711:
advantages of primary bone grafting, which are allowing tooth eruption through the grafted bone, are retained. Furthermore, secondary bone grafting stabilizes the maxillary arch, thus enhancing the conditions for prosthodontic treatment such as crowns, bridges and implants. It also aids eruption of teeth, boosting the amount of bony tissue on the alveolar crest, permitting orthodontic treatment. Bony support to teeth adjacent to the cleft is a pre-requisite for orthodontic closure of the teeth in the cleft region. Hence, better hygienic conditions will be achieved which helps to lessen formation of caries and periodontal inflammation. Speech problems caused by irregular positioning of articulators, or leakage of air via the oronasal communication, may also be improved. Secondary bone grafting can also be used to augment the alar base of the nose to achieve symmetry with the non-cleft side, thereby enhancing facial appearance.
1092:
1068:
646:, commonly referred to as "dry socket". With the partial or total loss of teeth, the alveolar process undergoes resorption. The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected, however, because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable. The loss of alveolar bone, coupled with attrition of the teeth, causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation. The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions.
687:
42:
702:
offering bony support to the teeth lying next to the cleft; elevate the alar base of the nose; aid sealing of oro-nasal fistula; permit insertion of a titanium fixture in the grafted region and achieve good periodontal conditions within and next to the cleft. The timing of the alveolar bone grafting takes into consideration both eruption of the canine and lateral incisor. The optimal time for bone grafting surgery is when a thin shell of bone still covers the soon erupting lateral incisor or canine tooth close to the cleft.
1104:
1080:
811:
1056:
748:
601:
411:
855:
upper jaw has a thinner cortical plate and lower bone density than that of the lower jaw. As bone loss in the alveolar ridge becomes an increasing problem for the success of dental implants, research has been focused on the development of new surgical techniques and biomaterials that can be used to either maintain current bone levels, or to stimulate the growth of new alveolar bone through osteogenesis.
1864:
621:
around 8 to 10 days. After this resorption phase, the osteoclast can continue resorbing surfaces in another cycle or carry out apoptosis. A repair phase follows the resorption phase which lasts over 3 months. In patients with periodontal disease, inflammation lasts longer and during the repair phase, resorption may override any bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.
734:
tumour which usually presents at birth. It can be found growing on the alveolar ridge of newborns, presenting as non-ulcerated, pedunculated, reddish pink masses of varying sizes and numbers. Congenital epulis can occur in either of the alveolar ridges, but they are found three times more frequently
845:
on its external surface. For the implant placement to be successful, there needs to be enough alveolar bone to support and stabilize the dental implant. It has been determined that many factors can contribute to the loss of both the vertical and horizontal height of the alveolar bone. These factors
854:
habits. Although dental implants tend to have a high success rate, of about 99%, studies show that if an implant were to fail, it occurs more often in the front portion of the upper jaw. More research is required to determine why this occurs, but it has been theorized that the alveolar bone in the
714:
Late secondary bone grafting: Bone grafting has a lower success rate when performed after canine has erupted as compared to before the eruption. It has been found that the possibility for orthodontic closure of the cleft in the dental arch is smaller in patients grafted before canine eruption than
706:
Primary bone grafting: Primary bone grafting is believed to: eliminate bone deficiency, stabilize pre-maxilla, synthesize new bone matrix for eruption of teeth in the cleft area and augment the alar base. However, the early bone grafting procedure is abandoned in most cleft lip and palate centres
789:
For the best outcomes with respect to horizontal alveolar ridge preservation, application of a xenogenic (non-living bone material from another species) or allogenic grafting material (bone donated by another human) surrounded by a resorbable collagen membrane or sponge is ideal. These membranes
649:
The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation, as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia. In addition, the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most
624:
Alveolar bone loss is closely associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the gums. Studies in osteoimmunology have proposed 2 models for alveolar bone loss. One model states that inflammation is triggered by a periodontal pathogen which activates the acquired
620:
Bone is lost through the process of resorption which involves osteoclasts breaking down the hard tissue of bone. A key indication of resorption is when scalloped erosion occurs. This is also known as
Howship's lacuna. The resorption phase lasts as long as the lifespan of the osteoclast which is
701:
patients. The reconstruction of the alveolar cleft can provide both aesthetic and practical advantages to the patient. Alveolar bone grafting can also bring about the following benefits: stabilisation of the maxillary arch; aid of eruption of the canine and sometimes lateral incisor eruption;
633:
The developmental disturbance of anodontia (or hypodontia, if only one tooth), in which tooth germs are congenitally absent, may affect the development of the alveolar processes. This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing. Proper
710:
Secondary bone grafting: Secondary bone grafting, also referred to as bone grafting in the mixed dentition, became a well-established procedure after abandoning primary bone grafting. The prerequisites include precise timing, operating technique, and acceptably vascularized soft tissue. The
625:
immune system to inhibit bone coupling by limiting new bone formation after resorption. Another model states that cytokinesis may inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts from their precursors, therefore limiting bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.
