928:
715:, to accuse Leicester of the murder of his wife for a reward of £1,000 in cash. He refused to cooperate in the plot, although he had, he said, in the last few years come to believe that his half-sister was murdered. He had always been convinced of Dudley's innocence but thought it would be an easy matter to find out the real culprits. He said he had repeatedly asked for the Earl's help to this effect, claiming the jury had not yet come up with their verdict; Dudley had always answered that the matter should rest, since a jury had found that there was no murder, by due procedure of law. Now, as Leicester became aware of a plot against him, he summoned Appleyard and sent him away after a furious confrontation.
915:, and by Chris Skidmore. The foreman, Sir Richard Smith (mayor of Abingdon in 1564/1565), had been a household servant of Princess Elizabeth and is described as a former "Queen's man" and a "lewd" person in Hales' 1563 chronicle, while Dudley gave a "Mr. Smith", also a "Queen's man", a present of some stuffs to make a gown from in 1566; six years after the inquest. It has, however, not been established that Sir Richard Smith and the "Mr. Smith" of 1566 are one and the same person, Smith being a "very common" name. Susan Doran has pointed out that any interference with the jury could be as easily explained by the desire to cover up a suicide rather than a murder.
375:
Dudley responsible for
Elizabeth's failure to marry, and plots to assassinate him abounded. In March 1560 de Quadra informed Philip II: "Lord Robert told somebody … that if he live another year he will be in a very different position from now. … They say that he thinks of divorcing his wife." Lady Amy never saw her husband again after her London visit in 1559. A projected trip of his to visit her and other family never materialized. Queen Elizabeth did not really allow her favourite a wife; according to a contemporary court chronicle, he "was commanded to say that he did nothing with her, when he came to her, as seldom he did".
379:
659:
525:
also. Because said it was no day for gentlewomen to go … Whereunto my lady answered and said that she might choose and go at her pleasure, but all hers should go; and was very angry. They asked who should keep her company if all they went; she said Mrs. Owen should keep her company at dinner; the same tale doth Picto, who doth dearly love her, confirm. Certainly, my Lord, as little while as I have been here, I have heard divers tales of her that maketh me judge her to be a strange woman of mind.
645:
425:. Amy Dudley received the proceeds of the Robsart estate directly into her hands and largely paid for her own household, which comprised about 10 servants. She regularly ordered dresses and finery as accounts and a letter from her of as late as 24 August 1560 show. She also received presents from her husband. No picture of her is known to have survived, though according to the Imperial ambassador Caspar Breuner, writing in 1559, she was "a very beautiful wife".
983:
736:
600:—one "of the depth of a quarter of a thumb", the other "of the depth of two thumbs". She had also, "by reason of the accidental injury or of that fall and of Lady Amy's own body weight falling down the aforesaid stairs", broken her neck, "on account of which … the same Lady Amy then and there died instantly; … and thus the jurors say on their oath that the Lady Amy … by misfortune came to her death and not otherwise, as they are able to agree at present".
563:
179:, an important court office. It was rumoured that the Queen soon fell in love with him and there was talk that Amy Dudley, who did not follow her husband to court, was suffering from an illness, and that Elizabeth would perhaps marry her favourite should his wife die. The rumours grew more sinister when Elizabeth remained single against the common expectation that she would accept one of her many foreign suitors.
261:. Amy and Robert, who were of the same age, probably first met about ten months before their wedding. The wedding contract of May 1550 specified that Amy would inherit her father's estate only after both her parents' death, and after the marriage the young couple depended heavily on both their fathers' gifts, especially Robert's. It was most probably a love-match, a "carnal marriage", as the wedding guest
494:
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201:'s outcome, Robert Dudley was widely suspected to have orchestrated his wife's demise, a view not shared by most modern historians. He remained Elizabeth's closest favourite, but with respect to her reputation she could not risk a marriage with him. A tradition that Sir Richard Verney, a follower of Robert Dudley, organized Amy Dudley's violent death evolved early, and
760:
and he said, thou knave, why tarriest thou? He answered, should I come before I had done? Hast thou done? quoth Varney. Yeah, quoth the man, I have made it sure. … Many times before it was bruited by the Lord Robert his men that she was dead. … This Verney and divers his servants used before her death, to wish her death, which made the people to suspect the worse.
727:
death of his wife", and what had moved him to say that "the death of the Earl of
Leicester's wife" was "procured by any person". Appleyard, instead of giving answers, retracted all his statements; he had also requested to see the coroner's report and, after studying it in his cell, wrote that it fully satisfied him and had dispelled his concerns.
686:, the English ambassador in France, went out of his way to draw attention to the scandalous gossip he heard at the French court. Although Cecil and Throckmorton made use of the scandal for their political and personal aims, they did not believe themselves that Robert Dudley had orchestrated his wife's death.
