:(formerly Swaziland) 6242:Wehrmacht war crimes 6058:Expulsion of Germans 5842:Art and World War II 5740:British contribution 5689:Governments in exile 5398:Rhineland-Palatinate 5179:World Heritage Sites 4857:German states by GDP 4447:German Confederation 4212:by Melvyn P. Leffler 4098:28 June 2011 at the 4035:Junker, Detlef, ed. 4001:(Bloomsbury, 2018). 3606:31 July 2013 at the 3308:27 July 2020 at the 3267:History & Policy 2830:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2820:US occupation policy 2801:German General Staff 2703:was replaced by the 2449:Rhineland-Palatinate 2069:) were established: 1971:Six-Power Conference 1726:(northern part) and 1585:, respectively. The 1576:Bayerischer Rundfunk 1277:formally surrendered 1267:was stripped of its 1114:Expulsion of Germans 1080:Contemporary Germany 978:German Confederation 655:German reunification 320:Dwight D. Eisenhower 302:• British zone 8745:Potsdam Declaration 8634:Italy (Spring 1945) 8397:Liberation of Paris 7847:Siege of Sevastopol 6858:(until August 1944) 6761:Wang Jingwei regime 6583:from September 1943 6543:from September 1944 6481:from September 1944 6341:Romanian war crimes 6332:Persecution of Jews 6318:Croatian war crimes 6288:Japanese war crimes 6102:Occupation of Japan 6051:First Indochina War 5763:Military production 5675:Declarations of war 4815:Automobile industry 4401:Carolingian dynasty 4335:History of the Huns 4104:Taylor, Frederick. 4065:Europe-Asia Studies 4028:Jarausch, Konrad H. 3994:37.3 (2019): 79-94. 3848:3 June 2008 at the 3770:, pp. 253–254. 3479:. OUP. p. 261. 3477:The Perils of Peace 2797:German armed forces 2623:Frankfurt Documents 2317:French protectorate 2209:Soviet intelligence 2081:, who later formed 1864:Jean-Baptiste Piron 1570:Hessischer Rundfunk 1552:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1374:Operation Paperclip 1366:inner German border 928:Early Modern period 915:Eastward settlement 340:• Soviet zone 328:• French zone 260:(national language) 172: / 108:Military occupation 8738:Surrender of Japan 8571:Battle of Iwo Jima 8420:Belgrade offensive 7826:Siege of Leningrad 7710:Battle of Shanggao 7639:British Somaliland 7604:Dunkirk evacuation 7555:Norwegian campaign 7493:Invasion of Poland 7320:Japanese prisoners 6281:Italian war crimes 6212:British war crimes 6127:Soviet occupations 5911:South-West Pacific 5798:Allied cooperation 5756:Military equipment 5368:Schleswig-Holstein 4885:Telecommunications 4566:History of Prussia 4482:Revolution of 1918 4477:War guilt question 4396:Carolingian Empire 4365:Sack of Rome (410) 4274:History of Germany 4113:Germany, 1945–1990 4011:Golay, John Ford. 3897:. Slate magazine. 3856:and Marc Widmann, 3785:In Darkest Germany 3329:. BAOR Locations. 3149:Interzonal traffic 3082:Potsdam conference 3078: 2999:The New York Times 2972: 2888: 2840:and War Secretary 2689:Deutschlandvertrag 2685:high commissioners 2681:Deutschlandvertrag 2631: 2615: 2482:1.05 million 2423:Schleswig-Holstein 2404:11.7 million 2391:0.48 million 2365:3.97 million 2302:Russian Federation 2298:Kaliningrad Oblast 2281: 2173: 2163:and the adjoining 2129:was garrisoned in 2025: 1874: 1809:Royal Air Force's 1685:Schleswig-Holstein 1657:, for example the 1527:IG Farben Building 1405: 1368:, was temporary. 1308:Posen-West Prussia 1298:(eastern parts of 1253:Berlin Declaration 1208:History portal 1194:Germany portal 945:Kingdom of Prussia 905:Kingdom of Germany 877:Barbarian kingdoms 307:Bernard Montgomery 8812: 8811: 8770: 8769: 8613:Battle of Okinawa 8512:Burma (1944–1945) 8346:Mariana and Palau 8126:Tunisian campaign 7944:Fall of Singapore 7868:Fall of Hong Kong 7611:Battle of Britain 7464:Operation Himmler 7373: 7372: 7037:Dutch East Indies 6673:Southern Rhodesia 6425: 6424: 6325:Genocide of Serbs 6228:German war crimes 6205:Soviet war crimes 6198:Allied war crimes 6044:Division of Korea 6023:Chinese Civil War 5821:Strategic bombing 5733:Manhattan Project 5507: 5506: 5314:Württemberg-Baden 5234: 5233: 5187: 5186: 4918: 4917: 4832:Chemical Triangle 4792: 4791: 4779:Political parties 4727:Foreign relations 4664: 4663: 4591: 4590: 4502:Allied occupation 4406:Holy Roman Empire 4081:(2018) 392 pp. 4077:Phillips, David. 