793:
273:
46:
909:
291:
1004:
1863:
1879:
992:
58:
550:
754:
701:
2589:
894:, "death was seen as the starting point for a journey symbolised by a crossing of the sea, the land or even the sky. Supernatural and mythical beings, such as the Sphinx or the wolf, and sometimes Divinity itself, accompanied and guided the deceased on this journey". The Iberians incinerated their dead and placed their ashes in ceremonial urns, the remains were then placed in stone tombs.
887:. Evidence from pottery reveals some information about Iberian myth and ritual. Common themes are a celebratory ritual dance described by Strabo and seen in a relief from Fuerte del Rey known as the "Bastetania dance" and the confrontation between the deceased and a wolf figure. Ritual sacrifice of animals was also common.
780:
The
Iberians produced sculpture in stone and bronze, most of which was much influenced by the Greeks and Phoenicians, and other cultures such as Assyrian, Hittite and Egyptian influences. The styles of Iberian sculpture are divided geographically into Levantine, Central, Southern, and Western groups,
711:
Iberian society was divided into different classes, including kings or chieftains (Latin: "regulus"), nobles, priests, artisans and slaves. Iberian aristocracy, often called a "senate" by the ancient sources, met in a council of nobles. Kings or chieftains would maintain their forces through a system
632:
and defeated the
Carthaginian fleet. After the arrival of Publius Scipio, Tarraco was fortified and, by 211 BCE, the Scipio brothers had overrun the Carthaginian and allied forces south of the Ebro. However, during this campaign, Publius Scipio was killed in battle and Gnaeus died in the retreat. The
855:
were known in the region and worshiped. Currently few native
Iberian gods are known, though the oracular healing deity "Betatun" is known from a Latin inscription at Fuertes del Rey. There was clearly an important female deity associated with the earth and regeneration as depicted by the
1074:'s peoples, that dwelt in the Northern, Central and Western regions (the majority of the peninsula's area), were not Iberians themselves in the ethnic and linguistic sense (they could only be considered Iberians in the geographical sense, i.e. they dwelt in the Iberian Peninsula).
781:
of which the
Levantine group displays the most Greek influence. Iberian pottery and painting was also distinct and widespread throughout the region. A distinct feature of the culture, the pottery was primarily decorated with geometric forms in red but in some areas (from
665:, and Publius Scipio gained control over the entire south of the peninsula. After this victory, the Ilergetes and other Iberian tribes revolted and it was only after this revolt that the Romans conquered the rest of the Carthaginian territories in southern Spain.
931:
and based on intertribal raiding and pillaging. In set piece battle, Iberians were known to regularly charge and retreat, throwing javelins and shouting at their opponents without actually committing to full contact combat. This sort of fighting was termed
353:
was one of the most important ancient
Iberian settlements in the north eastern part of the Iberian peninsula that was discovered in 1912. Also, the 'Treasure of Tivissa', a unique collection of silver Iberian votive offerings was found here in 1927.
2264:. They are also said to have entrusted to Alexander the duty of settling their disputes with each other. Then indeed it was especially evident both to himself and to those about him that he was lord of all the land and sea."
585:. After Hasdrubal's assassination in 221 BCE, Hannibal assumed command of the Carthaginian forces and spent two years completing the conquest of the Iberians south of the Ebro. In his first campaign, Hannibal defeated the
223:
The
Iberian culture developed from the 6th century BCE, and perhaps as early as the fifth to the third millennium BCE in the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. The Iberians lived in villages and
2415:
Lengua vs. cultura material: el (viejo) problema de la lengua indĂgena de Cataluña, Actes de la III ReuniĂł Internacional d'Arqueologia de
Calafell (Calafell, 25 to 27 November 2004), Arqueo MediterrĂ nia 9, pp.
983:. Iberian horsemen were a key element of Iberian forces as well as Carthaginian armies. Spain was rich with excellent wild horses and Iberian cavalry was some of the best in the ancient Mediterranean.
