1914:. It is a method of teaching that revolves around using analogies in the classroom to better explain topics. She thought of the idea to use analogies as a part of curriculum because she was observing objects once and she said, "my mind was noting what else each object reminded me of..." This led her to teach with the question, "what does remind you of?" The idea of comparing subjects and concepts led to the development of The Private Eye Project as a method of teaching. The program is designed to build critical thinking skills with analogies as one of the main themes revolving around it. While Glynn focuses on using analogies to teach science, The Private Eye Project can be used for any subject including writing, math, art, social studies, and invention. It is now used by thousands of schools around the country.
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Step one is introducing the new topic that is about to be taught and giving some general knowledge on the subject. Step two is reviewing the concept that the students already know to ensure they have the proper knowledge to assess the similarities between the two concepts. Step three is finding relevant features within the analogy of the two concepts. Step four is finding similarities between the two concepts so students are able to compare and contrast them in order to understand. Step five is indicating where the analogy breaks down between the two concepts. And finally, step six is drawing a conclusion about the analogy and comparing the new material with the already learned material. Typically this method is used to learn topics in science.
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are more familiar with. It may help to create or clarify one theory (or theoretical model) via the workings of another theory (or theoretical model). Thus an analogy, as used in teaching, would be comparing a topic that students are already familiar with, with a new topic that is being introduced, so that students can get a better understanding of the new topic by relating back to existing knowledge. This can be particularly helpful when the analogy serves across different disciplines: indeed, there are various teaching innovations now emerging that use sight-based analogies for teaching and research across subjects such as science and the humanities.
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cognitive development as continuing to focus on specific objects would reduce children's ability to learn abstract patterns and reason analogically. Interestingly, some researchers have proposed that children's basic brain functions (i.e., working memory and inhibitory control) do not drive this relational shift. Instead, it is driven by their relational knowledge, such as having labels for the objects that make the relationships clearer(see previous section). However, there is not enough evidence to determine whether the relational shift is actually because basic brain functions become better or relational knowledge becomes deeper.
1744:, is a theory in psychology that describes the psychological processes involved in reasoning through, and learning from, analogies. More specifically, this theory aims to describe how familiar knowledge, or knowledge about a base domain, can be used to inform an individual's understanding of a less familiar idea, or a target domain. According to this theory, individuals view their knowledge of ideas, or domains, as interconnected structures. In other words, a domain is viewed as consisting of objects, their properties, and the relationships that characterise their interactions. The process of analogy then involves:
1557:, although lower levels can be used as well. Similarity demands that the mapping connects similar elements and relationships between source and target, at any level of abstraction. It is the highest when there are identical relations and when connected elements have many identical attributes. An analogy achieves its purpose if it helps solve the problem at hand. The multiconstraint theory faces some difficulties when there are multiple sources, but these can be overcome. Hummel and Holyoak (2005) recast the multiconstraint theory within a
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1596:. Perception is necessary for analogy, but analogy is also necessary for high-level perception. Chalmers et al. concludes that analogy actually is high-level perception. Forbus et al. (1998) claim that this is only a metaphor. It has been argued (Morrison and Dietrich 1995) that Hofstadter's and Gentner's groups do not defend opposite views, but are instead dealing with different aspects of analogy.
1032:. According to this view, analogy depends on the mapping or alignment of the elements of source and target. The mapping takes place not only between objects, but also between relations of objects and between relations of relations. The whole mapping yields the assignment of a predicate or a relation to the target. Structure mapping theory has been applied and has found considerable confirmation in
2017:"truly the kissis common both to him who kisses and to him who is kissed. If, as is properly understood, the Father is he who kisses, the Son he who is kissed, then it cannot be wrong to see in the kiss the Holy Spirit, for he is the imperturbable peace of the Father and the Son, their unshakable bond, their undivided love, their indivisible unity."
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Shawn Glynn, a professor in the department of educational psychology and instructional technology at the
University of Georgia, developed a theory on teaching with analogies and developed steps to explain the process of teaching with this method. The steps for teaching with analogies are as follows:
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to mathematically demonstrate how such reasoning could arise naturally by using relationships between the internal arrows that keep the internal structures of the categories rather than the mere relationships between the objects (called "representational states"). Thus, the mind, and more intelligent
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formation of structures such as words. Others argue that they are in fact the same and that rules are analogies that have essentially become standard parts of the linguistic system, whereas clearer cases of analogy have simply not (yet) done so (e.g. Langacker 1987.445–447). This view agrees with the
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used a wider notion of analogy. They saw analogy as a shared abstraction. Analogous objects did not share necessarily a relation, but also an idea, a pattern, a regularity, an attribute, an effect or a philosophy. These authors also accepted that comparisons, metaphors and "images" (allegories) could
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Other analogies exist. The analogy of notes of a chord, say C major, is a sufficient analogy for the
Trinity. The notes C, E, and G individually fill the whole of the “heard” space, but when all notes come together, we have a homogenized sound within the same space with distinctive, equal notes. One
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In general, it has been found that people prefer analogies where the two systems correspond highly to each other (e.g. have similar relationships across the domains as opposed to just having similar objects across domains) when these people try to compare and contrast the systems. This is also known
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Analogies as defined in rhetoric are a comparison between words, but an analogy more generally can also be used to illustrate and teach. To enlighten pupils on the relations between or within certain concepts, items or phenomena, a teacher may refer to other concepts, items or phenomena that pupils
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An example that has been used to illustrate structure mapping theory comes from
Gentner and Gentner (1983) and uses the base domain of flowing water and the target domain of electricity. In a system of flowing water, the water is carried through pipes and the rate of water flow is determined by the
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In a circuit, the electricity is carried through wires and the current, or rate of flow of electricity, is determined by the voltage, or electrical pressure. Given the similarity in structure, or structural alignment, between these domains, structure mapping theory would predict that relationships
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Analogy can be used in theoretical and applied sciences in the form of models or simulations which can be considered as strong indications of probable correctness. Other, much weaker, analogies may also assist in understanding and describing nuanced or key functional behaviours of systems that are
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Additionally, research has identified several factors that may increase the likelihood that a child may spontaneously engage in comparison and learn an abstract relationship, without the need for prompts. Comparison is more likely when the objects to be compared are close together in space and/or
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Children do not always need prompting to make comparisons in order to learn abstract relationships. Eventually, children undergo a relational shift, after which they begin seeing similar relations across different situations instead of merely looking at matching objects. This is critical in their
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In historical science, comparative historical analysis often uses the concept of analogy and analogical reasoning. Recent methods involving calculation operate on large document archives, allowing for analogical or corresponding terms from the past to be found as a response to random questions by
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Many analogies have been used to explain the
Trinity, however, all analogies fail when taken too far. Examples of these are the analogies that state that the Trinity is like water and its different states (solid, liquid, gas) or like an egg with its different parts (shell, yolk, and egg white).
