Mountaineering - Knowledge

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those staying overnight. The offering is surprisingly wide, given that most supplies, often including fresh water, must be flown in by helicopter, and may include glucose-based snacks (such as candy bars) on which climbers and walkers wish to stock up, cakes and pastries made at the hut, a variety of hot and cold drinks (including beer and wine), and high carbohydrate dinners in the evenings. Not all huts offer a catered service, though, and visitors may need to provide for themselves. Some huts offer facilities for both, enabling visitors wishing to keep costs down to bring their own food and cooking equipment and to cater using the facilities provided. Booking for overnight stays at huts is deemed obligatory, and in many cases is essential as some popular huts, even with more than 100 bed spaces, may be full during good weather and at weekends. Once made, the cancellation of a reservation is advised as a matter of courtesy – and, indeed, potentially of safety, as many huts keep a record of where climbers and walkers state they plan to walk to next. Most huts may be contacted by telephone and most take credit cards as a means of payment.

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Mountaineers who use this style are usually, but not always, part of a large team of climbers and support staff (such as porters and guides). To cover large distances with their massive amounts of gear, sleds and pack animals are commonly used. Climbers will set up multiple camps along the mountain, and will haul their gear up the mountain multiple times, returning to a lower camp after each haul until all the gear is at a higher camp; and repeating this procedure until they reach the summit. This technique is also helpful for acclimatization. While it is the original style in which high mountains were climbed, expedition style is rare these days as more mountains have become accessible to the general public with

912: 5869: 5881: 1535:. Alpine style ascents have been done throughout history on extreme altitude (above 5,000 m) peaks also, albeit in lower volume to expedition style ascents. Climbers generally carry their loads between camps without backtracking, in a single push for the summit. If the summit is reachable from the base camp or trailhead within one day, then alpine-style mountaineers will not change camps at all, and only carry the slightest of loads (necessary nourishment and equipment) up to the summit. "Light and fast" is the mantra of the alpine mountaineer. 505: 128:-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing. The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone). Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles. 1215:. The facilities are usually rudimentary, but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter, make routes more widely accessible (by allowing journeys to be broken and reducing the weight of equipment needing to be carried), and offer good value. In Europe, all huts are staffed during the summer (mid-June to mid-September) and some are staffed in the spring (mid-March to mid-May). Elsewhere, huts may also be open in the fall. Huts also may have a part that is always open, but unstaffed, a so-called winter hut. 1317: 1145: 1010: 390: 343: 237: 1441: 4879: 4867: 736: 1189: 4903: 4891: 40: 1240:

temperature of a correctly made snow cave will hover around freezing, which relative to outside temperatures can be very warm. They can be dug anywhere where there is at least four feet of snow. The addition of a good quality bivouac bag and closed cell foam sleeping mat will also increase the warmth of the snow cave. Another shelter that works well is a

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Common symptoms of heat stroke can be an altered state of mind, rapid pulse and respiratory rate, headache, hot skin, loss of coordination, and possible seizures. This is a life-threatening illness that must be dealt with right away. While mountaineering, snow and ice can be used to cool the body and

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In remote locations, mountaineers will set up a "base camp," which is an area used for staging attempts at nearby summits. Base camps are positioned to be relatively safe from harsh terrain and weather. Where the summit cannot be reached from base camp in a single day, a mountain will have additional

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When open and staffed, the huts are generally run by full-time employees, but some are staffed on a voluntary basis by members of alpine clubs. The manager of the hut, termed a guardian or warden in Europe, will usually also sell refreshments and meals, both to those visiting only for the day and to

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help climbers build anchors and move up the ice, as well as traditional rock climbing equipment for anchoring in mixed terrain. Often, mountaineers climbing steep snow or mixed snowy rock terrain will not use a fixed belay. Instead, each climber on the team will climb at the same time while attached

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Once anchored, the leader will then belay the climber coming up from below. Once the follower reaches the leader, the leader will often transfer all necessary protection devices (known as a rack) to the follower. The follower then becomes the leader and will ascend the next pitch. This process will

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or religious concepts. Nonetheless, there are many documented examples of people climbing mountains prior to the formal development of the sport in the 19th century, although many of these stories are sometimes considered fictional or legendary. A rare medieval example of mountaineering is the 1100

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Mountaineering lacks formal rules – though appropriately empowered bodies make many pertaining to specific use of mountains and practices on them. In theory, any person may climb a mountain and call themself a mountaineer. In practice, the sport is defined by the safe and necessary use of

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The best treatment for hypothermia is to deal with it before it occurs, using preventative measures instead of waiting for symptoms to appear. Mountaineering requires a slower pace to avoid sweating and fatigue that could lead to these dangerous conditions. Other tips for preventing hypothermia

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are another way to shelter high on the mountain. Some climbers do not use tents at high altitudes unless the snow conditions do not allow for snow caving, since snow caves are silent and much warmer than tents. They can be built relatively easily, given sufficient time, using a snow shovel. The

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In the UK the term "hut" is used for any cottage or cabin used as a base for walkers or climbers. These are mostly owned by mountaineering clubs for use by members or visiting clubs and generally do not have wardens or permanent staff, but have cooking and washing facilities and heating. In the

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Alpine style, or informal variations of it, is the most common form of mountaineering today. It involves a single, straightforward climb of the mountain, with no backtracking. This style is most suited for medium-sized mountain areas close to civilization with elevations of 2,000–5,000 m

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The European alpine regions, in particular, have a large network of huts. Such huts exist at many different heights, including in the high mountains themselves – in extremely remote areas, more rudimentary shelters may exist. The mountain huts are of varying size and quality, but each is

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which involves proceeding on steep sections of blank ice with crampons and ice axes. This activity often requires progressing on steep and blank sections of ice. Most mountaineers have to rely on ice climbing skills to climb upon the higher peaks in the European Alps, Himalayas and Canadian

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The alpine style contrasts with "expedition style". With this style, climbers will carry large amounts of equipment and provisions up and down the mountain, slowly making upward progress. Climbing in an expedition style is preferred if the summit is very high or distant from civilization.

