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by these masks, it was imperative that the actors hear in order to orient and balance themselves. Thus, it is believed that the ears were covered by substantial amounts of hair and not the helmet-mask itself. The mouth opening was relatively small, preventing the mouth being seen during performances. Vervain and Wiles posit that this small size discourages the idea that the mask functioned as a megaphone, as originally presented in the 1960s. Greek mask-maker Thanos
Vovolis suggests that the mask serves as a resonator for the head, thus enhancing vocal acoustics and altering its quality. This leads to increased energy and presence, allowing for the more complete metamorphosis of the actor into his character.
475:
562:
339:
793:
40:
888:, the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic, especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions. They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles, thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character. Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex, age, and social status, in addition to revealing a change in a particular character's appearance, e.g.,
5207:
924:. Worn by the chorus, the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity, while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group. Only 2 to 3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time, and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another. There were only male actors, but masks allowed them to play female characters.
5217:
5227:
694:
330:, all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once; what is primarily extant today are the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable (the accidents of survival, as well as the subjective tastes of the Hellenistic librarians later in Greek history, also played a role in what survived from this period).
864:
handled by the actors before or after a performance. This demonstrates the way in which the mask was to 'melt' into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role. Effectively, the mask transformed the actor as much as memorization of the text. Therefore, performance in ancient Greece did not distinguish the masked actor from the theatrical character.
978:
Most costuming detail comes from pottery paintings from that time as costumes and masks were fabricated out of disposable material, so there are little to no remains of any costume from that time. The biggest source of information is the
Pronomos Vase where actors are painted at a show's after party.
322:
and produced it, the whole theatre fell to weeping; they fined
Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally and forbade the performance of that play forever." He is also thought to be the first to use female characters (though not female performers).
43:
Bronze statue of a Greek actor, 150â100 BC. The half-mask over the eyes and nose identifies the figure as an actor. He wears a man's conical cap but female garments, following the Greek custom of men playing the roles of women. Later, slave women were brought in to play minor female characters and in
982:
Costuming would give off a sense of character, as in gender, age, social status, and class. For example, characters of higher class would be dressed in nicer clothing, although everyone was dressed fairly nicely. Contrary to popular belief, they did not dress in only rags and sandals, as they wanted
871:
or "maker of the props", thus suggesting that their role encompassed multiple duties and tasks. The masks were most likely made out of light weight, organic materials like stiffened linen, leather, wood, or cork, with the wig consisting of human or animal hair. Due to the visual restrictions imposed
708:
and actors performed; the word means "dancing space", as the chorus also danced in early periods. Originally unraised, Greek theatre would later incorporate a raised stage for easier viewing. This practice would become common after the advent of "New Comedy," which incorporated dramatic portrayal of
578:
was the seating area, built into a hill to create a natural viewing space. The first seats in Greek theatres (other than just sitting on the ground) were wooden, but around 499 BC, the practice of inlaying stone blocks into the side of the hill to create permanent, stable seating became more common.
987:
that reached the floor for actors playing gods, heroes, and old men. Actors playing goddesses and women characters that held a lot of power wore purple and gold. Actors playing queens and princesses wore long cloaks that dragged on the ground and were decorated with gold stars and other jewels, and
863:
Illustrations of theatrical masks from 5th century display helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth and an integrated wig. These paintings never show actual masks on the actors in performance. They are most often shown being
836:
Masks were also made for members of the chorus, who play some part in the action and provide a commentary on the events in which they are caught up. Although there are twelve or fifteen members of the tragic chorus, they all wear the same mask because they are considered to be representing one
820:
likely used in ceremonial rites and celebrations. Many masks worshipped the higher power, the gods, making masks also very important for religion. Most of the evidence comes from only a few vase paintings of the 5th century BC, such as one showing a mask of the god suspended from a tree with
678:, for it was considered inappropriate to show a killing in view of the audience. Conversely, there are scholarly arguments that death in Greek tragedy was portrayed off stage primarily because of dramatic considerations, and not prudishness or sensitivity of the audience.
723:
The theatres were built on a large scale to accommodate a large number of performers on stage and in the audienceâup to fourteen thousand. Physics and mathematics played a significant role in the construction of these theatres, as their designers had to be able to create
318:, produced in 493â2, chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians. Herodotus reports that "the Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways, but especially in this: when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled
829:. No physical evidence remains available to us, as the masks were made of organic materials and not considered permanent objects, ultimately being dedicated at the altar of Dionysus after performances. Nevertheless, the mask is known to have been used since the time of
2327:
Logeion: A Journal of
Ancient Theatre with free access which publishes original scholarly articles including its reception in modern theatre, literature, cinema and the other art forms and media, as well as its relation to the theatre of other periods and geographical
267:, it had become a narrative, ballad-like genre. Because of these, Thespis is often called the "Inventor of Tragedy"; however, his importance is disputed, and Thespis is sometimes listed as late as 16th in the chronological order of Greek tragedians; the statesman
234:
The
Ancient Greeks valued the power of the spoken word, and it was their main method of communication and storytelling. Bahn and Bahn write, "To Greeks, the spoken word was a living thing and infinitely preferable to the dead symbols of a written language."
353:
in 480 BC, the town and acropolis were rebuilt, and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of
Athenian culture and civic pride. This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama. The center-piece of the annual
492:(literally "seeing place"). In cities without suitable hills, banks of earth were piled up. At the foot of the hill was a flattened, generally circular performance space with an average diameter of 78 feet (24 m), known as the
728:
in them such that the actors' voices could be heard throughout the theatre, including the very top row of seats. The Greek's understanding of acoustics compares very favorably with the current state of the art.