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Zhang, Y., Jatowt, A., Bhowmick, S., & Tanaka, K. (2015, July). Omnia mutantur, nihil interit: Connecting past with present by finding corresponding terms across time. In
Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint
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Analogical arguments can also be probative, meaning that they serve as a means of proving the rightness of particular theses and theories. This application of analogical reasoning in science is debatable. Analogy can help prove important theories, especially in those kinds of science in which
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test. The algorithm measures the similarity of relations between pairs of words (e.g., the similarity between the pairs HAND:PALM and FOOT:SOLE) by statistically analysing a large collection of text. It answers SAT questions by selecting the choice with the highest relational similarity.
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more analogy used is one that uses the mythological dog, Cerberus, that guards the gates of Hades. While the dog itself is a single organism—speaking to its substance—Cerberus has different centers of awareness due to its three heads, each of which has the same dog nature.
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attributes or relations at some level of abstraction. The model was extended (Doumas, Hummel, and
Sandhofer, 2008) to learn relations from unstructured examples (providing the only current account of how symbolic representations can be learned from examples).
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may be equivalent to that of analogy. Analogy is also a basis for any comparative arguments as well as experiments whose results are transmitted to objects that have been not under examination (e.g., experiments on rats when results are applied to humans).
1799:, analogy is a method of resolving issues on which there is no previous authority. The legal use of analogy is distinguished by the need to use a legally relevant basis for drawing an analogy between two situations. It may be applied to various forms of
1939:. The consequence of this theory is that all true statements concerning God (excluding the concrete details of Jesus' earthly life) are rough analogies, without implying any falsehood. Such analogical and true statements would include
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that has been revealed, not something obvious or derivable from first principles or found in any thing in the created world. Because of this, the use of analogies to understand the
Trinity is common and perhaps necessary.
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Zhang, Yating, Adam Jatowt, and
Katsumi Tanaka. "Towards understanding word embeddings: Automatically explaining similarity of terms." In 2016 IEEE international conference on big data (big data), pp. 823-832. IEEE, 2016.
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architecture. A problem for the multiconstraint theory arises from its concept of similarity, which, in this respect, is not obviously different from analogy itself. Computer applications demand that there are some
926:, demonstrated that analogy is a systematic and universal feature of natural languages, with identifiable and law-like characteristics which explain how the meanings of words in a sentence are interdependent.
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In the field of testing, the colon notation of ratios and equality is often borrowed, so that the example above might be rendered, "Smile : mouth :: wink : eye" and pronounced the same way.
1577:(IAM) to include working memory constraints as well as structural, semantic and pragmatic constraints, so that a subset of the base analogue is selected and mapping from base to target occurs in series.
1588:, including high-level perception, and analogical thinking. In fact, analogy occurs not only after, but also before and at the same time as high-level perception. In high-level perception, humans make
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The
Trinity is a combination of the words “tri,” meaning “three,” and “unity,” meaning “one.” The “Threeness” refers to the persons of the Trinity, while the “Oneness” refers to substance or being.
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when representing the analogous relationship between two pairs of expressions, for example, "Smile is to mouth, as wink is to eye." In the field of mathematics and logic, this can be formalized with
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Cognitive
Science, 7, 155–170. (Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann).
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However, these analogies, if taken too far, could teach the heresies of modalism (water states) and partialism (parts of egg), which are contrary to the Christian understanding of the Trinity.
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Islamic jurisprudence makes ample use of analogy as a means of making conclusions from outside sources of law. The bounds and rules employed to make analogical deduction vary greatly between
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when it relates to those areas of the cosmos (the universe) that are beyond any data-based observation and knowledge about them stems from the human insight and thinking outside the senses.
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and fair. If it is wrong to do something in a situation A, and situation B corresponds to A in all related features, then it is also wrong to perform that action in situation B.
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The use of theological statements in syllogisms must take into account their analogical essence, in that every analogy breaks down when stretched beyond its intended meaning.