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Climbers use a few different forms of shelter depending on the situation and conditions; alpine shelters or arctic shelters. Shelter is a very important aspect of safety for the climber as weather in the mountains may be very unpredictable. Tall mountains may require many days of camping.

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Mountaineering techniques vary greatly depending on location, season, terrain, and route. Both techniques and hazards vary by terrain, spanning trails, rock, snow, and ice. Mountaineers must possess adequate food, water, information, equipment, stamina, and skill to complete their tasks.

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Long the domain of the wealthy elite and their agents, the emergence of the middle-class in the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in mass interest in mountaineering. It became a popular pastime and hobby of many people. Some have come to criticize the sport as becoming too much of a

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and is sometimes also used on ice, however, the risk of dropping frequently displaced ice on the lower team member(s) limits its usefulness on ice. Traditional belays are also used; in this case, this is sometimes necessary due to ice fall hazard, steepness, or other factors.

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Camping is not always an option, or may not be suitable if a mountain is close to civilization. Some regions may legally prohibit primitive camping due to concern for the environment, or due to issues with crowds. In lieu of camping, mountaineers may choose to stay in

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from the Dolomites mountain range (Italy) was then the first to climb all eight-thousanders up to 1986, in addition to being the first without supplemental oxygen. In 1978 he climbed Mount Everest with Peter Habeler without supplemental oxygen, the first men to do so.

1168:. The ability of these shelters to provide protection from the elements is dependent on their design. Mountaineers who climb in areas with cold weather or snow and ice will use more heavy-duty shelters than those who climb in more forgiving environments. 1084:. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches and may collapse from people walking over them. Should a climber fall, being protected by a rope greatly reduces the risk of injury or death. The other members of the rope team may proceed with a 1068:

It is not always wise for climbers to form a rope team, since one falling climber may pull the entire team off the mountain. However, the risks of individual, unprotected travel are often so great that groups have no choice but to form a rope team.

1053:. Teams of climbers may choose to attach everyone together with a rope, to form a rope team. The team may then secure themselves by attaching the rope to anchors. These anchors are sometimes unreliable and include snow stakes or pickets, 1545:

Rapid Alpine-style ascents do not leave the climber exposed to hazards (such as accidents, deteriorating health at altitude, and avalanches of snow or rock) as long as an expedition-style climb; however, they also leave less time for

1397:. Common symptoms of heat exhaustion include headaches, cool and clammy skin, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, thirst, and rapid pulse. The best treatment is resting with feet elevated, replenishing fluids, and removing excess clothing. 864:

technical skills in mountainous terrain: in particular, roped climbing and snow travel abilities. A variety of techniques have been developed to help people climb mountains that are widely applied among practitioners of the sport.

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to anchors, in groups of two. This allows for safety should the entire team be taken off their feet which also allows for greater speed than the traditional technique of belaying one climber at a time. This technique is known as

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Traditional mountaineering involves identifying a specific mountain and route to climb, and executing the plan by whatever means appropriate. A mountain summit is almost always the goal. This activity is strongly associated with

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From 1947 to 2018 in the United States "2,799 people were reported to be involved in mountaineering accidents and 43% of these accidents resulted in death." Climbers themselves are responsible for nearly all climbing accidents.

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and Beaupré. Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used, and because it was the first climb of any technical difficulty to be officially verified, this ascent is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering.

1332:. The best treatment is to descend immediately. The climber's motto at high altitude is "climb high, sleep low", referring to the regimen of climbing higher to acclimatise but returning to lower elevation to sleep. In the 1025:

are required to travel efficiently and safely over snow and ice. Crampons attach to the bottom of a mountaineer's boots and provide additional traction on hard snow and ice. For loose snow, crampons are less suitable, and

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When planning and preparing for a trip, safe climbers know what hazards to look for and how to recognize them. In situations where hazards are not able to be avoided, the climber must use their decision-making skills to

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Despite its lack of defined rules and non-competitive nature, certain aspects of mountaineering have much of the trappings of an organized sport, with recognition of specific climbing activities – including

339:, in which four of the party members fell to their deaths. By this point the sport of mountaineering had largely reached its modern form, with a large body of professional guides, equipment, and methodologies. 1000:

In alpine climbing, it is common for climbers to see routes of mixed terrain. This means climbers may need to move efficiently from climbing glacier, to rock, to ice, back and forth in a number of variations.