279:
were popular in festivals prior to 534 BC. Thus, Thespis's true contribution to drama is unclear at best, but his name has been given a longer life in
English as a common term for performerâi.e., a "thespian."
214:
400:
were viewed as completely separate genres, and no plays ever merged aspects of the two. Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies, but in a purely comedic manner.
291:). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC. While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC, the names of three competitors besides Thespis are known: Choerilus, Pratinas, and
935:
988:
warriors were dressed in a variety of armor and wore helmets adorned with plumes. Costumes were supposed to be colourful and obvious to be easily seen by every seat in the audience.
239:
himself believed that once something has been written down, it lost its ability for change and growth. For these reasons, among many others, oral storytelling flourished in Greece.
715:
was the head chorus member, who could enter the story as a character able to interact with the characters of a play. Plays often began in the morning and lasted into the evening.
439:. From that time on, the theatre started performing old tragedies again. Although its theatrical traditions seem to have lost their vitality, Greek theatre continued into the
681:
A temple nearby, especially on the right side of the scene, is almost always part of the Greek theatre complex. This could justify, as a transposition, the recurrence of the
1284:
298:
Some information is known about
Phrynichus. He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC. He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the
263:. By Thespis' time, the dithyramb had evolved far away from its cult roots. Under the influence of heroic epic, Doric choral lyric and the innovations of the poet
617:
derives), that hung or stood behind the orchestra and also served as an area where actors could change their costumes. After 425 BC a stone scene wall, called a
518:, through which actors and chorus members entered and exited the orchestra. In some theatres, behind the orchestra, was a backdrop or scenic wall known as the
852:
1430:
486:
Most ancient Greek cities lay on or near hills, so seating was generally built into the slope of a hill, producing a natural viewing area known as the
5408:
2194:
975:) to make them appear softer and more lady like. They would also wear white body stockings under their costumes to make their skin appear fairer.
2354:
927:
The modern method to interpret a role by switching between a few simple characters goes back to changing masks in the theatre of ancient Greece.
1045:
458:. One of New Comedy's most important contributions was its influence on Roman comedy, an influence that can be seen in the surviving works of
283:
The dramatic performances were important to the
Athenians â this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the
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emerged there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies. Modern
Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the
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of typically 12 to 15 people performed plays in verse accompanied by music. There were often tall, arched entrances called
2061:
271:, for example, is credited with creating poems in which characters speak with their own voice, and spoken performances of
2347:
17:
3964:
3654:
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482:, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century BC
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892:, after blinding himself. Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play, such as the
408:
390:). Apparently, the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre.
370:
version of a mythological subject). Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy.
350:
287:(or Great Dionysia). This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by
2170:
3804:
3664:
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954:), that elevated them above the other actors. The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin-soled shoe called a
425:
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358:, which took place once in winter and once in spring, was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the
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3829:
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31:
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The ancient classical drama; a study in literary evolution intended for readers in English and in the original
64:, which became a significant cultural, political, and religious place during this period, and the theatre was
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was a long wall with projecting sides, which may have had doorways for entrances and exits. Just behind the
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was the earliest recorded actor. Being a winner of the first theatrical contest held in Athens, he was the
219:
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said to originate in ancient Greek theatre have come to widely symbolize the performing arts generally.
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2012:
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Nahe Ferne: Sakrale Aspekte im Prisma der Profanbauten von Tadao Ando, Louis I. Kahn und Peter Zumthor
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454:, comic episodes about the lives of ordinary citizens. The only extant playwright from the period is
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103:, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its
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Tangian, Andranik (1997). "Performance interpretation by segmentation and its notation".
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Quality of life in the theatre of Democratic Athens: cults, politics and ancient comedy
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Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy: from ancient festival to modern experimentation
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1961:
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778:, more complex pictures built into the second-level scene (3rd level from the ground)
704:
The orchestra was a circular piece of ground at the bottom of the theatron where the
432:
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764:, a wheeled platform often used to bring dead characters into view for the audience
185:
61:
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LebensqualitÀt im Theater des demokratischen Athen: Kult, Politik und Alte Komödie
663:. By the end of the 5th century BC, around the time of the Peloponnesian War, the
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to impress. Some examples of Greek theatre costuming include long robes called
967:
Male actors playing female roles would wear a wooden structure on their chests (
338:
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and considered to be one of the iconic conventions of classical Greek theatre.
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1799:. New Theatre Quarterly. Vol. 67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1149:
657:. Some theatres also had a raised speaking place on the orchestra called the
613:
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81:
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After 465 BC, playwrights began using a backdrop or scenic wall, called the
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971:) to imitate the look of breasts and another structure on their stomachs (
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Searchable database of monologues for actors from Ancient Greek Theatre
1895:
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The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance
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and reserved for priests and a few of the most respected citizens. The
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The Masks of Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance
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245:, as it is presently known, was created in Athens around 532 BC, when
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314:. He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject â his
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The roots of theatre: rethinking ritual and other theories of origin
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424:) with masks of New Comedy, 1st century BC. â early 1st century AD,
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Tsitsiridis, Stavros, "Greek Mime in the Roman Empire (P.Oxy. 413:
2062:"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"
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There were several scenic elements commonly used in Greek theatre:
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The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called
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This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient
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The Ancient Theatre Archive, Greek and Roman theatre architecture
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Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians
812:(lit., "face"), and was a significant element in the worship of
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1353:(5th ed.). Yale University Press Pelican History of Art.