519:. The cortical bone consists of plates on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone. These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth, but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth. The trabecular bone consists of
2072:
Canellas JV, Soares BN, Ritto FG, Vettore MV, Vidigal Júnior GM, Fischer RG, Medeiros PJ (November 2021). "What grafting materials produce greater alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction? A systematic review and network meta-analysis".
738:
Diagnosis of the condition was previously incidental, however, with improvements in imaging technology, prenatal diagnosis is now possible at 26 weeks (about 6 months). Furthermore, these benign lesions can be treated by surgical excision.
707:
around the world due to many disadvantages, including serious growth disturbances of the middle third of the facial skeleton. The operative technique that involves the vomero-premaxillary suture was found to inhibit maxillary growth.
798:. Other reliable options for surgeons may include Bio-Oss and Bio-Oss Coll, primarily due to the strong scientific evidence behind their efficacy and recorded successful outcomes particularly in lateral ridge augmentation surgery.
512:, part of the PDL, are inserted there. Sharpey's fibres in alveolar bone proper are inserted at a right angle (just as with the cemental surface); they are fewer in number, but thicker in diameter than those found in cementum.
715:
those after the canine eruption. The surgical procedure includes drilling of several small openings through the cortical layer into the cancellous layer, facilitating growth of blood vessels into the graft.
774:
No biomaterial can prevent alveolar bone loss entirely after extraction, however, there are five grafting materials with the greatest efficacy in height resorption prevention; three of which are
526:
The alveolar structure is a dynamic tissue which provides the jawbone with some degree of flexibility and resilience for the embedded teeth as they encounter numerous multi-directional forces.
1024:
Other than a maxillar bridge made of gold, part of a mandible with teeth—which had been burned and broken around the alveolar process—was the only physical evidence used to confirm
642:
After extraction of a tooth, the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone, which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone. Disturbance of the blood clot can cause
1439:
Monje A, Chan HL, Galindo-Moreno P, Elnayef B, Suarez-Lopez del Amo F, Wang F, Wang HL (November 2015). "Alveolar Bone
Architecture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
829:
are a way to replace missing teeth, as they consist of a titanium surgical component that is placed in the alveolar ridge of the jawbone. The implant then acts as a
759:
The alveolar ridge is an area of particular interest in dentistry, as preservation of the ridges results in a higher success rate of therapeutic dental treatments.
113:
1091:
3194:
1067:
1015:
3864:
3394:
3359:
2128:"Alveolar Ridge Preservation after Tooth Extraction Using Different Bone Graft Materials and Autologous Platelet Concentrates: a Systematic Review"
3020:
1978:
Willenbacher M, Al-Nawas B, Berres M, Kämmerer PW, Schiegnitz E (December 2016). "The
Effects of Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Meta-Analysis".
1103:
942:). When pronouncing these sounds the tongue touches (, , ), or nearly touches (, ) the upper alveolar ridge, which can also be referred to as
46:
Anterior (frontal) portion of maxilla (white) and mandible (orange) cut away towards right (to depth of tooth roots, i.e. the alveolar region)
950:. In many languages consonants are articulated with the tongue touching or close to the upper alveolar ridge. The former are called alveolar
89:
3829:
3042:
1055:
4319:
4314:
3880:
508:, which allow blood vessels to pass between the alveolar bone and the PDL. The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone because
1079:
946:. In many other languages, consonants transcribed with these letters are articulated slightly differently, and are often described as
771:. The type of grafting material is important as different materials are more effective than others in maintaining the alveolar ridge.
735:
on the maxillary alveolar ridge than on the mandibular alveolar ridge. They also more commonly present in females compared to males.
2875:
Castillo, Rafael Fernández; Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Acosta, José Antonio
Lorente; Cañadas de la Fuente, Guillermo A. (10 March 2013).
2593:
Pérez-Sayáns M, Martínez-Martín JM, Chamorro-Petronacci C, Gallas-Torreira M, Marichalar-Mendía X, García-García A (November 2018).
3896:
3069:
3027:
3214:
2392:"The dimension and morphology of alveolar bone at maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a retrospective analysis-using CBCT"
1036:
assert that the remainder of the body was burnt to near-ashes, but this is scientifically doubtful. Additionally, according to a
4014:
3792:
634:
development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area.
4024:
4004:
3603:
3233:
2804:
2758:
1373:
1883:
4085:
402:
The connected, supporting area of the jaw (delineated by the apexes of the roots of the teeth) is known as the basal bone.
477:(within about 1 to 2 millimetres in a healthy specimen), while the alveolar process terminates along the line of the
4397:
4125:
3563:
3558:
1575:
Bar-Shavit Z (December 2007). "The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell".