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Most modern historians have exonerated Robert Dudley from murder or a cover-up. Apart from alternatives for a murder plot as causes for Amy
Robsart's death, his correspondence with Thomas Blount and William Cecil in the days following has been cited as proofs of his innocence; the letters, which show
693:
However, her international reputation and even her position at home were imperilled by the scandal, which seems to have convinced her that she could not risk a marriage with Dudley. Dudley himself had no illusions about his destroyed reputation, even when he was first notified of the jury's decision:
583:
they be very secret, and yet do I hear a whispering that they can find no presumptions of evil. And if I may say to your
Lordship my conscience: I think some of them be sorry for it, God forgive me. … Mine own opinion is much quieted … the circumstances and as many things as I can learn doth persuade
887:
Another popular theory has been that Amy Dudley took her own life; because of illness or depression, her melancholy and "desperation" being traceable in some sources. As further arguments for suicide have been forwarded the fact that she insisted on sending her servants away and that her maid Picto,
759:
he Lord Robert's wife brake her neck at
Forster's house in Oxfordshire … her gentlewomen being gone forth to a fair. Howbeit it was thought she was slain, for Sir ----- Varney was there that day and whylest the deed was doing was going over the fair and tarried there for his man, who at length came,
533:
she said by her faith she doth judge very chance, and neither done by man nor by herself. For herself, she said, she was a good virtuous gentlewoman, and daily would pray upon her knees; and divers times she saith that she hath heard her pray to God to deliver her from desperation. Then, said I, she
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colleague were informing each other and their superiors that Lord Robert was sending his wife poison and that
Elizabeth was only fooling them, "keeping Lord Robert's enemies and the country engaged with words until this wicked deed of killing his wife is consummated". Parts of the nobility also held
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very ill in one of her breasts. Very soon court observers noted that
Elizabeth never let Robert Dudley from her side. He visited his wife at Throcking for a couple of days at Easter 1559, and Amy Dudley came to London in May 1559 for about a month. At this time, on 6 June, the new Spanish ambassador
308:
After his release Robert Dudley was short of money and he and Amy were helped out financially by their families. Their lifestyle had to remain modest, though, and Lord Robert (as he was known) was heaping up considerable debts. Sir John
Robsart died in 1554; his wife followed him to the grave in the
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exiles in 1584. Here Sir
Richard Verney goes directly to Cumnor Place, forces the servants to go to the market, and breaks Lady Amy's neck before placing her at the foot of the stairs; the jury's verdict is murder, and she is buried first secretly at the Cumnor parish church before being dug up and
689:
In
October Robert Dudley returned to court, many believed, "in great hope to marry the Queen". Elizabeth's affection and favour towards him was undiminished, and, importuned by unsolicited advice against a marriage with Lord Robert, she declared the inquest had shown "the matter … to be contrary to
350:
and his place was now at court at almost constant attendance on the Queen. By April 1559, Queen Elizabeth seemed to be in love with Lord Robert, and several diplomats reported that some at court already speculated that the Queen would marry him, "in case his wife should die", as Lady Amy Dudley was
943:
Amy Robsart was the daughter of Sir John Robsart of Syderstone (d.1557) and his wife, Elizabeth Scott (d.1549), daughter of John Scott, of Camberwell in Surrey. From her mother's first marriage to Roger Appleyard of Stanfield (d.1528) Amy had four half-siblings, John Appleyard, Philip, who married
681:
Already knowing of her death before it was officially made public, he told the Spanish ambassador that Lord Robert and the Queen wished to marry and were about to do away with Lady Amy Dudley by poison, "giving out that she was ill but she was not ill at all". Likewise strongly opposed to a Dudley
588:
The jury's foreman assured Robert Dudley in a letter of his own that for all they could find out, it appeared to be an accident. Dudley, desperately seeking to avert damage from what he called "my case", was relieved to hear the impending outcome, but thought "another substantial company of honest
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would not that day suffer one of her own sort to tarry at home, and was so earnest to have them gone to the fair, that with any of her own sort that made reason of tarrying at home she was very angry, and came to Mrs. Odingsells … who refused that day to go to the fair, and was very angry with her
726:
for about a month. Interrogated by Cecil and a panel of noblemen (among them the Earl of Arundel, but not Robert Dudley), he was commanded to answer in writing what had moved him to implicate "my Lord of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex and others to stir up matter against my Lord of Leicester for the
416:
complex, was rented by a friend of the Dudleys and possible relative of Amy, Sir Anthony Forster. He lived there with his wife and Mrs. Odingsells and Mrs. Owen, relations of the house's owner. Lady Amy's chamber was a large, sumptuous upper story apartment, the best of the house, with a separate
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findings of 1560, it was often assumed that a simple accident could not be the explanation—on the basis of near-contemporary tales that Amy Dudley was found at the bottom of a short flight of stairs with a broken neck, her headdress still standing undisturbed "upon her head", a detail that first
589:
men" should undertake a further investigation "for more knowledge of truth". This panel should include any of Lady Amy's available friends and her half-brothers John Appleyard and Arthur Robsart, both of whom he had ordered to Cumnor immediately after Amy's death. Nothing came of this proposal.
334:
in France. From this time a business letter from Amy Dudley survives, settling some of her husband's debts in his absence, "although I forgot to move my lord thereof before his departing, he being sore troubled with weighty affairs, and I not being altogether in quiet for his sudden departing".