647:("in front of the scene"), which is similar to the modern day
188:. It is impossible, however, to know with certainty how these
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or sock. For this reason, dramatic art is sometimes called "
450:
The primary Hellenistic theatrical form was not tragedy but
295:. Each is credited with different innovations in the field.
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4507:
2226:
Dionysus Writes: The Invention of Theatre in Ancient Greece
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805:
176:
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2029:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
1240:. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company. p. 3.
1103:
431:
The power of Athens declined following its defeat in the
164:
2101:
2041:
Spoken Like a Woman: Speech and Gender in Athenian Drama
1901:
Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession
1510:"The Origins of the Comedy and Tragedy Masks of Theatre"
1725:
Pathmanathan, R. Sri (1965). "Death in Greek tragedy".
595:
1480:
1478:
672:
The death of a character was always heard behind the
1988:; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944.
821:
decorated robe hanging below it and dancing and the
30:"Greek theatre" redirects here. For other uses, see
1995:, trans. H.A., Frankfurt, London and New York 1965.
1475:
170:
156:
144:
120:
2027:The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre
2025:McDonald, Marianne, Walton, J. Michael (editors),
2000:A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theatre.
1803:
1560:
1346:
750:that gave the impression of a flying actor (thus,
259:performed in and around Attica, especially at the
1846:Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece, Part 1
1344:
5395:
2568:
5271:
2300:â Dr. Thomas G. Hines, Department of Theatre,
2043:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
1804:Vovolis, Thanos; Zamboulakis, Giorgos (2007).
1046:Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama
5257:
2348:
2314:â Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics,
2147:, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002.
1953:, Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001.
1507:
1501:
1236:Bahn, Eugene & Bahn, Margaret L. (1970).
591:separated the upper and lower seating areas.
1943:, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1918
1924:The Origins and Early Forms of Greek Tragedy
1794:
1724:
1638:(7th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
1633:
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1533:
1484:
1431:"Liddell & Scott via Perseus @ UChicago"
1384:
2207:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2000
2205:Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction.
1340:
1338:
1014:Representation of women in Athenian tragedy
825:vase, which depicts actors preparing for a
5264:
5250:
3234:
2355:
2341:
2283:Ancient Greek theatre history and articles
1866:
1556:
1554:
1345:Lawrence, A. W.; Tomlinson, R. A. (1996).
533:eventually came to mean the whole area of
334:New inventions during the classical period
2288:Drama lesson 1: The ancient Greek theatre
1634:Brockett, Oscar G.; Ball, Robert (2000).
856:Mask dating from the 4th/3rd century BC,
362:. Each submitted three tragedies, plus a
5409:Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
2020:Il pubblico a teatro nella Grecia antica
1873:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy
1763:
1614:
1335:
1305:
1263:
1235:
1214:
934:
930:
851:
791:
692:
560:
473:
447:'s conquests in the fourth century BC).
407:
337:
213:
38:
2163:Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature
1777:
1721:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
1700:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1583:
1551:
1496:
1257:
1208:
1190:"Merriam-Webster definition of tragedy"
685:with the later solidified stone scene.
14:
5396:
4288:
2078:Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace
1806:"The acoustical mask of Greek tragedy"
1695:
1651:
1642:
1545:
1400:. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78â79.
1373:
1329:
1317:
880:In a large open-air theatre, like the
5245:
5145:
4287:
3716:
3220:
2567:
2387:
2336:
1795:Vervain, Chris; Wiles, David (2004).
1463:from the original on 10 December 2022
1395:
498:(literally "dancing place"), where a
403:
4756:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2388:
1904:, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
1666:(in German). Munich, Germany: GRIN.
1508:D'Almeida, Cristina (21 June 2020).
1287:from the original on 29 January 2022
1196:from the original on 22 January 2007
2238:, trans. T. Marier, Baltimore 1991.
1984:, Stanford University, California,
56:from 700 BC. At its centre was the
24:
3717:
2362:
1932:, Hermes 85, 1957, pp. 17â46.
1822:
1170:List of films based on Greek drama
732:
25:
5430:
2242:
2102:Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin (2008).
2088:The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens
1918:Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument
1619:(8th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
999:List of ancient Greek playwrights
875:
772:, pictures hung to create scenery
651:. The upper story was called the
192:became the basis for tragedy and
5225:
5215:
5206:
5205:
2307:Greek and Roman theatre glossary
2094:The Dramatic Festivals of Athens
2060:Padilla, Mark William (editor),
1926:, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1965.
1920:, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1967.
1894:Easterling, Patricia Elizabeth;
1645:Costume in Greek Classical Drama
1561:Vovolis & Zamboulakis (2007)
1238:A History of Oral Interpretation
623:, became a common supplement to
351:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
5226:
2182:, Oxford:University Press 2003.
2082:Dithyramb, Tragedy, and Comedy
1940:The Greek theater and its drama
1830:Greek Theater in Ancient Sicily
1607:
1577:
1565:
1539:
1527:
1490:
1449:
1423:
1414:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1323:
847:
469:
426:Princeton University Art Museum
2236:Greek Tragedy: An Introduction
2178:Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane,
1780:"Research on the Ancient Mask"
1311:
1299:
1269:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1182:
1004:List of ancient Greek theatres
32:Greek theatre (disambiguation)
13:
1:
2827:
2814:
2795:
2778:
2180:Tragedy and Athenian Religion
1982:A handbook of Classical Drama
1832:. Cambridge University Press.