921:
846:
can include resorption of the bone after tooth removal (affecting the quality and quantity of the bone), the presence of
2341:"Success rate of implants placed in autogenous bone blocks versus allogenic bone blocks: A systematic literature review"
1929:"Multiple congenital granular cell tumours of the maxilla and mandible: a rare case report and review of the literature"
4115:
2177:"Effect of alveolar ridge preservation interventions following tooth extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1627:
1551:
3047:
4075:
3507:
3000:
1142:
4257:
4120:
3204:
985:
767:
Grafting is an effective technique to reduce the inevitable changes in dimension of the alveolar ridge after tooth
399:
The portion of alveolar bone between two adjacent teeth is known as the interdental septum (or interdental bone).
3374:
3344:
1311:
17:
3209:
2775:
1001:
108:
3916:
3062:
977:
897:
755:(side view) of a human nasal and oral passage. The upper alveolar ridge is located between numbers 4 and 5.
441:, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, making up the thickest part of the bone. On the
4008:
3940:
2546:"The impact of the alveolar bone sites on early implant failure: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
347:, the term refers more specifically to the ridges on the inside of the mouth which can be felt with the
4018:
3921:
3785:
2967:
2781:
2744:
2492:"An evaluation of superhydrophilic surfaces of dental implants - a systematic review and meta-analysis"
957:
881:
834:
821:
As the rate of tooth loss in the population increases either due to early extraction, trauma, or other
698:
691:
2961:
2876:
1199:
4214:
4186:
3759:
3533:
3440:
2018:"Effect of alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1248:
Araujo M, Lindhe J (2003). "The
Edentulous Alveolar Ridge.". In Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP (eds.).
1037:
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993:
991:
983:
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963:
955:
919:
911:
905:
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Alveolar bone grafting in the mixed dentition is an essential part of the reconstructive journey for
3104:
4354:
4028:
3588:
3568:
3523:
3497:
3364:
3319:
3254:
3189:
3184:
2848:
1653:"Immunization enhances inflammation and tissue destruction in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis"
1286:
650:
convenient areas of bony fracture to be used, if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth.
120:
850:, the age and gender of the patient, smoking habits, the presence of other systemic diseases, and
4402:
3929:
3754:
3502:
3465:
3430:
3410:
3247:
3055:
2644:"The use of platelet-rich fibrin to enhance the outcomes of implant therapy: A systematic review"
965:
889:
681:
3658:
4093:
4089:
3900:
3749:
2750:
474:
96:
84:
1040:, the alveolar process was missing from the charred maxilla of the body presumed to belong to
4309:
4252:
4166:
4079:
4054:
3778:
3583:
3578:
3261:
3179:
3154:
3139:
3134:
2877:"Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix"
2592:
1537:
1029:
913:
802:
is also preferred in many clinical situations because of its low cost of preparation.
608:
reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible. The associated teeth exhibit poor
4170:
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3873:
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3847:
3713:
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3598:
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1033:
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1867:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
Creative Commons License.
8:
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4208:
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3611:
3593:
3543:
3425:
3379:
3275:
3149:
2285:"To what extent residual alveolar ridge can be preserved by implant? A systematic review"
1486:"Hard and soft tissue changes following alveolar ridge preservation: a systematic review"
1360:
Walker, William B. (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
971:
847:
609:
509:
2241:
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it is a ridge on the superior surface. The structures hold the teeth and are encased by
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2017:
1955:
1928:
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1792:
1767:
1726:
1701:
1677:
1652:
1651:
Leone CW, Bokhadhoor H, Kuo D, Desta T, Yang J, Siqueira MF, et al. (April 2006).
1600:
1513:
875:
838:
1485:
4297:
4267:
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3683:
3648:
3621:
3548:
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2198:
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2112:
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1995:
1960:
1906:
1853:
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1731:
1682:
1633:
1623:
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1547:
1505:
1466:
1379:
1369:
1230:
1222:
1138:
951:
768:
724:
686:
664:
The radiographic integrity of the lamina dura is important in detecting pathological
643:
2892:
2833:
2224:
Sbricoli L, Guazzo R, Annunziata M, Gobbato L, Bressan E, Nastri L (February 2020).
2210:
1668:
1604:
1517:
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4235:
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3718:
3663:
3616:
3334:
2896:
2888:
2813:
2712:
2704:
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2655:
2614:
2606:
2565:
2557:
2513:
2503:
2462:
2452:
2411:
2403:
2362:
2352:
2306:
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2255:
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2188:
2147:
2139:
2090:
2082:
2037:
2029:
1987:
1950:
1940:
1898:
1843:
1833:
1787:
1779:
1721:
1713:
1672:
1664:
1584:
1497:
1456:
1448:
947:
825:, the use of implant therapy has increased as a form of tooth replacement therapy.
822:
795:
551:
501:
478:
470:
295:
262:
144:
41:
2800:"The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification"
500:. Although the alveolar process is composed of compact bone, it may be called the
4359:
4272:
4174:
4059:
3982:
3977:
3948:
3868:
3802:
3668:
3369:
3129:
3124:
2925:
2561:
1543:
935:
613:
559:
520:
516:
3708:
484:
The alveolar process proper encases the tooth sockets, and contains a lining of
4407:
4302:
4200:
4182:
3996:
3573:
3079:
2992:
2817:
2086:
2016:
Avila-Ortiz G, Elangovan S, Kramer KW, Blanchette D, Dawson DV (October 2014).