875:
Iberians performed their rites in the open and also maintained sanctuaries in holy places like groves, springs and caves. Archaeological evidence suggests the existence of a priestly class and
719:
was particularly important to the
Iberians and their nobility. Mining was also very important for their economy, especially the silver mines near Gader and Cartago Nova, the iron mines in the
1070:
and other mediterranean peoples first contacted with peoples (tribes or tribal confederacies) that were
Iberians in the ethnic and linguistic sense, although the majority of the
609:. The Iberian theater was a key battleground during this war and many Iberian and Celtiberian warriors fought for both Rome and Carthage, though most tribes sided with Carthage.
792:
335:
860:
and linked with birds, flowers and wheat. The horse was also an important religious figure and an important sanctuary dedicated to Horses has been found in Mula (
688:
for the conquest of
Lusitania. Wars and campaigns in the northern regions of the Iberian peninsula would continue until 16 BCE, when the final rebellions of the
2629:
2620:
3354:
154:). The other, more restricted ethnic sense and the one dealt with in this article, refers to the people living in the eastern and southern coasts of the
330:. By the late 5th and early 4th centuries BCE a series of important social changes led to the consolidation of an aristocracy and the emergence of a
919:
Iberian soldiers were widely employed by Carthage and Rome as mercenaries and auxiliary troops. A large portion of Carthaginian forces during the
174:
from the 7th to at least the 1st century BCE. The rest of the peninsula, in the northern, central, and northwestern areas, was inhabited by
1133:- The biggest iberian tribal confederation in area, they dwelt in a territory that included large areas of the mediterranean coast and the
676:. In 197 BCE, the Iberian tribes revolted once again in the H. Citerior province. After securing these regions, Rome invaded and conquered
212:
1901:. The Iberian language remains an unclassified non-Indo European language. A 1978 study claimed many similarities between Iberian and the
2501:
2110:
2081:
272:
2033:
2016:. There is no agreement between researchers concerning the origin of the Iberian writing systems: for some they are only linked to the
139:
2613:
2452:
390:
made the first historical reference to the Iberians in the 6th century BCE. They defined Iberians as non-Celtic peoples south of the
903:
617:
2244:
are said to have sent an embassy to him at this time; and it is also asserted that envoys came to request his friendship from the
2469:
2181:
2332:
2278:
384:
is the location of an ancient Iberian and later Roman city of Saguntum, where a big fortress was built in the 5th century BCE.
30:
This article is about an ancient people known today as the Iberians from the Iberian Peninsula. For modern-day Iberians, see
2606:
334:"This new political system led, among other things, to cities and towns that centered around these leaders, also known as
1717:) and west JabalĂłn river valley, sometimes are included in the Oretani but it is not certain if they were Oretani tribes.
553:
Iberia during the Second Punic War, showing the short-lived Carthaginian (yellow) and Roman (red) territories and allies
634:
2474:
45:
3364:
561:, the massive war debt suffered by Carthage led them to attempt to expand their control over the Iberian peninsula.
815:
religion was influenced by the Greek and Phoenician practices, as it is evident in their sculptures. The man-bull
2494:
284:
17:
613:
3359:
2275:
Hannibal: A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna, 168 B.C
399:
371:
2577:
3349:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1953:
244:
dialects, semi-pastoral and lived in scattered villages, though they also had a few fortified towns like
167:
2256:, and Iberians â nations whose names were heard and their accoutrements seen then for the first time by
2487:
1365:
1007:
908:
2307:
Rafael Treviño Martinez, Rome's Enemies (4) : Spanish Armies 218-19 BC (Men at Arms Series, 180)
2216:
1146:
342:
or fortified Iberian town became the centre of reference in the landscape and the political space."
1770:
505:
290:
143:
2228:, who congratulated him and crowned him as conqueror of the kingdom of Asia. From Italy also came
1003:
2048:
1890:
194:
2404:
Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al., Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics, 171.