1698:The Making of Theatre History
1176:
804:The Ancient Greek term for a
3955:Funeral and burial practices
3140:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2273:Resources in other libraries
1960:, London: Peter Owen, 2003.
1951:Female Acts in Greek Tragedy
1852:, 16, 1962, pp. 141â56.
867:The mask-makers were called
718:
688:
674:
665:
659:
653:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
605:
596:
587:
581:
574:
547:
541:
535:
529:
520:
512:
504:
494:
488:
251:
177:
163:
151:
127:
114:
7:
1835:Buckham, Philip Wentworth,
1615:Brockett, Oscar G. (1999).
1586:Contemporary Theatre Review
991:
709:individual characters. The
554:
10:
5435:
5273:History of Western theatre
3879:Greek Revival architecture
3221:
2172:Greek Drama and Dramatists
2013:University of Exeter Press
1878:Cambridge University Press
1863:, 86, 1955, pp. 1â21.
1572:Brockett & Ball (2000)
1534:Vervain & Wiles (2004)
1485:Vervain & Wiles (2004)
1281:, 6.21 trans. A.D. Godley"
787:
203:
199:
171:
157:
145:
121:
29:
5279:
5201:
5152:
5146:
5141:
4986:
4863:
4852:
4779:
4701:
4658:
4605:
4463:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4283:
4232:
4147:
4085:
4047:
4040:
3990:
3950:
3941:
3863:
3740:
3736:
3712:
3678:
3647:
3489:
3376:
3320:
3287:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3242:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3095:Antigonid Macedonian army
3068:
3041:
3013:
2970:
2927:
2918:
2760:
2699:
2596:
2592:
2563:
2462:
2411:
2407:
2383:
2370:
2312:Illustrated Greek Theater
2268:Resources in your library
2254:Theatre of ancient Greece
2138:Wayland Press, Hove: 1996
1986:Stanford University Press
1828:Bosher, Kathryn G. 2021.
1741:10.1017/S0017383500014704
1598:10.1080/10486809708568438
1165:Roman theatre (structure)
565:Ancient Greek theatre in
420:Relief of a seated poet (
101:theatre of ancient Greece
76:, which honoured the god
2158:Schlegel, August Wilhelm
1937:Flickinger, Roy Caston,
1930:The Origins of ΀ΥÎÎΩÎÎÎÎ
842:comedy and tragedy masks
782:
594:
378:added the second actor (
1778:Varakis, Angie (2004).
1155:Theatre of ancient Rome
697:The Ancient Theatre of
131:, from which the word "
3321:Artists & scholars
3236:List of ancient Greeks
2873:Second Athenian League
2722:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2547:Ancient Greek colonies
2316:HampdenâSydney College
2169:Sommerstein, Alan H.,
2047:Moulton, Richard Green
1980:Harsh, Philip Whaley,
1857:Peisistratus and Homer
1617:History of the Theatre
943:
860:
801:
701:
669:was two stories high.
569:
483:
443:(the period following
428:
386:introduced the third (
346:
231:
52:culture flourished in
45:
5404:Ancient Greek theatre
4440:Sybaris on the Traeis
3165:Sacred Band of Thebes
2905:(c. 300 BCâc. 300 AD)
2419:Cycladic civilization
2293:Ancient Greek Theatre
2010:Acting Greek Tragedy.
2003:University of Chicago
1838:Theatre of the Greeks
1696:Kuritz, Paul (1988).
1643:Brooke, Iris (1962).
1636:The Essential Theatre
1396:BrniÄ, Ivica (2019).
938:
931:Other costume details
855:
795:
696:
611:(from which the word
579:They were called the
564:
477:
411:
341:
230:the finest in Greece.
217:
204:Further information:
181:, 'to sing'.
169:meaning "song", from
111:, and plot elements.
42:
3965:mythological figures
3686:Ancient Greek tribes
2811:Peloponnesian League
2126:Dionysism and Comedy
2108:Blackwell Publishers
1958:The Birth of Theatre
1652:Jansen, Jan (2000).
255:, or leader, of the
5306:English Renaissance
4077:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4072:Theatre of Dionysus
3696:Ancient Macedonians
3312:Tyrants of Syracuse
2824:Amphictyonic League
2424:Minoan civilization
2066:Bucknell University
2055:The Clarendon Press
1876:. Cambridge, U.K.:
1683:on 21 November 2008
1385:Pathmanathan (1965)
882:Theatre of Dionysus
796:Tragic Comic Masks
445:Alexander the Great
360:Theatre of Dionysus
344:Theatre of Dionysus
320:The Fall of Miletus
220:the ancient theatre
135:" is derived, is a
68:there as part of a
18:Ancient Greek drama
5311:Spanish Golden Age
5300:Commedia dell'arte
4751:Menestheus's Limin
4405:Pandosia (Lucania)
4293:Greek colonisation
3655:Athenian statesmen
3416:Diogenes of Sinope
3277:Kings of Macedonia
3267:Kings of Commagene
3135:Macedonian phalanx
3115:Hellenistic armies
2863:(c. 424âc. 395 BC)
2727:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2449:Hellenistic Greece
2221:, Cambridge, 1997.
2214:, Cambridge, 1991.