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expression corresponding to such a process. The term analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often (though not always) a
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between a hand and its palm to a foot and its sole. While a hand and a foot have many dissimilarities, the analogy focuses on their similarity in having an inner surface.
731:) or proper proportionality, e.g., "2 is to 1 as 4 is to 2", or "the goodness of humans is relative to their essence as the goodness of God is relative to God's essence."
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has to map objects of C to objects of D and arrows of C to arrows of D in such a way that the structure of their respective parts is preserved. This is similar to the
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https://www.academia.edu/33380466/Going_with_the_flow_Using_analogies_to_explain_electric_circuits_Going_with_the_flow_Using_analogies_to_explain_electric_circuits
2238:, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940) on Perseus Digital Library.
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that have different but related meanings. Not only a person can be "healthy", but also the food that is good for health (see the contemporary distinction between
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shows that humans are better at using and creating analogies when the information is presented in an order where an item and its analogue are placed together..
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Eqaan Doug and his team challenged the shared structure theory and mostly its applications in computer science. They argue that there is no clear line between
1036:. It has had reasonable success in computer science and artificial intelligence (see below). Some studies extended the approach to specific subjects, such as
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Analogies are mainly used as a means of creating new ideas and hypotheses, or testing them, which is called a heuristic function of analogical reasoning.
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Going with the flow: Using analogies to explain electric circuits. Mark D. Walker and David Garlovsky. School Science Review, 97, no. 361 (2016): 51-58.
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Where two or more biological or physical participants meet, they communicate and the stresses produced describe internal models of the participants.
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In some Protestant theology, "analogy" may itself be used analogously in terms, more in a sense of "rule" or "exemplar": for example the concept "
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Hallaq, Wael B. (1985–1986). "The Logic of Legal Reasoning in Religious and Non-Religious Cultures: The Case of Islamic Law and the Common Law".
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is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share.
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Melandri, Enzo. La linea e il circolo. Studio logico-filosofico sull'analogia (1968), Quodlibet, Macerata 2004 prefazione di Giorgio Agamben.
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time, are highly similar (although not so similar that they match, which interfere with identifying relationships), or share common labels.
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Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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For between creator and creature there can be noted no similarity so great that a greater dissimilarity cannot be seen between them.
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wrote an influential treatise on analogy. In all of these cases, the wide Platonic and Aristotelian notion of analogy was preserved.
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accepts such reasoning, instead of deduction and induction, since only the first can be used regardless of any moral principles.
1324:. In detail, this means that if two mathematical structures are of the same type, an analogy between them can be thought of as a
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Analogy plays a significant role in human thought processes. It has been argued that analogy lies at "the core of cognition".
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Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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that describes both similarities and differences between any pair of the participants' internal models or concepts exists.
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2798:"Categorial Compositionality II: Universal Constructions and a General Theory of (Quasi-)Systematicity in Human Cognition"
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are used to test scale models of wings and aircraft which are analogous to (correspond to) full-size wings and aircraft.
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Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical mapping".
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Keane, M.T. (1997). "What makes an analogy difficult? The effects of order and causal structure in analogical mapping".
3682:(eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, pp. 499–538.
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process that reduces word forms thought to break rules to more common forms that follow these rules. For example, the
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Johnson, Katie. Educational Leadership: Exploring the World with the Private Eye. September 1995. 16 October 2013 .
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Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
912:. Analogies should also make those abstractions easier to understand and give confidence to those who use them.
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of Dedre Gentner, because it formalises the idea of analogy as a function which makes certain conditions true.
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Keane, M.T. and Brayshaw, M. (1988). The Incremental Analogical Machine: a computational model of analogy. In
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to describe any morphological change in a language that cannot be explained merely sound change or borrowing.
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3373:"Crosstalk, Mutation, Chaos: bridge-building between the sciences and literary studies using Visual Analogy"
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Perelman, Ch, Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969), The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, Notre Dame 1969.
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and to a lesser extent individual scholars. It is nonetheless a generally accepted source of law within
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A computer algorithm has achieved human-level performance on multiple-choice analogy questions from the
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2739:"Categorial Compositionality: A Category Theory Explanation for the Systematicity of Human Cognition"
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1545:(1997) developed their multiconstraint theory within structure mapping theory. They defend that the "
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are different cognitive processes, and analogy is often an easier one. This analogy is not comparing
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The Oxford Companion to the English Language$ The Oxford Companion to the English Language (2 ed.)
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Turney, P.D.; Littman, M.L. (2005). "Corpus-based learning of analogies and semantic relations".
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Language and Concept Acquisition from Infancy Through Childhood: Learning from Multiple Exemplars
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must be classed as analogies that allow human cognition of what is infinitely beyond positive or
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Finding deeper similarities by mapping other relationships of a base domain to the target domain.
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The analogical reasoning in the human mind is free of the false inferences plaguing conventional
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common attribute, which is known about only in the source of the analogy, in the following form:
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3593:, Koren, Henry J. and Bushinski, Edward A (trans.), 1953, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
804:?" For example, "Hand is to palm as foot is to ____?" These questions were usually given in the
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to represent the relationships, using single colon for ratio, and double colon for equality.
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college admission tests, that included "analogy questions" in the form "A is to B as C is to
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Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another
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otherwise difficult to grasp or prove. For instance, an analogy used in physics textbooks
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tradition, analogy is most typically used for filling gaps in a statutory scheme. In the
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1672:) used the flow of water in its pipes as an analogue to the flow of money in an economy.
