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885:
689:
1518:
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1214:, a Catholic aristocrat exiled to Spain and secretary to King Philip II. Three letters exist today describing the interview, detailing what Arthur proclaimed to be the story of his life, from birth in the royal palace to the time of his arrival in Spain. However, this failed to convince the Spaniards: Englefield admitted to King Philip that Arthur's "claim at present amounts to nothing", but suggested that "he should not be allowed to get away, but kept very secure." The king agreed, and Arthur was never heard from again. Modern scholarship dismisses the story's basic premise as "impossible", and asserts that Elizabeth's life was so closely observed by contemporaries that she could not have hidden a pregnancy.
657:. There Elizabeth experienced an emotional crisis that some historians believe affected her for the rest of her life. Thomas Seymour engaged in romps and horseplay with the 14-year-old Elizabeth, including entering her bedroom in his nightgown, tickling her, and slapping her on the buttocks. Elizabeth rose early and surrounded herself with maids to avoid his unwelcome morning visits. Parr, rather than confront her husband over his inappropriate activities, joined in. Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces". However, after Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, she ended this state of affairs. In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away.
2119:. Her love of sweets and fear of dentists contributed to severe tooth decay and loss to such an extent that foreign ambassadors had a hard time understanding her speech. André Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary from Henry IV of France, reported an audience with the queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are very yellow and unequal ... and on the left side less than on the right. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly." Yet he added, "her figure is fair and tall and graceful in whatever she does; so far as may be she keeps her dignity, yet humbly and graciously withal." Walter Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised".
386:. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity.
2168:, who had a strong but unrecognised claim. Cecil coached the impatient James to humour Elizabeth and "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions". The advice worked. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: "So trust I that you will not doubt but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them to you in grateful sort". In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".
2206:
1300:
2135:
forgave him. She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of irresponsibility. After Essex's desertion of his command in
Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies. In February 1601, Essex tried to raise a rebellion in London. He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. An observer wrote in 1602: "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex."
217:
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46:
1428:
8456:
1002:
1180:
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814:
1708:
1223:
502:
395:
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3169:
2144:
1984:
630:
1509:
undermined
Leicester's standing among the Dutch. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign. Leicester finally resigned his command in December 1587.
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minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all ... to be assistant to me, that I with my ruling and you with your service may make a good account to
Almighty God and leave some comfort to our posterity on earth. I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel.
1171:. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin, a goddess, or both, not as a normal woman. At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin". Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and developed an
3446:"The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusionâand an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen."
3141:
2301:
Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. Rather than as a brave defender of the
Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad.
3529:, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever meaneth to be, so wedded to her own will and fantasy that for the satisfaction thereof she will do anything ... to bring any bondage or servitude to her people, or give any just occasion to them of any inward grudge whereby any tumults or stirs might arise as hath done of late days".
597:, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging. Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs. By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation. At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the
870:. She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells. Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, the country was still in a state of anxiety over the perceived Catholic threat at home and overseas, as well as the choice of whom she would marry.
3503:, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times".
2187:, came as a particular blow. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end. When Robert Cecil told her that she must go to bed, she snapped: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." She died on 24 March 1603 at
782:. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured.
2304:
Elizabeth established an
English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today. Those who praised her later as a Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal to drop all practices of Catholic origin from the Church of England. Historians note that in her day, strict Protestants
1979:
fell. During this time, repression of
Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. In her last years, mounting criticism
1678:, was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at
2328:
fragmented. Elizabeth was the first Tudor to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truthâa style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. Some historians have called her lucky; she
2273:
Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death. Expectations of King James started high but then declined. By the 1620s, there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of
Elizabeth. Elizabeth was praised as a heroine of the Protestant cause and the ruler of a golden
1693:. The result was just as dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January 1592. Henry abandoned the siege in April. As usual, Elizabeth lacked control over her commanders once they were abroad. "Where he is, or what he doth, or what he is to do," she wrote of Essex, "we are ignorant".
1610:
If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her
Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see
1378:
and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her. At first, Elizabeth resisted calls for Mary's death. By late 1586, she had been persuaded to sanction Mary's trial and execution on the evidence of letters written during the
Babington Plot. Elizabeth's proclamation of the sentence announced
1175:
that exalted
Elizabeth. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon. Ultimately, Elizabeth would insist she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my
481:
Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession. Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married
1974:
The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the
1892:
had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and
1788:
on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised. When this failed, he
1601:
rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle. The defeat of the armada was a potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen. However, the victory was not a
1576:
My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people ... I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble
1503:
We could never have imagined (had we not seen it fall out in experience) that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour ... And
1489:
The expedition was led by Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in
1197:
A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In 1561, she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to
1158:
By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem. For her failure to marry, Elizabeth was often accused of irresponsibility. Her silence, however, strengthened her
1032:
was suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts" and that the queen would like to marry Robert if his wife should die. By the autumn of 1559, several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her
854:, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the citizens and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant flavour. Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished". The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen by her astrologer
2028:
Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess. And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have
1820:
that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered
1731:
Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous, Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from
1547:
On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. The armada was defeated by a combination of miscalculation, misfortune, and an attack of
1290:
sailed to England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch, but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic
3427:
John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585â1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an
1504:
therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril.
1257:, who carried his own claim to the English throne. The marriage was the first of a series of errors of judgement by Mary that handed the victory to the Scottish Protestants and to Elizabeth. Darnley quickly became unpopular and was murdered in February 1567 by conspirators almost certainly led by
841:
My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the
2134:
praised it. Elizabeth was happy to play the part, but it is possible that in the last decade of her life she began to believe her own performance. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she
1666:
inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports.
1633:
as general. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000â15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease and 40 ships sunk or captured. The advantage England had won upon the destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power
2274:
age. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court. The triumphalist image that Elizabeth had cultivated towards the end of her reign, against a background of factionalism and military and economic difficulties, was taken at face value and her reputation inflated.
1991:
One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the 1590s. A new generation was in power. With the exception of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, the most important politicians had died
2300:
Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spaniards, such as those on CĂĄdiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea. In Ireland,
1508:
Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby. This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain irreversibly
1057:
Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade. Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself. She raised Dudley to the peerage as
1748:
wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same". Elizabeth advised her commanders that the Irish, "that rude and barbarous nation", be well treated, but she or her commanders showed no remorse when force and bloodshed served their
1249:
of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north. When Mary returned from France to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth. Mary refused to ratify the treaty.
660:
Thomas Seymour nevertheless continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person. When Parr died after childbirth on 5 September 1548, he renewed his attentions towards Elizabeth, intent on marrying her. Her governess
278:
and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
1864:
against Spain. Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish". Discussions, however, remained inconclusive, and both rulers died within two years of the embassy.
1265:
How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband, besides the touching of yourself also in some part, though we trust in that behalf
1344:. The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. In 1581, to convert English subjects to Catholicism with "the intent" to withdraw them from their allegiance to Elizabeth was made a
913:
Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. The queen therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants, but she would not tolerate the
665:, who was fond of Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow", but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort.
2278:, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: "When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Then was her memory much magnified." Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when crown, church and parliament had worked in constitutional balance.
993:, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection.
1275:
2333:
when wars and seditions with grievous persecutions have vexed almost all kings and countries round about me, my reign hath been peacable, and my realm a receptacle to thy afflicted Church. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies
2004:, son of Lord Burghley, with both being supported by their respective adherents. The struggle for the most powerful positions in the state marred the kingdom's politics. The queen's personal authority was lessening, as is shown in the 1594 affair of Dr.
1037:
was not welcome in England: "There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert." Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's
984:
From the start of Elizabeth's reign it was expected that she would marry, and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers, she never married and remained childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that
302:. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed,
3404:
In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than that your two month's journey has brought in never a capital rebel against whom it had been worthy to have adventured one thousand
1153:
I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let
1099:(later Frederick II) several years later, but the negotiations had abated in 1551. In the years around 1559, a Dano-English Protestant alliance was considered, and to counter Sweden's proposal, King Frederick II proposed to Elizabeth in late 1559.
2008:, her trusted physician. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt.
1615:
Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".
5033:
Could it be that when Elizabeth was confined to bed in 1561 (at the time when her love affair with Dudley was at its height) with a mysterious illness she was in fact pregnant? The Spanish ambassador reported that she had a swelling of the
1674:, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. He withdrew in disarray in December 1589, having lost half his troops. In 1591, the campaign of John Norreys, who led 3,000 men to
8387:
3490:, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth.
2045:
This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. The first signs of a new literary movement had appeared at the end of the second decade of Elizabeth's reign, with
551:
from English into Italian, Latin, and French, which she presented to her father as a New Year's gift. From her teenage years and throughout her life, she translated works in Latin and Greek by numerous classical authors, including the
1953:
was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China, and received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the
1494:
and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign. Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy". He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the
727:, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side. The show of solidarity between the sisters did not last long. Mary, a devout
529:, better known by her later, married name of Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her death in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth four languages: French,
1893:
Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.
1379:
that "the said Mary, pretending title to the same Crown, had compassed and imagined within the same realm diverse things tending to the hurt, death and destruction of our royal person." On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at
2297:(1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress.
1564:, and then back south past the west coast of Ireland). Unaware of the Armada's fate, English militias mustered to defend the country under the Earl of Leicester's command. Leicester invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at
1159:
own political security: she knew that if she named an heir, her throne would be vulnerable to a coup; she remembered the way that "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her predecessor.
1205:
was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy. The man claimed to be the illegitimate son of Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, with his age being consistent with birth during the 1561 illness. He was taken to
2329:
believed that God was protecting her. Priding herself on being "mere English", Elizabeth trusted in God, honest advice, and the love of her subjects for the success of her rule. In a prayer, she offered thanks to God that:
3299:"It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury,
2011:
During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war. The practice soon led to
2289:, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. Historians of that period, such as
828:
Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval
3795:
1387:, for implementing it without her knowledge. The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians.
1133:
In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married". Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with
801:, where she had returned to live in October 1555. By October 1558, Elizabeth was already making plans for her government. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her heir on 6 November 1558, and Elizabeth became queen when
1082:
Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. She turned down the hand of Philip, her half-sister's widower, early in 1559 but for several years entertained the proposal of King
735:
faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform. Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry
2155:
Elizabeth's senior adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son Robert, who soon became the leader of the government. One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a
755:. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. Though it is unlikely that she had plotted with the rebels, some of them were known to have approached her. Mary's closest confidant, Emperor Charles's ambassador
8470:
3272:
An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to by lineal descent".
4969:
1407:, lost to France in January 1558. Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at sea. She knighted
8385:
2202:. Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year 1602 in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old style calendar for the day and month while using the new style calendar for the year.
327:
in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by
1261:. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband. Elizabeth confronted Mary about the marriage, writing to her:
590:
Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken.
1366:
gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the
1577:
woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.
1560:
ships to the northeast. The Armada straggled home to Spain in shattered remnants, after disastrous losses on the coast of Ireland (after some ships had tried to struggle back to Spain via the
2084:
depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts.
2107:'s poem. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension; as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work. Her painted portraits became less realistic and more a set of enigmatic
1042:
finding of accident, many people suspected her husband of having arranged her death so that he could marry the queen. Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However,
1772:, who took three years to defeat the rebels. O'Neill finally surrendered in 1603, a few days after Elizabeth's death. Soon afterwards, a peace treaty was signed between England and Spain.
1245:. Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting
1253:
In 1563, Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned. Both proved unenthusiastic, and in 1565, Mary married
8386:
6035:
1884:, in 1578. For the first time, a treaty of commerce was signed in 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan
1812:. Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. He declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador
6438:
De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25â26.
4930:
2016:, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and widespread resentment. This culminated in agitation in the House of Commons during the parliament of 1601. In her famous "
3428:
authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures."
10665:
9329:
1602:
turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain. The Spaniards still controlled the southern provinces of the Netherlands, and the threat of invasion remained.
785:
King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. She was a better ally than the chief alternative,
613:
in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue". Historian
1438:
After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562â1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant
2237:, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man.
1126:, and then from 1572 to 1581 his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon. This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the
794:
3799:
2316:
Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled
2179:
The queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February 1603, the death of
4995:
3360:
Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England
1190:
This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. Catholics accused Elizabeth of engaging in "filthy lust" that symbolically defiled the nation along with her body.
1142:
became a heated issue in Parliament. Members urged the queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she
1322:, and put her on the English throne. After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders. In the belief that the revolt had been successful,
953:
became law on 8 May 1559. All public officials were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office; the
282:
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by
3772:
4661:
Adams, S.; Gehring, D. S. (2013). "Elizabeth I's Former Tutor Reports on the Parliament of 1559: Johannes Spithovius to the Chancellor of Denmark, 27 February 1559".
1066:, to whom the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred. Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of emotional life", as historian
3370:
1996:
in 1591. Factional strife in the government, which had not existed in a noteworthy form before the 1590s, now became its hallmark. A bitter rivalry arose between
1383:, Northamptonshire. After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her secretary,
744:
and an active Catholic. Discontent spread rapidly through the country, and many looked to Elizabeth as a focus for their opposition to Mary's religious policies.