895:
has tentatively suggested William Cecil as organizer of Amy Dudley's death on the grounds that, if Amy was mortally ill, he had the strongest murder motive and that he was the main beneficiary of the ensuing scandal. Against this idea it has been argued that he would not have risked damaging
998:
Amy was buried in the chancel of St Mary's Church, Oxford, but her grave has been lost. Professor Ian Aird wrote: "The exact site of Amy’s grave has never been known, though in the contemporary account it was said to have been at the east end of the church of St. Mary the Virgin in Oxford."
217:. The most widely accepted modern explanations of her death have been breast cancer and suicide, although a few historians have probed murder scenarios. The medical evidence of the coroner's report, which was found in 2008, is compatible with accident as well as suicide and other violence.
448:, adding that Robert Dudley used the oak as a personal symbol in his youth, the sitter wearing oak leaves and gillyflowers at her breast. It was suggested that the sprig of yellow flowers at the lady's breast corresponds with the colours of the Robsart coat of arms, green and yellow, or
810:. Generally convinced of Leicester's wretchedness, he concluded in 1863: "she was murdered by persons who hoped to profit by his elevation to the throne; and Dudley himself … used private means … to prevent the search from being pressed inconveniently far." There followed the Norfolk
669:
Amy Dudley's death, happening amid renewed rumours about the Queen and her favourite, caused "grievous and dangerous suspicion, and muttering" in the country. Robert Dudley was shocked, dreading "the malicious talk that I know the wicked world will use". William Cecil, the Queen's
313:
of Syderstone had been uninhabitable for many decades, her childhood home of Stanfield had been left to her mother for life by her first husband, but on her mother's death had reverted to Amy Robsart's half-brother John Appleyard, and the couple were now living in Throcking,
280:
was the most powerful man in England, leading the government of the young King Edward VI. The match, though by no means a prize, was acceptable to him as it strengthened his influence in Norfolk. The young couple dwelt mostly at court or with Amy's parents-in-law at
706:
John Appleyard had profited in terms of offices and annuities from his brother-in-law's rise ever since 1559; he was nevertheless disappointed with what he had got from Robert Dudley, now Earl of Leicester. In 1567 he was approached, apparently on behalf of the
1051:
Chris Skidmore interprets a thumb as the equivalent of about an inch (2, 54 cm), saying one wound was c. 5 mm deep, the other c. 5 cm; the locations of the head wounds are not specified in the coroner's report (Skidmore 2010 p.
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Adams, Simon, Ian Archer, and G.W. Bernard (eds.) (2003): "A 'Journall' of Matters of State happened from time to time as well within and without the Realme from and before the Death of King Edw. the 6th untill the Yere 1562" in Ian Archer (ed.):
557:
My Lord, it is most strange that this chance should fall upon you. It passeth the judgment of any man to say how it is; but truly the tales I do hear of her maketh me to think she had a strange mind in her: as I will tell you at my coming.
833:
was convinced that the fact that Amy Robsart's death caused suspicion was "as natural as it was incredible … But a meaner intelligence than Elizabeth's or even Dudley's would have perceived that murder would make the marriage impossible."
919:
signs of an agitated mind, making clear his bewilderment and unpreparedness. It has also been judged as highly unlikely that he would have orchestrated the death of his wife in a manner which laid him open to such a foreseeable scandal.
896:
Elizabeth's reputation nor his own position. The notion of Sir Richard Verney killing Amy Robsart after long and fruitless efforts to poison her (with and without his master's knowledge) has been revived by George Bernard and by
775:
reburied at Oxford. Verney dies, communicating "that all the devils in hell" tore him in pieces; his servant (who was with him at the murder) having been killed in prison by Dudley's means before he could tell the story.
627:
2,000 (roughly £1 million in 2021). He wore mourning for about six months but, as was within custom, did not attend the funeral, at which Lady Amy Dudley's half-brothers and neighbours, as well as prominent city and
694:"God's will be done; and I wish he had made me the poorest that creepeth on the ground, so this mischance had not happened to me." In September 1561, a month after the coroner's verdict was officially passed, the
578:
of substance. A few days later Blount wrote that some of the jury were no friends of Anthony Forster (a good sign that they would not "conceal any fault, if any be") and that they were proceeding very thoroughly:
802:. The novel's arch-villain is again called Varney. The notion that Amy Robsart was murdered gained new strength with the discovery of the Spanish diplomatic correspondence (and with it of poison rumours) by the
750:
of Robert Dudley from Warwickshire, in whose house Lady Amy Dudley had stayed in 1559. A 1563 chronicle, which is heavily biased against the House of Dudley and was probably written by the Protestant activist
596:
on 1 August 1561, was that Lady Amy Dudley, "being alone in a certain chamber … accidentally fell precipitously down" the adjoining stairs "to the very bottom of the same". She had sustained two
472:
437:
207:, a notorious and influential libel of 1584 against Robert Dudley, by then Earl of Leicester, perpetuated this version of events. Interest in Amy Dudley's fate was rekindled in the 19th century by
821:
in 1885: here she was first poisoned and then, that method failing, killed by violent means. Rye's main sources were Cecil's talk with de Quadra around the time of Amy Dudley's death and, again,
145:. She is primarily known for her death by falling down a flight of stairs, the circumstances of which have often been regarded as suspicious. Amy Robsart was the only child of a substantial
884:
deposits in the spine, could have caused her neck to break under only limited strain, such as a short fall or even just coming down the stairs. This explanation has gained wide acceptance.