4007:978-1-350-04923-9 3937:978-0-8020-0862-6 3690:978-0-465-00337-2 3664:978-1-84983-201-4 3582:978-0-300-07871-8 3395:, pp. 55–94. 3086:Potsdam Agreement 2765:Occupation policy 2577: 2576: 2573:1.1 million 2560:2.0 million 2547:2.1 million 2534:2.5 million 2521:2.9 million 2508:4.1 million 2495:5.5 million 2469:1.2 million 2456:2.7 million 2443:1.4 million 2430:2.6 million 2417:6.2 million 2378:3.6 million 2371:Württemberg-Baden 2352:8.7 million 2271:Saar Protectorate 2201:Berlin-Karlshorst 2087:Württemberg-Baden 2083:Baden-Württemberg 1983:Emmerich am Rhein 1975:Bakker-Schut Plan 1962:Tysklandsbrigaden 1787:Ivone Kirkpatrick 1730:– during 1946–47. 1567:gave way for the 1531:Frankfurt am Main 1481:founded in 1952. 1479:Baden-Württemberg 1475:Württemberg-Baden 1292:Potsdam Agreement 1245: 1244: 1176: 1175: 1070: 1069: 910:Holy Roman Empire 787:Holy Roman Empire 700: 699: 636: 635: 632: 631: 576: 575: 535: 523: 511: 400:Saar Protectorate 195:Saar Protectorate 176:52.517°N 13.383°E 16:(Redirected from 8902: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8788:World portal 8786: 8785: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8648:Prague offensive 8643: 8641:Battle of Berlin 8636: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8585:Vienna offensive 8580: 8573: 8566: 8564:Battle of Manila 8559: 8539: 8530: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8454: 8445: 8438: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8307: 8305:Korsun–Cherkassy 8300: 8289: 8267: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8147:Bombing of Gorky 8142: 8135: 8128: 8108: 8101: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8007:Battle of Midway 8002: 7995: 7993:Battle of Gazala 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7903:Battle of Borneo 7898: 7896:Malayan campaign 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7840:Bombing of Gorky 7835: 7833:Battle of Moscow 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7685: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7597:Battle of France 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7450:Munich Agreement 7445: 7438: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7406: 7399: 7384: 7383: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7335:Soviet prisoners 7329: 7322: 7315: 7306: 7299: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7275:German prisoners 7271: 7251: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6804:French Indochina 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6748: 6728: 6719: 6712: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6651:from August 1944 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6534: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6436: 6435: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6377: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6295:Nanjing Massacre 6290: 6283: 6274: 6272:Nuremberg trials 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5876:Asia and Pacific 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5807: 5805:Mulberry harbour 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5647: 5640: 5625: 5624: 5613: 5606: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5479: 5471: 5421: 5420: 5386: 5385: 5341: 5340: 5326: 5285: 5284: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5164:Prussian virtues 4929: 4928: 4837:Economic history 4803: 4802: 4697: 4675: 4674: 4626:Cities and towns 4602: 4601: 4582:Baden Revolution 4386:Treaty of Verdun 4355:Marcomannic Wars 4310:Migration Period 4305:Germanic peoples 4289:Military history 4264: 4263: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4205:Internet Archive 4193:Internet Archive 4157:Clay, Lucius D. 4144: 4051:The RUSI Journal 4018:Jähner, Harald. 