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named several kinds of analogy that had been used but previously unnamed, particularly:
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Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Creation and Communication, Proceedings of ICCS 2003
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of a particular subject (the analog, or source) onto another (the target); and also the
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Drescher, F (2017). "Analogy in Thomas Aquinas and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A comparison".
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Ross, J.F. (October 1970). "Analogy and The Resolution of Some Cognitivity Problems".
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1826:. The use of analogy in both traditions is broadly described by the traditional maxim
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Little, J (2008). "The Role of Analogy in George Gamow's Derivation of Drop Energy".
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Ross, J.F. (September 1961). "Analogy as a Rule of Meaning for Religious Language".
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Advancing the Frontiers of Heterodox Economics: Essays in Honor of Frederic S. Lee
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Hespos, Susan J.; Anderson, Erin; Gentner, Dedre (2020), Childers, Jane B. (ed.),
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Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp. 645-655).
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584:. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notably in
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The Use of Analogies and Heuristics in Teaching Introductory Statistical Methods
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Cross-checking those findings against existing knowledge of the target domain.
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Schwartz, Linda; Heidrich, Stanley H.; Heidrich, Delana S. (1 January 2007).
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format: HAND : PALM : : FOOT : ____ While most competent
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Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991). Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D.,
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by using the power of analogy (or by applying the more frequently used Verb-
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held to this notion of analogy, arguing that there can be exactly the same
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564:, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In
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and purpose. Structural consistency is the highest when the analogy is an
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from one of these domains, would be inferred in the other using analogy.
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is built to model and represent some other physical object. For example,
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1177:. Analogies can sometimes create rule-breaking forms; one example is the
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speakers will immediately give the right answer to the analogy question (
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2688:"underwhelm - definition of underwhelm in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
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2242:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἀναλογ-ία"
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takes the idea of mathematical analogy much further with the concept of
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current views of analogy in cognitive science which are discussed above.
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Gentner, Dedre; Smith, Linsey A. (2013-03-11). Reisberg, Daniel (ed.).
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2867:(Ed). European working session on learning. (pp.53–62). London: Pitman.
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Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986).
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from C to D can be thought of as an analogy between C and D, because
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can also be formed by analogy with existing words. A good example is
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close to that of Plato and Aristotle, but framed by Gentner's (1983)
900:
805:
597:
557:
414:
284:
253:
3924:
2339:
1874:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1328:
which preserves some or all of the relevant structure. For example,
624:, analogical reasoning was used for the process of qiyas in Islamic
131:
4024:
3985:
3819:
Little, J (2000). "Analogy in Science: Where Do We Go From Here?".
3778:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
3724:
Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture
3344:
Langenbucher, Katja (1998). "Argument by Analogy In European Law".
2915:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2144:
1808:
1748:
Recognising similar structures between the base and target domains.
1710:
1285:
1219:
1207:
1037:
905:
785:
the properties between a hand and a foot, but rather comparing the
734:
698:
694:
664:
480:
469:
461:
296:
2651:. Huntington Beach, Calif.: Creative Teaching Press. pp. 4–.
2600:
3962:
A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Analogy of St Thomas Aquinas
3748:"Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models"
3612:
A Theory of the Discovery and Predication of Relational Concepts.
2879:"Constraints on analogical mapping: a comparison of three models"
2149:
2069:
1991:
1611:
1531:
AIs, may use analogies between domains whose internal structures
1471:
880:
770:. Analogy was understood as identity of relation between any two
713:
522:
514:
502:
473:
418:
273:
1822:
tradition, it is most typically used for extending the scope of
1165:. These old-fashioned forms have been discarded and replaced by
1004:
Contemporary cognitive scientists use a wide notion of analogy,
2077:
1635:
625:
465:
406:
3092:"Structural alignment facilitates the noticing of differences"
501:
also rely on an analogical understanding by the receiver of a
2369:
2063:
1765:
corresponds to that of electricity flowing through a circuit.
896:
763:
518:
4080:"Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning", by Grant Lamond.
3888:
Analogies we suffer by: the case of the state as a household
3247:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 79–104,
2537:
724:) or improper proportionality, e.g., "This food is healthy."
2397:"htA Trace of Similarity within Even Greater Dissimilarity"
1619:
1145:
629:
610:
497:
322:
3687:
Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery
3610:
Doumas, L. A. A., Hummel, J.E., and Sandhofer, C. (2008).
1933:
The theological exploration of this subject is called the
4010:
Turney, P.D. (2006). "Similarity of semantic relations".
3654:
The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
3607:. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore: ATC. 1:64-68.
3003:"Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy*"
1796:
1763:
pressure of the water towers or hills. This relationship
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888:
884:
797:
668:
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452:
but a kind of thought. Specific analogical language uses
260:
from one particular to another particular, as opposed to
2644:
3652:
Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001).
3647:
Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy.
3464:
The Private Eye Project. The Private Eye Project. 2013.
2374:
Interdisciplinary Encyclogpedia of Religion and Science
1308:
based on electrical, electronic or mechanical devices.
4101:
Computational approaches to computing temporal analogy
1105:
Logicians analyze how analogical reasoning is used in
3570:
Philosophical Foundations for the Christian Worldview
3238:
2048:" has been proposed as an alternative to the concept
1832:(where the reason is the same, the law is the same).
1440:
1411:
1389:
1363:
1334:
613:
lawyers used analogical reasoning and the Greek word
2796:
Phillips, Steven; Wilson, William H. (August 2011).
