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to US courts (using the 1978 exchange rate and with interest added this came to at least US$ 1.6 billion). In 1984, US District Court Judge Frank J. McGarr held that Amoco was liable for damages when he issued his trial verdict, after 3½ years of legal proceedings. Further, the judge ruled that Amoco
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helicopters at midnight, and her captain and one officer remained aboard until 05:00 the next morning. At 10:00 on 17 March the vessel broke in two, releasing its entire cargo of 1.6 million barrels (250,000 m) of oil, and broke again eleven days later from the buffeting of high stormy seas. The
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of oil and water. This viscous emulsification greatly complicated the cleanup efforts. French authorities decided not to use dispersants in sensitive areas or the coastal fringe where water depth was less than 50 metres (160 ft). Had dispersant been applied from the air in the vicinity of the
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Additional erosion of beaches occurred in several places where no attempt was made to restore the gravel that was removed to lower the beach face. Many of the affected marshes, mudflats, and sandy beaches, were low-energy areas. Evidence of oiled beach sediments can still be seen in some of these
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and heavy pools of oil spread onto 72 km (45 mi) of the French shoreline by northwesterly winds. Prevailing westerly winds during the following month spread the oil approximately 160 km (100 mi) east along the coast. One week after the accident, oil had reached
432:. Oil penetrated the sand on several beaches to a depth of 500 millimetres (20 in). Sub-surface oil separated into two or three layers due to the extensive sand transfer that occurred on the beaches during rough weather. Piers and slips in the small harbors from
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communities were affected. Oil persisted for only a few weeks along the exposed rocky shores that experienced moderate to high wave action. In the areas sheltered from wave action, however, the oil persisted in the form of an asphalt crust for several years.
412:, Iran. Additionally, she had nearly 4,000 tonnes of bunker oil. Severe weather resulted in the complete breakup of the ship before any oil could be pumped out of the wreck, resulting in its entire cargo of crude oil (belonging to
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was responsible for shore cleanup activities. Although the total quantity of collected oil and water reached 100,000 tons, less than 20,000 tons of oil were recovered from this liquid after treatment in refining plants.
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dropped anchor in an attempt to halt its drift. A successful tow line was in place at 20:55, but this measure proved incapable of preventing the tanker from drifting towards the coast because of its huge mass and storm
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incident resulted in the largest loss of marine life ever recorded from an oil spill. Mortalities of most animals occurred over the two months following the spill. Two weeks following the accident, millions of dead
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mortality from the spill was estimated at 9,000 tons. Fishermen in the area caught fish with skin ulcerations and tumors. Some of the fish caught in the area reportedly had a strong taste of petroleum. Although
258:. It arrived on the scene at 12:20, but because of the stormy sea, a tow line was not in place until 14:00, and broke off at 16:15. Several attempts were made to establish another tow line and
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populations almost completely disappeared, the populations of many species recovered within a year. Cleanup activities on rocky shores, such as pressure-washing, also caused habitat impacts.
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spill, the largest in history at that point, was one of the most studied; many studies remain in progress in the early 21st century. It was also the first spill in which
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In 1978, it was estimated to have caused US$ 250 million in damage to fisheries and tourist amenities. The French government presented claims totalling 1.9 billion
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178:(NOAA) estimates that the total oil spill amounted to 220,880 tonnes of oil which amounts to over 58 million gallons or 256.2 million litres, making it the
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ran aground the first time, flooding its engines, and again at 21:39, this time ripping open the hull and starting the oil spill. Her crew was rescued by
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tidal rivers were oiled. No follow-up mitigation existed to deal with asphalt formation and problems that resulted after the initial aggressive cleanup.
501:, and other bottom dwelling organisms washed ashore. Diving birds constituted the majority of the nearly 20,000 dead birds that were recovered. The
452:. The total extent of oiling one month after the spill included approximately 320 kilometres (200 mi) of coastline. Beaches of 76 different
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The isolated location of the grounding and rough seas hampered cleanup efforts for two weeks following the incident. As mandated in the "
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had put off needed maintenance on the vessel in order to keep it at sea. In 1992, Amoco decided not to appeal against the court order.
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Oil Spill on an
Eelgrass Community at Roscoff (France) with special reference to the mobile benthic fauna".
235:. Attempts to repair the damage and regain control of the ship were made but proved unsuccessful. At 10:20,
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messaged that she was "no longer manoeuvrable" and asked other vessels to stand by, and a call for
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Centre of
Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution – Amoco Cadiz
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http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-01-12/business/8803210819_1_amoco-cadiz-mcgarr-french-law
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sheltered areas. Layers of sub-surface oil still remain buried in many of the impacted beaches.
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The nature of the oil and rough seas contributed to the rapid formation of a "chocolate mousse"
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867:"Oil and Music: Conversations With Steve Forbert and Tift Merritt"
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Hartog, C. den; Jacobs, R. P. W. M. (March 1980). "Effects of the
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wreckage was later completely destroyed with depth charges by the
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spill source, the formation of mousse might have been prevented.
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174:, France. The vessel ultimately split in three and sank. The US
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Boileau, David; Allen, Tony; Claes, Johnny (4 July 2009).