3961: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3872: 3863: 3862:, 2 January 2007 3840: 3829: 3828: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3781:Gollancz, Victor 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3695: 3694: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3531: 3530: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3300: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3199: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3062:Expulsion policy 2867:decentralization 2863:demilitarization 2842:Henry L. Stimson 2793:Yalta Conference 2678: 2597:(left) seal the 2330: 2329: 2289:Oder–Neisse line 2157:Oder–Neisse line 2021:Brandenburg Gate 2019:in front of the 1909:Stanisław Maczek 1826: 1806: 1785:. In June 1950, 1718:– the merger of 1710:state of Hanover 1706:Schaumburg-Lippe 1607:By May 1945 the 1546:Der Tagesspiegel 1502:Northern Germany 1455:Montabaur Region 1431:Southern Germany 1391:Occupation zones 1349:Oder–Neisse line 1296:Oder–Neisse line 1275:: after Germany 1237: 1230: 1223: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1102: 1085: 1084: 1018: 1017: 988: 872:Migration Period 867:Germanic peoples 862:Urnfield culture 730: 720: 702: 701: 685: 628: 627: 614: 613: 596: 595: 580: 579: 567: 566: 560: 559: 544: 543: 533: 521: 509: 508: 500: 439:Final Settlement 405:17 December 1947 388: 322: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 197: 192: 187: 186: 184: 183: 182: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 96: 79: 62: 54: 43: 42: 21: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8780: 8778: 8766: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8704: 8699:Atomic bombings 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8542: 8535: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8441: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8395: 8390:Eastern Romania 8388: 8383:Warsaw Uprising 8381: 8376:Tannenberg Line 8374: 8367: 8362:Western Ukraine 8360: 8351: 8344: 8335: 8326: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8292: 8283: 8270: 8263: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8154:Battle of Kursk 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8111: 8104: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8035: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7958:St Nazaire Raid 7956: 7949: 7942: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7782: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7740:Anglo-Iraqi War 7738: 7731:Battle of Crete 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7688: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7660:Eastern Romania 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7478: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7402: 7395: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7302: 7295: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7267: 7254: 7247: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7221:Western Ukraine 7219: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7165:Northeast China 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6864:Slovak Republic 6862: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6835:Empire of Japan 6833: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6731: 6724: 6715: 6708: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6421: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6380: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6347:Sexual violence 6346: 6339: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6070: 6065:Greek Civil War 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5890:South-East Asia 5888: 5881: 5874: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5749:Military awards 5747: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5643: 5636: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5508: 5503: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5452: 5415: 5407: 5380: 5372: 5335: 5327: 5318: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5235: 5230: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5183: 5047: 4998:Life expectancy 4914: 4788: 4759:Law enforcement 4695: 4660: 4587: 4554: 4533: 4517:Divided Germany 4487:Weimar Republic 4415: 4381:Frankish Empire 4369: 4293: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4185:The short film 4182: 4141: 4125: 4111:Weber, Jurgen. 4100:Wayback Machine 4093:full text vol 1 3981:Bessel, Richard 3970: 3968:Further reading 3965: 3964: 3958:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930:. p. 276. 