1709:
Analogical reasoning plays a very important part in
1229:
have followed. Another example is the humorous term
445:
has argued that analogy is "the core of cognition".
4060:"Analogy and Analogical Reasoning", by Paul Bartha.
2301:
Language, Cognition, and Computation Seminar Series
2213:
Language, Cognition, and Computation Seminar Series
1910:In 1989, teacher Kerry Ruef began a program titled
1549:" of an analogy depends on structural consistency,
1302:
compares electrical circuits to hydraulic circuits.
521:give many examples of its application) but also in
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3886:Pessali, H.; Dalto, F. and Fernández, R. (2015).
3598:High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy
2737:Phillips, Steven; Wilson, William H. (July 2010).
2026:, Sermon 8: The Holy Spirit, the Kiss of the Mouth
1448:
1426:
1397:
1371:
1349:
1024:theorists. Structure mapping theory concerns both
954:inference from common known attributes to another
93:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
3199:Gentner, Dedre; Stevens, Albert L. (2014-01-14).
1713:. This may be because morality is supposed to be
1614:, two anatomical structures are considered to be
1592:by selecting relevant information from low-level
1240:Some people present analogy as an alternative to
654:saw an increased use and theorization of analogy.
505:including them. Analogy is important not only in
4109:
2601:Research and Education Association (June 1994).
2436:"Journal of Statistics Education, V11N2: Martin"
2261:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3339:
3337:
1642:and should be contrasted with structures which
272:. It is also used of where at least one of the
3446:Glynn, Shawn M. Teaching with Analogies. 2008.
3198:
2795:
2736:
2076:, with the chief opposition to it forming the
1701:users (e.g., Myanmar - Burma) and explained.
996:According to Shelley (2003), the study of the
283:In a broader sense, analogical reasoning is a
97:Please help improve this article, possibly by
3970:
3964:, (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms Inc).
3640:Analogy just looks like high-level perception
3567:
2638:
580:by philosophers, scientists, theologists and
576:Analogy has been studied and discussed since
3343:
3334:
3291:
3155:
929:
3881:Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception
3568:Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William L. (2003).
3162:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology
3089:
2648:Power Practice: Analogies and Idioms, eBook
2596:
2594:
2477:
2471:
1927:The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 taught:
1827:
1729:
1316:Some types of analogies can have a precise
792:The same notion of analogy was used in the
333:) made an analogy between the atom and the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4096:Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.
3897:. Nova Iorque: Routledge, p. 281-295.
3410:
3370:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2244:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23
1985:
1740:Structure mapping, originally proposed by
1489:
1474:. Given two categories C and D, a functor
1000:drew heavily on analogies from other fish.
867:between two completely different objects.
774:, whether of mathematical nature or not.
4023:
3984:
3893:In: Tae-Hee Jo; Zdravka Todorova (Org.).
3766:
3745:
3702:Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought
3309:
3292:Gentner, Dedre; Hoyos, Christian (2017).
3107:
3018:
2897:
2876:
2831:
2821:
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2412:
2376:. Pontifical University of the Holy Cross
1890:Learn how and when to remove this message
1638:. Analogous structures are the result of
1442:
1414:
1391:
1379:are isomorphic as vector spaces, but the
1365:
1337:
1043:
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
3907:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3806:Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning
3722:Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005).
3617:
3364:
2591:
2496:
2394:
1079:by adding descriptive text and removing
991:
874:
832:. This relation is not apparent in some
309:
3879:Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995).
3715:Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997).
3700:Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995).
3170:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.001.0001
3044:
3000:
2457:
1990:In traditional Christian doctrine, the
1191:, formed on analogy with words such as
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14:
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4009:
3847:
3818:
3746:Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994).
3552:
3530:Dictionary of Christianity and Science
3505:Dictionary of Christianity and Science
2877:Keane, M.T. Ledgeway; Duff, S (1994).
2294:
2206:
1835:
380:
3942:International Philosophical Quarterly
3775:
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3083:
3047:"Analogical Reasoning, Psychology of"
3040:
3038:
2912:
2321:
1483:
1217:; other analogous neologisms such as
1016:between source and target is used by
870:
3939:
3910:
2531:
2234:Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1839:
1573:and Brayshaw (1988) developed their
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600:identified analogy in works such as
385:Analogy plays a significant role in
154:adding citations to reliable sources
125:
101:the article and/or by introducing a
77:
36:
4077:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4068:"Medieval Theories of Analogy", by
4065:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4057:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3810:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3742:, in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
3158:"Analogical Learning and Reasoning"
3090:Gentner, D.; Gunn, V. (June 2001).
2854:Doumas, Hummel, and Sandhofer, 2008
2490:
2395:Tabaczek, Mariusz (November 2018).
2367:
1484:structure mapping theory of analogy
1320:formulation through the concept of
1256:Analogy is also a term used in the
987:
24:
4093:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4085:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
3572:. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic.
3282:
3227:
3192:
3140:
3080:
3035:
2297:"Analogy as the Core of Cognition"
2209:"Analogy as the Core of Cognition"
25:
4144:
4049:
3850:Technical Communication Quarterly
3585:Cajetan, Tommaso De Vio, (1498),
3051:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science
2499:"Qiyas: A Study in Islamic Logic"
2179:. Oxford University Press. 2018.