361:. In the later years, it shifted to a more competitive orientation as pure sportsmen came to dominate the London-based Alpine Club and alpine mountaineering overall. The first president of the Alpine Club, 1797:

Coalter, F., Dimeo, P., Morrow, S., & Taylor, J. (2010). The Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland

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contributed greatly to the popularization of mountaineering in Norway among the international mountaineering community. Around the turn of the century, a young generation of Norwegian mountaineers such as

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those hazards. Climbers improve upon their ability to become a safe decision maker and recognize hazards by receiving proper education, training, practice, and experience as well as learning how to spot

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In the 19th century, the focus of mountaineering turned towards mountains beyond the Alps. One of the earliest mountain areas to be explored beyond the Alps in the 19th century were the mountains of

588:, the third highest mountain in the world, in an attempt which Isserman, Angas Weaver and Molenaar describe as "misguided" and "lamentable" due to Crowley's many failings as an expedition leader. 938:

long distances to a base camp or the beginning of rough terrain, either following trails or using navigation techniques to travel cross-country. Hiking may be a strenuous activity, and adequate

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For most of antiquity, climbing mountains was a practical or symbolic activity, usually undertaken for economic, political, or religious purposes. A commonly cited example is the 1492 ascent of

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Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including

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In certain environmental conditions body heat can be lost due to evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduction. A cold-related illness can occur when that body heat is lost.

4788: 2784:(Report). US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. USARIEM-TN94-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 1354:

In high mountains, atmospheric pressure is lower and this means that less oxygen is available to breathe. This is the underlying cause of altitude sickness. Everyone needs to

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typically centred on a communal dining room and have dormitories equipped with mattresses, blankets or duvets, and pillows; guests are expected to bring and use their own

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Eckenstein was also a pioneer in developing new equipment and climbing methods. He started using shorter ice axes that could be used single-handedly, designed the modern

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Common symptoms of altitude sickness include severe headache, sleep problems, nausea, lack of appetite, lethargy and body ache. Mountain sickness may progress to HACE (

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Whitlock, W., Van Romer, K., & Becker, H. (1991). Nature Based Tourism: An Annotated Bibliography Clemson SC: Strom Thurmond Institute, Regional Development Group.

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pose a grave danger to a climber who is not roped in. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a

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involves technical skills including the ability to place anchors into the rock to safely ascend a mountain. In some cases, climbers may have to climb multiple

213:, A mid-16th Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person to hike and climb for sheer pleasure. 962:

who is stationary and creates tension on the rope to catch a climber should he or she fall, and a climber who ascends the rock. The first climber, called the

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Short trips lasting less than a day generally do not require shelter, although for safety, most mountaineers will carry an emergency shelter, such a light

877: 121: 4847: 476:(20,549 ft (6,263 m)) and explored the mountains of Ecuador. It took until the late 19th century for European explorers to penetrate Africa. 449:, the third oldest mountaineering association in the world. By the turn of the 20th century, mountaineering had acquired a more international flavour. 3208: 3156: 889: 662: 2239: 3212: 970:, which will secure subsequent climbers. Anchors could be created by using slings around a tree or boulder, or by using protection devices like 3790: 3004: 2906: 2166: 1937: 1815: 2693:"Fall or Slip on Rock, Falling Rock, Failure to Follow Route, Washington, Mount Thompson – Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents" 942:

and familiarity with the wilderness is necessary to complete a hike; it is also a prerequisite of success in all aspects of mountaineering.

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The term "walk-up" or "trek" is used to describe terrain in which no technical equipment is needed. To traverse this terrain, mountaineers

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include staying well fed and hydrated, putting on more clothes when feeling cold, and wearing adequate equipment to keep warm and dry.

1291:, the climber falling, falls from ice slopes, falls down snow slopes, falls into crevasses, and the dangers from altitude and weather. 3824: 3819: 2666: 2226:

Die Besteigung der Berge – Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains – the dolomite peaks are conquered)

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may be preferred. Using various techniques from alpine skiing to ascend/descend a mountain is a form of the sport by itself, called

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reached 8,320 metres (27,300 ft) before being aborted on the third summit attempt after an avalanche killed seven porters. The

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climbing wall disciplines, there are no "official" world championships or other similar competitions for mountaineering broadly.

689: 274:. The climb is usually considered an epochal event in the history of mountaineering, a symbolic mark of the birth of the sport. 1669: 2571: 3324: 3293: 3259: 2732: 2650: 2484: 2451: 2276: 2060: 2000: 1912: 1851: 1091:

For extremely slippery or steep snow, ice, and mixed rock and ice terrain climbers must use more advanced techniques, called

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Possible higher exposure to objective hazards such as avalanches or rockfall, due to slower travel times between camps

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Avoidance of being trapped in storms at high altitudes and being forced to descend in treacherous avalanche conditions

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There is a higher margin of safety in relation to equipment, food, time, and ability to wait out storms at high camps.

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In terms of objective hazards, the dangers mountaineers face include loose or falling rocks, falling ice, snow-

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camps above base camp. For popular mountains, base camps may be at a fixed location and become famous. The

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Hypothermia, Frostbite, and Other Cold Injuries : Prevention, Recognition, and Prehospital Treatment

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in France. He then offered a reward to anyone who could climb the mountain, which was claimed in 1786 by

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US Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report

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Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions

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are used by some climbers, but are deceptively difficult to build and require specific snow conditions.

557:(one of the first professional female mountaineers) made ascents in the Himalayas, including one of the 5859: 4070: 3836: 2255: 2254:

Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst, 2012, Nr. 5/329.

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Group sizes are often larger than alpine-style climbs because more supplies are carried between camps.