2281:
The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. Her memory was also revived during the
1966:
commanded the first expedition in 1601. The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.
1802:
6420:
541:, and Italian. Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek. By the age of 12, she was able to translate her stepmother
3373:, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma's troops unready and was forced to wait, giving the English the opportunity to launch their attack.
10695:
3660:
Correspondence of Edward, Third Earl of Derby, During the Years 24 to 31 Henry VIII.: Preserved in a Ms. in the Possession of Miss Pfarington, of Worden Hall
1499:. Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands, which so far she had always declined. She wrote to Leicester:
9322:
7013:
5245:
4280:
4246:
4150:
3969:
2265:
Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two
2024:
to a deputation of 140 members, Elizabeth professed ignorance of the abuses, and won the members over with promises and her usual appeal to the emotions:
6013:
5055:
3254:
and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life.
10218:
719:, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister
10685:
1671:
442:, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession. She was baptised on 10 September 1533, and her godparents were
4953:
10675:
10503:
3464:
Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird".
618:
751:
broke out; it was soon suppressed. Elizabeth was brought to court and interrogated regarding her role, and on 18 March, she was imprisoned in the
9315:
2233:
Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the
2191:, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England.
1074:
in 1588. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.
941:. This enabled supporters amongst peers to outvote the bishops and conservative peers. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced to accept the title of
668:
In January 1549, Seymour was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of conspiring to depose his brother Somerset as Protector, marry
10705:
6553:
1603: The Death of Queen Elizabeth, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft and the Birth of the Stuart Era
4769:
3342:
relatives had pronounced her Queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned with those of Scotland and France on her plate and furniture.
459:
6032:
4107:
645:
Henry VIII died in 1547 and Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, became king at the age of nine. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, soon married
475:
4926:
1768:, to put the revolt down. To her frustration, he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. He was replaced by
1589:, depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolising her international power. One of three known versions of the "
906:
Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols (such as the
767:, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Instead, on 22 May, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to
10099:
8900:
6387:
986:
634:
1356:
went to England secretly in the cause of the "reconversion of England". Some were executed for treasonable conduct, engendering a cult of
10431:
8402:
2122:
8065:
5985:
5946:
5907:
5863:
5139:
1241:, on the throne. Mary was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, being the granddaughter of Henry VIII's elder sister,
10725:
3841:
10710:
10620:
9274:
8818:
942:
467:
1474:
in the summer of 1585 by the Duke of Parma necessitated some reaction on the part of the English and the Dutch. The outcome was the
10670:
9085:
3321:
Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations. The
2936:
646:
3741:
884:
358:
grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the
2362:
2241:
Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, in a tomb shared with her half-sister, Mary I. The Latin inscription on their tomb,
2180:
1741:
1491:
451:
918:, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms. As a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the
10625:
10600:
10585:
7470:
3326:
3182:
802:
455:
4991:
1130:. Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, wearing a frog-shaped earring that Francis had sent her.
10650:
10610:
8589:
8267:
8241:
8139:
8113:
8085:
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7793:
7774:
7755:
7736:
7703:
7684:
7662:
7617:
7593:
7572:
7530:
7478:
7452:
7426:
7402:
7375:
7353:
7334:
7312:
7293:
7272:
7253:
7231:
7209:
7174:
7155:
7123:
7104:
7052:
7001:
6948:
6565:
6150:
6125:
5979:
5940:
5901:
5857:
5701:
5664:
5639:
5170:
5091:
5026:
4963:
4705:
4642:
4614:
4589:
4327:
3575:
2160:. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Robert Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. He therefore entered into a
1816:, whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent
1533:
24:
8438:
3764:
1054:
made their disapproval unmistakably clear. There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place.
989:
had put her off sexual relationships. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with
902:
was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England".
251:. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared
52:
10735:
10645:
10640:
10630:
10615:
3312:"There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' ".
2157:
1139:
1025:
851:
6214:
4874:
Doran, Susan (1995). "Juno versus Diana: The Treatment of Elizabeth I's Marriage in Plays and Entertainments, 1561â1581".
4167:
3290:"The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop."
1237:
was to oppose the French presence there. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin
1143:
688:
216:
10635:
10605:
10176:
9171:
2001:
1913:, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". This territory was much larger than the present-day state of
1412:
9077:
10720:
10166:
9062:
8179:
2256:
2029:
incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!
1997:
1769:
1655:
1319:
703:
323:("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope
10533:
10508:
10462:
9052:
8451:
7958:
7931:
7903:
7870:
5830:
4317:
2161:
1757:
1479:
1043:
937:, particularly from the bishops. Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the
344:
283:
8186:(1615 and 1625.) Hypertext edition, with English translation. Dana F. Sutton (ed.), 2000. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
1848:
in opposition to Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, and metal in exchange for Moroccan sugar, in spite of a
10092:
8838:
8759:
3217:
2355:
2306:
2247:, translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection".
1934:
1471:
1447:
879:
716:
650:
463:
295:
290:. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the
28:
1478:
of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch. The treaty marked the beginning of the
10655:
8952:
1761:
1569:
1336:, which declared "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be excommunicated and a
1258:
1115:
1092:
77:
1517:
10700:
10238:
9033:
7985:
7265:
The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585â1597
4254:
4147:
3961:
2786:
1732:
giving Spain a base from which to attack England. In the course of a series of uprisings, Crown forces pursued
1686:
764:
6010:
1340:, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her. Catholics who obeyed her orders were threatened with
10367:
9027:
9021:
9015:
9009:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8985:
8979:
5051:
3247:
2195:
2038:
2033:
1403:
allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for
10715:
10680:
10441:
10436:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10134:
9989:
9952:
9101:
8843:
8215:
Carlson, Eric Josef. "Teaching Elizabeth Tudor with Movies: Film, Historical Thinking, and the Classroom,"
1753:
1716:
962:
741:
564:
20:
7865:. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; New York: Vintage Books, 2005.
10353:
10085:
9714:
8848:
7518:
4630:
4313:
3512:
The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle".
2612:
1415:
of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of
1168:
938:
930:
720:
363:
9703:
3477:, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather.
1905:
sailed west to establish a colony in Newfoundland. He never returned to England. Gilbert's half-brother
1568:
in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in her
1291:
enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.
957:
laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters by Mary. At the same time, a new
10660:
9999:
9677:
9645:
9214:
8930:
8886:
8813:
7322:
5823:
A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650
4577:
3418:
and John Clapham. For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion"
3222:
3202:
2982:
1853:
1833:
1598:
1384:
1254:
919:
677:
8447:
1118:. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated. Elizabeth considered marriage to two French
10543:
9994:
9789:
9734:
9342:
9117:
9044:
8753:
8582:
8421:
8162:. Wallace T. MacCaffrey (ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, selected chapters, 1970 edition.
3526:
3339:
1702:
779:
680:, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty". Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549.
256:
96:
8059:
5683:
Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Tomo III, CapĂtulo III. Madrid, p. 51.
4765:
4099:
1299:
525:, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life".
10730:
10518:
10382:
10377:
9795:
9784:
9490:
9346:
9338:
8935:
8858:
8808:
8679:
8545:
6006:
3197:
2060:
1793:, which Elizabeth declined to speak to the Russian ambassador about. English merchant and explorer
1455:
724:
447:
339:. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the
229:
68:
1229:, who was considered by her French relatives to be rightful Queen of England instead of Elizabeth.
10690:
10453:
10198:
10158:
9764:
9759:
9744:
9719:
2324:, by all". Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as
2205:
1889:
1861:
1647:
1483:
1096:
1001:
9426:
8152:(Norton Critical Editions) (2009); primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature
6616:
6379:
3455:
After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect".
1597:
When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at
10538:
9943:
9828:
9774:
9749:
9724:
9709:
9581:
9416:
8833:
8823:
8611:
8442:
7786:
The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570â1625
7412:
7305:
God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot
6606:
3207:
2244:"Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis"
1194:
said that one of the great questions of Europe was "whether Queen Elizabeth was a maid or no".
1110:. The queen called him her "frog", finding him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect.
1107:
990:
958:
768:
593:
After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor,
547:
526:
328:
233:
72:
9886:
6074:
1528:
Meanwhile, Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the
1395:
Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of
1024:
In the spring of 1559, it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend
438:
had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother,
10528:
10523:
10473:
10410:
10387:
9933:
9843:
9823:
9754:
9692:
9682:
9672:
9551:
9546:
9519:
9480:
9475:
9144:
7891:
7386:
5969:
5930:
5891:
5847:
5111:
3382:
For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.
3212:
2583:
1630:
1146:
the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566.
1047:
950:
763:, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial. Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including
423:
419:
313:
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her
185:
10343:
10183:
9638:
9390:
7725:
6557:
6551:
3838:
1470:
coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. The
10595:
10590:
10580:
10361:
10290:
10253:
10188:
10139:
10129:
10116:
9911:
9858:
9848:
9838:
9811:
9729:
9652:
9586:
9541:
9531:
9525:
9514:
9508:
9458:
8747:
8721:
8716:
8650:
8575:
8417:
7219:
3474:
3281:
Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity".
3187:
2975:
2814:
2605:
2393:
2165:
1496:
1446:, Prince of Orange, and the Duke of Anjou, and the surrender of a series of Dutch towns to
1238:
1226:
1127:
1123:
790:
786:
748:
487:
307:
303:
2309:
as a compromise. In fact, Elizabeth believed that faith was personal and did not wish, as
2194:
While it has become normative to record Elizabeth's death as occurring in 1603, following
1642:
8:
10561:
10372:
10228:
10171:
9938:
9891:
9833:
9769:
9566:
9556:
9536:
9502:
9307:
8828:
8765:
8731:
8711:
8701:
7633:
7190:
7139:
7113:
7085:
6425:
3192:
2821:
2214:
2198:
in the 1750s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as
2073:
2069:
1959:
1784:
that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. She often wrote to Tsar
1651:
1459:
1451:
1419:
and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.
1380:
1332:
1315:
1246:
1234:
439:
371:
367:
355:
324:
135:
5849:
Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen
3395:, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia".
1670:
The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective.
759:, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and Lord Chancellor
10284:
10124:
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9613:
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2800:
2065:
1993:
1976:
1950:
1910:
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1443:
1427:
1375:
1303:
1287:
1211:
1191:
1084:
1051:
1006:
863:
847:
830:
778:
On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's
737:
696:
638:
471:
8455:
6610:
3738:"Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I"
10513:
10401:
10397:
10330:
10315:
10248:
10243:
9608:
9421:
9288:
9241:
9206:
8777:
8644:
8465:
8327:
8298:
Hulme, Harold (1958). "Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments: The Work of Sir John Neale".
8263:
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7398:
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7227:
7205:
7170:
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7100:
7067:
7048:
6997:
6985:
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6944:
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5936:
5897:
5853:
5826:
5697:
5660:
5635:
5166:
5131:
5087:
5022:
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4851:
4711:
4701:
4678:
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4585:
4323:
4210:
4206:
3329:
in the late 2000s and is compatible with a downstairs fall as well as other violence.
2807:
2400:
2321:
2218:
1987:
Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility.
1955:
1925:. In 1585, Raleigh returned to Virginia with a small group of people. They landed on
1794:
1785:
1781:
1475:
1179:
1059:
1017:
895:
867:
435:
415:
332:
331:. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of
299:
275:
162:
9469:
4903:
3437:
A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture.
2111:
that made her look much younger than she was. In fact, her skin had been scarred by
1744:, in 1582, an estimated 30,000 Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist
1736:
tactics, burning the land and slaughtering man, woman and child. During a revolt in
1606:
claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain:
1521:
Portrait from 1586 to 1587, by Nicholas Hilliard, around the time of the voyages of
494:
to the throne. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the
10305:
10300:
10203:
9926:
9916:
9806:
9779:
9631:
9463:
9383:
9376:
9179:
9109:
8894:
8667:
8607:
8474:
8433:
8307:
7018:
5250:
5123:
4883:
4831:
4670:
4285:
4202:
3146:
2828:
2217:, on a barge lit with torches. At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to
2021:
1902:
1881:
1829:
1765:
1370:
of 1571 (which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head) to the
1271:
969:
890:
772:
760:
602:
578:
431:
411:
291:
7032:
5262:
4299:
3567:
3351:
By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland.
1752:
Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the
1707:
813:
10310:
9921:
9666:
9496:
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1963:
1933:. After the failure of the first colony, Raleigh recruited another group and put
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1798:
1590:
1467:
1432:
1341:
1283:
1119:
1063:
859:
752:
654:
534:
359:
148:
8461:
8007:
Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558â1585
4822:
King, John N. (1990). "Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen".
