31:
1031:
Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016). "Convergence of
Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157556.
1041:
Fang-Yuan Mao, Yuan-Qing Wang, Qian Li & Xun Jin (2015): New records of archaic ungulates from the Lower Eocene of
Sanshui Basin, Guangdong, China, Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, DOI:
332:(Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata.
691:
203:
848:
697:
307:
1006:
466:
431:
505:
324:
Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to
714:
602:
523:
496:
483:
621:
474:
514:
1213:
Thewissen, J.G.M.; Domning, Daryl Paul (1992). "The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals".
321:, was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.
382:
showcase that dental synapomorphies between both groups arose independently, further discrediting the
Altungulata hypothesis.
335:
Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing
Altungulata into
1167:
1106:
1066:
1203:
1133:
1010:
1308:
351:
1285:
1248:
1094:
1280:
930:
8:
883:
82:
68:
434:, their affinities to Embrithropoda are suspect, and they were regarded as Altungulata
95:
1230:
1199:
1173:
1163:
1139:
1129:
1112:
1102:
1072:
1062:
950:
895:
1061:. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (in German). Vol. 84. pp. 1–132.
1226:
1222:
1152:
778:
670:
78:
1271:
1193:
907:
859:
852:
841:
718:
703:
615:
556:
415:
407:
303:
1059:
Die
Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria
877:
865:
798:
746:
676:
648:
642:
632:
625:
596:
572:
533:
336:
299:
291:
264:
185:
86:
60:
48:
1234:
1302:
871:
827:
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753:
638:
403:
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280:
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1076:
360:
912:
813:
772:
731:
578:
566:
395:
344:
329:
210:
195:
142:
53:
1095:"The phylogenetic, geographic, and temporal origins of the Perissodactyla"
835:
821:
766:
758:
735:
664:
590:
539:
459:
354:, two lophs or crests running transversally across the crown of the tooth
272:
220:
190:
64:
901:
889:
808:
802:
742:
680:
658:
584:
419:
411:
378:
340:
268:
215:
43:
39:
607:
450:
276:
1242:
1265:
1153:"Origin and Evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis"
707:
545:
257:
253:
118:
786:
550:
72:
260:
130:
106:
30:
249:
241:
286:
The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by
1162:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 504–37.
1158:. In Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (eds.).
366:
elongated thoracic region with at least 19 vertebrae
200:
1097:. In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.).
1126:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
1300:
1212:
325:
1151:Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (1989).
1007:"[Bibliography of] Thewissen, Johannes"
1150:
314:
159:
989:
987:
343:), and the validity of the following uniting
1124:McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997).
1123:
974:
972:
970:
968:
318:
984:
29:
422:. With the exclusion of the better known
965:
1128:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1056:
295:
245:
1301:
1092:
993:
372:similar development of fetal membranes
313:The name "Altungulata", introduced by
1247:
1246:
1083:
298:by including sirenians and excluding
287:
169:
1191:
978:
391:
1195:The beginning of the age of mammals
13:
1215:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
1320:
1032:doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556.
390:The classification below is from
385:
248:and later authors) is an invalid
1160:The Evolution of Perissodactyls
1227:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011476
1035:
1025:
999:
943:
1:
1099:The Rise of Placental Mammals
1086:Die Geschichte der Organismen
1049:
1042:10.1080/08912963.2015.1034120
1009:. Sirenia.org. Archived from
283:, and related extinct taxa).
1192:Rose, Kenneth David (2006).
487:Matthew and Granger 1925 (=
326:Thewissen & Domning 1992
7:
1057:Fischer, Martin S. (1986).
924:
310:from the original concept.
10:
1325:
1093:Hooker, Jeremy J. (2005).
1088:. Jena: Verlag G. Fischer.
315:Prothero & Schoch 1989
160:Prothero & Schoch 1989
1255:
444:Prothero and Schoch 1989
294:. It was resurrected by
290:, a German zoologist and
182:
177:
96:Scientific classification
94:
37:
28:
23:
1198:. Baltimore: JHU Press.
936:
300:South American ungulates
319:McKenna & Bell 1997
1084:Franz, Victor (1924).
953:. Systema Naturae 2000
951:"Mirorder Altungulata"
438:by Mao et al. (2015).
363:of posterior premolars
49:Arsinoitherium zitteli
1281:Paleobiology Database
931:Mammal classification
178:Orders and suborders
1309:Obsolete mammal taxa
884:Palaeomastodontidae
69:West Indian manatee
692:Titanotheriomorpha
376:Recent studies on
357:large third molars
204:Titanotheriomorpha
1296:
1295:
1249:Taxon identifiers
896:Hemimastodontidae
745:(sister taxon of
347:remain disputed:
230:
229:
172:
162:
1316:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1244:
1243:
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1080:
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1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
997:
996:, pp. 201–2
991:
982:
981:, pp. 241–4
976:
963:
962:
960:
958:
947:
849:Phosphatheriidae
779:Arsinoitheriidae
698:Brontotherioidea
671:Chalicotheriidae
202:
168:
158:
83:Burchell's zebra
79:White rhinoceros
33:
21:
20:
16:Clade of mammals
1324:
1323:
1319:
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1313:
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949:
948:
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939:
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908:Gomphotheriidae
860:Numidotheriidae
853:Numidotheriidae
842:Anthracobunidae
704:Brontotheriidae
616:Rhinocerotoidea
557:Palaeotheriidae
500:Mao et al. 2015
467:Phenacolophidae
432:Phenacolophidae
416:Chrysochloridae
394:, p. 242.