1902:
826:
547:
454:
328:
2708:
2508:
2407:
2301:
1884:"Congenital Granular Cell Epulis: A Systematic Review of Cases from 2000-2017"
1019:
4391:
4349:
4331:
4039:
3956:
3733:
3693:
3415:
3389:
3384:
3199:
3099:
2910:
2357:
2033:
1910:
1717:
1561:
1226:
590:
393:
238:
2441:"Alveolar ridge atrophy related to facial morphology in edentulous patients"
2226:"Selection of Collagen Membranes for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review"
2143:
1838:
1637:
1452:
1361:
1214:
810:
101:
4196:
3852:
3841:
3723:
3678:
3553:
3455:
3450:
3435:
3094:
2825:
2726:
2677:
2628:
2579:
2527:
2490:
Makowiecki A, Hadzik J, Błaszczyszyn A, Gedrange T, Dominiak M (May 2019).
2476:
2425:
2376:
2320:
2269:
2202:
2161:
2104:
2051:
1999:
1964:
1857:
1801:
1783:
1735:
1686:
1596:
1509:
1470:
1383:
1234:
1158:
1025:
871:
851:
791:
728:
658:
543:
485:
466:
270:
266:
57:
2874:
2610:
1461:
523:
that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the cortical plates.
515:
The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical (compact) bone and
4371:
4099:
3806:
3703:
3653:
3282:
2946:
2798:; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J.C. (1 May 2018).
2595:"20 years of alveolar distraction: A systematic review of the literature"
2095:
1396:
939:
747:
731:
654:
600:
534:
Alveolar bone is 67% inorganic material, composed mainly of the minerals
489:
450:
356:
352:
2929:
2457:
1341:
1329:
4292:
3925:
3673:
3528:
3420:
3354:
3324:
2901:
2250:
2193:
2176:
1420:
867:
830:
669:
605:
578:
570:
458:
2693:"Long-term effects of vertical bone augmentation: a systematic review"
2659:
1991:
1945:
1588:
1501:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
126:
3460:
3445:
1483:
1213:
Sazonova, O.; Vovk, O.; Hordiichuk, D.; Ikramov, V. (February 2019).
1041:
863:
783:
775:
574:
539:
344:
2550:
Journal of the Korean
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
2489:
2015:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1702:"Inflammation and uncoupling as mechanisms of periodontal bone loss"
1366:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
410:
4139:
3329:
3109:
1484:
MacBeth N, Trullenque-Eriksson A, Donos N, Mardas N (August 2017).
1256:
1176:
814:
779:
752:
555:
497:
442:
430:
327:) ('hollow') refers to the cavities of the tooth sockets, known as
277:
250:
2125:
1977:
1097:
Hitler's mandibular remains were sundered at the alveolar process.
817:, one form of implant which can be attached to the alveolar region
3814:
3119:
2126:
Stumbras A, Kuliesius P, Januzis G, Juodzbalys G (January 2019).
1742:
1215:"Anatomical Features Of The Maxillary Alveolar Arch In Adulthood"
842:
563:
535:
438:
246:
934:. There are exceptions to this however, such as speakers of the
878:. Examples of alveolar consonants in English are, for instance,
2223:
1073:
How the roots of the teeth, gums, and alveolar bone are related
1061:
In the oral cavity, the alveolar processes are covered by gums.
665:
348:
2174:
1438:
319:
310:
225:
198:
168:
159:
4326:
1927:
Gan J, Shi C, Liu S, Tian X, Wang X, Ma X, Gao P (May 2021).
1863:
1252:(5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. pp. 53–63.
1212:
462:
422:
258:
72:
2339:
Motamedian SR, Khojaste M, Khojasteh A (January–June 2016).
1881:
4158:
2390:
Zhang X, Li Y, Ge Z, Zhao H, Miao L, Pan Y (January 2020).
2338:
446:
426:
313:
254:
234:
219:
216:
192:
186:
162:
2794:
2071:
1417:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 219
4162:
1768:"Alveolar bone grafting: past, present, and new horizons"
298:
242:
207:
177:
147:
2438:
362:
The curved portion of the process is referred to as the
1882:
Sohal KS, Moshy JR, Owibingire SS, Kashmiri RA (2018).
1650:
874:
touching or reaching for the alveolar ridge are called
473:. The alveolar crest terminates uniformly at about the
2283:
Khalifa AK, Wada M, Ikebe K, Maeda Y (December 2016).
2175:
Avila-Ortiz G, Chambrone L, Vignoletti F (June 2019).
1085:
3D animation showing placement of teeth in human skull
782:
concentrate (A-PRF) and one composed of A-PRF and the
359:
or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth.
2988:
Illustrated Dental
Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy
2984:
2282:
1753:
1426:
1402:
1347:
1335:
1273:
1182:
661:(periodontitis), localized bone tissue is also lost.