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3887: 3873: 3866: 3854:Mary Wiltenburg 3850:Wayback Machine 3841: 3832: 3799: 3792: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3698: 3691: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3651: 3647: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3619:Wayback Machine 3608:Wayback Machine 3597: 3590: 3583: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3552:on 30 July 2013 3544: 3543: 3534: 3503: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310:Wayback Machine 3301: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3238:. 9 July 1945. 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3070: 3064: 3046: 3014:Negermischlinge 2977:Victor Gollancz 2970:at work, Berlin 2961: 2934: 2917: 2897: 2871:decartelization 2859:democratization 2834:Morgenthau Plan 2822: 2805:German industry 2799:; break up the 2789: 2769:Main articles: 2767: 2730:satellite state 2714:(Staatsvertrag) 2674: 2656:Berlin Blockade 2613: 2610:Avraham Pisarek 2606: 2582: 2325: 2273: 2265:Main articles: 2263: 2243: 2237: 2165:Memel Territory 2149: 2143: 2123: 2121:Luxembourg zone 2071:Rheinland Pfalz 2037:French 1st Army 2029:French Republic 2023:in Berlin, 1946 2010: 2004: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1818: 1807: 1772:JHQ Rheindahlen 1768:Mönchengladbach 1613:Canadian Armies 1605: 1595: 1565:Radio Stuttgart 1557:Radio Frankfurt 1543:(August 1945), 1525:was the former 1473:. Those formed 1443:Lindau District 1427: 1420: 1410: 1393: 1362:line of contact 1330:Memel Territory 1241: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1159: 1138: 1105: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1042:Weimar Republic 1015: 1005: 1004: 991: 960: 950: 949: 930: 920: 919: 895: 887: 886: 882:Frankish Empire 857:Únětice culture 847: 839: 838: 783:Historic states 738: 718: 711: 696: 695: 686: 674: 625: 611: 605: 593: 587: 564: 538: 524: 512: 476: 466: 441: 428: 415: 402: 389: 384: 374: 341: 329: 318: 315: 303: 281: 239: 238: 237: 229: 228: 227: 218: 217: 216: 208: 207: 206: 204: 190: 189: 188: 180: 178: 174: 171: 166: 163: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 135:(American zone) 99: 87: 81: 80: 63: 56: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8908: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8718: 8715:South Sakhalin 8711: 8710: 8709: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8515: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8455: 8446: 8439: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8358: 8349: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8194: 8187: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8140:Battle of Attu 8136: 8129: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8024: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7882:Battle of Guam 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7805:Battle of Kiev 7801: 7794: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7316: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304:United Kingdom 7300: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7272: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701:British Empire 6694:United Kingdom 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6535: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6510:Czechoslovakia 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6410: 6407:Rape of Manila 6403: 6396: 6389: 6378: 6363: 6356: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6284: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6245: 6238: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6178:United Nations 6174: 6167: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6037:Decolonization 6033: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5983: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5871: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5729: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5710:United Kingdom 5706: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5633: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5556: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5470:(France/UK/US) 5463: 5461: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5095:Cultural icons 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875:Stock exchange 4872: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4512:Denazification 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4284:Historiography 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4196: 4181: 4180:External links 4178: 4177: 4176: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4140:978-1636241043 4139: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4117:online edition 4109: 4102: 4085: 4075: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4033: 4026: 4016: 4009: 3995: 3988: 3978: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3943: 3936: 3912: 3885: 3864: 3830: 3811:(3): 611–647. 