1581:
19:"Elizabeth of England" and "Elizabeth Tudor" redirect here. For other uses, see
10467:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10233:
10193:
10019:
9906:
9863:
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9602:
9295:
8876:
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8706:
8559:
8503:
8155:
8054:
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5477:
4247:"'Queen Elizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait', called Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1573)"
4171:
3554:
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2598:
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2104:
2055:
2005:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1906:
1873:
1869:
1841:
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1733:
1720:
1679:
1621:
1603:
1586:
1557:
1463:
1404:
1371:
1242:
1222:
1087:. Earlier in Elizabeth's life, a Danish match for her had been discussed;
1071:
934:
933:
backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the
798:
708:
673:
669:
610:
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598:
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542:
530:
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237:
236:
from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the
175:
119:
7607:
7565:
Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart
7042:
7023:
6206:
5254:
5127:
5084:
The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power
4887:
4290:
3850:
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice
1844:
during the rule of Elizabeth. England established a trading relationship with
910:), and downplayed the role of sermons in defiance of a key Protestant belief.
501:
394:
10574:
10320:
9269:
9222:
8958:
8871:
8094:
7603:
7552:
7197:
5135:
4715:
4682:
4253:, Liverpool, United Kingdom: National Museums Liverpool, 1998, archived from
4214:
3765:"Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I"
3300:
2317:
2310:
2286:
2261:
2100:
2017:
1877:
1817:
1790:
1522:
1408:
1202:
505:
A rare portrait of a teenage Elizabeth prior to her accession, attributed to
491:
375:
252:
8290:
Howard, Maurice. "Elizabeth I: a sense of place in stone, print and paint",
8174:
7968:
7941:
7831:
6624:
2225:
drawn by four horses hung with black velvet. In the words of the chronicler
1992:
around 1590: the Earl of Leicester in 1588; Francis Walsingham in 1590; and
1466:
domination of the Netherlands. It also extended Spanish influence along the
672:
to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his own wife. Elizabeth, living at
10487:
10448:
10295:
10044:
9801:
9264:
8771:
8685:
8355:
Woolf, D. R. "Two Elizabeths? James I and the Late Queen's Famous Memory,"
8194:
8058:
8024:
7995:
7913:
7462:
7436:
7393:
The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance
6967:
6380:"The best books on Elizabeth I â a Five Books interview with Helen Hackett"
6028:
5476:
Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by
3861:
3227:
2126:
Christoffel van Sichem I, Elizabeth, Queen of Great Britain, published 1601
2077:
2013:
1813:
1724:
1462:
undermined the ability of Anjou's brother, Henry III of France, to counter
1439:
1367:
1095:, in 1545, and Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, suggested a marriage with
946:
834:
771:, where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of
756:
594:
554:
483:
9396:
8350:
Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty
8040:
Blood, Fire & Gold: The Story of Elizabeth I & Catherine de Medici
7510:
7071:
5163:
Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and the New Historical Fiction
3168:
2143:
1442:
against Philip II. This followed the deaths in 1584 of the queen's allies
1314:
Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In 1569 there was a major Catholic
10479:
10348:
10108:
10049:
10034:
8632:
8167:
7672:
7540:
7498:
7092:
4674:
4193:
Szönyi, György E. (2004). "John Dee and Early Modern Occult Philosophy".
3522:
2560:
2553:
2325:
2294:
2290:
2108:
1918:
1860:, visited England as an ambassador to the English court, to negotiate an
1323:
1286:
to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at
1172:
1067:
1029:
922:, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements, such as
629:
614:
427:
403:
248:
205:
195:
8405:
was created from a revision of this article dated 20 June 2015
8202:
5243:
Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3â1588)".
1619:
In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the
1490:
Holland, had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who had set up
1399:
from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's
426:
born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry's second wife,
255:. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the
10483:
10223:
10024:
10014:
10004:
9591:
9453:
9093:
8626:
8319:
7640:
5275:
Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." Quoted by Loades, 69â70.
4895:
4843:
3414:
This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers
1941:
he had left, but it was the first English settlement in North America.
1553:
1549:
1353:
1349:
1327:
1088:
818:
732:
662:
399:
343:, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid
264:
244:
7924:
The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime: Elizabethan Politics, 1558â1572
5112:"All the Queen's Children: Elizabeth I and the Meanings of Motherhood"
2285:, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. In the
2175:
Elizabeth's funeral cortĂšge, 1603, with banners of her royal ancestors
1556:
at midnight on 28â29 July (7â8 August New Style), which dispersed the
676:, would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator,
486:. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son,
10258:
10208:
10039:
10009:
9596:
9571:
8638:
7767:
Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533â1588
2989:
2226:
2131:
2088:
2087:
As Elizabeth aged, her image gradually changed. She was portrayed as
2047:
1937:
in command. When Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the
1922:
1885:
1561:
1529:
1357:
1307:
1167:
Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to
1114:
For several years, she seriously negotiated to marry Philip's cousin
1070:
has described the situation. He died shortly after the defeat of the
1034:
973:
923:
621:, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer.
518:
351:
260:
9697:
4835:
2171:
1102:
462:. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the infant by her uncle
10457:
10149:
10029:
9970:
9576:
9401:
9187:
8483:
8429:
8311:
4406:
Warnicke, Retha (September 2010). "Why Elizabeth I Never Married".
3866:
West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State
3487:
2199:
2112:
2096:
1983:
1914:
1809:
1675:
1629:
with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and
1400:
1396:
1279:
1135:
907:
855:
728:
573:
569:
272:
8479:
8098:
Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485â1588
5681:
Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.
4698:
Denmark, 1513â1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy
2080:, the English theatre would reach its peak. The notion of a great
1780:
Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the
1537:
45:
10556:
10338:
9947:
9853:
4168:"John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire"
3322:
2313:
put it, to "make windows into men's hearts and secret thoughts".
2234:
2092:
1845:
1840:
Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the
1737:
1565:
1454:. In December 1584, an alliance between Philip II and the French
1345:
1337:
1039:
1020:. Their friendship lasted for over thirty years, until his death.
915:
899:
583:
495:
314:
170:
8336:
The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation.
8176:
Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnante Elizabetha.
8106:
Elizabeth's Bedfellows: An Intimate History of the Queen's Court
7634:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7191:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7140:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7086:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
3796:"Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English"
259:. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother
9739:
9687:
9411:
9406:
8532:
8222:
Collinson, Patrick. "Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history,"
8033:
The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547â1603
5657:
Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents
3852:, Volume 9: 1592â1603 (1897), 562â570. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
3392:
2222:
1416:
1207:
1149:
Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House:
961:
was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of the
954:
949:, which many thought unacceptable for a woman to bear. The new
692:
559:
109:
10077:
8567:
8160:
History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth
7368:
The king's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology
6207:"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I"
1270:
These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in
263:
ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a
9659:
8197:(eds). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951.
7878:
The Nature of the Lion: Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage
3263:"I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel."
2266:
1849:
1756:, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with
1712:
1690:
1540:, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the
822:
715:
Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the
538:
5675:
5673:
2320:, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by
1431:
Elizabeth receiving Dutch ambassadors, 1560s, attributed to
406:. Anne was executed within three years of Elizabeth's birth.
10213:
9443:
7370:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1888:. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that
1186:, c. 1600, showing Elizabeth I borne along by her courtiers
797:
to consult with Elizabeth. This interview was conducted at
711:
in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth lived during Mary's reign
9337:
8260:
Music for the Love of It: Episodes in Amateur Music-Making
7841:
New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485â1603
6717:
6715:
6195:
see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, 149â169.
833:
of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the
414:
on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers,
8042:. London: Edbury Press, 2022; New York: Hatchette Books.
7116:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum
5670:
2115:
in 1562, leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and
1909:
explored the Atlantic Coast and claimed the territory of
537:
became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English,
1876:
and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the
7918:
political biography summarising his multivolume study:
6941:
Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics
6712:
1980:
reflected a decline in the public's affection for her.
1544:, as Philip II had decided to take the war to England.
374:, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as
350:
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her
271:, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the
8123:
7885:
The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s
5889:
4278:
Collinson, Patrick (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533â1603)".
3657:
2064:
in 1578. During the 1590s, some of the great names of
1856:, the principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulai
1808:
Upon his death in 1584, Ivan was succeeded by his son
976:, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme.
789:, who had grown up in France and was betrothed to the
649:, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector
228:(7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was
8258:
Epstein, Joel (2022). "Elizabeth I: Queen of Music".
8233:
England's Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy
8073:
7329:, New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnam's and Sons,
7135:
The Queen's Suitors and the Problem of the Succession
7097:
Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I
6076:
The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns
4148:
The "Festival Book" account, from the British Library
2213:
Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to
6778:
6682:
6587:
5086:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 81â82.
5052:"British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30"
4927:"Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen"
3325:'s report, hitherto believed lost, came to light in
3136:
1868:
Diplomatic relations were also established with the
1348:
offence, carrying the death penalty. From the 1570s
817:
Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with
653:. The couple took Elizabeth into their household at
10666:
English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
8341:Rowse, A. L. "Queen Elizabeth and the Historians."
8294:, December 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 261â268
7951:
Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572â1588
7224:
My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots
6582:
Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676
6140:
5632:
Early modern England 1485â1714: a narrative history
5331:
5329:
5327:
5165:. State University of New York Press. p. 129.
3473:James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of
3303:, less than twenty-four hours after her own death".
2209:
Elizabeth as shown on her tomb at Westminster Abbey
699:, during whose reign Elizabeth was heir presumptive
7724:
7440:
7390:
7011:—— (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533â1603)".
6989:
6031:exhibition "East-West: Objects between cultures",
4170:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from
1797:, who began his career as a representative of the
793:. When his wife fell ill in 1558, Philip sent the
8069:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 282â283.
7285:The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester
7167:The Making of the Modern English State: 1460â1660
5893:Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500â1800
5852:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1, Introduction.
3962:"Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral"
3702:
3568:"House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts"
617:suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by
10572:
8359:, August 1985, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 167â191
8219:, Summer 2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 419â440
7169:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
7062:Davenport, Cyril (1899), Pollard, Alfred (ed.),
7047:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
6549:
6500:
6498:
6115:
5974:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 24.
5928:
5324:
3933:
2130:The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her
1836:was the Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth in 1600.
1685:In July, Elizabeth sent out another force under
8226:, Nov 2003, Vol. 76 Issue 194, pp. 469â491
7066:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂŒbner and Co.,
6657:
6655:
6145:. London: A. & C. Black. pp. 155â157.
6051:
6049:
6047:
5317:
5315:
4992:"Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love"
4635:The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523â1611
3731:
3729:
7248:(2nd ed.), Harlow (UK): Longman Pearson,
5778:
5776:
5607:
5605:
5292:
5290:
5184:
5182:
460:Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset
362:. The period is famous for the flourishing of
16:Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603
10093:
9323:
8583:
8230:Dobson, Michael; Watson, Nicola Jane (2002).
7079:Dobson, Michael & Watson, Nicola (2003),
6855:
6853:
6851:
6495:
6120:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 45â47.
3793:
3218:Royal eponyms in Canada for Queen Elizabeth I
1821:one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.
434:to the English throne. Her elder half-sister
10696:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
8292:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8229:
8209:
8035:(1983) survey of social and economic history
7655:Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
7017:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6652:
6407:
6405:
6044:
6022:
5712:
5710:
5563:
5561:
5533:
5531:
5427:
5425:
5397:
5395:
5312:
5249:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5046:
5044:
5042:
4660:
4284:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4273:
4271:
3726:
3662:. Vol. 19. Chetham Society. p. 89.
1210:for investigation, where he was examined by
9890:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
8129:
7863:Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens
7505:(reprint ed.), London: Jonathan Cape,
7443:Robert Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus
6943:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
5885:
5883:
5881:
5799:
5797:
5773:
5602:
5287:
5179:
3868:, University of Exeter Press, 2002, p. 220.
3486:The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of
2242:
2183:, the niece of her cousin and close friend
1310:, uncovered several plots against her life.
318:
10100:
10086:
10067:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
9330:
9316:
8590:
8576:
8454:
8250:Doran, Susan, and Thomas S. Freeman, eds.
7975:
7948:
7921:
7890:
6848:
5935:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
5896:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
5629:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5507:Haynes, 15; Strong and van Dorsten, 72â79.
5105:
5103:
5077:
5075:
5073:
4100:"BBC â History â Elizabeth I: An Overview"
3595:
3593:
1390:
1318:; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to
945:rather than the more contentious title of
498:, or baptismal cloth, at his christening.
243:Elizabeth was the only surviving child of
44:
9275:Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
8103:
7467:Elizabeth I: The Golden Reign of Gloriana
7022:
6612:Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey
6429:, 18 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
6402:
6164:
6162:
5707:
5558:
5528:
5422:
5392:
5039:
4951:
4604:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4289:
4277:
4268:
4137:Loades, 36â37 (full document reproduced).
2307:Acts of Settlement and Uniformity of 1559
1585:Portrait commemorating the defeat of the
943:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
850:wound through the city on the eve of the
476:William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham
10686:Founders of English schools and colleges
9087:The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
8413:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
8396:
7978:Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588â1603
7184:Flynn, Sian & Spence, David (2003),
5878:
5825:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 510â511.
5794:
4700:. Oxford University Press. p. 111.