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and their subjects. The highest they are known for certain to have climbed is 6739 m at the summit of

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Military Mountaineering, Army Field Manual FM 3–97.61 (Aug 2002) − Federation of American Scientists

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Exposure to hot environments or activities involving exertion cause heat to build up in the body. A

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Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Cerebral Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments

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support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the

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Fallen giants: a history of Himalayan mountaineering from the age of empire to the age of extremes

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Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes

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Apollo, Michal (2017). "The true accessibility of mountaineering: The case of the High Himalaya".

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Szymczak, Robert K.; Marosz, Michał; Grzywacz, Tomasz; Sawicka, Magdalena; Naczyk, Marta (2021).

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are maintained to break up cross country long routes and act as base camps to certain mountains.

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is the general activity of ascending peaks that are on a list of notable mountains, such as the

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saw another height record achieved but still failed to reach the summit with confirmation when

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Pomfret, G. (2006). "Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research".

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and different footwork techniques that have been developed over the past century, such as the

220:, around the late 1400s and early 1500s many ascents were made of extremely high peaks by the 157:. However, the highest mountains were rarely visited early on, and were often associated with 5076: 4748: 4663: 4165: 4031: 3039: 2441: 2225: 2050: 1617: 985:

For extremely vertical rocks, or to overcome certain logistical challenges, climbers may use

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The beginning of mountaineering as a sport in the UK is generally dated to the ascent of the

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Climbers climb the route only once, bringing their own supplies; there is no camp-stocking.

1379: 881: 821: 251: 183: 3226: 202:(2,085 m (6,841 ft)) by Antoine de Ville, a French military officer and lord of 8: 5344: 5271: 5171: 5166: 5134: 4653: 4471: 4450: 4353: 4295: 4290: 4249: 4224: 4147: 4053: 3975: 3887: 3628: 2237:

Edelweiß, die Symbolpflanze der Alpen (German: Edelweiss, the symbolic plant of the Alps)

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lines are often used to minimize the danger involved in continually moving between camps.

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involves skiing on mountainous terrain, usually in terrain much more rugged than typical

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are also considered variants of mountaineering by some, but are part of a wide group of

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Scottish Highlands small simple unstaffed shelters without cooking facilities known as

1212: 1173: 1035: 817: 697: 543: 438: 113: 66: 48: 5288: 1757: 5760: 5233: 4981: 4883: 4866: 4808: 4603: 4531: 4506: 4492: 4485: 4300: 4202: 4102: 3882: 3553: 3478: 3420: 3330: 3320: 3299: 3289: 3282: 3265: 3255: 3190: 3180: 3138: 3128: 3100: 3082: 2951: 2943: 2850: 2838: 2819:"Review and Analysis of Mountaineering Accidents in the United States from 1947–2018" 2728: 2646: 2480: 2447: 2301: 2272: 2137: 2130: 2108: 2084: 2056: 1996: 1943: 1922: 1908: 1847: 1556:

Danger of being trapped at high altitude due to storms, potentially being exposed to

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Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor Activities in the World

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is climbing more than one significant summit in one outing, usually on the same day.

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Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German).

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disappeared on the final attempt. The summit was finally reached on 29 May 1953 by

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mountaineering and contributed greatly to its popularization with his classic book

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was climbed in 1953 after the British had made several attempts in the 1920s; the

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continue until the climbers either reach the top, or run into different terrain.

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Beedie, P.; Hudson, S. (2003). "Emergence of mountain-based adventure tourism".

357:", scientific pursuits were intermixed with the sport, such as by the physicist 5836: 5710: 5690: 5564: 5455: 5439: 5422: 5283: 5209: 5199: 4919: 4730: 4703: 4608: 4578: 4443: 4390: 4333: 4328: 4278: 4219: 4155: 4026: 4009: 3926: 3760: 3725: 3690: 3685: 3640: 3569: 3519: 3507: 3124:

Mountaineering first aid : a guide to accident response and first aid care

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Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers

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Compacted snow conditions allow mountaineers to progress on foot. Frequently

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marked a change of attitudes towards high mountains. In 1757 Swiss scientist

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Fewer supplies are used on the climb, therefore fewer personnel are needed.

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Ascending and descending a steep snow slope safely requires the use of an

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Life and death on Mt. Everest : Sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering

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S., Wilkerson, James A., 1934- Bangs, Cameron, C. Hayward, John (1986).

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High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments

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leaves has been traditionally used to treat altitude sickness symptoms.

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Himalayas, and climbed a peak of 23,000 ft (7,000 m). In 1895

236: 5796: 5791: 5680: 5382: 5324: 5319: 5250: 5156: 5124: 5096: 5086: 5068: 5021: 4958: 4229: 4110: 4043: 3904: 3675: 3652: 3490: 2417: 1495: 1470: 1413: 1300: 1196: 1081: 1058: 990: 760: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 665:, completing the last 1,300 meters walking alone, self-medicating with 473: 472:

in South America began when English mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed

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Humans have been present in mountains since prehistory. The remains of

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Uses multiple trips between camps to carry supplies up to higher camps

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can occur when the body is unable to lose that heat through the skin.

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In 1902 the Eckenstein–Crowley Expedition, led by English mountaineer

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when they climb above 7,000 m. Exceptional mountaineers have climbed

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Ludovic Seifert; Peter Wolf; Andreas Schweizer (19 September 2016).

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into mountainous regions. It is still common in ranges such as the

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of rock to reach the top. Typically, for any one pitch, there is a

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also established itself as a symbol of alpinists and mountaineers.

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techniques. This involves the use of equipment, such as ladders,

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involves traversing ladder-like paths on highly exposed terrain.