3790: 3772: 3768:MacDonogh 2007 3760: 3741: 3737:MacDonogh 2007 3729: 3696: 3689: 3671: 3663: 3645: 3623: 3588: 3581: 3563: 3532: 3497: 3482: 3467: 3435: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3344: 3318: 3284: 3253: 3223: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3120:Main article: 3117: 3114: 3102:Czechoslovakia 3066:Main article: 3063: 3060: 3045: 3042: 2960: 2957: 2933: 2930: 2916: 2913: 2896: 2893: 2884:fraternization 2874: 2855:denazification 2846:War Department 2821: 2818: 2775:Denazification 2766: 2763: 2671:General Treaty 2607: 2591:Otto Grotewohl 2588: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2324: 2321: 2262: 2261:Lost territory 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2239:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2145:Main article: 2142: 2139: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2085:together with 2006:Main article: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1966: 1965: 1954:East Friesland 1933: 1932: 1917: 1916: 1876: 1875: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1808: 1801: 1764:Bad Oeynhausen 1760: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1732: 1731: 1713: 1695: 1594: 1591: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1488:(on the lower 1409: 1406: 1392: 1389: 1334:Lithuanian SSR 1326:Czechoslovakia 1261:occupied Japan 1243: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1197: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1168:Modern history 1164: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1108:1945–1949/1952 1106: 1104: 1103: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 990: 989: 980: 974: 972: 967: 961: 956: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 942: 937: 931: 926: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917: 912: 907: 902: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 790: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 748:Historiography 745: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 723: 722: 713: 712: 705: 698: 697: 680: 679: 676: 675: 673: 672: 665: 658: 652: 649: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 622: 616: 615: 608: 598: 597: 590: 577: 574: 573: 568: 556: 555: 550: 540: 539: 537: 536: 528: 516: 491: 489: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 436: 433: 432: 431:7 October 1949 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 407: 406: 403: 397: 394: 393: 390: 382: 379: 378: 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 356: 355:Historical era 352: 351: 348: 347: 342: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 324: 323: 316: 313: 310: 309: 304: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 283: 282: 280: 279: 273: 267: 261: 254: 252: 248: 247: 181:52.517; 13.383 155: 154: 148: 142: 141:(British zone) 139:Bad Oeynhausen 136: 130: 117: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 89: 88: 82: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8907: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722:Kuril Islands 8719: 8716: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489:Syrmian Front 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8435:Market Garden 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8294:Monte Cassino 8291: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653:Baltic states 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297:United States 7294: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233:Quốc dân Đảng 7230: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933:Liechtenstein 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6885:Collaboration 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710:United States 6707: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400:Comfort women 