174:
3800:
3195:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
3078:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
2930:"What Happens to Human Bodies When They Are Burned?"
2690:
938:
who pronounce and at the back of their top teeth (
392:
describe the extreme rim of the bone nearest to the
316:
307:
301:
222:
213:
210:
195:
183:
180:
165:
156:
150:
2985:Bath-Balogh, Mary; Fehrenbach, Margaret J. (1997).
2641:
2011:
2009:
304:
204:
189:
153:
2334:
2332:
2330:
4389:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2006:
1922:
1920:
351:, either on roof of the mouth between the upper
2642:Strauss FJ, Stähli A, Gruber R (October 2018).
2327:
1980:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
1699:
550:crystals. The remaining alveolar bone (33%) is
504:because it contains numerous openings known as
2739:
1016:Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death
546:it contains are mostly in the form of calcium
269:, it is penetrated by many small openings for
3786:
3063:
2599:Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal
2539:
2537:
2389:
2058:
1926:
1917:
1700:Graves DT, Li J, Cochran DL (February 2011).
1617:
1250:Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry
1109:Eroded alveolar process of the archaic human
628:
2691:Keestra JA, Barry O, Jong L, Wahl G (2016).
2132:Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research
1247:
261:, terminating roughly along the line of the
27:Region of jaw bones containing tooth sockets
2923:
2439:Kuć J, Sierpińska T, Gołębiewska M (2017).
1362:"The Oral Cavity and Associated Structures"
1159:"alveolar | Origin and meaning of alveolar"
778:materials (Gen-Os, Apatos, and MP3), one a
569:The cellular component of bone consists of
433:leading to teeth—and thus the alveolar area
3793:
3779:
3070:
3056:
2959:
2773:
2534:
2289:International Journal of Implant Dentistry
1574:
488:around the roots of the teeth, called the
374:, directly surrounds the teeth. The terms
331:. The alveolar process is also called the
40:
2900:
2716:
2667:
2618:
2569:
2517:
2507:
2466:
2456:
2415:
2366:
2356:
2310:
2300:
2259:
2249:
2192:
2151:
2094:
2041:
1954:
1944:
1847:
1837:
1791:
1725:
1676:
1460:
675:
2075:Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
1877:
1875:
1873:
809:
746:
685:
599:
584:
409:
3215:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
2846:
421:) depicting interior of jawbones, with
14:
4390:
1535:
1368:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
1359:
690:X-ray showing alveolar defect causing
253:). The alveolar process is covered by
3774:
3604:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
3051:
3032:Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator
2805:European Journal of Internal Medicine
2543:
2396:International Journal of Oral Science
1891:Archives of Dentistry and Oral Health
1870:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1765:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1413:
1411:
1132:
762:
595:
3190:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
3017:Photo of model at Waynesburg College
866:whose constriction is made with the
719:
2847:Benecke, Mark (12 December 2022) .
24:
3185:Localized aggressive periodontitis
2181:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1808:
1524:
1408:
805:
25:
4419:
3508:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
3010:
1830:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
1754:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1622:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
1427:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1403:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1348:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1336:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1274:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1183:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
786:material AlloOss combined.
453:. The alveolar process comprises
3205:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1862:
1577:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
1135:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
294:
143:
2953:
2917:
2893:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.012
2868:
2840:
2788:
2767:
2733:
2697:Journal of Applied Oral Science
2684:
2648:Clinical Oral Implants Research
2635:
2586:
2483:
2445:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2432:
2383:
2345:Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery
2276:
2217:
2168:
2119:
1971:
1759:
1693:
1669:10.1128/IAI.74.4.2286-2292.2006
1644:
1611:
1568:
1490:Clinical Oral Implants Research
1477:
1432:
1353:
1038:purported Soviet autopsy report
858:
3028:"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1"
2881:Forensic Science International
1304:
1279:
1241:
1206:
1188:
1151:
1126:
928:tight, dawn, silly, zoo, nasty
657:disease that has affected the
529:
283:
13:
1:
3210:Abscesses of the periodontium
2864:– via Dr. Mark Benecke.
2849:"The Hunt for Hitler's Teeth"
1618:Philias R, Garant PR (2003).
1119:
1009:
415:
2562:10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.3.162
1203:Accessed: 12 September 2018.
1032:in 1945. Historians such as
742:
637:
405:
7:
2968:Harcourt, Brace & World
2782:Harcourt, Brace & World
1772:Seminars in Plastic Surgery
1542:(1st ed.). New Delhi:
1163:Online Etymology Dictionary
970:), and the latter alveolar
280:and forensic significance.
10:
4424:
4398:Bones of the head and neck
3564:Guided tissue regeneration
3034:. Elsevier. Archived from
2978:
2966:(1st ed.). New York:
2818:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014
2780:(1st ed.). New York:
2087:10.1016/j.jcms.2021.06.005
2022:Journal of Dental Research
1903:10.22259/2638-4809.0101009
1766:Coots BK (November 2012).