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Superwreck. Amoco Cadiz: The
Shipwreck That Had to Happen
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223:. At around 09:45, a heavy wave slammed into the ship's
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had a disco hit in France with a song called "Amoco".
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Oil Spills: A Case Study of the Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill
873:(Interview: transcript). Interviewed by Mike Ragogna
908:"Watch Days of Fury (1979) on the Internet Archive"
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564:(1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky and hosted by
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612:that also sank and caused an oil spill disaster.
742:
662:Black Tide Rising. The Wreck of the Amoco Cadiz
176:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
830:(1–4). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 182–191.
659:
864:
715:. International Super Tankers. Archived from
635:Chelminski, Rudolph (1987). "The Grounding".
560:Footage of the incident appeared in the film
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549:has a song named "Amoco Cadiz" on his album
170:, 2 km (1.2 mi) from the coast of
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198:, The Netherlands, via a scheduled stop at
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211:, owned by the US-based petroleum company
158:, owned by the American petroleum company
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381:Learn how and when to remove this message
660:Fairhall, David; Jordan, Philip (1980).
639:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
459:
966:– Some information on 18 March-24 March
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254:at 11:28, offering assistance under a
243:assistance was issued later at 11:20.
219:conditions and high seas while in the
149:took place on 16 March 1978, when the
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448:, as well as the tourist beaches at
319:adding citations to reliable sources
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13:
215:, encountered stormy weather with
41:sinking near the coast of Brittany
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16:Oil spill near coast of Brittany
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423:A 19 km (12 mi) long
306:needs additional citations for
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711:Auke Visser (26 August 2010).
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545:'s songs about oil pollution.
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865:Steve Forbert (28 May 2010).
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1027:Maritime incidents in France
420:being spilled into the sea.
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1022:Maritime incidents in 1978
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824:Helgoland Marine Research
686:"Oil spill – Amoco Cadiz"
664:. London: André Deutsch.
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1047:1978 disasters in France
743:Patrick Lagadec (1982).
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1042:1978 in the environment
941:(accessed 15 May 2018).
330:"Amoco Cadiz oil spill"
926:(accessed 15 May 2018)
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202:, United Kingdom, the
124:256,200 m (or 220,800
74:; 46 years ago
793:The Wrecksite Archive
789:"Amoco Cadiz (+1978)"
690:incidentnews.noaa.gov
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276:French Naval Aviation
116:Spill characteristics
1017:Oil spills in France
799:on 24 September 2011
474:Civil Safety Service
416:) and 4,000 tons of
408:, Saudi Arabia, and
396:contained 1,604,500
315:improve this article
231:, causing a loss of
989: /
964:Those were the days
836:1980HM.....33..182D
606:Amoco Milford Haven
72:March 16, 1978
844:10.1007/BF02414745
754:. Pergamon Press.
752:(Oxford; New York)
616:List of oil spills
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400:(219,797 tons) of
190:En route from the
186:Sequence of events
133:Shoreline impacted
608:, sister ship of
553:. French popstar
488:At the time, the
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256:Lloyd's Open Form
229:ram steering gear
180:largest oil spill
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562:Days of Fury
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820:Amoco Cadiz
723:9 September
610:Amoco Cadiz
604:– formerly
539:Amoco Cadiz
519:Amoco Cadiz
499:sea urchins
470:Polmar Plan
394:Amoco Cadiz
281:French Navy
272:Amoco Cadiz
260:Amoco Cadiz
252:Amoco Cadiz
237:Amoco Cadiz
208:Amoco Cadiz
155:Amoco Cadiz
145:Amoco Cadiz
126:metric tons
98:Amoco Cadiz
39:Amoco Cadiz
25:Amoco Cadiz
1011:Categories
981:47°34′41″N
671:0233971475
646:0688069541
622:References
512:crustacean
510:and small
508:echinoderm
450:Plougasnou
406:Ras Tanura
371:March 2014
341:newspapers
204:oil tanker
151:oil tanker
101:oil tanker
79:1978-03-16
984:3°12′43″W
594:oil spill
523:estuarine
442:Trégastel
434:Porspoder
287:Oil spill
270:At 21:04
196:Rotterdam
147:oil spill
27:oil spill
871:HuffPost
852:36637679
601:MT Haven
585:See also
547:Speedy J
495:molluscs
418:fuel oil
265:Force 10
200:Lyme Bay
172:Brittany
106:Operator
59:Brittany
55:Portsall
51:Location
910:. 1979.
877:11 June
832:Bibcode
803:11 June
767:11 June
533:Culture
398:barrels
355:scholar
267:winds.
248:Pacific
241:tugboat
164:aground
77: (
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503:oyster
454:Breton
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225:rudder
162:, ran
136:200 km
121:Volume
63:France
1037:Amoco
848:S2CID
696:7 May
425:slick
414:Shell
404:from
362:JSTOR
348:books
213:Amoco
160:Amoco
110:Amoco
92:Cause
87:Cause
879:2010
805:2010
769:2010
756:ISBN
725:2010
698:2018
666:ISBN
641:ISBN
537:The
517:The
444:and
334:news
217:gale
142:The
69:Date
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