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6384: / 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: / 6372: 6369: / 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360:Camp brothels 6357: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249:The Holocaust 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235:forced labour 6232: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088:Marshall Plan 6085: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5941:Eastern Front 5938: 5935: 5934:Western Front 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5828:Puppet states 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770:Naval history 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5717:United States 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Saxony-Anhalt 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307:Greater Hesse 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5277:American Zone 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:Social issues 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966:Ethnic groups 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 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4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4161:(2 vol. 1974) 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091:(2 vol 1995) 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083:online review 4080: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3471: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3407:, p. 55. 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018:miscegenation 3015: 3010: 3008: 3007:child support 3003: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2968:Trümmerfrauen 2965: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2709:Joseph Stalin 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2629:; 1 July 1948 2628: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Wilhelm Pieck 2592: 2586: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501:Saxony-Anhalt 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:Saxony-Anhalt 2182: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039:had captured 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2017:French forces 2014: 2009: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920:In 1946, the 1919: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1563:(Munich) and 1562: 1561:Radio München 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484:The ports of 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:Rhenish Hesse 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437:(without the 1436: 1433:consisted of 1432: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1408:American zone 1402: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1198: 1195: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1150:Reunification 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1022:German Empire 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 987: 986: 981: 979: 976: 975: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:Mediatisation 963: 962: 959: 954: 953: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 929: 924: 923: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 891: 890: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 846:Early history 843: 842: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 734: 733: 729: 725: 724: 721: 715: 714: 709: 704: 703: 694: 690: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 647: 642: 639: 623: 621: 618: 617: 609: 607: 604: 600: 599: 591: 589: 586: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 532: 529: 527: 520: 519:Deutsche Mark 517: 515: 507: 506: 499: 498: 493: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 472: 468: 462: 458: 455: 451: 447: 444:15 March 1991 443: 440: 434: 430: 427: 421: 417: 414: 408: 404: 401: 395: 391: 387: 380: 376: 373: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 349: 346: 345:Georgy Zhukov 343: 337: 334: 331: 325: 321: 317: 311: 308: 305: 299: 295: 291: 288: 284: 278:(Soviet zone) 277: 274: 272:(French zone) 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 253: 249: 245: 235: 224: 214: 203: 202: 196: 185: 153:(Soviet zone) 152: 149: 147:(French zone) 