792:
alluded to her fall from a pair of stairs as an easy way to get rid of one's wife: "A politician did it." In the 19th century her story became very popular due to the best-selling novel,
370:
By late 1559, several foreign princes were vying for the Queen's hand; indignant at Elizabeth's little serious interest in their candidate, the Spanish ambassador de Quadra and his
338:
In the summer of 1558, Robert and Amy Dudley were looking for a suitable residence of their own in order to settle in Norfolk; nothing came of this, however, before the death of
931:
Amy Robsart, looking at the portrait of Leicester by E.C. Barnes. Fantasy portrait of Amy Robsart dressed in the colours of the Robsart coat of arms, green and yellow, or
182:
Amy Dudley lived with friends in different parts of the country, having her own household and hardly ever seeing her husband. In the morning of 8 September 1560, at
508:
On Sunday, 8 September 1560, the day of a fair at Abingdon, Amy Robsart was found dead at the foot of a set of stairs at Cumnor Place. Robert Dudley, at
190:, she insisted on sending away her servants, and later was found dead at the foot of a flight of stairs with a broken neck and two wounds on her head. The
2731:
967:
Amy Robsart's paternal grandparents were Theoderick (Terry) Robsart and Elizabeth (d.20 November 1535), daughter of Sir Thomas Kerdeston of Syderstone.
534:
might have an evil toy in her mind. No, good Mr. Blount, said Picto, do not judge so of my words; if you should so gather, I am sorry I said so much.
908:. This coincidence has as often been evaluated as no more than a tradition of gossip, poison being a stock-in-trade accusation in the 16th century.
171:, where Amy Dudley was allowed to visit him. After his release the couple lived in straitened financial circumstances until, with the accession of
297:
became Amy Dudley's sister-in-law, and after her rule of nine days as England's queen, Robert Dudley was sentenced to death and imprisoned in the
301:. He remained there from July 1553 until October 1554; from September 1553 Amy was allowed to visit "and there to tarry with" him at the Tower's
1018:
2235:
1007:
In a Vault of brick at the upper end of this Quire was buried Amy Robsart Wife of Lord Robert Dudley K.G. on Sunday 22nd September AD 1560
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and has ever since been repeated for a fact. To account for such oddities and evidence that she was ill, it was suggested in 1956 by
516:
Thomas Blount, who had himself just departed for Cumnor. He desperately urged him to find out what had happened and to call for an
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spring of 1557, which meant that the Dudleys could inherit the Robsart estate with the Queen's permission. Lady Amy's ancestral
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861:
698:, one of Dudley's principal enemies, studied the testimonies in the hope of finding incriminating evidence against his rival.
176:
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2551:
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2245:
1482:
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Mrs. Picto was Lady Amy Dudley's maid and Thomas Blount asked whether she thought what had happened was "chance or villany":
396:
From December 1559 until her death, Amy Dudley lived at Cumnor Place, also sometimes known as Cumnor Hall, in the village of
464:, the association deriving from the flower's scent, making it another possible wordplay for oak for Robert or even Robsart,
970:
Her half-brother Arthur Robsart was the illegitimate son of her father Sir John Robsart, and married Margaret, daughter of
712:
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96:
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citizens, played leading parts. The court went into mourning for over a month; Robert Dudley retired to his house at
262:
1722:"Diary: 1560 (July - Dec) Pages 239-247 The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, 1550-1563"
520:; this had already been opened when Blount arrived. He informed his master that Lady Amy Dudley had risen early and
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253:
household. She received a good education and wrote in a fine hand. Three days before her 18th birthday she married
1698:
782:, the rumours about Amy Robsart's death developed into a tradition of embellished folklore. As early as 1608, a
2726:
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in 2008 and is compatible with an accidental fall as well as suicide or other violence. In the absence of the
194:'s jury's finding was that she had died of a fall downstairs; the verdict was "misfortune", accidental death.
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Calendar of the Manuscripts of ... The Marquess of Salisbury ... Preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire
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629:
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1042:"está muy mala de un pecho", in the Spanish ambassador de Feria's original dispatch (Adams 1995 p. 63).