4695:
4656:
4654:
4405:
4029:
2937:Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham
2260:
2204:
2170:
2142:
2121:
2032:
1982:
1828:
1706:
1641:
1580:
1516:
1426:
1298:
1221:
1178:
1101:
1091:had proposed one with the Danish prince
1000:
883:
858:, Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by
812:
775:. Crowds cheered her all along the way.
702:
687:
647:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley
635:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley
628:
500:
393:
10676:English pretenders to the French throne
8257:
8053:
8004:
7838:
7014:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6605:
6204:
5967:
5579:
5246:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5227:
5100:
5070:
5016:
4629:
4576:
4281:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3871:
3794:Faulconbridge, Guy (29 November 2019).
3735:
3658:Stanley, Earl of Derby, Edward (1890).
3590:
2181:Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham
1217:
972:) compulsory, though the penalties for
10573:
7490:Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I
7226:, London and New York: Fourth Estate,
6645:
6643:
6159:
6116:Daniel Farabaugh (2016). "Chapter 2".
5160:
5058:from the original on 27 September 2020
4556:
4192:
3762:
3499:In his preface to the 1952 reprint of
3369:When the Spanish naval commander, the
3183:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
1650:struck 1593 identifying Elizabeth as "
456:Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk
10706:People of the French Wars of Religion
10081:
9311:
8571:
8297:
8077:Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue
7731:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7715:Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
7567:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7447:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7397:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
6421:"The Tudors had bad teeth? What rot!"
6390:from the original on 25 February 2019
5949:from the original on 22 December 2019
5845:
5820:
5242:
5109:
5081:
4873:
4651:
4531:Jenkins (1961), 245, 247; Hammer, 46.
4165:
4110:from the original on 17 November 2020
3945:
3744:from the original on 28 December 2019
3719:
3717:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
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3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2644:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2496:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2416:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2354:
1944:
1201:In 1587, a young man calling himself
1077:
1062:in 1564. In 1578, he finally married
468:John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford
25:Elizabeth of England (disambiguation)
7814:The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I
7811:
7693:
7671:
7525:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
6784:
6688:
6593:
6459:
6217:from the original on 23 October 2018
5634:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 145.
5630:Bucholz, R. O.; Key, Newton (2009).
4972:from the original on 26 January 2021
4821:
3939:
3775:from the original on 10 January 2020
3708:
1532:in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he made a
1106:Elizabeth was engaged for a time to
979:
873:
533:, Italian, and Spanish. By the time
8124:Primary sources and early histories
6996:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
6640:
6235:Adams, 7; Hammer, 1; Collinson, 89.
5866:from the original on 19 August 2021
5142:from the original on 19 August 2021
5116:Explorations in Renaissance Culture
4933:from the original on 1 October 2020
4858:
4605:Falkdalen, Karin Tegenborg (2010).
4312:
4159:
3740:. University of Chicago Chronicle.
3578:from the original on 24 August 2021
3553:Elizabeth's first speech as queen,
1278:in favour of her one-year-old son,
1274:. The Scottish lords forced her to
723:. Jane was proclaimed queen by the
509:. It was painted for her father in
452:Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter
13:
10167:History of Christianity in Britain
8383:
7804:
7629:Elizabeth: Woman, Monarch, Mission
5932:Shakespeare Survey With Index 1â10
4998:from the original on 8 August 2020
4166:Poole, Robert (6 September 2005).
3763:McCall, Rosie (29 November 2019).
3714:
2257:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
2068:entered their maturity, including
1682:, north-west France, in May 1591.
920:Protestant settlement of Edward VI
683:
89:17 November 1558 –
14:
10747:
10726:Regicides of Mary, Queen of Scots
9053:Secret correspondence of James VI
8452:National Portrait Gallery, London
8364:
7727:The Life and Times of Elizabeth I
7643:& van Dorsten, J. A. (1964),
6960:The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558â1603
5988:from the original on 14 July 2020
5910:from the original on 14 July 2020
5110:Levin, Carole (2 December 2004).
4772:from the original on 19 July 2023
4609:. Historiska media. p. 126.
3972:from the original on 11 June 2020
3736:Sanders, Seth (10 October 2002).
3338:On Elizabeth's accession, Mary's
1764:. In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent
1512:
1294:
624:
10711:Prisoners in the Tower of London
10621:16th-century English translators
10555:
10148:
9173:Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
9079:Les Amours de la reine Ălisabeth
8487:
8395:
8345:(September 1953) 3#9 pp 630â641.
8280:(1974), excerpts from historians
7064:English Embroidered Bookbindings
6915:
6906:
6897:
6884:
6875:
6862:
6839:
6826:
6817:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6769:
6760:
6751:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6703:
6694:
6673:
6664:
6631:
6599:
6574:
6543:
6534:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6450:
6441:
6432:
6414:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6327:
6318:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6278:
6269:
6260:
6247:
6238:
6229:
6198:
6189:
6180:
6171:
6143:England's Quest of Eastern Trade
6134:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6067:
6058:
6000:
5961:
5922:
5839:
5814:
5785:
5764:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5686:
5679:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1972).
5649:
5623:
5614:
5593:
5570:
5549:
5540:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5492:
5483:
5470:
5461:
5452:
5443:
5434:
5413:
5404:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5299:
5278:
5269:
5236:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5154:
5010:
4984:
4945:
4919:
4910:
4867:
4637:. Cambridge. pp. 159, 207.
4207:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00110.x
3699:Somerset, 11. Jenkins (1957), 13
3515:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3421:
3408:
3398:
3385:
3376:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3332:
3167:
3153:
3139:
2356:Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire
1824:
1689:, to help Henry IV in besieging
1448:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
1233:Elizabeth's first policy toward
996:
880:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
717:Succession to the Crown Act 1543
651:Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset
586:. A translation of Tacitus from
464:George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford
296:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
215:
29:Elizabeth Tudor (disambiguation)
10671:English people of Welsh descent
10107:
9367:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
8597:
8441:at the official website of the
8432:at the official website of the
8236:. Oxford University Press, US.
8134:. University of Chicago Press.
7746:Willson, David Harris (1963) ,
7717:, London: Barrie & Rockliff
7523:The Grand Strategy of Philip II
6615:. London: John Murray. p.
5968:Bartels, Emily Carroll (2008).
5890:Virginia Mason Vaughan (2005).
4815:
4806:
4797:
4784:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4696:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2011).
4689:
4623:
4598:
4584:. Victor Gollancz. p. 59.
4570:
4547:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4306:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4186:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3954:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3880:
3855:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3787:
3756:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3651:
3642:
3557:, 20 November 1558. Loades, 35.
3315:
3306:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
1760:, who backed the rebel leader,
1570:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
1374:of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster
1259:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
1116:Charles II, Archduke of Austria
1093:Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
9364:Monarchs of England until 1603
8448:Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
8074:Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1989).
8009:. Cambridge University Press.
7980:. Princeton University Press.
7953:. Princeton University Press.
7926:. Princeton University Press.
7503:Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography
7267:, Cambridge University Press,
6975:Chamberlin, Frederick (1939),
6931:
6556:. St. Martin's Press. p.
5694:La Europa dividida (1559â1598)
5659:(Taylor & Francis, 1972).
5576:Somerset, 591; Neale, 297â298.
5440:Strong and van Dorsten, 20â26.
4766:"Let Definition & Meaning"
3633:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3560:
3547:
3257:
3240:
2338:
2269:hold the crown above her head.
2147:Elizabeth's death depicted by
1969:
1687:Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
1422:
1320:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
747:In January and February 1554,
731:, was determined to crush the
430:. At birth, Elizabeth was the
422:. She was the second child of
1:
10626:17th-century English monarchs
10601:16th-century English monarchs
10586:People of the Elizabethan era
8471:Works by or about Elizabeth I
8278:Elizabeth I, Queen of England
7118:, London: Chatto and Windus,
6141:Foster, Sir William (1998) .
5846:Coote, Charles Henry (2017).
4663:The English Historical Review
3541:
2039:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
1010:
510:
389:
366:, led by playwrights such as
57:
10651:Burials at Westminster Abbey
10611:16th-century English writers
10135:Continuing Anglican movement
8132:Elizabeth I: Collected Works
8060:"Elizabeth of England"
7880:(London: Faith Press, 1962).
7421:, Harvard University Press,
7114:——, ed. (2003),
7033:UK public library membership
5263:UK public library membership
4438:Skidmore, 162, 165, 166â168.
4319:This Sceptred Isle 1547â1660
4300:UK public library membership
3536:
1162:
1028:. It was said that his wife
1009:of Elizabeth and Leicester,
808:
742:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
565:De consolatione philosophiae
382:, and for the defeat of the
294:. This era, later named the
21:Elizabeth I (disambiguation)
7:
10736:16th-century queens regnant
10646:17th-century queens regnant
10641:17th-century Irish monarchs
10631:17th-century English people
10616:16th-century Irish monarchs
10534:Anglicanism of the Americas
9974:British monarchs after the
8486:(public domain audiobooks)
8357:Canadian Journal of History
7784:Woodward, Jennifer (1997),
7769:, London: Hamish Hamilton,
7150:, London: British Library,
6609:(1868). "The royal tombs".
6205:Cramsie, John (June 2003).
5696:(Editorial Critica, 2002).
5467:Strong and van Dorsten, 50.
5458:Strong and van Dorsten, 72.
5449:Strong and van Dorsten, 43.
3132:
2613:Mary Tudor, Queen of France
2095:, and after the Armada, as
1872:with the chartering of the
1805:to the court of Tsar Ivan.
1450:, Philip's governor of the
1176:husbands, my good people".
968:(an adapted version of the
939:Archbishopric of Canterbury
721:Mary Tudor, Queen of France
10:
10752:
10636:17th-century English women
10606:16th-century English women
10239:Dissolution of Monasteries
8287:(1984), essays by scholars
7713:Williams, Neville (1964),
7677:The Children of Henry VIII
7364:Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig
6584:(Manchester, 2018), p. 17.
5410:Flynn and Spence, 126â128.
3223:Royal Standards of England
3203:Portraiture of Elizabeth I
2983:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
2787:Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon
2254:
1896:
1854:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
1834:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
1700:
1696:
1255:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
877:
765:William Paget, Baron Paget
18:
10721:Queens regnant of England
10552:
10544:Reformed Episcopal Church
10496:
10396:
10329:
10157:
10146:
10115:
10062:
9985:
9969:
9965:
9902:
9885:
9881:
9358:
9354:
9283:
9257:
9234:
9199:
9156:
9129:
9119:Elizabeth: The Golden Age
9070:
9061:
9043:
8972:
8945:
8923:
8916:
8885:
8857:
8799:
8740:
8694:
8660:
8619:
8605:
8556:
8543:
8529:
8524:
8497:
8300:Journal of Modern History
8276:Greaves, Richard L., ed.
8217:Sixteenth Century Journal
8210:Historiography and memory
8055:Pollard, Albert Frederick
7750:, London: Jonathan Cape,
7647:, Oxford University Press
7609:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship
7492:, London: Blandford Press
7488:McGrath, Patrick (1967),
7307:, London: HarperCollins,
7263:Hammer, P. E. J. (1999),
6550:Lee, Christopher (2004).
5929:Allardyce Nicoll (2002).
5128:10.1163/23526963-90000274
4952:Gristwood, Sarah (2008).
4888:10.1017/S0018246X00019427
3888:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship
3798:. Reuters. Archived from
3057:
3055:
2979:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2857:
2855:
2841:
2804:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2602:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2397:
2359:
2250:
2099:, the eternally youthful
2020:" of 30 November 1601 at
2000:, the Earl of Essex, and
1775:
1703:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1637:
1634:through the next decade.
1482:, which lasted until the
1352:priests from continental
490:, who was the undisputed
325:declared her illegitimate
257:Third Succession Act 1543
211:
201:
191:
181:
169:
155:
142:
129:
125:
115:
105:
95:
85:
67:
43:
38:
10177:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
8936:The Doubt of Future Foes
8676:(Lady of the Bedchamber)
8285:The Reign of Elizabeth I
8283:Haigh, Christopher, ed.
8182:18 December 2020 at the
8104:Whitelock, Anna (2013).
7788:, Boydell & Brewer,
7679:, London: Random House,
7653:Strong, Roy C. (2003) ,
7588:, London: Anchor Books,
7545:The England of Elizabeth
7344:—— (2002) ,
7165:Edwards, Philip (2004),
6766:Haigh, 142â147, 174â177.
6038:26 December 2013 at the
6016:28 February 2009 at the
6007:University of Birmingham
3391:One observer wrote that
3248:before 14 September 1752
3233:
3198:Inventory of Elizabeth I
2346:Elizabeth's family tree
2138:
2061:The Shepheardes Calender
1050:, and some conservative
448:Archbishop of Canterbury
298:, would evolve into the
10562:Christianity portal
10504:Converts to Anglicanism
10199:Augustine of Canterbury
8931:On Monsieur's Departure
8901:Plimpton Sieve Portrait
8150:Elizabeth I and Her Age
8080:. Fromm International.