1706:Journal of Dental Research
1047:
1020:Mandible § In culture
1013:
699:cleft lip and cleft palate
692:cleft lip and cleft palate
679:
629:Developmental disturbances
588:
492:. This is attached by the
4342:
4285:
4223:
4187:Mandibular incisive canal
4147:
4138:
4108:
4068:
4047:
4038:
3995:
3970:
3909:
3822:
3813:
3742:
3641:
3534:Coronally positioned flap
3516:
3485:
3478:
3403:
3307:
3223:
3170:
3163:
3087:
2963:The Death of Adolf Hitler
2777:The Death of Adolf Hitler
2709:10.1590/1678-775720150357
2509:10.1186/s12903-019-0767-8
2408:10.1038/s41368-019-0071-0
2302:10.1186/s40729-016-0057-z
1441:Journal of Periodontology
1137:(3rd ed.). Longman.
614:secondary occlusal trauma
562:) and 5% non-collagenous
276:The bone is of clinical,
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
66:
56:
51:
39:
34:
4355:Posterior lacrimal crest
3589:Pocket reduction surgery
3569:Enamel matrix derivative
3559:Guided bone regeneration
3524:Apically positioned flap
3498:Scaling and root planing
3404:Treatment and prevention
3365:Linear gingival erythema
3320:Clinical attachment loss
3234:A. actinomycetemcomitans
3021:skeleton/alveolarprocess
2960:Bezymenski, Lev (1968).
2774:Bezymenski, Lev (1968).
2358:10.4103/2231-0746.186143
2034:10.1177/0022034514541127
1933:Translational Pediatrics
1832:. 42 Suppl (3): S110-5.
1826:"Alveolar bone grafting"
1824:Lilja J (October 2009).
1718:10.1177/0022034510385236
1539:Textbook of Periodontics
121:Anatomical terms of bone
3930:Anterior lacrimal crest
3642:Important personalities
3503:Full mouth disinfection
3466:Host modulatory therapy
3431:Chlorhexidine gluconate
3411:Periodontal examination
2751:Arms & Armour Press
2746:The Last Days of Hitler
2144:10.5037/jomr.2019.10102
1839:10.4103/0970-0358.57200
1453:10.1902/jop.2015.150263
1200:Encyclopædia Britannica
833:that can hold either a
790:promote wound healing,
682:Alveolar cleft grafting
668:. It appears uniformly
273:and connective fibres.
265:. Partially comprising
4094:Sphenopalatine foramen
4090:Greater palatine canal
3901:Greater palatine canal
3360:Horizontal bony defect
2544:Fouda AA (June 2020).
1784:10.1055/s-0033-1333887
1657:Infection and Immunity
1620:Oral cells and tissues
1536:Bathla, Shalu (2017).
818:
756:
694:
676:Alveolar bone grafting
617:
612:and may be subject to
434:
245:bones (in humans, the
4310:Inferior nasal concha
4167:Mandibular prominence
4080:Posterior nasal spine
4055:Pterygopalatine fossa
3584:Open flap debridement
3579:Lateral pedicle graft
3180:Chronic periodontitis
3140:Mucogingival junction
3135:Junctional epithelium
2741:Joachimsthaler, Anton
2611:10.4317/medoral.22645
2187:(Suppl 21): 195–223.
1291:TheFreeDictionary.com
1219:Georgian Medical News
813:
750:
689:
603:
585:Clinical significance
414:German illustration (
413:
4171:Mandibular symphysis
3961:Anterior nasal spine
3874:Maxillary tuberosity
3858:Anterior nasal spine
3848:Infraorbital foramen
3714:Paul Roscoe Stillman
3689:Willoughby D. Miller
3659:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
3486:Conventional therapy
3395:Vertical bony defect
3340:Gingival enlargement
3290:Entamoeba gingivalis
3145:Periodontal ligament
3115:Free gingival margin
3038:on 27 December 2012.
1405:, pp. 196, 198.
1112:Homo heidelbergensis
1034:Anton Joachimsthaler
610:crown-to-root ratios
554:, consisting of 28%
494:periodontal ligament
461:, also encompassing
368:alveolar bone proper
233:) is the portion of
4209:Submandibular fovea
4179:Mental protuberance
4086:Perpendicular plate
3885:Infraorbital groove
3729:James Leon Williams
3594:Socket preservation
3544:Free gingival graft
3426:Bleeding on probing
3380:Periodontal disease
3150:Sulcular epithelium
3043:Diagram at case.edu
2993:W. B. Saunders
2458:10.2147/CIA.S140791
2242:2020Mate...13..786S
1350:, pp. 195–197.
1338:, pp. 199–200.
876:alveolar consonants
848:periodontal disease
4248:Mandibular foramen
4019:Zygomaticotemporal
4009:Zygomatico-orbital
3953:Foramina of Scarpa
3890:Infraorbital canal
3375:Periodontal pocket
3350:Gingival recession
3241:Capnocytophaga sp.
2796:Charlier, Philippe
2654:(Suppl 18): 6–19.
2251:10.3390/ma13030786
2194:10.1111/jcpe.13057
1546:. pp. 37–39.