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later commented disapprovingly. The marriage was celebrated on 4 June 1550 at the royal palace of
1721:
1360:
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investigated the allegations about Norfolk, Sussex, and Leicester, and Appleyard found himself in the
512:
with the Queen, was told of her death by a messenger on 9 September and immediately wrote to his
2741:
608:
1361:"A Visit to Cumnor: 1840s, from an article in the magazine 'Family Friend' 1850, Bodleian Libraries"
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wrote that her health had improved, but that she was careful with her food. She also made a trip to
2356:
Household Accounts and Disbursement Books of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1558–1561, 1584–1586
2313:
854:
611:. Her coffin was covered with black cloth and the arms of the Earl of Leicester. She was buried at
550:
502:
541:
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1023:
877:, a professor of medicine, that Amy Dudley might have suffered from breast cancer, which through
604:
245:, and his wife, Elizabeth Scott. Amy Robsart grew up at her mother's house, Stanfield Hall (near
378:
125:
2721:
2294:
2210:"APPLEYARD, Philip (b.c.1528), of Shropham, nr. Thetford, Norf. | History of Parliament Online"
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on the basis that Verney appears in both the c. 1563 chronicle by John Hales (also called
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142:
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Genealogies of Virginia Families: From Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine
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829:, which printed relevant letters and covertly suggested suicide as an explanation. By 1910,
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948:, Anna and Frances, who married William Flowerdew. Through their son Anthony Flowerdew of
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The first printed version of Amy Robsart's alleged murder appeared in the satirical libel
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The Uncrowned Kings of England: The Black History of the Dudleys and the Tudor Throne
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A Queen of a New Invention – Portraits of Lady Jane Grey, England's 'Nine Days Queen'
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That Robert Dudley might have influenced the jury has been argued by George Bernard,
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339:
327:
65:
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783:
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234:
1760:
Doran 1996 p. 45; Wilson 1981 p. 123; Skidmore 2010 pp. 216–217; Adams 1995 p. 132
456:. The name gilliflower or gillyflower derives from the French giroflée from Greek
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Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart
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Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart
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Thomas Blount, and perhaps Robert Dudley himself alluded to the possibility.
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From the early 1560s there was a tradition involving Sir Richard Verney, a
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Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and his wife Amy Robsart. Painting of the
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entrance and staircase leading up to it. At the house's rear there were a
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Gristwood 2007 pp. 114, 115; Skidmore 2010 pp. 237–238; Adams 2002 p. 136
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912:
892:
825:. Much more scholarly and influential was an 1870 work by George Adlard,
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310:
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172:
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Report on the Pepys Manuscripts Preserved at Magdalen College, Cambridge
1830:
Doran 1996 p. 212; Gristwood 2007 pp. 108–109; Skidmore 2010 pp. 243–244
2147:
Doran 1996 pp. 228; Bernard 2000 pp. 170–171; Skidmore 2010 pp. 369–370
949:
878:
814:
770:, a notorious propaganda work against the Earl of Leicester written by
690:
which was reported" and to "neither touch his honesty nor her honour."
282:
250:
242:
607:, where it lay in the room which may now be the Junior Common Room of
359:; by September she was residing in the house of Sir Richard Verney at
2640:
Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588
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online edn. January 2011 (subscription required) Retrieved 2012-07-04
881:
429:
413:
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HMC 1911 p. viii; Gristwood 2007 pp. 112, 119; Skidmore 2010 p. 223
1477:. Palm Springs, California: Old John Publishing. pp. 102–103.
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865:
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Amy Robsart walking to her death. 19th century fantasy portrait by
619:, on 22 September 1560 with full pomp, including attendance by the
133:; 7 June 1532 – 8 September 1560) was the first wife of
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online edn. May 2008 (subscription required) Retrieved 2010-04-03
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Magazine, Tylers Quarterly Historical and Genealogical (1981).
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674:, felt himself threatened by the prospect of Dudley's becoming
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At nearly 18 years of age, she married Robert Dudley, a son of
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A few modern historians have considered murder as an option.
842:
2409:
Religion, Politics, and Society in Sixteenth-Century England
1002:
A memorial tile in the church, however, pays tribute to her:
2174:
Weir 1999 p. 107; Wilson 2005 p. 275; Chamberlin 1939 p. 40
1340:"Cumnor Place, David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History"
633:
566:
Amy's last letter to her London tailor on 24 August 1560.
238:
1606:
1604:
1602:
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me that only misfortune hath done it, and nothing else.
152:. In the vernacular of the day, her name was spelled as
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Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics
1699:"22 September – The burial of Amy Dudley (née Robsart)"
1153:
Loades 2004 pp. 121, 125, 127; Loades 1996 pp. 266, 271
1968:
Chamberlin 1939 pp. 16–19, 420–421; Wilson 1981 p. 124
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Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I
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Floor slab to Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, in
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Following her death, Amy Dudley's body was taken to
2080:
2078:
2076:
1747:
1745:
1743:
481:and dated c. 1550 is now thought to be the work of
2052:
1661:
1659:
1583:
1581:
1579:
322:. In August 1557, Robert Dudley went to fight for
2506:The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester
2475:Elizabeth and Leicester: Power, Passion, Politics
2384:"Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3–1588)"
2129:Adams, Archer, and Bernard 2003 p. 66; Adams 2011
1596:Skidmore 2010 pp. 210, 378; Chamberlin 1939 p. 40
1266:
197:Amy Dudley's death caused a scandal. Despite the
2698:
2592:Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558
2530:Historical Manuscripts Commission (ed.) (1911):
2073:
1883:
1881:
1740:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1332:
730:
2265:"Kett's Rebellion - The Norfolk Rising of 1549"
1896:HMC 1883 p. 350; Skidmore 2010 p. 300, 301, 363
1656:
1576:
1382:"Kenilworth, Walter Scott at Project Gutenberg"
1374:
1187:Skidmore 2010 pp. 45–46, 59; Loades 1996 p. 273
592:The coroner's verdict, pronounced at the local
2120:Bernard 2000 pp. 169–174; Skidmore 2010 p. 355
389:. Fantasy portrait after Walter Scott's novel
2578:John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553
1878:
1711:Wilson 1981 pp. 122–123; Skidmore 2010 p. 217
1622:
1428:Adams 1995 pp. 383–384; Gristwood 2007 p. 101
1019:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I of England
960:in Norfolk, Amy Robsart is the great-aunt of
249:), and, like her future husband, in a firmly
2093:Gristwood 2007 pp. 121–122; Doran 1996 p. 44
1950:Wilson 1981 pp. 251–253; Jenkins 2002 p. 291
1353:
1126:Loades 1996 p. 179; Skidmore 2010 pp. 19, 24
678:and spread rumours against the eventuality.