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became the first woman to climb Mont Blanc, followed in 1838 by

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Fixed lines and ladders are distinguishing characteristics of

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Maurice Isserman; Stewart Angas Weaver; Dee Molenaar (2010).

2386:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa" 1333: 1245: 1224: 895:

The premier award in mountaineering is the privately granted

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The last and greatest mountain range to be conquered was the

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Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes

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International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA)

3343:"::: The Mountaineers Photograph Album Collection :::" 2879:

Roach, Robert; Stepanek, Jan & Hackett, Peter. (2002).

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Problems that can arise from this type of exposure include

1337: 1272:. When climbing mountains, there are two types of hazards, 1161: 1031: 569:, and a good deal of exploration was accomplished by them. 278: 793:

There are different activities associated with the sport.

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Emma P. DeLoughery; Thomas G. DeLoughery (14 June 2022).

1972:

of Ötzi at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site

700:. In 1964, the final eight-thousander to be climbed was 685: 581: 522:

in South Asia. They had initially been surveyed by the

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and party. In 1879–1880 the exploration of the highest

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Biondich, Amy Sue; Joslin, Jeremy D. (December 2015).

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in Africa was climbed in 1889 by Austrian mountaineer

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Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada

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International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

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Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade

3409:– virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering 1695:"Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com" 688:(8,611m), the second-highest peak in the world, was 369:, which for decades were the focus of climbers like 331:

One of the most dramatic events was the spectacular

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International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation

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Union of International Mountain Leader Associations

3315:

Hold the heights: the foundations of mountaineering

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Lower capital expenditures and a shorter time scale

1517:

Higher capital expenditures and a longer time scale

1017:; other climbers are visible further up the slopes. 966:, will reach a point on the rock and then build an 704:(8,013m), the lowest of all the 8,000-metre peaks. 561:peaks (23,300 ft (7,100 m)). A number of 553:In 1899, 1903, 1906, and 1908 American mountaineer 499: 262:made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on 3312: 3281: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2558: 2468: 2424: 2129: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 30:"Mountaineer" redirects here. For other uses, see 2977:Roach, James M. & Schoene, Robert B. (2002). 2922:"Coca: High Altitude Remedy of the Ancient Incas" 2338: 1935: 5893: 4949: 2535:"How Mount Everest became a tourist destination" 2300:] (in Norwegian). Dreyer. pp. 156–157. 1843:Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics 1816:"Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective" 890:French Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing 526:for military and strategic reasons. In 1892 Sir 232:The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism 3011: 2985:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC 2887:. Vol. 2. Borden Institute, Washington, DC 2779: 2766: 2720: 2048: 1975: 1351:), both of which can be fatal within 24 hours. 1121:"Basecamp" redirects here. For other uses, see 997:to help the climber push themself up the rock. 3246: 2919: 1412:Problems that can arise from the cold include 1088:to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse. 565:sepoys were trained as expert mountaineers by 335:in 1865 by a party led by English illustrator 5606: 4935: 3428: 2874: 2872: 2716: 2714: 2639:Cox, Steven M.; Fulsaas, Kris, eds. (2009) . 2475:. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 2074: 2072: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 1839: 1452:There are two main styles of mountaineering: 1095:or mixed climbing. Specialized tools such as 384: 181:(1,912 m (6,273 ft)) in one of his 3207:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3155:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2810: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1813: 1743: 663:1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition 365:, is considered to be the discoverer of the 2659: 2645:(7th ed.). Seattle: The Mountaineers. 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2156: 1899:. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1435: 1013:Mountaineers proceed across snow fields on 673:used by soldiers during World War II), the 546:took an expedition to the snowy regions of 324:, with the first mountaineering club – the 5613: 5599: 4942: 4928: 4830:International Federation of Sport Climbing 3435: 3421: 3211:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3003:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2970: 2905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2869: 2711: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2561:"Some Tips for the Apprentice Mountaineer" 2069: 2035: 1992:The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering 1404: 1373: 116:) when climbing mountains. Numerous local 3288:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3094: 3076: 3018:Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004). 2937: 2380: 2374: 2132:Women on High: Pioneers of Mountaineering 1826: 1814:Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). 1773:Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 1764: 906: 776:Learn how and when to remove this message 349:, a plant associated with mountain sports 3310: 2642:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 2370:. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 3. 2332: 2291: 2189:"1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" 1800: 1639:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills 1439: 1315: 1187: 1143: 1008: 910: 503: 388: 341: 235: 38: 2926:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2589: 2471:In The Throne Room of the Mountain Gods 2214:A History of Mountaineering in the Alps 1896:Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering 1716: 1623:List of mountaineering equipment brands 1553:is rarely used, or used more sparingly. 858: 602:but two had been climbed starting with 456:(18,008 ft (5,489 m)) on the 277:By the early 19th century, many of the 136: 14: 5894: 3276: 2499: 2466: 2266: 1892: 1770: 1670:World altitude record (mountaineering) 1180:are among the most famous base camps. 884:as its members, while others, such as 5594: 4923: 3416: 3168: 3166: 3116: 3114: 2127: 2083:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. 2078: 1251: 430:were early pioneers. Slingsby's book 5620: 4890: 3254:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2823:High Altitude Medicine & Biology 2021:Internet History Sourcebooks Project 1936:Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). 1527:(6,600–16,400 ft), such as the 758:adding citations to reliable sources 729: 418:—where British mountaineers such as 4902: 2559:Andrew J. Kauffman (30 June 1948). 2136:. Appalachian Mountain Club Books. 1613:List of deaths on eight-thousanders 1463: 1264:List of deaths on eight-thousanders 316:in 1854 by English mountaineer Sir 24: 3240: 3172: 3163: 3120: 3111: 2749:"The Mountain Bothies Association" 2724:Walking Austria's Alps: Hut to Hut 2577:from the original on 29 March 2020 1675:National Outdoor Leadership School 1320:Climber approaching the summit of 929: 872:-based competition – by the 580:was the first to attempt to scale 25: 5913: 4799:South African Climbing Federation 3380: 1608:List of climbers and mountaineers 1072:For example, when traveling over 586:first expedition to Kangchenjunga 5879: 5867: 4901: 4889: 4878: 4877: 4865: 3771:IFSC World Championships winners 3020:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide" 1061:, or buried equipment or rocks. 814:on glaciers and similar terrain. 734: 680:, and a stimulant tea made from 616:1950 French Annapurna expedition 500:The last frontier: The Himalayas 3402:International Olympic Committee 3219: 3052: 2913: 2753:Mountain Bothies Association UK 2741: 2552: 2527: 2518: 2493: 2460: 2359: 2314: 2285: 2269:Norsk fjellsport gjennom 200 år 2260: 2248: 2230: 2219: 2206: 2181: 2150: 2121: 2097: 2049:Peter H. Hansen (14 May 2013). 1956: 1929: 1886: 1846:. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. 1521: 1268:Mountaineers face a variety of 1004: 874:International Olympic Committee 745:needs additional citations for 725: 433:Norway, the Northern Playground 404:Norway, the Northern Playground 126:International Olympic Committee 4769:British Mountaineering Council 2294:Jotunheimen: gjennom historien 1860: 1791: 1737: 1710: 1701: 1687: 1588:Hazards in the Rocky Mountains 397:became known as the father of 333:first ascent of the Matterhorn 13: 1: 3319:. Seattle: The Mountaineers. 2500:Wilkes, Rob (5 August 2015). 2271:. Andresen & Butenschøn. 2107:. National Geographic. 2006. 1840:Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). 1758:10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00043-4 1731:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003 1681: 1349:high-altitude pulmonary edema 1258:Hazards of outdoor recreation 788: 618:. The highest of these peaks 509: 187:, claiming to be inspired by 4951:Extreme and adventure sports 3442: 2570:. Vol. 4, no. 19. 2298:Jotunheimen: through history 2212:Claire Eliane Engel (1950), 2163:Encyclopædia Britannica BLOG 2157:Kara Rogers (14 July 2010). 