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 122: 119: 118: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 95: 90: 86: 78: 71: 66: 60: 53: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8796:Bibliography 8779: 8592:Project Hula 8557:Vistula–Oder 8526: 8459: 8450: 8434: 8404: 8353: 8337: 8328: 8319: 8285: 8182: 8097: 8073: 8036: 7787: 7680: 7625:North Africa 7327:Soviet Union 7281:Soviet Union 7207:Soviet Union 6975:Vatican City 6878:Vichy France 6783:German Reich 6680:Soviet Union 6666:South Africa 6659:Sierra Leone 6612:Newfoundland 6431:Participants 6414:Marocchinate 6118: 6109: 6094: 6079: 5957:North Africa 5918:Indian Ocean 5777:Nazi plunder 5668:Cryptography 5541:World War II 5348:Lower Saxony 5333:British Zone 5267: 5212:Bibliography 5086:Coat of arms 5066:Architecture 5043:Trade unions 5023:Prostitution 4983:Homelessness 4946:Demographics 4895:Trade unions 4862: 4852:German model 4825:Central bank 4769:Conservatism 4732:Human rights 4717:Court system 4712:Constitution 4692: 4538:Contemporary 4527:West Germany 4522:East Germany 4501: 4497:World War II 4492:Nazi Germany 4432:18th-century 4391:East Francia 4345:Cimbrian War 4198: 4187: 4165: 4158: 4148: 4130: 4112: 4105: 4088: 4078: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4036: 4029: 4019: 4012: 3991: 3984: 3974: 3946: 3922: 3915: 3903:. 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Retrieved 3204: 3197: 3177: 3164: 3110: 3090: 3079: 3055:Alpenfestung 3053: 3047: 3034: 3027: 3013: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2973: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2935: 2926: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2889: 2838:Cordell Hull 2823: 2790: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2722: 2713: 2698: 2688: 2668: 2648: 2632: 2608: 2593:(right) and 2410:Lower Saxony 2326: 2314: 2285:Germany east 2282: 2248: 2244: 2213: 2211:in Germany. 2204: 2174: 2124: 2116: 2102: 2091: 2064: 2026: 1961: 1929:Willy Brandt 1904: 1844: 1811:Malcolm Club 1776: 1761: 1744: 1733: 1712:in 1946; and 1698:Lower Saxony 1678:German state 1671: 1628: 1617: 1606: 1593:British zone 1580: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1520: 1483: 1468: 1462: 1428: 1385:East Germany 1381:West Germany 1378: 1370: 1358: 1342: 1320: 1314:and most of 1312:East-Prussia 1285: 1273:former state 1265:Nazi Germany 1257:West Germany 1246: 1091: 1062:World War II 1052:Nazi Germany 1013:German Reich 940:18th century 935:Sectionalism 900:East Francia 620:East Germany 606:West Germany 602: 584: 571:Nazi Germany 553:Succeeded by 552: 547: 526:Soviet zone: 525: 513: 475:• 1949 465:• 1945 426:East Germany 413:West Germany 199: 124: 40: 8527:Bodenplatte 8413:Gothic Line 7632:West Africa 7179:Philippines 7158:Netherlands 7023:Czech lands 6961:Switzerland 6905:Afghanistan 6849:Philippines 6717:Puerto Rico 6633:Philippines 6619:New Zealand 6605:Netherlands 6558:Free France 6309:Prosecution 6110:Osoaviakhim 5980:West Africa 5964:East Africa 5611:Conferences 5475:East Berlin 5467:West Berlin 5460:(1949–1990) 5433:Mecklenburg 5428:Brandenburg 5413:Soviet Zone 5378:French Zone 5013:Pornography 4988:Immigration 4951:Drug policy 4863:Mittelstand 4810:Agriculture 4774:Nationalism 4747:Transgender 4631:Earthquakes 4578:, 1583-1588 4576:Cologne War 4472:World War I 4374:Middle Ages 4360:Gothic Wars 3859:Der Spiegel 3756:Bessel 2010 3727:, chpt. 10. 3725:Bessel 2010 2816:differed. 2809:reparations 2759:East Berlin 2755:West Berlin 2527:Brandenburg 2462:South Baden 2339:Population 2205:rezidentura 2193:Mecklenburg 2189:Brandenburg 2141:Soviet zone 2079:South Baden 2033:French Army 2002:French zone 1789:became the 1740:Bremerhaven 1647:Amt Neuhaus 1639:Soviet Army 1633:'s capital 1631:Mecklenburg 1494:Bremerhaven 1490:Weser River 1464:Württemberg 1403:, 1947–1949 1269:sovereignty 1251:, from the 1032:World War I 958:Unification 894:Middle Ages 829:Württemberg 809:Family tree 717:History of 548:Preceded by 534:(from 1948) 522:(from 1948) 510:(1945–1948) 418:23 May 1949 392:5 June 1945 179: / 151:East Berlin 145:Baden-Baden 52:Deutschland 8819:Categories 8627:West Hunan 8460:Pointblank 7789:Silver Fox 7775:Summer War 7528:Winter War 7507:Phoney War 7288:Azerbaijan 7249:Yugoslavia 7144:Luxembourg 6986:Resistance 6726:Yugoslavia 6591:Luxembourg 6393:Sook Ching 6189:War crimes 5791:Technology 5784:Opposition 5726:Lend-Lease 5703:Australian 5696:Home front 5654:Blitzkrieg 5604:Casualties 5595:Commanders 5567:Operations 5174:Television 5159:Philosophy 5134:Literature 4993:Irreligion 4978:Healthcare 4941:Corruption 4707:Chancellor 4696:(military) 4693:Bundeswehr 3758:, chpt. 7. 