436:now in the Yale Center for British Art, the
318:, at the house of William Hyde, when not in
16:Wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
2411:pp. 35–122 Cambridge University Press
2111:Gristwood 2007 p. 119; Skidmore 2010 p. 357
1081:Wilson 1981 pp. 33, 43; Skidmore 2010 p. 15
574:and the 15 jurors were local gentlemen and
289:, Robert Dudley being keeper of this great
2732:People from Vale of White Horse (district)
1776:Adams, Archer, and Bernard 2003 p. 66
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
778:Enhanced by the considerable influence of
623:and other heralds, which cost Dudley some
285:; in the first half of 1553 they lived at
1941:Adams, Archer, and Bernard 2003 pp. 46–51
1812:Wilson 1981 pp. 115–116; Haigh 2000 p. 16
1099:Haynes 1987 pp. 20–21; Loades 1996 p. 225
2233:
981:
926:
841:
734:
657:
643:
561:
540:
492:
383:Leicester and Amy Robsart at Cumnor Hall
377:
342:in November 1558. Upon the accession of
2400:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2388:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2318:University Church of St Mary the Virgin
1857:Doran 2003 p. 76; Doran 1996 pp. 43, 45
1511:"The Tudors ~ The Robsart Coat of Arms"
1472:
1329:Adams 1995 p. 383; Skidmore 2010 p. 224
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1129:
161:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
2699:
2676:Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester
2396:"Dudley, Amy, Lady Dudley (1532–1560)"
2259:
2257:
2156:Doran 1996 p. 228; Bernard 2000 p. 171
1875:Doran 1996 p. 44; Skidmore 2010 p. 245
1803:Haigh 2000 p. 16; Skidmore 2010 p. 239
1541:"Portrait of an Unknown Lady, c. 1535"
1505:
1503:
1214:Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester
1210:
860:The coroner's report came to light in
412:). The house, an altered 14th century
2040:Adams 2011; Skidmore 2010 pp. 230–233
1932:Adams, Archer, and Bernard 2003 p. 41
1468:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1206:
1204:
1202:
827:Amy Robsart and the Earl of Leycester
444:concurred with this in his 2010 book
124:
1533:
1165:
488:
477:), which was formerly attributed to
97:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
86:Death under mysterious circumstances
2423:Power and Politics in Tudor England
2254:
2177:
1685:"The Ghosts of Oxford: Amy Robsart"
1521:from the original on 1 January 2020
1500:
1108:Skidmore 2010 pp. 19–20; Adams 2008
662:Fantasy Portrait of Amy Robsart by
651:. 19th-century fantasy portrait by
13:
2690:Cumnor Parish Record - Amy Robsart
2626:The Life of Queen Elizabeth I
1463:
1449:
1302:Skidmore 2010 pp. 166–168, 356–357
1199:
869:appeared as a satirical remark in
837:
14:
2753:
2667:
2519:Historical Manuscripts Commission
2214:www.historyofparliamentonline.org
701:
2331:
2306:
2287:
2227:
2202:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
977:
135:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
2544:Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery
2240:. Genealogical Publishing Com.
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2064:
2043:
2034:
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2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
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1691:
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1647:
1638:
1613:
1590:
1567:
1558:
1491:
1440:
1437:Skidmore 2010 pp. 192, 194, 195
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1190:
1181:
1156:
1045:
1036:
956:and his wife Martha Stanley of
276:The Earl of Warwick and future
229:, the heiress of a substantial
108:
2435:Chamberlin, Frederick (1939):
1410:Skidmore 2010 pp. 59, 169, 172
1147:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
741:Sir William Quiller Orchardson
538:Blount continued, wondering:
1:
2348:
1995:Chamberlin 1939 pp. 23, 45–46
731:Early traditions and theories
440:, was, in fact, Amy Robsart.
163:. In 1553, Robert Dudley was
2684:Amy Robsart and Cumnor Place
2372:Manchester University Press
1473:Edwards, J. Stephan (2015).