2175:, Routledge, 2002.
2018:Loscalzo, Donato,
1719:Greek Architecture
1647:. London: Methuen.
1349:Greek Architecture
1009:History of theatre
944:
861:
802:
702:
570:
484:
441:Hellenistic period
429:
404:Hellenistic period
347:
328:Hellenistic period
232:
88:(490 BC), and the
46:
5391:
5390:
5239:
5238:
5197:
5196:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
4703:Iberian Peninsula
4635:Lipara/Meligounis
4601:
4600:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4252:Cypriot syllabary
4143:
4142:
4052:Athenian Treasury
4036:
4035:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3297:Ptolemaic dynasty
3257:Archons of Athens
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3083:Athenian military
3064:
3063:
2897:League of Corinth
2879:Thessalian League
2855:Chalcidian League
2837:Acarnanian League
2747:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2249:Library resources
2117:978-1-4051-2160-6
1975:The Attic Theatre
1765:Ridgeway, William
1420:Lawrence, 280-281
1407:978-3-03860-121-0
1109:OnomastĂŹ komodĂšin
433:Peloponnesian War
190:fertility rituals
66:institutionalised
16:(Redirected from
5426:
5419:Masks in theatre
5414:Cult of Dionysus
5266:
5259:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5229:
5228:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5143:
5142:
4861:
4860:
4360:Heraclea Lucania
4313:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4285:
4284:
4045:
4044:
3977:Twelve Olympians
3948:
3947:
3738:
3737:
3714:
3713:
3302:Seleucid dynasty
3282:Kings of Paionia
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3088:Scythian archers
2995:Graphe paranomon
2925:
2924:
2832:
2829:
2819:
2816:
2800:
2797:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2564:
2444:Classical Greece
2429:Mycenaean Greece
2409:
2408:
2385:
2384:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2224:Wise, Jennifer,
2198:1 (2011) 184-232
2121:
2039:McClure, Laura.
1956:Freund, Philip,
1914:Else, Gerald F.
1891:
1868:Easterling, P.E.
1855:Davidson, J.A.,
1844:Davidson, J.A.,
1817:
1800:
1791:
1774:
1760:
1711:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1676:. Archived from
1665:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:, pp. 16â17
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
677:
668:
662:
656:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
610:
599:
590:
584:
577:
550:
544:
538:
532:
523:
517:
509:
497:
491:
308:Phoenician Women
254:
226:, considered by
180:
174:
173:
168:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
130:
124:
123:
109:stock characters
21:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5275:
5270:
5240:
5235:
5193:
5148:
5125:
4988:
4982:
4865:
4856:
4848:
4819:Melaina Korkyra
4775:
4697:
4654:
4607:Aeolian Islands
4597:
4459:
4317:
4298:
4297:
4271:
4228:
4139:
4081:
4032:
3986:
3937:
3859:
3850:Wedding customs
3732:
3731:
3700:
3691:Thracian Greeks
3674:
3665:Olympic victors
3643:
3485:
3372:
3316:
3307:Kings of Sparta
3292:Kings of Pontus
3262:Kings of Athens
3238:
3225:
3204:
3100:Army of Macedon
3060:
3037:
3009:
2966:
2914:
2887:(370âc. 230 BC)
2885:Arcadian League
2869:(c. 400â188 BC)
2867:Aetolian League
2861:Boeotian League
2843:Hellenic League
2830:
2817:
2807:(c. 650â404 BC)
2798:
2792:Italiote League
2785:
2781:
2775:Doric Hexapolis
2765:
2756:
2752:Seleucid Empire
2695:
2588:
2587:
2551:
2458:
2434:Greek Dark Ages
2403:
2402:
2379:
2366:
2361:
2302:Whitman College
2279:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2234:Zimmerman, B.,
2228:, Ithaca 1998.
2134:Ross, Stewart.
2118:
2005:, Chicago: 2006
1888:
1825:
1823:Further reading
1820:
1728:Greece and Rome
1715:Lawrence, A. W.
1708:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1663:
1627:
1610:
1605:
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1578:
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1390:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1306:Brockett (1999)
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1264:Brockett (1999)
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:Ridgeway (1910)
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
994:
962:sock and buskin
933:
878:
858:Stoa of Attalos
850:
798:Hadrian's Villa
790:
785:
753:deus ex machina
735:
733:Scenic elements
721:
691:
601:
559:
472:
406:
336:
316:Fall of Miletus
212:
202:
186:Dionysian cults
117:
92:were the three
84:(late 500 BC),
44:comedy as well.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5432:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
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4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Megara Hyblaea
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Hybla Gereatis
4530:
4525:
4523:Heraclea Minoa
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
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4457:
4452:
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4387:
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4377:
4372:
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4362:
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4337:
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4321:
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4310:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4267:Attic numerals
4264:
4262:Greek numerals
4259:
4257:Greek alphabet
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
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4015:
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3994:
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3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:Musical system
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Mathematicians
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Kings of Argos
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:Cretan archers
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2909:Achaean League
2906:
2903:Euboean League
2900:
2894:
2891:Epirote League
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:(c. 500â31 BC)
2834:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2789:
2771:
2769:
2767:Confederations
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2691:Lissus (Crete)
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Archaic Greece
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:Ancient Greece
2360:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:External links
2241:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2217:Wiles, David.
2215:
2210:Wiles, David.
2208:
2203:Wiles, David.
2201:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:, Geneva 1809.
2155:
2139:
2136:Greek Theatre.