8066:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8005:McLaren, A. N. (1999).
7976:—— (1994).
7949:—— (1988).
7922:—— (1969).
7839:Bridgen, Susan (2001).
7723:—— (1972),
7694:—— (1999),
7627:—— (2003),
7582:Somerset, Anne (2003),
7413:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl
7346:Elizabeth and Leicester
7186:Elizabeth's Adventurers
7146:—— (2003),
7133:—— (2003),
7041:Croft, Pauline (2003),
6977:Elizabeth and Leycester
6721:Dobson and Watson, 258.
6700:Dobson and Watson, 257.
6607:Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn
5809:The Nations and Britain
5161:Rozett, Martha (2003).
5017:Burgess, Steve (2011).
4955:Elizabeth and Leicester
4420:Loades, 42; Wilson, 95.
3966:Encyclopedia Britannica
3572:Encyclopedia Britannica
2196:English calendar reform
2037:Portrait attributed to
1890:Protestantism and Islam
1862:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
1749:authoritarian purpose.
1391:Wars and overseas trade
1169:that of the Virgin Mary
1122:princes in turn, first
146:24 March 1603 (aged 69)
10656:Children of Henry VIII
10539:Free Church of England
8443:Royal Collection Trust
8391:
8371:Listen to this article
8262:. Juwal Publications.
8252:The Myth of Elizabeth.
8108:. London: Bloomsbury.
7892:MacCaffrey, Wallace T.
7816:. Palgrave Macmillan.
7812:Beem, Charles (2011).
7765:Wilson, Derek (1981),
6979:, Dodd, Mead & Co.
6958:Black, J. B. (1945) ,
5082:Levin, Carole (1994).
4876:The Historical Journal
3371:Duke of Medina Sidonia
3246:Dates in this article
3208:Protestant Reformation
2794:Elizabeth I of England
2336:
2270:
2243:
2239:
2210:
2176:
2152:
2127:
2076:. Continuing into the
2042:
2041:or his studio, c. 1595
2031:
1988:
1837:
1728:
1659:
1613:
1594:
1579:
1525:
1506:
1435:
1311:
1268:
1230:
1187:
1184:The Procession Picture
1156:
1111:
1108:Francis, Duke of Anjou
1021:
991:Francis, Duke of Anjou
903:
844:
825:
712:
700:
642:
548:Prayers or Meditations
527:Catherine Champernowne
514:
410:Elizabeth was born at
407:
329:Sir Francis Walsingham
319:
10701:People from Greenwich
10529:Anglican prayer beads
10411:Book of Common Prayer
10368:Lambeth Quadrilateral
10219:Medieval architecture
10140:Personal ordinariates
8390:
7748:King James VI & I
7547:, London: Macmillan,
7471:The National Archives
7418:The Jamestown Project
7348:, The Phoenix Press,
7303:Hogge, Alice (2005),
7282:Haynes, Alan (1987),
7099:, London: Routledge,
7024:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636
6962:, Oxford: Clarendon,
6939:Adams, Simon (2002),
6118:United States History
5821:Levin, Carol (2016).
5255:10.1093/ref:odnb/8160
4824:Renaissance Quarterly
4291:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636
4153:16 April 2016 at the
3844:13 April 2014 at the
3327:The National Archives
3213:Royal Arms of England
2584:Henry VIII of England
2331:
2264:
2255:Further information:
2231:
2208:
2174:
2146:
2125:
2036:
2026:
1986:
1832:
1801:, became the queen's
1710:
1645:
1608:
1584:
1574:
1542:Enterprise of England
1520:
1501:
1430:
1302:
1282:. James was taken to
1263:
1225:
1182:
1151:
1105:
1048:Nicholas Throckmorton
1004:
965:Book of Common Prayer
887:
839:
816:
706:
691:
633:Elizabeth's guardian
632:
504:
424:Henry VIII of England
420:Lady Elizabeth Howard
398:Elizabeth's parents,
397:
247:and his second wife,
186:Henry VIII of England
10362:Thirty-nine Articles
10254:Apostolic succession
10130:Anglican realignment
9944:William III & II
9509:Henry the Young King
9459:Edward the Confessor
9427:Ăthelred the Unready
8760:Religious Settlement
8748:Third Succession Act
8717:Hampton Court Palace
8651:Mary, Queen of Scots
8480:Works by Elizabeth I
8462:Works by Elizabeth I
8422:More spoken articles
8191:Elizabeth of England
8148:Susan M. Felch, ed.
8130:Elizabeth I (2002).
5971:Speaking of the Moor
4174:on 30 September 2007
3839:"Venice: April 1603"
3475:Henry VII of England
3188:Early modern Britain
2976:Mary, Queen of Scots
2815:Edward VI of England
2606:James IV of Scotland
2394:Henry VII of England
2166:James VI of Scotland
1662:When the Protestant
1497:Dutch States General
1413:his circumnavigation
1239:Mary, Queen of Scots
1227:Mary, Queen of Scots
1218:Mary, Queen of Scots
1128:Southern Netherlands
1124:Henry, Duke of Anjou
787:Mary, Queen of Scots
308:Mary, Queen of Scots
304:James VI of Scotland
138:, Greenwich, England
10716:Protestant monarchs
10681:English women poets
10229:English Reformation
10172:Celtic Christianity
9892:Union of the Crowns
9216:Elizabeth the Queen
8766:Regnans in Excelsis
8732:Queen Elizabeth Oak
8712:Palace of Whitehall
8670:(Lady of the Robes)
8224:Historical Research
8038:Paranque, Estelle.
7698:, London: Pimlico,
7696:Elizabeth the Queen
7657:, London: Pimlico,
7645:Leicester's Triumph
7612:, London: Vintage,
7327:Elizabeth the Great
7204:, London: Phoenix,
7202:Catherine de Medici
6426:The Daily Telegraph
5803:Crankshaw, Edward,
5489:Chamberlin, 263â264
4929:. 4 February 2019.
4582:Elizabeth the Great
4316:(1998) . "Disc 1".
3802:on 24 December 2019
3193:English Renaissance
2822:James V of Scotland
2074:Christopher Marlowe
2070:William Shakespeare
1960:Straits of Magellan
1652:by the Grace of God
1599:St Paul's Cathedral
1452:Spanish Netherlands
1381:Fotheringhay Castle
1364:Regnans in Excelsis
1333:Regnans in Excelsis
1316:rising in the North
1247:Treaty of Edinburgh
1140:succession question
852:coronation ceremony
440:Catherine of Aragon
372:Christopher Marlowe
368:William Shakespeare
356:cult of personality
286:, whom she created
136:Palace of Placentia
10285:King James Version
10125:Anglican Communion
9976:Acts of Union 1707
9939:James II & VII
9632:Kenneth I MacAlpin
9417:Edgar the Peaceful
9146:The Virgin's Lover
8867:Bacton Altar Cloth
8674:Elizabeth Stafford
8392:
7323:Jenkins, Elizabeth
7242:Haigh, Christopher
7081:Elizabeth's Legacy
6986:Collinson, Patrick
6814:Haigh, 45â46, 177.
6580:Jessica L. Malay,
6213:(review no. 334).
6211:Reviews in History
5805:Russia and Britain
5770:Somerset, 668â669.
5419:Somerset, 607â611.
4675:10.1093/ehr/ces310
4578:Jenkins, Elizabeth
4478:Skidmore, 230â233.
4456:Somerset, 166â167.
4369:Somerset, 101â103.
4251:Walker Art Gallery
4195:Literature Compass
2801:Philip II of Spain
2271:
2211:
2177:
2153:
2128:
2066:English literature
2043:
1994:Christopher Hatton
1989:
1977:standard of living
1951:East India Company
1945:East India Company
1929:, off present-day
1838:
1803:special ambassador
1729:
1660:
1654:Queen of England,
1595:
1526:
1444:William the Silent
1436:
1376:Francis Walsingham
1312:
1304:Francis Walsingham
1231:
1212:Francis Englefield
1192:Henry IV of France
1188:
1112:
1085:Eric XIV of Sweden
1078:Foreign candidates
1022:
904:
864:bishop of Carlisle
848:triumphal progress
831:political theology
826:
780:apparent pregnancy
713:
707:The Old Palace at
701:
643:
545:'s religious work
517:Elizabeth's first
515:
472:Lord Thomas Howard
408:
10661:English Anglicans
10568:
10567:
10474:Books of Homilies
10316:Anglo-Catholicism
10249:Church of Ireland
10244:Church of England
10075:
10074:
10058:
10057:
9961:
9960:
9877:
9876:
9872:
9871:
9422:Edward the Martyr
9305:
9304:
9253:
9252:
9243:The Faerie Queene
8968:
8967:
8778:Throckmorton Plot
8722:St James's Palace
8566:
8565:
8557:Succeeded by
8466:Project Gutenberg
8388:
8334:Montrose, Louis.
8269:978-9-6592-7823-7
8243:978-0-1981-8377-8
8193:. E. P. Read and
8141:978-0-2265-0465-0
8115:978-1-4088-0880-1
8087:978-0-8806-4110-4
8048:978-0-3068-3051-8
8016:978-0-5210-2483-9
7887:(Blackwell, 1993)
7854:978-0-6708-9985-2
7823:978-0-2301-1214-8
7795:978-0-8511-5704-7
7776:978-0-2411-0149-0
7757:978-0-2246-0572-4
7738:978-0-2978-3168-6
7705:978-0-7126-7312-9
7686:978-0-3454-0786-3
7664:978-0-7126-0944-9
7619:978-0-0992-8657-8
7595:978-0-3857-2157-8
7574:978-0-2978-4650-5
7532:978-0-3000-8273-9
7480:978-1-9033-6543-4
7454:978-0-2970-0320-5
7428:978-0-6740-2474-8
7404:978-0-2977-8254-4
7377:978-0-6910-1704-4
7355:978-1-8421-2560-1
7336:978-1-8987-9970-2
7314:978-0-0071-5637-5
7295:978-0-7206-0672-0
7274:978-0-5210-1941-5
7255:978-0-5824-3754-8
7233:978-1-8411-5752-8
7211:978-0-7538-2039-1
7176:978-0-3122-3614-4
7157:978-0-7123-4802-7
7148:Queen Elizabeth I
7125:978-0-7011-7476-7
7106:978-0-4151-1969-6
7054:978-0-3336-1395-5
7031:(Subscription or
7003:978-0-1992-1356-6
6950:978-0-7190-5325-2
6567:978-0-3123-2139-0
6152:978-0-4151-5518-2
6127:978-1-2595-8409-1
5981:978-0-8122-4076-4
5942:978-0-5215-2347-9
5903:978-0-5218-4584-7
5859:978-1-3171-4661-2
5702:978-8-4843-2669-4
5665:978-0-8173-5703-0
5641:978-1-4051-6275-3
5344:Collinson, 67â68.
5261:(Subscription or
5172:978-0-7914-5551-7
5093:978-0-8122-3252-3
5028:978-1-8469-4494-9
5019:Famous Past Lives
4965:978-0-1431-1449-9
4707:978-0-1992-7121-4
4644:978-1-0012-9698-2
4616:978-9-1870-3126-7
4591:978-0-6981-0110-4
4542:Queen Elizabeth I
4329:978-0-5635-5769-2
4298:(Subscription or
4146:Somerset, 89â90.
3501:Queen Elizabeth I
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
2808:Mary I of England
2401:Elizabeth of York
2219:Westminster Abbey
2162:coded negotiation
2158:smooth succession
1956:Cape of Good Hope
1917:, extending from
1795:Anthony Jenkinson
1786:Ivan the Terrible
1782:Tsardom of Russia
1742:Gerald FitzGerald
1611:his own weakness.
1480:Anglo-Spanish War
1476:Treaty of Nonsuch
1060:Earl of Leicester
1018:Nicholas Hilliard
980:Marriage question
959:Act of Uniformity
896:Nicholas Hilliard
874:Church settlement
868:Westminster Abbey
821:and trimmed with
791:Dauphin of France
749:Wyatt's rebellion
619:William Killigrew
416:Elizabeth of York
300:Church of England
223:
222:
163:Westminster Abbey
151:, Surrey, England
10743:
10560:
10559:
10306:Nonjuring schism
10301:Caroline Divines
10152:
10102:
10095:
10088:
10079:
10078:
9967:
9966:
9927:Richard Cromwell
9917:The Protectorate
9907:James I & VI
9883:
9882:
9464:Harold Godwinson
9384:Edward the Elder
9377:Alfred the Great
9361:
9360:
9356:
9355:
9332:
9325:
9318:
9309:
9308:
9181:Roberto Devereux
9103:The Virgin Queen
9068:
9067:
8921:
8920:
8895:Pelican Portrait
8702:Greenwich Palace
8608:Queen of England
8592:
8585:
8578:
8569:
8568:
8546:Queen of England
8530:Preceded by
8520:
8513:
8512:7 September 1533
8495:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8475:Internet Archive
8458:
8434:British monarchy
8412:
8410:
8399:
8398:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8372:
8331:
8273:
8247:
8173:William Camden.