1059:
1029:
639:
259:John Dudley, Earl of Warwick
175:in late 1558, Dudley became
7:
2358:Cambridge University Press
2354:Adams, Simon (ed.) (1995):
2022:Gristwood 2007 pp. 115, 122
1977:Chamberlin 1939 pp. 417–418
1545:Yale Center for British Art
1012:
902:Journal of Matters of State
474:Portrait of an Unknown Lady
10:
2758:
2737:Unsolved deaths in England
2717:16th-century English women
2611:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
2013:Gristwood 2007 pp. 115–116
1959:Skidmore 2010 pp. 386, 387
1923:Skidmore 2010 pp. 356, 358
1293:Skidmore 2010 pp. 162, 165
1284:Adams 1995 pp. 68, 382–383
988:St. Mary The Virgin Church
50:8 September 1560 (aged 28)
2473:Gristwood, Sarah (2007):
1905:Skidmore 2010 pp. 303-304
1573:Skidmore 2010 pp. 381–382
1162:Skidmore 2010 pp. 38, 393
922:
819:The Murder of Amy Robsart
609:Worcester College, Oxford
90:
82:
72:
61:
46:
30:
23:
2421:Bernard, George (2000):
2339:The Death of Amy Robsart
1460:Ives 2009 pp. 295, 15–16
906:Leicester's Commonwealth
871:Leicester's Commonwealth
855:William Frederick Yeames
847:The Death of Amy Robsart
823:Leicester's Commonwealth
780:Leicester's Commonwealth
767:Leicester's Commonwealth
755:, describes the rumours:
551:Richard Parkes Bonington
503:William Frederick Yeames
225:Amy Robsart was born in
204:Leicester's Commonwealth
2561:Elizabeth and Leicester
2437:Elizabeth and Leycester
1564:Wilson 1981 pp. 118–120
1211:Adlard, George (1870).
1072:Skidmore 2010 pp. 15-17
1024:List of unsolved deaths
605:Gloucester Hall, Oxford
220:
2686:Cumnor History Society
2652:Wilson, Derek (2005):
2638:Wilson, Derek (1981):
2590:Loades, David (2004):
1728:. Camden Society, 1848
1726:British History Online
1320:Chamberlin 1939 p. 119
1263:Chamberlin 1939 p. 101
1236:Adams 1995 pp. 380–381
1010:
995:
940:
857:
762:
743:
666:
664:William Clarke Wontner
655:
653:Thomas Francis Dicksee
586:
567:
560:
553:
536:
527:
505:
468:being Latin for oak.
393:
278:Duke of Northumberland
167:and imprisoned in the
143:Elizabeth I of England
56:, Oxfordshire, England
2727:People from Wymondham
2504:Haynes, Alan (1987):
2459:Doran, Susan (2003):
2394:Adams, Simon (2011):
2382:Adams, Simon (2008):
2368:Adams, Simon (2002):
2189:KatherineTheQueen.com
2031:Chamberlin 1939 p. 40
2004:Chamberlin 1939 p. 25
1986:Chamberlin 1939 p. 22
1914:Gristwood 2007 p. 115
1785:Doran 1996 pp. 43, 42
1644:Gristwood 2007 p. 104
1610:Gristwood 2007 p. 107
1515:KatherineTheQueen.com
1254:Wilson 1981 pp. 95–96
1245:Wilson 1981 pp. 76-78
1004:
994:, Oxford city centre.
985:
930:
904:) and the 1584 libel
862:The National Archives
845:
757:
738:
718:Some weeks later the
684:Nicholas Throckmorton
661:
647:
581:
565:
555:
544:
531:
522:
496:
404:(on the outskirts of
381:
346:Robert Dudley became
332:Battle of St. Quentin
2439:Dodd, Mead & Co.
2314:"Amy Robsart plaque"
2269:www.wellowgate.co.uk
2185:"The Yale Miniature"
2138:Gristwood 2007 p. 97
2049:Doran 1996 pp. 42–44
1866:Skidmore 2010 p. 385
1848:Skidmore 2010 p. 253
1794:Skidmore 2010 p. 379
1665:Skidmore 2010 p. 378
1653:Skidmore 2010 p. 230
1619:Skidmore 2010 p. 384
1587:Skidmore 2010 p. 382
1419:Skidmore 2010 p. 171
962:Temperance Flowerdew
808:James Anthony Froude
471:The Yale miniature (
293:palace. In May 1553
2656:Carroll & Graf
2070:Jenkins 2002 p. 291
1497:Skidmore 2010 p. 21
1446:Skidmore 2010 p. 20
1196:Skidmore 2010 p. 15
1090:Skidmore 2010 p. 23
789:A Yorkshire Tragedy
672:Principal Secretary
621:Garter King of Arms
387:Edward Matthew Ward
348:Master of the Horse
257:, a younger son of
177:Master of the Horse
62:Cause of death
2563:The Phoenix Press
2557:Jenkins, Elizabeth
2488:Haigh, Christopher
2061:Jenkins 2002 p. 65
1887:Wilson 1981 p. 182
1687:. 7 February 2022.
1635:Wilson 1981 p. 122
1227:Loades 1996 p. 273
996:
941:
858:
748:gentleman-retainer
744:
667:
656:
568:
554:
506:
497:Fantasy Portrait.