2132:
2122:
2116:
2106:. Malden, MA:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:, Oxford 1953.
2091:
2090:, Oxford 1946.
2085:
2084:, Oxford 1927.
2076:
2058:
2044:
2037:
2023:
2016:
2015:, Exeter: 2015
2006:
1996:
1989:
1978:
1968:
1954:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1870:, ed. (1997).
1864:
1853:
1842:
1841:, London 1827.
1833:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1801:
1792:
1775:
1761:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1672:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1576:
1564:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1500:
1497:Varakis (2004)
1489:
1474:
1448:
1437:on 29 May 2012
1422:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1377:
1366:
1359:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1268:
1256:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1207:
1180:
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1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
932:
929:
877:
876:Mask functions
874:
849:
846:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
773:
765:
757:
734:
731:
720:
717:
690:
687:
600:
593:
558:
553:
471:
468:
418:Early Imperial
405:
402:
335:
332:
261:Rural Dionysia
201:
198:
155:or "goat" and
116:
113:
54:ancient Greece
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5232:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5144:
5140:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Hemeroscopion
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Magna Graecia
4305:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Arcadocypriot
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4135:Zeus, Olympia
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Hera, Olympia
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Mount Olympus
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:Sacred places
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:Olympic Games
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Homosexuality
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Seleucid army
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:Delian League
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2825:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:Ionian League
2803:
2793:
2790:
2786: 560 BC
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Magna Graecia
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
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2153:0-87745-817-0
2150:
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2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:Riu, Xavier,
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2104:Greek Tragedy
2100:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2074:0-8387-5418-X
2071:
2068:Press, 1999.
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:0-521-83456-2
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:Ley, Graham.
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:Ley, Graham.
1997:
1994:
1993:Greek Tragedy
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:0-7206-1170-9
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Foley, Helene
1945:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:0-521-65140-9
1907:
1903:
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1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:0-521-41245-5
1883:
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1723:
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1716:
1713:
1709:
1707:9780135478615
1703:
1699:
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1675:
1673:9783638291873
1669:
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1632:
1628:
1626:9780205290260
1622:
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1599:
1595:
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1587:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1546:Brooke (1962)
1542:
1536:, p. 256
1535:
1530:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 255
1486:
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1375:
1374:Jansen (2000)
1370:
1362:
1360:0-300-06491-8
1356:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:Kuritz (1988)
1326:
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1318:Kuritz (1988)
1314:
1307:
1302:
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1232:
1226:Lawrence, 283
1223:
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1150:Thalia (Muse)
1148:
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380:deuteragonist
377:
374:claimed that
373:
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285:City Dionysia
281:
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258:
253:
248:
244:
243:Greek tragedy
240:
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229:
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206:Greek tragedy
197:
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63:
59:
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41:
37:
33:
27:Greek theatre
19:
5376:20th century
5351:19th century
5321:Neoclassical
5298:
5283:
5026:Dionysopolis
4996:Abonoteichos
4948:Pantikapaion
4538:Hybla Heraea
3932:
3874:Architecture
3830:Prostitution
3519:Aristophanes
3378:Philosophers
3348:Philosophers
3180:Spartan army
2911:(280â146 BC)
2899:(338â322 BC)
2893:(370â168 BC)
2881:(374â196 BC)
2875:(378â355 BC)
2857:(430â348 BC)
2851:(478â404 BC)
2845:(499â449 BC)
2532:Peloponnesus
2454:Roman Greece
2263:Online books
2253:
2235:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2143:
2141:Rozik, Eli,
2135:
2125:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2050:
2040:
2026:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1981:
1974:
1971:Haigh, A. E.
1957:
1950:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1900:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1769:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1659:
1654:
1644:
1635:
1616:
1608:Bibliography
1592:(4): 79â97.
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:, p. 70
1567:
1548:, p. 76
1541:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1514:OnStage Blog
1513:
1503:
1492:
1465:. Retrieved
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1425:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1348:
1332:, p. 24
1325:
1320:, p. 21
1313:
1308:, p. 17
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1278:
1277:"Herodotus,
1271:
1259:
1250:Aristotle, '
1246:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1217:, p. 83
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1184:
1160:Theoric fund
1140:Stichomythia
1132:
1125:
1113:
1091:
1084:
1067:
1060:
1018:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
955:
947:
945:
940:
926:
919:
901:
879:
868:
866:
862:
848:Mask details
839:
835:
822:
809:
803:
775:
767:
759:
751:
741:
736:
722:
710:
703:
680:
671:
612:
602:
571:
555:
526:
485:
470:Architecture
449:
430:
392:
382:), and that
348:
325:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:such as the
297:
282:
275:'s epics by
241:
233:
183:
118:
100:
47:
36:
5341:Romanticism
5326:Restoration
5174:Place names
5086:Salmydessus
4908:Kalos Limen
4888:Chersonesus
4878:Borysthenes
4583:Tauromenion
4395:Metapontion
4157:Proto-Greek
4110:Erechtheion
4105:Athena Nike
4067:Philippeion
3896:Mathematics
3867:and science
3750:Agriculture
3614:Stesichorus
3524:Bacchylides
3514:Archilochus
3401:Antisthenes
3391:Anaximander
3363:Seven Sages
3353:Playwrights
3333:Geographers
3328:Astronomers
3155:Pezhetairos
2782: 1100
2762:Federations
2661:Megalopolis
2598:City states
2573:City states
2191:Moicheutria
2022:, Roma 2008
1896:Hall, Edith
1735:(1): 2â14.