1829:Ubi eadem est ratio, ibi idem ius
908:, and sometimes they called them
844:, where the former is defined as
689:terms, the last being those like
52:This article has multiple issues.
3668:Analogy as the Core of Cognition
3614:Psychological Review, 115, 1-43.
3379:from the original on 2013-09-25.
2553:from the original on 2010-04-05.
2527:from the original on 2008-07-08.
2039:
1844:
1759:as the systematicity principle.
1427:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
1350:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}
1052:
130:
82:
41:
4088:Analogy in Early Greek Thought.
3605:ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3603:Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Analogy."
3561:
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3521:
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2442:from the original on 2013-03-07
2278:, Online Etymology Dictionary.
1953:God is near to all who call him
1157:(simple past tense in English)
1112:An analogy can be stated using
887:is the source of an analogy to
635:Medieval lawyers distinguished
141:needs additional citations for
105:, or discuss this issue on the
60:or discuss these issues on the
3474:Fourth Lateran Council of 1215
2428:
2388:
2361:
2324:"Aristotle's Logic of Analogy"
2315:
2288:
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2227:
2200:
2166:
1922:
1675:
1648:
1535:and reject those that do not.
1311:
1284:proof is not possible such as
1131:
950:. In their view analogy is an
946:argued that analogy is simply
591:
544:, comparison, correspondence,
13:
1:
3579:
3001:Gentner, Dedre (April 1983).
2692:Oxford Dictionaries | English
2013:used the analogy of a kiss:
1724:
846:the inner surface of the hand
737:, e.g., steely determination.
287:process of transferring some
3768:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90015-9
3704:. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
3689:. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
2899:10.1016/0364-0213(94)90015-9
2823:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002102
2764:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000858
2577:See Gentner et al. 2001 and
2322:Hesse, Mary (October 1965).
2074:jurisprudential epistemology
1644:shared an evolutionary line.
1449:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
1398:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
1372:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
727:Analogy of proportionality (
344:
305:biological notion of analogy
7:
3589:, P.N. Zammit (ed.), 1934,
3298:Topics in Cognitive Science
3253:10.1007/978-3-030-35594-4_5
3053:, American Cancer Society,
2965:Morrison and Dietrich, 1995
2549:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2541:; Arun K. Majumdar (2003).
2328:The Philosophical Quarterly
2083:
2022:St. Bernard of Clairveaux,
1955:, or God as Trinity, where
1917:
1870:the claims made and adding
1771:
1704:
1575:Incremental Analogy Machine
1405:, have more structure than
948:a special case of induction
895:Greek philosophers such as
729:analogia proportionalitatis
677:made a distinction between
10:
4149:
4034:10.1162/coli.2006.32.3.379
3821:Rhetoric Society Quarterly
3790:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.946
3656:Cambridge, MA, MIT Press,
3638:Forbus, K. et al. (1998).
3532:. Zondervan. p. 664.
3507:. Zondervan. p. 664.
3020:10.1207/s15516709cog0702_3
2927:10.1037/0278-7393.23.4.946
2802:PLOS Computational Biology
2743:PLOS Computational Biology
2579:Gentner's publication page
2480:Cleveland State Law Review
2061:
1788:
1733:
1695:
1603:
1599:
1499:
1493:
1267:
439:facial recognition systems
362:, itself derived from the
29:
4012:Computational Linguistics
3995:10.1007/s10994-005-0913-1
3913:The Journal of Philosophy
3862:10.1080/10572250701878876
3833:10.1080/02773940009391170
3358:10.1017/S0008197398003031
3346:The Cambridge Law Journal
3294:"Analogy and Abstraction"
3059:10.1002/0470018860.s00473
1233:, formed by analogy with
1211:, formed by analogy with
930:Special case of induction
850:the underside of the foot
2947:See Chalmers et al. 1991
2607:Verbal Tutor for the SAT
2160:
2057:
1736:Structure-mapping theory
1730:Structure mapping theory
1618:when they serve similar
1502:structure-mapping theory
1161:and the past participle
1100:
1010:structure-mapping theory
720:Analogy of attribution (
373:"upon, according to" +
32:Analogy (disambiguation)
4128:Philosophical arguments
3666:Hofstadter, D. (2001).
3553:Begbie, Jeremy (2000).
3045:Gentner, Dedre (2006),
2414:10.5840/forphil20182314
2236:A Greek-English Lexicon
2135:I know it when I see it
2080:(ostensiblist) school.
2054:but named analogously.
2024:Semons on Song of Songs
1986:Doctrine of the Trinity
1949:God is a consuming fire
1912:The Private Eye Project
1522:). Steven Phillips and
1516:artificial intelligence
1490:Artificial intelligence
1304:Another example is the
1260:school of thought as a
1081:less pertinent examples
3555:Hearing God in C Major
3428:Cite journal requires
3392:Cite journal requires
3096:Memory & Cognition
2605:. In Fogiel, M (ed.).
2543:"Analogical reasoning"
2090:Argumentum a contrario
2029:
1828:
1784:
1450:
1428:
1399:
1373:
1351:
1175:morphological leveling
1173:rule.) This is called
1137:An analogy can be the
1107:arguments from analogy
1044:Applications and types
1001:
892:
722:analogia attributionis
550:morphological homology
338:
278:A is to B as C is to D
3740:"Argument by Analogy"
3211:10.4324/9781315802725
2451:, Michael A. Martin,
2295:Hofstadter, Douglas.
2207:Hofstadter, Douglas.