8145:
8119:
8091:
8070:
8062:
8031:Palliser, D. M.
8028:
7999:
7972:
7945:
7917:
7858:
7835:
7798:
7779:
7760:
7741:
7730:
7718:
7708:
7689:
7667:
7648:
7631:
7622:
7598:
7577:
7555:
7535:
7519:Parker, Geoffrey
7513:
7493:
7483:
7457:
7446:
7431:
7407:
7396:
7381:
7358:
7339:
7317:
7298:
7277:
7258:
7236:
7214:
7188:
7179:
7160:
7137:
7128:
7109:
7083:
7074:
7057:
7036:
7028:
7026:
7006:
6995:
6980:
6970:
6953:
6926:
6923:Elizabeth: Woman
6919:
6913:
6910:
6904:
6903:Somerset, 75â76.
6901:
6895:
6892:Elizabeth: Woman
6888:
6882:
6879:
6873:
6866:
6860:
6857:
6846:
6843:
6837:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6797:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6710:
6709:Haigh, 175, 182.
6707:
6701:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6650:
6649:Loades, 100â101.
6647:
6638:
6637:Strong, 163â164.
6635:
6629:
6628:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6547:
6541:
6538:
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6523:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6505:
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6493:
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6448:
6445:
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6418:
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6409:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6202:
6196:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6098:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6042:
6026:
6020:
6011:Mimsy.bham.ac.uk
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5887:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5812:
5801:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5771:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5577:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5526:
5525:Parker, 193â194.
5523:
5517:
5516:Wilson, 294â295.
5514:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5390:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5322:
5319:
5310:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5079:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5037:
5036:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4631:Roberts, Michael
4627:
4621:
4620:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4523:
4522:Adams, 384, 146.
4520:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4487:Wilson, 126â128.
4485:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4447:Chamberlin, 118.
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4314:Lee, Christopher
4310:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4293:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4257:on 16 April 2014
4243:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4163:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4128:Kantorowicz, ix.
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3859:
3853:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3724:
3721:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3601:Elizabeth: Woman
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3244:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3147:Biography portal
3144:
3143:
3142:
2829:Margaret Douglas
2363:Elizabeth Howard
2352:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2246:
2022:Whitehall Palace
1958:and west of the
1903:Humphrey Gilbert
1882:William Harborne
1672:Peregrine Bertie
1484:Treaty of London
1472:siege of Antwerp
1330:in 1570, titled
1272:Lochleven Castle
1097:Prince Frederick
1015:
1012:
970:1552 prayer book
951:Act of Supremacy
931:House of Commons
891:Pelican Portrait
805:on 17 November.
773:Henry Bedingfeld
761:Stephen Gardiner
572:, a treatise by
512:
432:heir presumptive
412:Greenwich Palace
322:
292:supreme governor
230:Queen of England
219:
133:7 September 1533
69:Queen of England
62:
59:
53:Darnley Portrait
48:
36:
35:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10731:Reputed virgins
10571:
10570:
10569:
10564:
10554:
10548:
10492:
10463:Liturgical year
10392:
10325:
10311:Oxford Movement
10153:
10144:
10111:
10106:
10076:
10071:
10054:
9981:
9957:
9922:Oliver Cromwell
9898:
9873:
9868:
9715:Constantine III
9624:
9449:Harold Harefoot
9439:Edmund Ironside
9350:
9345: and
9336:
9306:
9301:
9279:
9249:
9230:
9195:
9165:The Fairy-Queen
9152:
9125:
9057:
9039:
8964:
8941:
8912:
8907:Armada Portrait
8881:
8853:
8795:
8736:
8727:Richmond Palace
8690:
8656:
8615:
8601:
8596:
8562:
8553:
8541:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8488:
8426:
8425:
8414:
8408:
8406:
8403:This audio file
8400:
8393:
8384:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8362:
8348:Watkins, John.
8270:
8244:
8212:
8189:Clapham, John.
8184:Wayback Machine
8142:
8126:
8116:
8088:
8017:
7988:
7961:
7934:
7906:
7883:Jones, Norman.
7855:
7824:
7807:
7805:Further reading
7802:
7796:
7783:
7777:
7764:
7758:
7745:
7739:
7722:
7712:
7706:
7687:
7665:
7652:
7639:
7626:
7620:
7602:
7596:
7581:
7575:
7561:Skidmore, Chris
7559:
7539:
7533:
7517:
7497:
7487:
7481:
7461:
7455:
7435:
7429:
7411:
7405:
7387:Kenyon, John P.
7385:
7378:
7362:
7356:
7343:
7337:
7321:
7315:
7302:
7296:
7281:
7275:
7262:
7256:
7240:
7234:
7218:
7212:
7196:
7183:
7177:
7164:
7158:
7145:
7132:
7126:
7107:
7091:
7078:
7061:
7055:
7040:
7030:
7010:
7004:
6984:
6974:
6957:
6951:
6938:
6934:
6929:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6889:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6867:
6863:
6858:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:Black, 408â409.
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6604:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6548:
6544:
6540:Black, 410â411.
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
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6410:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:Black, 239â245.
6359:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6333:Neale, 383â384.
6332:
6328:
6324:Black, 192â194.
6323:
6319:
6310:
6306:
6302:See Neale, 382.
6301:
6297:
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6279:
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6181:
6177:Black, 355â356.
6176:
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6139:
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6128:
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6096:
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6040:Wayback Machine
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5756:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5734:Haigh, 143â144.
5733:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5692:Elliott, J. H.
5691:
5687:
5678:
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4836:10.2307/2861792
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4155:Wayback Machine
4145:
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3846:Wayback Machine
3837:
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3521:As Elizabeth's
3520:
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3307:
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3262:
3258:
3252:Julian calendar
3245:
3241:
3236:
3175:Monarchy portal
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3135:
2836:Frances Brandon
2780:Catherine Carey
2341:
2283:Napoleonic Wars
2276:Godfrey Goodman
2259:
2253:
2189:Richmond Palace
2141:
2082:Elizabethan era
1998:Robert Devereux
1972:
1964:James Lancaster
1947:
1899:
1858:Ahmad al-Mansur
1827:
1799:Muscovy Company
1789:asked to marry
1778:
1766:Robert Devereux
1754:Nine Years' War
1705:
1699:
1640:
1591:Armada Portrait
1534:successful raid
1515:
1456:Catholic League
1433:Levina Teerlinc
1425:
1393:
1385:William Davison
1342:excommunication
1297:
1284:Stirling Castle
1220:
1165:
1080:
1064:Lettice Knollys
1013:
999:
982:
882:
876:
862:, the Catholic
860:Owen Oglethorpe
811:
753:Tower of London
738:Philip of Spain
686:
684:Reign of Mary I
678:Robert Tyrwhitt
639:sexually abused
627:
611:Irish languages
535:William Grindal
392:
360:Elizabethan era
165:
160:
149:Richmond Palace
147:
134:
101:15 January 1559
90:
81:
63:
60:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10749:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10691:House of Tudor
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
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10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
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10547:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10500:
10498:
10497:Related topics
10494:
10493:
10491:
10490:
10477:
10470:
10468:Biblical canon
10465:
10460:
10458:Evening Prayer
10451:
10446:
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9866:
9861:
9856:
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9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9818:Edward Balliol
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
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9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
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9727:
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9717:
9712:
9707:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9678:Constantine II
9675:
9670:
9663:
9656:
9649:
9642:
9635:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9606:
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9529:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9505:
9500:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9470:Edgar Ătheling
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
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9424:
9419:
9414:
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9334:
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9232:
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9185:
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9158:
9154:
9153:
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9133:
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9127:
9126:
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9123:
9115:
9107:
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9091:
9083:
9074:
9072:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9041:
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9038:
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9031:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9007:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8983:
8976:
8974:
8970:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8956:
8953:Tilbury Speech
8949:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8925:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8891:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8879:
8877:Royal Gold Cup
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8805:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8790:Spanish Armada
8787:
8784:Babington Plot
8781:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8757:
8751:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8707:Hatfield House
8704:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8641:(half-brother)
8636:
8630:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8595:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8572:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8555:
8542:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8525:Regnal titles
8522:
8521:
8504:House of Tudor
8501:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8477:
8468:
8459:
8445:
8436:
8415:
8401:
8394:
8382:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:External links
8363:
8361:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8332:
8312:10.1086/238230
8306:(3): 236â240.
8295:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8268:
8255:
8248:
8242:
8227:
8220:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8187:
8171:
8156:William Camden
8153:
8146:
8140:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8114:
8101:
8095:Wernham, R. B.
8092:
8086:
8071:
8051:
8036:
8029:
8015:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7986:
7973:
7959:
7946:
7932:
7904:
7888:
7881:
7876:Hodges, J. P.
7874:
7859:
7853:
7845:Viking Penguin
7836:
7822:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7794:
7781:
7775:
7762:
7756:
7743:
7737:
7720:
7710:
7704:
7691:
7685:
7669:
7663:
7650:
7641:Strong, Roy C.
7637:
7624:
7618:
7604:Starkey, David
7600:
7594:
7579:
7573:
7557:
7537:
7531:
7515:
7495:
7485:
7479:
7459:
7453:
7433:
7427:
7409:
7403:
7383:
7376:
7360:
7354:
7341:
7335:
7319:
7313:
7300:
7294:
7288:, Peter Owen,
7279:
7273:
7260:
7254:
7238:
7232:
7216:
7210:
7198:Frieda, Leonie
7194:
7181:
7175:
7162:
7156:
7143:
7130:
7124:
7111:
7105:
7089:
7076:
7059:
7053:
7038:
7008:
7002:
6982:
6972:
6955:
6949:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6914:
6905:
6896:
6883:
6874:
6861:
6859:Somerset, 727.
6847:
6838:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6805:Somerset, 102.
6798:
6789:
6787:, p. 487.
6777:
6775:Loades, 46â50.
6768:
6759:
6750:
6741:
6732:
6723:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6691:, p. 488.
6681:
6672:
6663:
6661:Somerset, 726.
6651:
6639:
6630:
6598:
6596:, p. 486.
6586:
6573:
6566:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6515:
6506:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6413:
6401:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6304:
6295:
6293:Lacey, 117â120
6286:
6277:
6268:
6259:
6246:
6244:Collinson, 89.
6237:
6228:
6197:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6158:
6151:
6133:
6126:
6108:
6106:Kupperman, 41.
6099:
6097:Kupperman, 40.
6090:
6066:
6057:
6055:Kupperman, 39.
6043:
6021:
5999:
5980:
5960:
5941:
5921:
5902:
5877:
5858:
5838:
5831:
5813:
5793:
5791:Loades, 98â99.
5784:
5772:
5763:
5761:Somerset, 668.
5754:
5745:
5743:Somerset, 667.
5736:
5727:
5718:
5706:
5685:
5669:
5655:Hampden, John
5648:
5640:
5622:
5620:Somerset, 655.
5613:
5601:
5592:
5578:
5569:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5478:Thomas Heneage
5469:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5371:Loades, 78â79.
5364:
5355:
5353:Collinson, 68.
5346:
5337:
5335:Collinson, 67.
5323:
5311:
5298:
5286:
5284:Loades, 72â73.
5277:
5268:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5178:
5171:
5153:
5099:
5092:
5069:
5038:
5027:
5009:
4983:
4964:
4944:
4918:
4909:
4882:(2): 257â274.
4866:
4857:
4814:
4805:
4796:
4783:
4757:
4755:Somerset, 408.
4748:
4739:
4737:Loades, 53â54.
4730:
4721:
4706:
4688:
4650:
4643:
4622:
4615:
4597:
4590:
4569:
4555:
4546:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4408:History Review
4398:
4389:
4380:
4371:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4328:
4305:
4267:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4185:
4158:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4091:
4082:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4037:
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3992:
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3786:
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3725:
3713:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3650:
3648:Somerset, 4â5.
3641:
3632:
3623:
3621:Somerset, 729.
3614:
3605:
3589:
3559:
3555:Hatfield House
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:Nicholas Bacon
3514:
3505:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3420:
3416:William Camden
3407:
3397:
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3179:
3178:
3164:
3161:England portal
3150:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3119:James VI and I
3116:
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2599:Margaret Tudor
2596:
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2360:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2252:
2249:
2149:Paul Delaroche
2140:
2137:
2105:Edmund Spenser
2056:Edmund Spenser
2006:Roderigo Lopes
1971:
1968:
1946:
1943:
1939:Roanoke Colony
1931:North Carolina
1927:Roanoke Island
1907:Walter Raleigh
1898:
1895:
1874:Levant Company
1870:Ottoman Empire
1852:ban. In 1600,
1842:Barbary states
1826:
1823:
1777:
1774:
1770:Charles Blount
1746:Edmund Spenser
1734:scorched-earth
1727:in submission.