434:portrait miniature
394:
324:Philip II of Spain
165:condemned to death
2628:Ballantine Books
2617:978-0-75382-701-7
2552:978-1-4051-9413-6
2483:978-0-670-01828-4
2461:Queen Elizabeth I
2247:978-0-8063-0947-7
1821:Doran 1996 p. 212
1484:978-0-9863873-0-2
1401:Adams 1995 p. 382
1275:Adams 1995 p. 378
1117:Wilson 1981 p. 44
972:Sir Arthur Hopton
849:, as imagined by
489:Death and inquest
432:suggested that a
118:
117:
66:Cervical fracture
2749:
2742:Wives of knights
2642:Hamish Hamilton
2594:Pearson/Longman
2580:Clarendon Press
2546:Wiley-Blackwell
2527:Vol. I HMSO
2463:British Library
2342:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:. Archived from
2261:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:Weir 1999 p. 109
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2084:Doran 1996 p. 44
2082:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
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2002:
1996:
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1987:
1984:
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1924:
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1876:
1873:
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1864:
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1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1751:Doran 1996 p. 45
1749:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
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1551:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1507:
1498:
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1438:
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1429:
1426:
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1372:
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1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:Doran 1996 p. 42
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1188:
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1179:
1176:
1163:
1160:
1154:
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1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
784:domestic tragedy
421:, a pond, and a
330:husband) at the
241:John Robsart of
231:gentleman-farmer
132:
121:Amy, Lady Dudley
112:
110:
41:Norfolk, England
25:Amy, Lady Dudley
21:
20:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2697:
2696:
2673:George Adlard:
2670:
2605:Skidmore, Chris
2351:
2346:
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2336:
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2278:
2276:
2275:on 22 July 2021
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1674:Skidmore p. 232
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990:located in the
980:
925:
840:
838:Modern theories
733:
709:Duke of Norfolk
704:
696:Earl of Arundel
642:
491:
483:Lucas Horenbout
479:Levina Teerlinc
299:Tower of London
273:in attendance.
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169:Tower of London
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510:Windsor Castle
490:
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442:Chris Skidmore
438:Yale miniature
419:terrace garden
361:Compton Verney
326:(who was then
295:Lady Jane Grey
287:Somerset House
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2443:Doran, Susan
2436:
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2408:
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2321:. Retrieved
2317:
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2273:the original
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2213:
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2018:
2009:
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1781:
1756:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
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1693:
1679:
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1649:
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1544:
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946:Mary Shelton
942:
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910:
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901:
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831:A.F. Pollard
826:
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818:
800:Walter Scott
793:
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724:Fleet prison
717:
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676:king consort
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547:Romantic era
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458:karyophyllon
457:
453:
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369:
365:Warwickshire
340:Queen Mary I
337:
307:
275:
224:
212:
209:Walter Scott
202:
196:
184:Cumnor Place
181:
158:
154:Amye Duddley
153:
129:
120:
119:
68:of the spine
54:Cumnor Place
18:
2712:1560 deaths
2707:1532 births
2508:Peter Owen
2492:Elizabeth I
2219:21 November
2194:18 February
1732:23 November
1550:8 September
992:High Street
913:Susan Doran
893:Alison Weir
812:antiquarian
649:Amy Robsart
499:Amy Robsart
485:, c. 1535.
410:Oxfordshire
344:Elizabeth I
311:manor house
291:Renaissance
173:Elizabeth I
73:Nationality
38:7 June 1532
35:Amy Robsart
2701:Categories
2540:Ives, Eric
2449:Routledge
2349:References
1525:22 October
1178:Adams 2011
1144:Adams 2008
950:Hethersett
879:metastatic
815:Walter Rye
806:historian
795:Kenilworth
753:John Hales
682:marriage,
613:St. Mary's
501:(1870) by
391:Kenilworth
385:(1866) by
303:Lieutenant
251:Protestant
243:Syderstone
214:Kenilworth
211:'s novel,
1060:Citations
1030:Footnotes
882:cancerous
851:Victorian
804:Victorian
640:Aftermath
430:Eric Ives
428:In 2009,
423:deer park
402:Berkshire
353:de Quadra
283:Ely House
271:Edward VI
247:Wymondham
150:gentleman
139:favourite
2624:(1999):
2607:(2010):
2576:(1996):
2559:(2002):
2542:(2009):
2494:Longman
2490:(2000):
2445:(1996):
2425:Ashgate
1519:Archived
1013:See also
875:Ian Aird
866:forensic
772:Catholic
711:and the
462:nut-leaf
460:meaning
414:monastic
372:Imperial
328:Mary I's
2477:Viking
2323:5 April
2279:22 July
958:Scottow
954:Norfolk
853:artist
594:Assizes
572:coroner
518:inquest
514:steward
357:Suffolk
269:, with
235:grazier
227:Norfolk
199:inquest
192:coroner
147:Norfolk
130:Robsart
113:
105:
101:
77:English
2679:(1870)
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1366:5 July
1345:4 July
923:Family
786:named
630:county
617:Oxford
576:yeomen
406:Oxford
398:Cumnor
320:London
188:Oxford
128:
91:Spouse
2300:(PDF)
1052:232).
817:with
798:, by
466:Robur
267:Sheen
186:near
107:(
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2582:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2536:HMSO
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2325:2023
2281:2021
2242:ISBN
2221:2023
2196:2023
1734:2022
1552:2024
1527:2021
1479:ISBN
1389:2018
1368:2018
1347:2018
935:and
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570:The
452:and
450:Vert
233:and
221:Life
47:Died
31:Born
952:in
634:Kew
549:by
400:in
363:in
239:Sir
141:of
126:née
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.