388:
369:clavicle absent
317:and revised by
308:meniscotheriids
292:racial theorist
263:comprising the
173:
167:
163:
157:
145:
133:
121:
109:
76:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1240:
1239:
1221:(4): 494–504.
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878:Deinotheriidae
874:
868:
866:Moeritheriidae
862:
856:
845:
844:(tethytheres?)
832:
831:
830:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
799:Protosirenidae
795:
783:
782:
781:
763:
762:
761:
756:
747:Perissodactyla
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
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688:
687:
686:
685:
684:
677:Lophiodontidae
673:
667:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
649:Rhinocerotidae
646:
643:Rhinocerotidae
635:
633:Hyracodontidae
629:
626:Hyracodontidae
612:
611:
610:
605:
599:
597:Deperetellidae
593:
575:
573:Isectolophidae
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
553:
534:Perissodactyla
530:
529:
528:
519:
510:
506:Tieshanilophus
501:
492:
479:
463:
455:
436:incertae sedis
398:together with
387:
386:Classification
384:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
358:
355:
345:synapomorphies
337:Laurasiatheria
304:phenacodontids
265:perissodactyls
237:Pantomesaxonia
228:
227:
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225:
224:
223:
218:
208:
207:
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198:
193:
186:Perissodactyla
180:
179:
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165:Pantomesaxonia
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87:Perissodactyla
61:Asian elephant
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1108:9780801880223
1104:
1101:. JHU Press.
1100:
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1068:9783924500214
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754:Pliohyracidae
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733:
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719:palaeotheriid
716:
715:Anchilophidae
712:
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699:
696:Superfamily †
695:
694:
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689:
682:
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636:
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623:
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603:Lophialetidae
600:
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554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
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541:
537:
536:
535:
531:
526:
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524:Zaisanolophus
520:
517:
516:
511:
508:
507:
502:
499:
498:
497:Sanshuilophus
493:
490:
489:Procoryphodon
486:
485:
484:Phenacolophus
480:
477:
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470:
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464:
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447:
446:
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443:
439:
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429:
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421:
417:
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409:
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404:Tubulidentata
401:
400:Macroscelidea
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383:
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380:
371:
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281:proboscideans
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45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1256:
1218:
1214:
1194:
1181:. Retrieved
1159:
1125:
1098:
1085:
1058:
1037:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:the original
1001:
955:. Retrieved
945:
913:Elephantidae
820:Infraorder †
814:Trichechidae
773:Embrithopoda
771:Infraorder †
732:Paenungulata
657:Infraorder †
614:Superfamily
583:Superfamily
579:Ceratomorpha
567:Tapiromorpha
544:Superfamily
527:Gabunia 1998
522:
513:
504:
495:
491:Flerow 1957)
488:
482:
473:
458:
449:
441:
440:
435:
427:
423:
396:Paenungulata
389:
377:
375:
361:molarization
352:bilophodonty
334:
330:Phenacodonta
323:
312:
296:Fischer 1986
285:
246:Fischer 1986
240:
236:
232:
231:
211:Paenungulata
196:Tapiromorpha
164:
154:
150:(unranked):
143:Preptotheria
138:Superorder:
58:
54:Embrithopoda
47:
24:Altungulata
18:
1257:Altungulata
994:Hooker 2005
836:Proboscidea
834:Infraorder
822:Desmostylia
785:Infraorder
767:Tethytheria
759:Procaviidae
736:Uranotheria
665:Eomoropidae
622:Hyrachyidae
591:Helaletidae
577:Infraorder
540:Hippomorpha
469:Zhang 1978
460:Olbitherium
442:Altungulata
428:Minchenella
408:lipotyphlan
273:tethytheres
233:Altungulata
221:Tethytheria
191:Hippomorpha
155:Altungulata
65:Proboscidea
1235:4649662166
1205:0801884721
1135:0231110138
1050:References
902:Mammutidae
890:Phiomiidae
809:Dugongidae
803:Dugongidae
743:Hyracoidea
690:Suborder †
681:Tapiroidea
659:Ancylopoda
585:Tapiroidea
518:Zhang 1978
478:Zhang 1979
475:Ganolophus
420:Afrotheria
412:Tenrecidae
406:, and the
379:Abdounodus
341:Afrotheria
288:Franz 1924
216:Hyracoidea
170:Franz 1924
44:Hyracoidea
40:Rock hyrax
1272:Q16556658
979:Rose 2006
765:Suborder
741:Suborder
721:equoids?)
608:Tapiridae
565:Suborder
538:Suborder
515:Yuelophus
509:Tong 1979
451:Radinskya
424:Radinskya
410:families
392:Rose 2006
277:sirenians
269:hyracoids
102:Kingdom:
1303:Category
1266:Wikidata
1178:19268080
1144:37345734
1117:55801049
1077:15682192
925:See also
546:Equoidea
418:compose
258:ungulate
254:mirorder
131:Mammalia
119:Chordata
114:Phylum:
107:Animalia
77:Bottom:
59:Middle:
787:Sirenia
708:equoids
551:Equidae
261:mammals
126:Class:
73:Sirenia
1286:321750
1233:
1202:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1132:
1115:
1105:
1075:
1065:
730:Order
532:Order
306:, and
271:, and
1183:5 May
1156:(PDF)
1017:5 May
957:5 May
937:Notes
430:from
256:) of
250:clade
242:sensu
38:Top:
1231:OCLC
1200:ISBN
1185:2013
1174:OCLC
1164:ISBN
1140:OCLC
1130:ISBN
1113:OCLC
1103:ISBN
1073:OCLC
1063:ISBN
1019:2013
959:2013
426:and
414:and
339:and
1223:doi
749:?)
235:or
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