1429:, pp. 198–99.
926:like in the words
819:
763:Grafting materials
757:
695:
618:
596:Alveolar bone loss
496:(PDL) to the root
435:
114:59487 52897, 59487
4385:
4384:
4320:Maxillary process
4315:Ethmoidal process
4298:Internasal suture
4281:
4280:
4268:Condyloid process
4134:
4133:
3991:
3990:
3917:Zygomatic process
3768:
3767:
3743:Other specialties
3699:John Mankey Riggs
3684:Preston D. Miller
3649:Tomas Albrektsson
3637:
3636:
3574:Implant placement
3549:Gingival grafting
3539:Crown lengthening
3474:
3473:
3441:Hydrogen peroxide
3298:Trichomonas tenax
2935:Durham University
2760:978-1-85409-465-0
2660:10.1111/clr.13275
2081:(11): 1064–1071.
1992:10.1111/cid.12364
1946:10.21037/tp-21-32
1589:10.1002/jcb.21553
1502:10.1111/clr.12911
1447:(11): 1231–1248.
1375:978-0-409-90077-4
1287:"Alveolar border"
1133:Wells JC (2008).
948:dental consonants
831:prosthetic device
823:systemic diseases
725:Congenital epulis
720:Congenital epulis
644:alveolar osteitis
506:Volkmann's canals
475:neck of the teeth
471:lymphatic vessels
135:
134:
130:
16:(Redirected from
4415:
4377:Retromolar space
4365:Lacrimal hamulus
4263:Mandibular notch
4258:Coronoid process
4236:Mandibular canal
4231:Mylohyoid groove
4205:Sublingual fovea
4193:internal surface
4155:external surface
4145:
4144:
4076:Horizontal plate
4045:
4044:
4029:Zygomaticofacial
4015:Temporal process
3945:Incisive foramen
3941:Palatine process
3936:Alveolar process
3820:
3819:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3760:Prosthodontology
3719:Dennis P. Tarnow
3664:Robert Gottsegen
3483:
3482:
3335:Furcation defect
3168:
3167:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3006:
2972:
2971:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2926:Gowland, Rebecca
2921:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2605:(6): e742–e751.
2590:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2196:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1986:(6): 1248–1268.
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1939:(5): 1386–1392.
1924:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1316:Oxford Reference
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1221:(287): 111–114.
1210:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
969:
961:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
801:
796:biocompatibility
794:and have a high
552:organic material
510:Sharpey's fibres
502:cribriform plate
479:mandibular canal
420:
417:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
263:mandibular canal
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
139:alveolar process
127:edit on Wikidata
124:
44:
35:Alveolar process
32:
31:
21:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4360:Lacrimal groove
4338:
4277:
4273:Pterygoid fovea
4219:
4175:Lingual foramen
4130:
4104:
4064:
4060:Pterygoid fossa
4034:
4025:Lateral process
4005:Orbital process
3987:
3983:Maxillary sinus
3978:Body of maxilla
3966:
3949:Incisive canals
3922:Frontal process
3905:
3869:Alveolar canals
3809:
3803:facial skeleton
3799:
3769:
3764:
3738:
3669:Gary Greenstein
3633:
3512:
3470:
3399:
3370:Occlusal trauma
3345:Gingival pocket
3303:
3219:
3159:
3130:Gingival sulcus
3125:Gingival fibers
3083:
3076:
3026:
3013:
3003:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2958:
2954:
2940:
2938:
2924:Thompson, Tim;
2922:
2918:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2845:
2841:
2793:
2789:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:. p. 225.
2738:
2734:
2689:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2591:
2587:
2542:
2535:
2496:BMC Oral Health
2488:
2484:
2437:
2433:
2388:
2384:
2337:
2328:
2281:
2277:
2222:
2218:
2173:
2169:
2124:
2120:
2070:
2059:
2028:(10): 950–958.
2014:
2007:
1976:
1972:
1925:
1918:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1822:
1809:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1698:
1694:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1616:
1612:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1544:Jaypee Brothers
1534:
1525:
1496:(8): 982–1004.
1482:
1478:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1211:
1207:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1022:
1012:
936:New York accent
861:
827:Dental implants
808:
806:Dental implants
799:
765:
745:
722:
684:
678:
653:During chronic
640:
631:
598:
593:
587:
532:
521:cancellous bone
517:trabecular bone
449:as part of the
418:
408:
389:alveolar margin
377:alveolar border
297:
293:
286:
237:containing the
203:
173:
146:
142:
131:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:Dental anatomy
4400:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:Nasal foramina
4300:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4215:Alveolar part
4212:
4201:Mylohyoid line
4190:
4183:Mental foramen
4151:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4083:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4012:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3938:
3933:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3838:Incisive fossa
3826:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3755:Orthodontology
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Biologic width
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3080:Periodontology
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3024:
3012:
3011:External links
3009:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:. p. 111.
2952:
2916:
2867:
2839:
2787:
2766:
2759:
2732:
2683:
2634:
2585:
2556:(3): 162–173.