3460:18 January 3428:18 January 3337:1 November 3189:References 3100:, Poland, 3044:Insurgency 2981:Düsseldorf 2924:possible. 2694:Bundeswehr 2323:Population 2094:Saargebiet 1946:Copenhagen 1926:Chancellor 1728:Westphalia 1338:Yugoslavia 1172:since 1990 1155:New states 1099:Ostgebiete 1092:Occupation 985:Zollverein 833:Mediatised 743:Chronology 505:Rentenmark 497:Reichsmark 479:68,080,000 469:64,260,000 454:Population 377:8 May 1945 8692:Manchuria 8578:Indochina 8354:Bagration 7798:Lithuania 7443:Anschluss 7240:Viet Minh 7137:Lithuania 7079:Hong Kong 6842:Manchukuo 6797:Azad Hind 6456:Australia 6256:Aftermath 6119:Paperclip 6014:Aftermath 5814:Total war 5682:Diplomacy 5645:In Europe 5448:Thuringia 5129:Libraries 5109:Festivals 4956:Education 4900:Transport 4865:companies 4784:President 4722:Elections 4687:Bundesrat 4682:Bundestag 4651:Mountains 4619:Districts 4597:Geography 4330:Visigoths 4267:Overviews 3825:145470893 3527:210491528 3367:: 55–56. 2994:frau bait 2826:Roosevelt 2676:‹See Tfd› 2514:Thuringia 2388:American 2375:American 2362:American 2349:American 2177:Thuringia 2045:Stuttgart 2041:Karlsruhe 1995:Dinxperlo 1942:Oldenburg 1889:Oldenburg 1815:Schleswig 1724:Rhineland 1708:with the 1702:Oldenburg 1655:Brunswick 1498:North Sea 1459:Wiesbaden 1449:(without 1300:Pomerania 1141:1949–1990 1118:1944–1950 1066:1939–1945 1056:1933–1945 1046:1918–1933 1036:1914–1918 1026:1871–1918 801:Empresses 287:Governors 133:Frankfurt 85:C-Pennant 68:1945–1949 8803:Category 8752:document 8662:document 8519:Ardennes 8503:Budapest 8451:Crossbow 8329:Overlord 8168:Smolensk 7379:Timeline 7214:Slovakia 7200:Thailand 7051:Ethiopia 7016:Bulgaria 6940:Portugal 6871:Thailand 6753:Bulgaria 6531:Eswatini 6524:Ethiopia 6477:Bulgaria 6302:Unit 731 6263:Response 6080:Keelhaul 6030:Cold War 6003:Americas 5994:timeline 5987:Atlantic 5867:Theaters 5221:Category 5139:Internet 5124:Language 5114:Folklore 5033:Religion 5008:Pensions 5003:Naturism 4880:Taxation 4764:Lobbying 4737:Intersex 4670:Politics 4279:Timeline 4258:General 4251:articles 4096:Archived 3954:Archived 3899:Archived 3878:(2008). 3846:Archived 3783:(1947). 3640:Archived 3615:Archived 3604:Archived 3451:Archived 3422:Archived 3369:Archived 3331:Archived 3306:Archived 3271:Archived 3246:17 April 3240:Archived 3210:Archived 3127:See also 2746:Saarland 2679:German: 2639:restored 2440:British 2427:British 2414:British 2401:British 2306:Szczecin 2283:In 1945 2135:Saarburg 1987:Selfkant 1689:Prussian 1663:Holstein 1635:Schwerin 1441:and the 1401:Saarland 1283:(ACC). 1134:division 793:Monarchs 753:Military 708:a series 706:Part of 689:exclaves 488:Currency 359:Cold War 201:de facto 8729:Shumshu 8496:Hungary 8443:Estonia 8427:Lapland 8405:Dragoon 8338:Neptune 8320:Ichi-Go 8286:Tempest 8228:Changde 8183:Cottage 8075:Jubilee 7784:Finland 7682:Compass 7388:Prelude 7341:Finland 7227:Vietnam 7193:Romania 7065:Germany 7044:Estonia 7030:Denmark 7009:Belgium 7002:Austria 6995:Albania 6926:Ireland 6912:Andorra 6896:Neutral 6856:Romania 6790:Hungary 6775:Finland 6647:Romania 6539:Finland 6517:Denmark 6463:Belgium 6449:Algeria 6155:Romania 6141:Hungary 5897:Pacific 5621:General 5575:Leaders 5560:Battles 5553:Outline 5494:Trizone 5358:Hamburg 5353:Hanover 5292:Bavaria 5198:Outline 5104:Fashion 5091:Cuisine 5053:Culture 5018:Poverty 4961:Germans 4924:Society 4905:Welfare 4890:Tourism 4847:Exports 4820:Banking 4798:Economy 4702:Cabinet 4641:Islands 4636:Geology 4559:Regions 4325:Teutons 4298:Ancient 4260:History 4247:Germany 4024:excerpt 4022:(2022) 3277:19 July 3216:24 June 3050:Werwolf 2988:, etc. 2953:Werwolf 2850:four Ds 2771:Four Ds 2720:(NVA). 2570:Soviet 2544:Soviet 2531:Soviet 2518:Soviet 2505:Soviet 2492:Soviet 2479:French 2466:French 2453:French 2436:Hamburg 2345:Bavaria 2293:Potsdam 2287:of the 2131:Bitburg 2057:Koblenz 1958:Itzehoe 1907:(after 1905:Maczków 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