383:, before it became part of the feudal system. Land that was originally held in common by the whole community was transferred to a single individual. The freemen of the Germanic peoples divided or drew lots for the land in the countries they had conquered and taken possession of. This gave rise to the essential character of the allodial estate: a freely-owned property allocated and guaranteed by the will of the whole people or by the people's law (
319:
43:
406:, because they participated alongside them as members of the territorial assembly and were not their vassals. The freedoms associated with allodial estates (tax exemption, hunting rights, etc.) were only exercised by the nobility in most states â even if, after 1500, they had to subordinate themselves increasingly to the
293:. Ownership of enfranchised fiefs continued to be limited, however, to the rights of the former feudatories. Only the overall suzerainty of the feudal lord over the estate was repealed, while the rights of the feudatory remained unaffected. Such an enfranchised fief became analogous to entailment (
216:
This form of ownership meant that the landowner owed no feudal duties to any other person. An allod could be inherited freely according to the usual law of the land. To begin with, the income from allodial estates was not even liable for taxes paid to any other sovereigns, including the
487:
An allodial estate could also be created when a lord renounced his rights in favour of his vassal. Deforested land was considered allodial by the princes. Conversely, free territorial lords were sometimes punished by the
Emperor by converting their allodial land into fiefs.
429:) and, in France, allodial estates existed mainly in the south. In Germany, the allodial estates were mainly those owned by the nobility in the south, though in the north at least one Belgian village has a name that recalls this system, namely
491:
The differences between the two forms of medieval ownership â the fief and the allod â diminished over time. Firstly, vassals were no longer required to render services from the 17th century at the latest, and vassalsâ rights of
213:
and the concept of sovereignty: "holders of allodial land are sovereign" because allodial land is by nature free, hereditary, inherited from their forefathers, sovereign and held by the grace of God.
202:
Historically holders of allods are a type of sovereign. Allodial land is described as territory or a state where the holder asserted right to the land by the grace of God and the sun.
205:
For this reason they were historically equal to other princes regardless of the size of their territory or the title they used. This definition is confirmed by the acclaimed jurist
522:
was ended in 1789 by the stroke of the pen under the
Revolutionary legislature, in Germany it was not until the mid-20th century that feudal law was formally abolished in 1947 by
286:(loosely "inheritance and ownership"). Borough properties were usually allodial. Likewise, ecclesiastical institutions (e.g. abbeys and cathedrals) owned allodial estates.
390:
In many regions only allodiaries were counted as freemen, i.e., those who enjoyed all common, public rights and duties. They served as territorial assemblymen (
258:, who could require of his vassals certain services which varied from vassal to vassal. Also, the ownership of a fief was split so that a lord had
593:
5th edition, Rohrer, Vienna, 1965 (Unamended reprographic copy of the 5th edition: Wissenschaftliche
Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1984,
410:(as part of the establishment of statehood) â who remained, politically and economically, the most influential group of landowners.
480:. There were many lords who founded their powerful position on extensive allodial estates in the eastern Alpine countries and the
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was finally gradually abolished in most
European countries largely due to the Napoleonic wars and the influence of the
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Land und
Herrschaft. Grundfragen der territorialen Verfassungsgeschichte Ăsterreichs im Mittelalter.
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were able to force freemen in the 16th century to make regular tax payments. In the 19th century,
75:
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387:). The landowner was independent of any superiors and free of any property right restrictions.
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The conversion of a fief into a freehold â a familiar process in the 19th century â is called
8:
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The term âallodâ occurs only in the
Franconian region and those territories influenced
407:
282:) â in his allod. This was also reflected in the contemporaneous synonym for an allod,
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law. In most of
Scotland, the feudal system was abolished in the early 21st century;
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over which the allodial landowner (allodiary) had full ownership and right of
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484:. The king as lord paramount never exercised lordship over the whole Empire.
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became much stronger in the early modern period, and, secondly, the
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sprang over time. They saw themselves as equal partners of the
274:). By contrast, an allodiary had a full freehold interest â or
243:
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421:
in 1066, there were no more allods in
England at all (though
465:
379:
The allod as a form of ownership was established among the
251:
229:
636:
The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the
Scottish Highlands
449:, formerly in, or surrounded by, the southern part of the
639:(8th ed.). Edinburgh and London: Johnston and Bacon.
308:
472:; both Hainaut and Brabant were formerly part of the
528:
allodial tenure still exists in
Shetland and Orkney
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
648:
619:Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch bei uni-heidelberg.de
228:In all of these ways, the allod differed from
297:); often it was explicitly converted into a
347:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
27:"Allods" redirects here. For the game, see
367:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:are one of the groups out of which the
14:
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514:system of ownership as a full right
345:adding citations to reliable sources
312:
309:Emergence and historical development
65:adding citations to reliable sources
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545:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
232:, which were mere tenures held by
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52:needs additional citations for
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417:by Frankish tribes. After the
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34:Historic type of land estate
7:
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482:lands of the Bohemian Crown
453:; this is in contrast with
425:was later deemed to not be
381:Germanic tribes and peoples
250:). Overall suzerainty in a
10:
673:
508:. It fully integrated the
460:, some 25 km away in
394:). The allodiaries of the
264:and his tenant in fee had
26:
464:, whose name refers to a
147:, especially within the
518:. While in France the
223:princely heads of state
160:
524:Allied Control Council
445:), in the province of
441:is cognate to English
633:Adam, Frank (1970).
341:improve this section
295:Familienfideikommiss
61:improve this article
498:territorial princes
476:and before that of
408:territorial princes
167:âfull, entireâ and
145:early modern period
468:from the count of
419:Battle of Hastings
272:nutzbares Eigentum
254:remained with the
139:In the law of the
474:Holy Roman empire
458:('s-Gravenbrakel)
404:territorial lords
396:early Middle Ages
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261:dominium directum
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303:Fideikommissgut
291:enfranchisement
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29:Allods Online
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54:verification
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511:ius commune
494:inheritance
478:Lotharingia
435:Eigenbrakel
385:Volksgesetz
256:feudal lord
242:) or their
239:LehnsmÀnner
234:feudatories
198:Description
141:Middle Ages
606:References
581:Literature
550:Crown land
502:feudal law
427:in England
192:alienation
171:âestateâ,
87:newspapers
657:Feudalism
357:June 2023
328:does not
157:Old Dutch
117:June 2023
651:Category
575:Udal law
534:See also
433:, Dutch
400:nobility
299:fee tail
270:(German
248:Vasallen
186:, is an
184:allodium
178:), also
176:allodium
18:Allodium
540:Commons
470:Hainaut
462:Hainaut
437:(where
415:legally
349:removed
334:sources
244:vassals
163:, from
101:scholar
76:"Allod"
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516:in rem
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439:eigen
423:Lundy
230:fiefs
161:allĆd
153:allod
151:, an
108:JSTOR
94:books
595:ISBN
570:Odal
466:fief
332:any
330:cite
252:fief
143:and
80:news
443:own
343:by
305:).
225:).
182:or
165:all
63:by
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625:^
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