1467:21 February
1457:"Tufts.edu"
1441:15 February
1121:Phlyax play
1051:Didascaliae
1026:Antistrophe
973:progastreda
921:The Bacchae
837:character.
478:Theatre of
388:tritagonist
289:Cleisthenes
72:called the
5398:Categories
5371:Postmodern
5361:Naturalism
5316:Classicism
5076:Polemonion
4953:Phanagoria
4923:Kimmerikon
4918:Kerkinitis
4903:Hermonassa
4893:Dioscurias
4789:Aspalathos
4736:Kalathousa
4711:Akra Leuke
4640:Phoenicusa
4425:Scylletium
4410:Poseidonia
4330:Brentesion
4217:Pamphylian
4212:Macedonian
4130:Samothrace
4115:Hephaestus
4062:Long Walls
4041:Structures
3982:Underworld
3928:Technology
3891:Literature
3825:Philosophy
3790:Euergetism
3679:By culture
3624:Thucydides
3466:Pythagoras
3461:Protagoras
3451:Parmenides
3436:Heraclitus
3421:Empedocles
3411:Democritus
3396:Anaximenes
3386:Anaxagoras
3338:Historians
2831: 595
2818: 550
2799: 800
2784: â c.
2712:Cappadocia
2517:Ionian Sea
2507:Hellespont
2472:Aegean Sea
2318:, Virginia
2053:, Oxford,
1991:Lesky, A.
1810:Didaskalia
1784:Didaskalia
1291:29 January
1200:22 January
1177:References
1056:Didaskalos
969:posterneda
869:skeuopoios
827:satyr play
712:coryphaeus
654:episkenion
649:proscenium
644:proskenion
638:paraskenia
632:paraskenia
620:paraskenia
452:New Comedy
414:Republican
366:(a comic,
364:satyr play
349:After the
326:Until the
300:Golden Age
293:Phrynichus
257:dithyrambs
90:satyr play
58:city-state
50:theatrical
5366:Modernism
5346:Melodrama
5162:in Epirus
5111:Trapezous
5056:Mesambria
5041:Eupatoria
5011:Apollonia
5006:Anchialos
4968:Theodosia
4938:Nymphaion
4928:Myrmekion
4898:Gorgippia
4854:Black Sea
4839:Tragurion
4824:Nymphaion
4809:Epidauros
4804:Epidamnos
4794:Apollonia
4771:Zacynthos
4693:Ptolemais
4687:Apollonia
4660:Cyrenaica
4650:TherassĂa
4645:Strongyle
4625:Ereikousa
4548:Leontinoi
4488:Apollonia
4365:Hipponion
4162:Mycenaean
4125:Parthenon
4057:Lion Gate
3960:Mythology
3923:Sculpture
3886:Astronomy
3820:Pederasty
3795:Festivals
3780:Education
3660:Lawgivers
3629:Timocreon
3609:Sophocles
3604:Simonides
3579:Philocles
3574:Panyassis
3569:Mimnermus
3534:Herodotus
3529:Euripides
3499:Aeschylus
3446:Leucippus
3406:Aristotle
3185:Strategos
3051:Synedrion
3005:Ostracism
2985:Areopagus
2937:Free city
2732:Macedonia
2616:Byzantion
2522:Macedonia
2487:Cyrenaica
2464:Geography
2398:Geography
2187:Charition
1757:162902790
1687:5 October
1279:Histories
1127:Sparagmos
1115:Parabasis
1069:EkkyklĂȘma
948:cothurnus
916:Euripides
903:Eumenides
898:Aeschylus
840:Stylized
831:Aeschylus
776:thyromata
761:ekkyklĂȘma
726:acoustics
719:Acoustics
689:Orchestra
582:prohedria
542:orchestra
527:The term
495:orchestra
384:Sophocles
376:Aeschylus
372:Aristotle
368:burlesque
277:rhapsodes
228:Pausanias
224:Epidaurus
119:The word
115:Etymology
5381:timeline
5331:Augustan
5294:Medieval
5211:Category
5189:Theatres
5116:Tripolis
5051:Kerasous
5046:Heraclea
4978:Tyritake
4933:Nikonion
4844:Thronion
4766:Salauris
4721:Emporion
4678:Berenice
4668:Balagrae
4620:Euonymos
4593:Tyndaris
4578:Syracuse
4573:Selinous
4543:Kamarina
4498:Casmenae
4483:Akrillai
4400:NeĂĄpolis
4335:Caulonia
4316:Mainland
4247:Linear B
4242:Linear A
4172:Dialects
4149:Language
3943:Religion
3901:Medicine
3835:Religion
3800:Folklore
3785:Emporium
3760:Clothing
3755:Calendar
3639:Xenophon
3634:Tyrtaeus
3619:Theognis
3594:Polybius
3589:Plutarch
3564:Menander
3544:Hipponax
3471:Socrates
3426:Epicurus
3272:Diadochi
3170:Sciritae
3130:Hetairoi
3105:Ballista
3070:Military
3033:Gerousia
3023:Ekklesia
2990:Ecclesia
2972:Athenian
2920:Politics
2833:â279 BC)
2820:â366 BC)
2801:â389 BC)
2737:Pergamon
2707:Bithynia
2700:Kingdoms
2641:Pergamon
2583:Military
2578:Politics
2375:Timeline
2328:regions.
2128:, 1999.