2055:. Harvard University Press. 1963:Description of the Discovery 1578:Exploration of the High Alps 1345:high-altitude cerebral edema 1230: 464:border was summitted by the 445:appeared, and later founded 281:were reached, including the 32:Mountaineer (disambiguation) 7: 1942:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1570: 1549:For the highest mountains, 1501:For the highest mountains, 1311: 353:In the early years of the " 260:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 10: 5918: 3366:content.lib.washington.edu 3347:content.lib.washington.edu 3250:; Weaver, Stewart (2008). 2727:. The Mountaineers Books. 2339:House, William P. (1939). 2128:Brown, Rebecca A. (2002). 2079:Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023). 1785:10.1016/j.jort.2016.12.001 1746:Annals of Tourism Research 1593:Highest unclimbed mountain 1583:Glossary of climbing terms 1261: 1255: 1156:Typical shelters used for 1139: 1123:Base camp (disambiguation) 1120: 1116: 922: 385:Expansion around the world 131: 29: 27:Sport of mountain climbing 5779: 5628: 5517: 5484: 5448: 5428:Aggressive inline skating 5410: 5370: 5312: 5259: 5185: 5110: 5067: 4957: 4861: 4822: 4759:Appalachian Mountain Club 4729: 4722: 4566: 4516: 4435: 4428: 4311: 4190: 4101: 3861: 3852: 3845: 3743: 3668: 3597: 3562: 3466: 3457: 3450: 3121:D., Carline, Jan (2004). 3078:10.3389/fphys.2021.696335 3044:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2939:10.1016/j.wem.2015.07.006 2802:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2446:. Yale University Press. 2052:The Summits of Modern Man 1905:10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6 1328:Rapid ascent can lead to 1235:Where conditions permit, 1195:, a mountain hut in the 880:counts numerous national 657:made the first ascent of 653:Just a few months later, 328:– being founded in 1857. 243:(1840–1911), painting by 4674:Mountain Safety Research 4669:Mountain Equipment Co-op 2721:Jonathan Hurdle (1999). 2390:The Geographical Journal 2366:"Ascent of Chimborazo". 1995:. Taylor & Francis. 1968:13 December 2011 at the 1598:Index of climbing topics 1436:Styles of mountaineering 1278:subjective (human-based) 806:, as well as the use of 712: 669:(based on the stimulant 175:his 26 April 1336 ascent 69:that involves ascending 4804:South Tyrol Alpine Club 4599:Eastern Mountain Sports 4465:Canadian Alpine Journal 4458:American Alpine Journal 3721:Roof and tunnel hacking 3311:Unsworth, Walt (1994). 3065:Frontiers in Physiology 2780:Cymerman, A; Rock, PB. 2382:Mackinder, Halford John 2345:American Alpine Journal 2326:Encyclopædia Britannica 2267:Schage, Pål V. (2008). 1473:and the penetration of 1405:Cold-related conditions 1374:Heat-related conditions 945: 832:4000m peaks of the Alps 661:(8,125 m), on the 646:from the south side in 567:Charles Granville Bruce 5756:Ultralight backpacking 4624:Holubar Mountaineering 4436:Magazines and journals 3766:IFSC World Cup winners 3127:. Mountaineers Books. 2467:Rowell, Galen (1977). 2347:. American Alpine Club 2292:Aasgaard, Jan (2016). 1870:. UIAA. Archived from 1449: 1325: 1199: 1183: 1153: 1018: 916: 915:Antique climbing tools 907:Terrain and techniques 892:, remain independent. 598:By the 1950s, all the 576:and English occultist 538:died while attempting 515: 420:William Cecil Slingsby 407: 395:William Cecil Slingsby 350: 322:Golden Age of Alpinism 272:Michel-Gabriel Paccard 247: 51: 5304:Parachuting/Skydiving 4749:Alpine Club of Canada 4659:Marmot Mountain Works 4614:GERRY Mountain Sports 2835:10.1089/ham.2021.0085 2242:16 April 2021 at the 2193:Vertebrate Publishing 1618:List of first ascents 1443: 1319: 1276:(mountain-based) and 1191: 1147: 1012: 914: 555:Fanny Bullock Workman 528:William Martin Conway 507: 484:and German geologist 392: 345: 307:Henriette d'Angeville 239: 42: 5661:Backpacking (hiking) 5656:Backpacking (travel) 5646:Adventure recreation 5418:Freestyle scootering 5244:Traditional climbing 4779:Club Alpino Italiano 4764:Austrian Alpine Club 4754:American Alpine Club 3387:A Climber's Glossary 3179:. The Mountaineers. 1380:heat-related illness 859:Rules and governance 822:cross-country skiing 754:improve this article 690:first scaled in 1954 393:British mountaineer 377:. At that time, the 252:Age of Enlightenment 184:epistolae familiares 137:Early mountaineering 89:in their own right. 5641:Adjectival tourisms 5345:Powered paragliding 5172:Whitewater kayaking 5167:Whitewater canoeing 4774:Club Alpin Français 4148:Mountaineering boot 3761:Piolet d'Or winners 3407:Climbing the clouds 2699:. 24 September 1989 2402:1900GeogJ..15..453M 2343:. Feature Article. 2328:. 21 November 2023. 1893:Apollo, M. (2021). 1551:supplemental oxygen 1505:is frequently used. 1503:supplemental oxygen 1213:sleeping bag liners 482:Ludwig Purtscheller 466:Duke of the Abruzzi 441:, Eilert Sundt and 226:Volcan Llullaillaco 189:Philip V of Macedon 145:, who lived in the 43:Climbers ascending 5636:Accessible tourism 5476:Ski mountaineering 5239:Free solo climbing 5177:Whitewater rafting 4794:German Alpine Club 3233:. 16 October 2021. 1719:Tourism Management 1665:Snow Leopard award 1650:Ski mountaineering 1450: 1326: 1252:Safety and hazards 1200: 1174:Everest base camps 1154: 1036:ski mountaineering 1019: 917: 818:Ski mountaineering 698:Achille Compagnoni 640:Sir Edmund Hillary 544:Douglas Freshfield 516: 408: 351: 301:in 1813. In 1808, 248: 149:, were found in a 67:outdoor activities 52: 49:Little Tahoma Peak 5855: 5854: 5761:Urban exploration 5588: 5587: 5234:Big wall climbing 4982:Kite landboarding 4917: 4916: 4857: 4856: 4809:Swiss Alpine Club 4562: 4561: 4517:Non-fiction films 4493:Planinski Vestnik 4486:Himalayan Journal 4424: 4423: 4186: 4185: 3815:Historical events 3786:Eight-thousanders 3739: 3738: 3593: 3592: 3326:978-0-89886-379-6 3295:978-0-691-00689-5 3278:Ortner, Sherry B. 3261:978-0-300-16420-6 3248:Isserman, Maurice 2734:978-0-89886-640-7 2652:978-0-89886-828-9 2486:978-0-87156-184-8 2453:978-0-300-16420-6 2278:978-82-7981-052-0 2062:978-0-674-07452-1 2023:. 26 January 1996 2002:978-1-317-40315-9 1914:978-3-030-72666-9 1868:"UIAA Activities" 1853:978-80-87715-12-3 1336:, the chewing of 1330:altitude sickness 786: 785: 778: 600:eight-thousanders 536:Albert F. Mummery 494:Halford Mackinder 478:Mount Kilimanjaro 454:Mount Saint Elias 443:Kristian Tandberg 297:in 1812, and the 162:AD ascent of the 147:4th millennium BC 85:that have become 81:, and traversing 59:mountain climbing 16:(Redirected from 5909: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5771:Wildlife tourism 5766:Volunteer travel 5676:Cultural tourism 5622:Adventure travel 5615: 5608: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5525:Adventure racing 5499:Extreme sledding 5466:Freestyle skiing 5277:Ski-BASE jumping 5150:Technical diving 4997:Mountainboarding 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4905: 4904: 4893: 4892: 4881: 4880: 4869: 4727: 4726: 4679:Outdoor Research 4433: 4432: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3820:Grade milestones 3629:Expedition style 3464: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3318: 3307: 3287: 3273: 3235: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3206: 3198: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3146: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3080: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2941: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2853:. 