1719:and the other
1701:Main article:
1698:
1695:
1658:, and Ireland"
1639:
1636:
1627:Counter Armada
1622:English Armada
1604:Walter Raleigh
1587:Spanish Armada
1514:
1513:Spanish Armada
1511:
1492:a protectorate
1424:
1421:
1392:
1389:
1372:Babington Plot
1306:, Elizabeth's
1296:
1295:Catholic cause
1293:
1219:
1216:
1164:
1161:
1079:
1076:
1072:Spanish Armada
998:
995:
987:Thomas Seymour
981:
978:
935:House of Lords
878:Main article:
875:
872:
810:
807:
799:Hatfield House
795:Count of Feria
709:Hatfield House
685:
682:
674:Hatfield House
670:Lady Jane Grey
626:
625:Thomas Seymour
623:
588:Lambeth Palace
543:Catherine Parr
523:Margaret Bryan
507:William Scrots
444:Thomas Cranmer
391:
388:
384:Spanish Armada
380:Walter Raleigh
345:war with Spain
320:video et taceo
288:Baron Burghley
269:Lady Jane Grey
238:House of Tudor
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
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40:
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10340:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10322:
10321:Modern Church
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
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9895:
9893:
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9884:
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9857:
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9819:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9793:
9791:
9790:Alexander III
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
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9671:
9669:
9668:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9646:Constantine I
9643:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9621:
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9616:
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9607:
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9504:
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9457:
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9447:
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9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9357:
9353:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9328:
9326:
9321:
9319:
9314:
9313:
9310:
9298:
9297:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9270:Stuart period
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9225:
9224:Elizabeth Rex
9221:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9190:
9186:
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9128:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9108:
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9054:
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9048:
9046:
9042:
9035:
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9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8971:
8960:
8959:Golden Speech
8957:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8922:
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8915:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8872:Chequers Ring
8870:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
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8812:
8810:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8791:
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8785:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8773:
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8758:
8755:
8752:
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8728:
8725:
8723:
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8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8668:Lady Stafford
8666:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8652:
8649:
8647:(half-sister)
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8613:
8609:
8604:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8586:
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8579:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8528:
8523:
8519:24 March 1603
8518:
8511:
8506:
8505:
8496:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8404:
8358:
8354:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8343:History Today
8340:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8275:
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8265:
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8228:
8225:
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8022:
8018:
8012:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7983:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7960:0-6911-0112-4
7956:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7933:0-6910-5168-2
7929:
7925:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7905:0-3405-6167-X
7901:
7898:. E. Arnold.
7897:
7893:
7889:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7871:0-3757-0820-0
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7833:
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7753:
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7707:
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7697:
7692:
7688:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7587:
7586:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7463:Loades, David
7460:
7456:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7438:
7437:Lacey, Robert
7434:
7430:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7149:
7144:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7039:
7034:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6987:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6936:
6924:
6918:
6912:Edwards, 205.
6909:
6900:
6893:
6887:
6878:
6871:
6865:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6842:
6835:
6829:
6823:Black, 14â15.
6820:
6811:
6802:
6793:
6786:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6754:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6718:
6716:
6706:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6656:
6646:
6644:
6634:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6595:
6590:
6583:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6537:
6528:
6519:
6513:Willson, 155.
6510:
6504:Willson, 154.
6501:
6499:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6444:
6435:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6408:
6406:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6314:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6281:
6275:Hammer, 1, 9.
6272:
6263:
6256:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6192:
6183:
6174:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6079:. p. 353
6078:
6077:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5925:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5832:9781315440712
5828:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5788:
5779:
5777:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5617:
5608:
5606:
5596:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5532:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5495:
5486:
5480:. Loades, 94.
5479:
5473:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5416:
5407:
5398:
5396:
5386:
5377:
5368:
5362:Guy, 483â484.
5359:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5293:
5291:
5281:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5021:. John Hunt.
5020:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4812:Haigh, 22â23.
4809:
4803:Haigh, 20â21.
4800:
4793:
4787:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4655:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4607:Vasadöttrarna
4601:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4351:Somerset, 77.
4348:
4339:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4109:
4105:
4104:www.bbc.co.uk
4101:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4062:Somerset, 66.
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4026:Somerset, 51.
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3990:Loades 24â25.
3987:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3826:
3820:Somerset, 25.
3817:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3723:Loades, 8â10.
3720:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3681:Somerset, 10.
3678:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3309:
3302:
3301:Reginald Pole
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3151:
3148:
3137:
3123:
3120:
3064:
3062:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2938:
2926:
2924:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2532:
2530:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2472:
2470:
2458:
2456:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Pope Sixtus V
2314:
2312:
2311:Francis Bacon
2308:
2305:regarded the
2302:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:Victorian era
2284:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:Faerie Queene
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:Golden Speech
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Sublime Porte
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1825:Muslim states
1822:
1819:
1818:Boris Godunov
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Mary Hastings
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1523:Francis Drake
1519:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Francis Drake
1406:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:Arthur Dudley
1199:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:William Cecil
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:Robert Dudley
1019:
1008:
1003:
997:Robert Dudley
994:
992:
988:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
911:
909:
901:
897:
893:
892:
886:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
838:
836:
832:
824:
820:
815:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
740:, the son of
739:
734:
730:
726:
725:privy council
722:
718:
710:
705:
698:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
640:
636:
631:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
556:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
508:
503:
499:
497:
493:
492:heir apparent
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
401:
396:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:Francis Drake
373:
369:
365:
364:English drama
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
316:
311:
309:
306:, the son of
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:William Cecil
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
218:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:28 April 1603
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
91:24 March 1603
88:
84:
79:
74:
70:
66:
55:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
10488:Broad church
10486: /
10482: /
10472:
10456: /
10449:Anglican Use
10409:
10360:
10283:
10263:
10066:
10045:Elizabeth II
9973:
9889:
9816:
9794:
9785:Alexander II
9702:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9637:
9630:
9619:
9612:
9601:
9524:
9507:
9495:
9468:
9431:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9294:
9287:
9265:Tudor period
9242:
9223:
9215:
9207:
9188:
9180:
9172:
9164:
9145:
9137:
9118:
9110:
9102:
9094:
9086:
9078:
8809:Architecture
8772:Ridolfi Plot
8686:Aura Soltana
8682:(Apothecary)
8598:
8544:
8535:
8516:
8509:
8502:
8499:Elizabeth I
8356:
8349:
8342:
8335:
8303:
8299:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8259:
8251:
8232:
8223:
8216:
8195:Conyers Read
8190:
8175:
8159:
8149:
8131:
8105:
8097:
8076:
8064:
8039:
8032:
8006:
7977:
7950:
7923:
7895:
7884:
7877:
7862:
7861:Dunn, Jane.
7843:. New York:
7840:
7813:
7785:
7766:
7747:
7726:
7714:
7695:
7676:
7673:Weir, Alison
7654:
7644:
7628:
7608:
7584:
7564:
7544:
7541:Rowse, A. L.
7522:
7502:
7499:Neale, J. E.
7489:
7466:
7442:
7417:
7392:
7367:
7345:
7326:
7304:
7284:
7264:
7245:
7223:
7201:
7185:
7166:
7147:
7134:
7115:
7096:
7093:Doran, Susan
7080:
7063:
7043:
7012:
6991:
6976:
6959:
6940:
6922:
6917:
6908:
6899:
6891:
6886:
6877:
6869:
6864:
6841:
6833:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6796:Hogge, 9â10.
6792:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6705:
6696:
6684:
6675:
6670:Strong, 164.
6666:
6633:
6611:
6601:
6589:
6581:
6576:
6552:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6434:
6424:
6416:
6392:. Retrieved
6383:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6338:
6329:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6284:Hammer, 9â10
6280:
6271:
6266:Hammer, 1â2.
6262:
6254:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6219:. Retrieved
6210:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6173:
6142:
6136:
6117:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6081:. Retrieved
6075:
6069:
6060:
6029:Tate Gallery
6024:
6009:Collections
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5970:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5931:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5892:
5868:. Retrieved
5848:
5841:
5822:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5787:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5656:
5651:
5631:
5625:
5616:
5595:
5572:
5551:
5542:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5498:Parker, 193.
5494:
5485:
5472:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5415:
5406:
5389:Frieda, 191.
5385:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5306:
5301:
5280:
5271:
5244:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5162:
5156:
5144:. Retrieved
5122:(1): 57â76.
5119:
5115:
5083:
5060:. Retrieved
5032:
5018:
5012:
5000:. Retrieved
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4954:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4921:
4912:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4860:
4830:(1): 30â74.
4827:
4823:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4774:. Retrieved
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4728:Frieda, 397.
4724:
4697:
4691:
4666:
4662:
4634:
4625:
4606:
4600:
4581:
4572:
4553:Wilson, 303.
4549:
4541:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4410:(67): 15â20.
4407:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4318:
4308:
4279:
4259:, retrieved
4255:the original
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4172:the original
4161:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3947:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3873:
3865:
3862:Stoyle, Mark
3857:
3849:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3800:the original
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3768:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3711:, p. 7.
3704:
3695:
3690:Loades, 7â8.
3686:
3677:
3672:Loades, 6â7.
3668:
3659:
3653:
3644:
3639:Loades, 3â5.
3635:
3630:Somerset, 4.
3626:
3617:
3608:
3600:
3580:. Retrieved
3571:
3562:
3549:
3517:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3410:
3400:
3387:
3378:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3334:
3317:
3308:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3242:
3228:Tudor period
2793:
2332:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2280:
2272:
2240:
2232:
2212:
2193:
2185:Lady Knollys
2178:
2154:
2129:
2086:
2078:Jacobean era
2059:
2051:
2044:
2027:
2014:price-fixing
2010:
2002:Robert Cecil
1990:
1973:
1948:
1900:
1867:
1839:
1814:Jerome Bowes
1807:
1779:
1762:Hugh O'Neill
1751:
1730:
1725:Henry Sidney
1684:
1669:
1661:
1631:John Norreys
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1575:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1507:
1502:
1488:
1440:Dutch rebels
1437:
1394:
1368:Ridolfi Plot
1363:
1362:
1331:
1313:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1232:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1113:
1081:
1056:
1023:
983:
964:
947:Supreme Head
928:
912:
905:
889:
845:
840:
835:body politic
827:
784:
777:
757:Simon Renard
746:
714:
667:
659:
644:
595:Roger Ascham
592:
577:
563:
555:Pro Marcello
553:
546:
516:
484:Jane Seymour
480:
409:
349:
312:
281:
253:illegitimate
242:
225:
224:
51:
33:
10596:1603 deaths
10591:1533 births
10581:Elizabeth I
10519:Monasticism
10354:Holy Spirit
10264:Elizabeth I
10109:Anglicanism
10050:Charles III
10035:Edward VIII
9765:Alexander I
9745:Malcolm III
9720:Kenneth III
9620:Elizabeth I
9582:Richard III
8973:Parliaments
8887:Portraiture
8680:Hugh Morgan
8633:Anne Boleyn
8614:(1558â1603)
8599:Elizabeth I
8439:Elizabeth I
8430:Elizabeth I
7896:Elizabeth I
7585:Elizabeth I
7246:Elizabeth I
6992:Elizabeth I
6932:Works cited
6785:Weir (1999)
6748:Kenyon, 207
6739:Haigh, 182.
6730:Haigh, 175.
6689:Weir (1999)
6679:Haigh, 170.
6594:Weir (1999)
6531:Black, 411.
6522:Neale, 385.
6483:Black, 410.
6474:Loades, 97.
6465:Loades, 93.
6456:Haigh, 179.
6447:Haigh, 171.
6411:Loades, 92.
6394:25 February
6369:Haigh, 176.
6351:Black, 239.
6342:Loades, 86.
6186:Black, 355.
6168:Haigh, 155.
6064:Nicoll, 96.
6033:Tate.org.uk
5807:, Collins,
5782:Loades, 98.
5752:Loades, 55.
5725:Haigh, 143.
5716:Haigh, 142.
5611:Haigh, 183.
5599:Haigh, 145.
5590:Black, 353.
5567:Neale, 300.
5555:Black, 349.
5546:Loades, 64.
5537:Haigh, 138.
5431:Haigh, 135.
5401:Loades, 61.
5321:McGrath, 69
5296:Loades, 73.
5233:Loades, 68.
5224:Loades, 67.
5215:Haigh, 132.
5197:Haigh, 131.
5188:Guy, 96â97.
4958:. Penguin.
4746:Loades, 54.
4669:(530): 43.
4429:Wilson, 95.
4396:Loades, 39.
4378:Loades, 38.
4342:Loades, 46.
4236:Loades, xv.
4201:(1): 1â12.
4114:15 November
4080:Loades, 33.
4053:Loades, 32.
4035:Loades, 29.
4017:Loades, 28.
3999:Loades, 27.
3940:Weir (1997)
3899:Loades, 14.
3877:Loades, 11.
3829:Loades, 21.
3709:Weir (1997)
3612:Neale, 386.