1898:(eds.),
1767:(1910).
1461:Archived
1285:Archived
1194:Archived
1134:StĂĄsimon
1041:ChorĂȘgos
992:See also
908:Pentheus
823:Pronomos
814:Dionysus
810:prosopon
683:pediment
641:was the
575:theatron
556:Theatron
536:theatron
489:theatron
480:Pergamon
456:Menander
435:against
422:Menander
356:Dionysia
312:Alcestis
252:exarchon
237:Socrates
218:View of
210:Dionysia
137:compound
128:tragodia
122:ÏÏαγῳΎία
94:dramatic
78:Dionysus
74:Dionysia
70:festival
5356:Realism
5231:Outline
5184:Temples
5121:Zaliche
5101:ThĂšrmae
5091:Sesamus
5061:Odessos
5036:Cytorus
5031:Cotyora
4781:Illyria
4746:Mainake
4741:Kypsela
4630:Hycesia
4588:Thermae
4568:Segesta
4558:Messana
4513:Helorus
4493:Calacte
4473:Akragas
4435:Sybaris
4420:Rhegion
4375:Krimisa
4325:Alision
4234:Writing
4207:Locrian
4197:Epirote
4167:Homeric
4100:Artemis
4087:Temples
4028:Olympia
3998:Eleusis
3933:Theatre
3918:Pottery
3845:Warfare
3840:Slavery
3775:Economy
3770:Cuisine
3765:Coinage
3742:Society
3727:Culture
3722:Society
3670:Tyrants
3509:Alcaeus
3491:Authors
3441:Hypatia
3431:Gorgias
3368:Writers
3190:Toxotai
3160:Sarissa
3150:Peltast
3145:Phalanx
3125:Hoplite
3120:Hippeis
3043:Macedon
3015:Spartan
3000:Heliaia
2947:Proxeny
2656:Larissa
2651:Kerkyra
2646:Eretria
2636:Miletus
2631:Ephesus
2626:Corinth
2621:Chalcis
2542:Taurica
2412:Periods
2393:History
2196:Logeion
2057:, 1890.
1977:, 1907.
1850:Phoenix
1252:Poetics
1145:StrophĂȘ
1093:MĂȘchanĂȘ
1075:Episode
1062:Eisodos
890:Oedipus
769:pinakes
743:mechane
660:logeion
588:diazoma
530:theatre
514:eisodoi
506:parodoi
464:Terence
460:Plautus
412:Roman,
394:Tragedy
304:Danaids
247:Thespis
200:Origins
178:aeidein
172:áŒÎ”ίΎΔÎčÎœ
143:words:
139:of two
133:tragedy
82:Tragedy
5336:Weimar
5221:Portal
5169:People
5157:Cities
5096:Sinope
5081:Rhizos
5071:Phasis
5021:Bathus
5016:Athina
5001:Amisos
4963:Tanais
4958:Pityus
4883:Charax
4834:Pharos
4829:Orikon
4726:Helike
4716:Alonis
4683:Cyrene
4615:Didyme
4528:Himera
4503:Catana
4465:Sicily
4455:Thurii
4450:Terina
4415:Pixous
4370:Hydrus
4345:Croton
4177:Aeolic
4095:Aphaea
4018:Dodona
4003:Delphi
3972:Temple
3648:Others
3599:Sappho
3584:Pindar
3559:Lucian
3554:Ibycus
3539:Hesiod
3476:Thales
3244:Rulers
3223:People
3200:Xyston
3195:Xiphos
3056:Koinon
2962:Tyrant
2952:Stasis
2942:Koinon
2742:Pontus
2717:Epirus
2686:Sparta
2676:Rhodes
2671:Megara
2666:Thebes
2611:Athens
2537:Pontus
2502:Epirus
2492:Cyprus
2477:Aeolis
2251:about
2230:review
2151:
2130:review
2114:
2072:
2033:
1964:
1908:
1884:
1755:
1749:642398
1747:
1704:
1670:
1662:]
1623:
1519:16 May
1404:
1357:
1099:Monody
1086:KommĂłs
1031:Archon
985:chiton
957:soccus
952:buskin
941:soccus
912:Cadmus
894:Furies
886:Athens
818:Athens
800:mosaic
706:chorus
699:Delphi
629:. The
545:, and
500:chorus
437:Sparta
398:comedy
194:comedy
152:tragos
146:ÏÏΏγοÏ
105:themes
97:genres
86:comedy
62:Athens
5289:Roman
5284:Greek
5179:Stoae
5147:Lists
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4987:South
4973:Tyras
4943:Olbia
4913:Kepoi
4866:coast
4864:North
4857:basin
4799:Aulon
4761:Rhode
4673:Barca
4563:Naxos
4518:Henna
4478:Akrai
4445:Taras
4430:Siris
4390:Medma
4385:Locri
4350:Cumae
4340:Chone
4318:Italy
4224:Koine
4202:Ionic
4192:Doric
4187:Attic
4008:Delos
3906:Music
3549:Homer
3504:Aesop
3456:Plato
3358:Poets
3028:Ephor
2980:Agora
2957:Tagus
2932:Boule
2681:Samos
2606:Argos
2512:Ionia
2497:Doris
2482:Crete
1753:S2CID
1745:JSTOR
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1664:(PDF)
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788:Masks
783:Masks
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675:skené
666:skené
626:skené
614:scene
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597:Skené
567:Delos
548:skené
521:skené
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265:Arion
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