2533:
2482:
2431:
2382:
2326:
2275:
2216:
2167:
2118:
2057:
2005:
1970:
1916:
1869:
1807:
1758:
1741:
1692:
1663:(4): 2286–92.
1643:
1629:978-0867154290
1628:
1610:
1567:
1553:978-9386261731
1552:
1523:
1476:
1462:2027.42/141748
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1374:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1276:, p. 196.
1255:
1240:
1205:
1187:
1185:, p. 195.
1175:
1150:
1143:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1011:
1008:
990:) or (such as
860:
857:
807:
804:
764:
761:
744:
741:
721:
718:
717:
716:
712:
708:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
672:(or lighter).
639:
636:
630:
627:
597:
594:
586:
583:
548:hydroxyapatite
531:
528:
407:
404:
396:of the teeth.
383:alveolar crest
370:, also called
340:alveolar ridge
329:dental alveoli
285:
282:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Alveolar ridge
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4420:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3957:Incisive bone
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3865:Infratemporal
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Orbital bones
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Endodontology
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3734:W. J. Younger
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Carl E. Misch
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Periodontitis
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:P. intermedia
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:P. gingivalis
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Periodontosis
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Alveolar bone
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3004:
3002:0-7216-6687-6
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2784:. p. 45.
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2451:: 1481–1494.
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2096:11250/3134049
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:(4): 178–83.
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:(2): 143–53.
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:(5): 1130–9.
1582:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1144:9781405881180
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
973:
967:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
812:
803:
797:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
760:
754:
749:
740:
736:
733:
730:
726:
713:
709:
705:
704:
703:
700:
693:
688:
683:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
645:
635:
626:
622:
615:
611:
607:
602:
592:
591:Alveoloplasty
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:mineral salts
541:
537:
527:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:blood vessels
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
428:
424:
412:
403:
400:
397:
395:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
364:alveolar arch
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
335:
334:alveolar bone
330:
324:
291:
281:
279:
274:
272:
271:blood vessels
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:tooth sockets
236:
230:
140:
128:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
78:os alveolaris
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4197:Mental spine
4192:
4154:
3935:
3842:Canine fossa
3833:
3724:Hom-Lay Wang
3709:Jørgen Slots
3679:Brian Mealey
3554:Gingivectomy
3456:Tetracycline
3451:Oral hygiene
3296:
3288:
3281:
3276:T. denticola
3274:
3269:T. forsythia
3267:
3260:
3253:
3248:F. nucleatum
3246:
3239:
3232:
3095:Periodontium
3036:the original
3031:
3019:
2987:
2962:
2955:
2945:– via
2939:. Retrieved
2933:
2919:
2887:(1): 33–37.
2884:
2880:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2852:
2842:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2776:
2769:
2745:
2735:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2553:
2549:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2351:(1): 78–90.
2348:
2344:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2078:
2074:
2025:
2021:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1936:
1932:
1897:(1): 56–65.
1894:
1890:
1829:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1619:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1538:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1422:
1398:
1387:, retrieved
1365:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1134:
1128:
1110:
1026:Adolf Hitler
1023:
943:
940:dental stops
931:
927:
862:
859:Articulation
852:oral hygiene
820:
792:osteogenesis
788:
773:
766:
758:
737:
723:
696:
663:
659:periodontium
652:
648:
641:
632:
623:
619:
568:
533:
525:
514:
486:compact bone
483:
436:
401:
398:
388:
387:
382:
381:
376:
375:
371:
367:
363:
361:
339:
338:
333:
332:
289:
287:
275:
267:compact bone
138:
136:
90:A02.1.12.035
77:
29:
4372:Prognathism
4100:Hard palate
3704:Jay Seibert
3654:Frank Beube
3493:Debridement
3283:Red complex
2947:FutureLearn
2902:10481/91826
2812:: e10–e12.
2703:(1): 3–17.
732:mesenchymal
727:is a rare,
655:periodontal
579:osteoclasts
571:osteoblasts
530:Composition
490:lamina dura
451:oral cavity
419: 1910
372:bundle bone
357:hard palate
284:Terminology
257:within the
67:Identifiers
4392:Categories
4293:Nasal bone
4126:Sphenoidal
3926:Agger nasi
3674:Jan Lindhe
3599:Sinus lift
3529:Bone graft
3416:Ante's law
3355:Gingivitis
3325:Edentulism
2749:. London:
2236:(3): 786.
1120:References
1014:See also:
1010:In culture
972:fricatives
868:tongue tip
864:Consonants
769:extraction
670:radiopaque
606:X-ray film
589:See also:
575:osteocytes
459:periosteum
4116:Pyramidal
4109:Processes
3997:Zygomatic
3910:Processes
3479:Treatment
3461:Triclosan
3446:Mouthwash
3293:(amoebic)
3225:Infection
3172:Diagnoses
3155:Stippling
2911:0379-0738
2743:(1998) .
2502:(1): 79.
2295:(1): 22.
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