2110:Commonsense reasoning
2095:Argumentum a fortiori
2062:Further information:
2015:
2011:Bernard of Clairveaux
1640:independent evolution
1626:related, such as the
1500:Further information:
1494:Further information:
1451:
1429:
1400:
1374:
1352:
995:
878:
566:cognitive linguistics
369:, "proportion", from
313:
4123:Conceptual modelling
4070:E. Jennifer Ashworth
3960:Ross, J.F., (1958),
3903:Ross, J.F., (1982),
3645:Gentner, D. (1983).
3591:The Analogy of Names
3528:Copan, Paul (2017).
3503:Copan, Paul (2017).
3205:. Psychology Press.
2140:Intuitive statistics
2100:Case-based reasoning
1496:case-based reasoning
1438:
1409:
1387:
1361:
1332:
860:Critique of Judgment
848:, and the latter as
742:Identity of relation
495:, and the very word
448:An analogy is not a
150:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3954:10.5840/ipq19611356
3804:Lamond, G. (2006).
3717:The Analogical Mind
3587:De Nominum Analogia
2956:Forbus et al., 1998
2814:2011PLSCB...7E2102P
2755:2010PLSCB...6E0858P
2401:Forum Philosophicum
2115:Conceptual blending
1836:Teaching strategies
1719:Moral particularism
1686:conversation theory
1551:semantic similarity
1533:transform naturally
1247:for explaining the
1181:past tense form of
1077:improve the article
1022:conceptual blending
1018:conceptual metaphor
1012:. The same idea of
924:De Nominum Analogia
834:lexical definitions
758:) originally meant
578:classical antiquity
570:conceptual metaphor
381:Models and theories
252:In logic, it is an
103:disambiguation page
3905:Portraying Analogy
3738:Juthe, A. (2005).
3729:2021-10-11 at the
3632:10.1111/nbfr.12273
3311:10.1111/tops.12278
3109:10.3758/bf03200458
2584:2010-06-14 at the
2368:Strumia, Alberto.
2282:2010-03-24 at the
1855:possibly contains
1579:Empirical evidence
1446:
1424:
1395:
1369:
1347:
1002:
920:Portraying Analogy
916:James Francis Ross
893:
871:Shared abstraction
606:Nicomachean Ethics
339:
3755:Cognitive Science
3626:(1081): 346–359.
3539:978-0-310-49605-2
3514:978-0-310-49605-2
3262:978-3-030-35594-4
3220:978-1-315-80272-5
3068:978-0-470-01886-6
3007:Cognitive Science
2886:Cognitive Science
2658:978-1-59198-953-0
2616:978-0-87891-963-5
2497:Ruth Mas (1998).
2186:978-0-19-966128-2
1900:
1899:
1892:
1857:original research
1670:analogue computer
1664:For example, the
1653:Often a physical
1606:Analogy (biology)
1524:William H. Wilson
1098:
1097:
934:On the contrary,
586:cognitive science
507:ordinary language
427:conceptualization
353:derives from the
349:The English word
315:Ernest Rutherford
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
200:
124:
123:
75:
16:(Redirected from
4140:
4045:
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4006:
3988:
3979:(1–3): 251–278.
3973:Machine Learning
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3453:
3447:
3444:
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3437:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3411:Mario Petrucci.
3408:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3371:Mario Petrucci.
3368:
3362:
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3341:
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2704:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
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2633:
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2598:
2589:
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2506:Folia Orientalia
2503:
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2027:
1996:Mystery of Faith
1895:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:inline citations
1848:
1847:
1840:
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1634:and the legs of
1518:models, (called
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1179:American English
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1084:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1040:and similarity.
1030:computer science
988:Shared structure
968:is C, D, E, F, G
944:John Stuart Mill
568:, the notion of
540:The concepts of
450:figure of speech
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
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158:
134:
126:
119:
116:
110:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4108:
4107:
4052:
3925:10.2307/2024008
3919:(20): 725–746.
3750:
3731:Wayback Machine
3620:New Blackfriars
3582:
3577:
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3562:
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3154:
3141:
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2999:
2995:
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2942:
2911:
2907:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2808:(8): e1002102.
2794:
2790:
2749:(7): e1000858.
2735:
2731:
2726:
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2699:
2686:
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2586:Wayback Machine
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2419:
2417:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2340:10.2307/2218258
2334:(61): 328–340.
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2284:Wayback Machine
2274:
2270:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2042:
2028:
2021:
1988:
1925:
1920:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1801:legal authority
1793:
1787:
1774:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1707:
1698:
1678:
1651:
1608:
1602:
1590:representations
1528:category theory
1504:
1498:
1492:
1468:Category theory
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:complex numbers
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1270:
1134:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1046:
990:
932:
873:
760:proportionality
744:
632:jurisprudence.
594:
483:. Phrases like
454:exemplification
435:face perception
391:decision making
387:problem solving
383:
347:
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
159:
157:
147:
135:
120:
114:
111:
96:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4061:
4051:
4050:External links
4048:
4047:
4046:
4018:(3): 379–416.
4007:
3968:
3965:
3958:
3948:(3): 468–502.
3937:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3845:
3816:
3813:
3802:
3784:(4): 946–967.
3773:
3761:(3): 287–334.
3743:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3713:
3698:
3683:
3680:Boicho Kokinov
3664:
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3643:
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3477:
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3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:|journal=
3403:
3394:|journal=
3363:
3352:(3): 481–521.