3523:Lord Keeper
3250:are in the
2561:Anne Boleyn
2554:Mary Boleyn
2339:Family tree
2326:Christendom
2295:A. L. Rowse
2293:(1934) and
2291:J. E. Neale
1970:Later years
1919:New England
1423:Netherlands
1346:treasonable
1324:Pope Pius V
1173:iconography
1068:Susan Doran
1014: 1575
819:Tudor roses
637:, may have
615:Mark Stoyle
428:Anne Boleyn
404:Anne Boleyn
341:Netherlands
249:Anne Boleyn
226:Elizabeth I
206:Anglicanism
196:Anne Boleyn
106:Predecessor
61: 1575
39:Elizabeth I
10575:Categories
10373:Sacraments
10224:Henry VIII
10184:Ăthelberht
10117:Communions
10025:Edward VII
10015:William IV
10005:George III
9934:Charles II
9829:Robert III
9775:Malcolm IV
9750:Donald III
9725:Malcolm II
9710:Kenneth II
9592:Henry VIII
9552:Richard II
9547:Edward III
9481:William II
9454:Harthacnut
9208:Henry VIII
9138:Kenilworth
9095:Young Bess
9063:Depictions
9045:Succession
8834:Literature
8824:Government
8754:Coronation
8627:Henry VIII
8554:1558â1603
8418:Audio help
8409:2015-06-20
7987:0691031886
7469:, London:
7044:King James
7035:required.)
6881:Loades, 1.
6845:Haigh, 42.
6492:Croft, 48.
6384:Five Books
5992:22 October
5953:22 October
5914:22 October
5870:3 February
5380:Guy, 1â11.
5305:Williams,
5265:required.)
5034:abdomen...
4916:Haigh, 24.
4864:Haigh, 23.
4567:Haigh, 17.
4387:Haigh, 19.
4360:Black, 10.
4302:required.)
4227:Neale, 70.
4178:26 October
4089:Neale, 59.
4071:Neale, 53.
4044:Neale, 49.
4008:Neale, 45.
3976:22 January
3951:Neale, 33.
3917:Neale, 32.
3542:References
2334:frustrate.
2322:the Empire
1935:John White
1715:chieftain
1711:The Irish
1554:Gravelines
1550:fire ships
1354:seminaries
1350:missionary
1089:Henry VIII
1007:miniatures
733:Protestant
663:Kat Ashley
576:, and the
400:Henry VIII
390:Early life
265:Protestant
245:Henry VIII
97:Coronation
10378:Eucharist
10291:Charles I
10259:Edward VI
10209:Hygeberht
10040:George VI
10010:George IV
10000:George II
9912:Charles I
9894:from 1603
9844:James III
9824:Robert II
9780:William I
9755:Duncan II
9683:Malcolm I
9673:Donald II
9597:Edward VI
9587:Henry VII
9572:Edward IV
9542:Edward II
9532:Henry III
9515:Richard I
9476:William I
9397:Ăthelstan
9296:James I â
9111:Elizabeth
8859:Inventory
8839:Ministers
8695:Locations
8661:Household
8639:Edward VI
8328:144764596
7969:22365258M
7942:22365254M
7832:25553298M
7553:181656553
7501:(1954) ,
7325:(1967) ,
7220:Guy, John
6834:Elizabeth
6832:Williams
6313:Elizabeth
6311:Williams
5206:Guy, 115.
5146:10 August
5136:2352-6963
4852:164188105
4716:844083309
4683:0013-8266
4580:(1959) .
4215:1741-4113
3928:Elizabeth
3926:Williams
3908:Haigh, 8.
3806:9 January
3779:9 January
3748:9 January
3582:31 August
3537:Citations
2990:Jane Grey
2227:John Stow
2215:Whitehall
2132:courtiers
2117:cosmetics
2089:Belphoebe
2048:John Lyly
1923:Carolinas
1901:In 1583,
1886:Murad III
1723:kneel to
1562:North Sea
1530:Caribbean
1486:in 1604.
1460:Joinville
1358:martyrdom
1326:issued a
1308:spymaster
1163:Virginity
1144:prorogued
1035:favourite
974:recusancy
924:vestments
809:Accession
803:Mary died
769:Woodstock
519:governess
352:virginity
261:Edward VI
212:Signature
116:Successor
10514:Ministry
10509:Heraldry
10331:Theology
10204:Paulinus
10030:George V
10020:Victoria
9995:George I
9864:James VI
9849:James IV
9839:James II
9812:David II
9807:Robert I
9796:Margaret
9730:Duncan I
9639:Donald I
9577:Edward V
9567:Henry VI
9557:Henry IV
9537:Edward I
9503:Henry II
9402:Edmund I
9391:Ălfweard
9349:monarchs
9343:Scottish
9289:â Mary I
9189:Gloriana
8946:Speeches
8917:Writings
8653:(cousin)
8635:(mother)
8629:(father)
8484:LibriVox
8420: ·
8180:Archived
8168:59210072
8057:(1911).
8025:7714150M
7996:1553610M
7914:1396177M
7894:(1993).
7675:(1997),
7606:(2001),
7563:(2010),
7543:(1950),
7521:(2000),
7465:(2003),
7439:(1971),
7415:(2007),
7389:(1983),
7366:(1997).
7244:(2000),
7222:(2004),
7200:(2005),
7095:(1996),
6988:(2007),
6921:Starkey
6890:Starkey
6868:Hogge, 9
6625:24223816
6388:Archived
6255:Monarchy
6215:Archived
6036:Archived
6014:Archived
5986:Archived
5947:Archived
5908:Archived
5864:Archived
5140:Archived
5062:1 August
5056:Archived
5002:1 August
4996:Archived
4976:1 August
4970:Archived
4937:1 August
4931:Archived
4904:55555610
4792:Monarchy
4770:Archived
4633:(1968).
4511:Monarchy
4498:Monarchy
4467:Monarchy
4151:Archived
4108:Archived
3970:Archived
3886:Starkey
3842:Archived
3773:Archived
3769:Newsweek
3742:Archived
3599:Starkey
3576:Archived
3488:chivalry
3133:See also
2200:Lady Day
2113:smallpox
2097:Gloriana
1915:Virginia
1911:Virginia
1810:Feodor I
1676:Brittany
1664:Henry IV
1648:sixpence
1548:English
1401:Huguenot
1397:Le Havre
1288:Langside
1280:James VI
1276:abdicate
1266:falsely.
1243:Margaret
1235:Scotland
1136:smallpox
1005:Pair of
916:Puritans
908:crucifix
856:John Dee
729:Catholic
607:Scottish
574:Plutarch
570:Boethius
273:Catholic
267:cousin,
202:Religion
10454:Morning
10402:worship
10398:Liturgy
10339:Trinity
10279:James I
10234:Cranmer
10159:History
9948:Mary II
9854:James V
9834:James I
9770:David I
9735:Macbeth
9667:Eochaid
9562:Henry V
9497:Matilda
9491:Stephen
9486:Henry I
9347:British
9341:,
9339:English
9258:Related
8849:Theatre
8829:Leisure
8819:Fashion
8612:Ireland
8560:James I
8550:Ireland
8473:at the
8450:at the
8407: (
8378:minutes
8338:(2006).
8320:1872838
8254:(2003).
8203:1350639
8100:(1966).
6968:5077207
6253:Doran,
6221:19 July
5811:series.
5307:Norfolk
4896:2639984
4844:2861792
4790:Doran,
4776:19 July
4540:Doran,
4509:Doran,
4496:Doran,
4465:Doran,
4261:29 July
3890:, p. 69
3323:coroner
2235:obsequy
2093:Astraea
2052:Euphues
1921:to the
1897:America
1846:Morocco
1740:led by
1738:Munster
1717:O'Neale
1697:Ireland
1646:Silver
1566:Tilbury
1558:Spanish
1468:channel
1464:Spanish
1338:heretic
1198:swell.
1154:happen.
1040:inquest
900:pelican
846:As her
655:Chelsea
603:Cornish
584:Tacitus
496:chrisom
315:mottoes
234:Ireland
120:James I
78:more...
73:Ireland
10388:Saints
10344:Father
10274:Hooker
10269:Parker
9859:Mary I
9740:Lulach
9704:AmlaĂb
9698:Cuilén
9688:Indulf
9614:Philip
9609:Mary I
9412:Eadwig
9407:Eadred
9245:(1590)
9235:Poetry
9226:(2000)
9218:(1930)
9210:(1613)
9191:(1953)
9183:(1837)
9175:(1815)
9167:(1692)
9157:Operas
9148:(2004)
9140:(1821)
9130:Novels
9121:(2007)
9113:(1998)
9105:(1955)
9097:(1953)
9089:(1939)
9081:(1912)
9036:(1601)
9030:(1597)
9024:(1593)
9018:(1589)
9012:(1586)
9006:(1584)
9000:(1572)
8994:(1571)
8988:(1562)
8982:(1558)
8961:(1601)
8955:(1588)
8938:(1571)
8924:Poetry
8909:(1588)
8903:(1579)
8897:(1575)
8792:(1588)
8786:(1586)
8780:(1583)
8774:(1571)
8768:(1570)
8762:(1559)
8756:(1559)
8750:(1543)
8741:Events
8645:Mary I
8620:Family
8539:Philip
8533:Mary I
8515:
8352:(2002)
8326:
8318:
8266:
8240:
8201:
8166:
8138:
8112:
8084:
8046:
8023:
8013:
7994:
7984:
7967:
7957:
7940:
7930:
7912:
7902:
7869:
7851:
7830:
7820:
7792:
7773:
7754:
7735:
7702:
7683:
7661:
7616:
7592:
7571:
7551:
7529:
7511:220518
7509:
7477:
7451:
7425:
7401:
7374:
7352:
7333:
7311:
7292:
7271:
7252:
7230:
7208:
7173:
7154:
7122:
7103:
7072:705685
7070:
7051:
7029:
7000:
6966:
6947:
6925:, 6â7.
6623:
6564:
6315:, 208.
6257:, 216.
6149:
6124:
5978:
5939:
5900:
5856:
5829:
5704:, 333.
5700:
5667:, 254.
5663:
5638:
5309:, 174.
5259:
5169:
5134:
5090:
5025:
4962:
4902:
4894:
4850:
4842:
4714:
4704:
4681:
4641:
4613:
4588:
4513:, 212.
4326:
4296:
4213:
3393:Ulster
2251:Legacy
2223:hearse
2151:, 1828
1776:Russia
1713:Gaelic
1656:France
1638:France
1417:piracy
1411:after
1405:Calais
1208:Madrid
1138:, the
1120:Valois
955:heresy
898:. The
823:ermine
697:Philip
693:Mary I
609:, and
579:Annals
562:, the
560:Cicero
488:Edward
474:; and
458:; and
333:France
192:Mother
182:Father
156:Burial
110:Mary I
27:, and
10524:Music
10189:Edwin
9760:Edgar
9660:Giric
9526:Louis
9433:Sweyn
9200:Plays
8844:Music
8801:Reign
8517:Died:
8510:Born:
8324:S2CID
8316:JSTOR
6836:, 50.
6083:2 May
4900:S2CID
4892:JSTOR
4848:S2CID
4840:JSTOR
4794:, 87.
4544:, 61.
4500:, 45.
4469:, 44.
3930:, 24.
3405:men".
3340:Guise
3234:Notes
2267:putti
2221:on a
2164:with
2139:Death
2109:icons
1850:papal
1758:Spain
1721:kerns
1691:Rouen
1680:Craon
1538:CĂĄdiz
1052:peers
1016:, by
963:1559
866:, in
599:Welsh
539:Latin
531:Dutch
513:1546.
337:Spain
176:Tudor
171:House
86:Reign
10480:High
10442:1979
10437:1962
10432:1928
10427:1662
10422:1552
10417:1549
10400:and
10383:Mary
10296:Laud
10214:Bede
10194:Offa
9990:Anne
9953:Anne
9946:and
9802:John
9611:and
9603:Jane
9520:John
9444:Cnut
9071:Film
9034:10th
8610:and
8548:and
8264:ISBN
8238:ISBN
8199:OCLC
8164:OCLC
8136:ISBN
8110:ISBN
8082:ISBN
8044:ISBN
8011:ISBN
7982:ISBN
7955:ISBN
7928:ISBN
7900:ISBN
7867:ISBN
7849:ISBN
7818:ISBN
7790:ISBN
7771:ISBN
7752:ISBN
7733:ISBN
7700:ISBN
7681:ISBN
7659:ISBN
7614:ISBN
7590:ISBN
7569:ISBN
7549:OCLC
7527:ISBN
7507:OCLC
7475:ISBN
7449:ISBN
7423:ISBN
7399:ISBN
7372:ISBN
7350:ISBN
7331:ISBN
7309:ISBN
7290:ISBN
7269:ISBN
7250:ISBN
7228:ISBN
7206:ISBN
7171:ISBN
7152:ISBN
7120:ISBN
7101:ISBN
7068:OCLC
7049:ISBN
6998:ISBN
6964:OCLC
6945:ISBN
6894:, 7.
6621:OCLC
6562:ISBN
6558:viii
6396:2019
6223:2017
6147:ISBN
6122:ISBN
6085:2010
5994:2020
5976:ISBN
5955:2020
5937:ISBN
5916:2020
5898:ISBN
5872:2019
5854:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5661:ISBN
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