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5555:Obstacle racing 5540:Extreme ironing 5513: 5480: 5444: 5406: 5395:Mountain biking 5366: 5362:Wingsuit flying 5308: 5255: 5222:Alpine climbing 5181: 5106: 5063: 4953: 4948: 4918: 4913: 4853: 4818: 4718: 4584:Cascade Designs 4558: 4512: 4420: 4307: 4182: 4116:Abalakov thread 4097: 3841: 3735: 3664: 3589: 3558: 3542:Deep-water solo 3446: 3441: 3383: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3341: 3327: 3296: 3262: 3243: 3241:Further reading 3238: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3147: 3135: 3119: 3112: 3057: 3053: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3016: 3012: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2975: 2971: 2918: 2914: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2888: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2857:on 11 July 2022 2815: 2811: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2785: 2778: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2637: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2539:Washington Post 2533: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2438: 2425: 2410:10.2307/1774261 2379: 2375: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2337: 2333: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2244:Wayback Machine 2235: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2169:on 18 July 2014 2155: 2151: 2144: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2047: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1987: 1976: 1970:Wayback Machine 1961: 1957: 1950: 1934: 1930: 1915: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1838: 1827: 1812: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1769: 1765: 1742: 1738: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1633:Mountain rescue 1573: 1533:Rocky Mountains 1524: 1466: 1438: 1407: 1391:heat exhaustion 1376: 1324:at 8,163 metres 1314: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1233: 1186: 1148:Winter campers 1142: 1126: 1119: 1086:crevasse rescue 1057:devices called 1007: 948: 932: 930:Walk-up terrain 927: 909: 861: 791: 782: 771: 765: 762: 751: 739: 728: 715: 671:methamphetamine 628:1924 expedition 624:1922 expedition 512: 502: 447:Norsk Tindeklub 387: 234: 139: 134: 124:(UIAA), is the 103:mountain sports 91:Indoor climbing 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5915: 5905: 5904: 5902:Mountaineering 5889: 5888: 5876: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5837:River trekking 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5812:Mountaineering 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711:Jungle tourism 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5691:Freighthopping 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5535:Cheese rolling 5532: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Extreme skiing 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5440:Roller skating 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5423:Inline skating 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Bungee jumping 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5217:Mountaineering 5214: 5213: 5212: 5210:Mixed climbing 5202: 5200:Crane climbing 5197: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4704:The North Face 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4634:Sierra Designs 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4609:Frostline Kits 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4500:Rock & Ice 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4444:Alpine Journal 4439: 4437: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4334:Climbing route 4331: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4279:Simul-climbing 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220:Front pointing 4217: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4156:Avalanche cord 4150: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4123: 4121:Bottled oxygen 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4007: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3776:IFSC victories 3773: 3768: 3763: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3603: 3601: 3599:Mountaineering 3595: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3461: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3382: 3381:External links 3379: 3378: 3377: 3358: 3339: 3325: 3308: 3294: 3274: 3260: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3218: 3185: 3162: 3133: 3110: 3051: 3010: 2969: 2932:(4): 567–571. 2912: 2868: 2829:(2): 114–118. 2809: 2765: 2740: 2733: 2710: 2684: 2658: 2651: 2588: 2551: 2526: 2517: 2492: 2485: 2459: 2452: 2423: 2396:(5): 453–476. 2373: 2368:The Cornishman 2358: 2331: 2313: 2306: 2284: 2277: 2259: 2247: 2229: 2218: 2216:, chapter VII. 2205: 2180: 2149: 2142: 2120: 2113: 2105:The Ice Maiden 2096: 2090:979-8373963923 2089: 2068: 2061: 2034: 2008: 2001: 1974: 1955: 1948: 1928: 1913: 1885: 1874:on 11 May 2011 1859: 1852: 1825: 1799: 1790: 1763: 1752:(3): 625–643. 1736: 1725:(1): 113–123. 1709: 1700: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1554: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1465: 1462: 1448:mountaineering 1437: 1434: 1426:immersion foot 1406: 1403: 1375: 1372: 1360:bottled oxygen 1313: 1310: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1232: 1229: 1185: 1182: 1141: 1138: 1118: 1115: 1106:simul-climbing 1006: 1003: 947: 944: 931: 928: 908: 905: 860: 857: 856: 855: 848: 841: 835: 825: 815: 790: 787: 784: 783: 742: 740: 733: 727: 724: 714: 711: 694:Lino Lacedelli 644:Tenzing Norgay 632:George Mallory 612:Louis Lachenal 608:Maurice Herzog 524:British Empire 508:Mountaineers, 501: 498: 424:Harold Raeburn 414:—particularly 386: 383: 337:Edward Whymper 295:Finsteraarhorn 268:Jacques Balmat 241:Edward Whymper 233: 230: 211:Conrad Gessner 138: 135: 133: 130: 95:sport climbing 55:Mountaineering 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5914: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5575:Ultramarathon 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5388:Freestyle BMX 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5294:Cliff jumping 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5229:Rock climbing 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5047:River surfing 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Street luging 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Skateboarding 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:Riverboarding 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:Bellyboarding 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823:International 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723:Organizations 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4594:Early Winters 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574:Black Diamond 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4539:The Dawn Wall 4536: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399:Bachar ladder 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Climbing wall 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Approach shoe 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944:Climbing rope 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3825:First ascents 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3459:Rock climbing 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3186:0-89886-024-5 3182: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3134:0-89886-878-5 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2432: 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