3333:
3304:(3): 672–693.
3281:
3261:
3226:
3219:
3191:
3178:
3139:
3102:(4): 565–577.
3079:
3067:
3034:
3013:(2): 155–170.
2993:
2980:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2921:(4): 946–967.
2905:
2892:(3): 387–438.
2869:
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2615:
2603:"2. Analogies"
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2157:
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2132:
2130:Hypocatastasis
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2059:
2056:
2051:analogia entis
2046:analogia fidei
2041:
2038:
2019:
1987:
1984:
1936:analogia entis
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1852:
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1843:
1837:
1834:
1789:Main article:
1786:
1783:
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1770:
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1752:
1749:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1677:
1674:
1650:
1647:
1624:evolutionarily
1601:
1598:
1559:neural network
1491:
1488:
1444:
1421:
1416:
1393:
1367:
1344:
1339:
1313:
1310:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1200:
1133:
1130:
1122:colon notation
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1042:
989:
986:
985:
984:
983:is probably G.
978:
975:
969:
963:
931:
928:
872:
869:
824:, and between
743:
740:
739:
738:
732:
725:
711:
710:
709:
708:
705:Thomas Cajetan
702:
655:
648:
644:analogia iuris
638:analogia legis
633:
618:
608:
593:
590:
417:, prediction,
403:generalization
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224:
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90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
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40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4145:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4098:
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4087:
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4017:
4013:
4008:
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3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:0-262-58144-2
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:0-262-58096-9
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3676:Keith Holyoak
3673:
3672:Dedre Gentner
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:0-262-57139-0
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
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3599:
3595:
3592:
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3584:
3583:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3492:. Vatican.va.
3491:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3399:
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3378:
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3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
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3329:
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3312:
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3272:
3268:
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3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:Mental Models
3195:
3181:
3179:9780195376746
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
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2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2865:D. H. Sleeman
2860:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2698:on 2016-08-16
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2566:Dedre Gentner
2561:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2415:
2410:
2407:(1): 95–132.
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:False analogy
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:Protestantism
2037:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:This section
1851:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:statutory law
1802:
1798:
1792:
1791:Analogy (law)
1782:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:Dedre Gentner
1737:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Keith Holyoak
1536:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:systematicity
1517:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:as well as a
1459:
1419:
1382:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:Neogrammarian
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:once had the
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1092:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:This section
1059:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:extensionally
999:
994:
982:
979:
976:
974:is C, D, E, F
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Francis Bacon
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
890:
886:
882:
877:
868:
866:
862:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
772:ordered pairs
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
736:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:
717:
715:
706:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:
672:
670:
666:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
640:
639:
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:Islamic logic
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:
595:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:communication
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:argumentation
392:
389:, as well as
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
360:
356:
352:
342:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
238:
235:
220:
217:
209:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167: –
166:
162:
161:Find sources:
155:
151:
145:
144:
139:This article
137:
133:
128:
127:
118:
108:
104:
100:
94:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4064:
4056:
4015:
4011:
3976:
3972:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3894:
3890:
3853:
3849:
3824:
3820:
3781:
3777:
3758:
3754:
3623:
3619:
3590:
3586:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3529:
3523:
3504:
3498:
3487:
3480:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3421:cite journal
3406:
3385:cite journal
3366:
3349:
3345:
3301:
3297:
3274:, retrieved
3244:
3201:
3194:
3183:. Retrieved
3161:
3099:
3095:
3072:, retrieved
3050:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2850:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2691:
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2647:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2606:
2573:
2560:
2546:
2539:John F. Sowa
2533:
2509:
2505:
2492:
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2568:et al. 2001
2555:, pp. 16–36
2512:: 113–128.
2173:"Analogy".
2155:Sensemaking
1945:God is Love
1923:Catholicism
1688:asserts an
1676:Cybernetics
1649:Engineering
1632:vertebrates
1555:isomorphism
1322:isomorphism
1312:Mathematics
1242:generative
1132:Linguistics
904:be used as
879:In several
779:abstraction
746:In ancient
652:Middle Ages
602:Metaphysics
592:Development
562:isomorphism
542:association
458:comparisons
423:explanation
289:information
4112:Categories
4025:cs/0608100
3986:cs/0508103
3580:References
3276:2020-12-09
3185:2020-12-09
3074:2020-12-09
2702:2017-04-07
2672:25 January
2630:25 January
2446:2012-12-10
2248:2018-05-21
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1979:language.
1880:April 2023
1864:improve it
1820:common law
1725:Psychology
1604:See also:
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1571:Mark Keane
1290:philosophy
1249:productive
1231:underwhelm
1226:vapourware
1203:Neologisms
1139:linguistic
1089:April 2023
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977:Conclusion
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470:allegories
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411:creativity
399:perception
377:"ratio" .
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301:similarity
297:linguistic
176:newspapers
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3271:213450124
3118:0090-502X
2667:232131611
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2486:: 79–96 .
2370:"Analogy"
2120:Duck test
2105:Casuistry
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1868:verifying
1824:precedent
1816:civil law
1715:impartial
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1620:functions
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415:invention
345:Etymology
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262:deduction
254:inference
206:June 2023
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3126:11504005
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1969:distance
1918:Religion
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1214:hardware
1208:software
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1038:metaphor
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956:probable
881:cultures
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752:αναλογια
735:Metaphor
699:homonymy
695:polysemy
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665:theology
628:law and
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