2150:
2134:
J. S. Richardson, Hispaniae; Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218-82 BC, page 16.
819:(possibly a fertility deity) and various depictions of sphinxes and lions bear a resemblance to
2085:
1971:
1862:
1596:
1253:
469:, were of Iberian origin, though "Iberian" at the time could have included what we think of as
367:
295:
2114:
1287:
668:
After the Carthaginian defeat, the Iberian territories were divided into two major provinces,
422:
387:
2877:
2872:
2645:
2598:
1985:
1883:
1878:
1694:
1134:
820:
748:
661:), which was a decisive victory for Publius Scipio Africanus. The Carthaginians retreated to
311:
1150:
138:, as used by the ancient authors, had two distinct meanings. One, more general, referred to
1778:
361:
151:
110:
2395:
José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba A. Lakarra, Towards a History of the Basque Language, page 55.
1158:
972:
8:
3285:
2814:
2261:
2245:
2017:
1829:
1697:
one, or a mixed Celtic and Iberian tribe or tribal confederacy (and hence related to the
1546:
1211:
1142:
1031:
654:
520:
1923:
There are different theories about the origin of the Iberian language. According to the
306:
In the centuries preceding Carthaginian and Roman conquest, Iberian settlements grew in
236:
were more urbanized than their neighbors in the central and northwestern regions of the
3231:
2378:
1706:
1656:
1241:
1197:
1154:
658:
574:
2347:
Lisbeth Bredholt Christensen, et al. The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe, page
1655:
basin, along a part of the mediterranean coast roughly in what is today a part of the
1500:
3344:
3320:
3111:
2692:
2633:
2561:
2537:
2510:
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1910:
1902:
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1341:
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1138:
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941:
828:
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673:
669:
646:
375:
307:
237:
155:
98:
39:
35:
2329:
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1866:
Paleohispanic languages according to inscriptions (except Aquitanian â according to
3249:
3116:
2902:
2370:
2038:
2013:
1946:
1894:
1857:
1840:
1836:
1177:
1043:
606:
578:
544:
171:
1793:
649:(209â208). The war dragged on with Carthage sending more reinforcements until the
577:
continued his incursions into Iberia, founding the colony of Qart Hadasht (modern
3121:
2553:
2336:
2185:
2043:
2001:
1940:
1914:
1906:
1732:
1652:
1638:
1624:
1349:
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762:
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deposits. They produced fine metalwork and high quality iron weapons such as the
689:
650:
642:
558:
2319:
Lisbeth Bredholt Christensen, et al. The Handbook of Religions in Ancient Europe
453:
are thought to have been made by Iberians relatively well acquainted with Greek
3312:
3084:
2291:
Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC
2257:
2021:
1112:
991:
716:
685:
573:
river region, which was rich in silver. After Hamilcar's death, his son-in-law
562:
528:
434:
233:
163:
102:
86:
78:
31:
1627:. Indika/Indiga or Undika was their main centre (identified with the ruins of
864:). There are many depictions of a "horse taming god" or "lord of the horses" (
3338:
2569:
2528:
2225:
2198:
1984:
share a common distinctive typological characteristic, also present in other
1813:
1744:
1714:
1710:
1686:
1682:
1557:) river margins. One of the biggest iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
1496:
1404:
1035:
960:
824:
638:
624:
tribe north of the Ebro who were allied with Carthage, conquered the Iberian
509:
450:
430:
327:
50:
581:) and extending his influence all the way to the southern bank of the river
3316:
3290:
2766:
2545:
2241:
1867:
1698:
1678:
1674:
1333:
1329:
1067:
924:
857:
812:
570:
524:
488:
on the Iberian Peninsula was founded in 1100 BCE and was originally called
446:
418:
405:
The Iberians traded extensively with other Mediterranean cultures. Iberian
315:
261:
253:
240:. The peoples in the central and northwest regions were mostly speakers of
191:
183:
106:
97:) were an ancient people settled in the eastern and southern coasts of the
3067:
1299:
620:
to conquer Iberia from Carthage. Gnaeus subsequently defeated the Iberian
57:
3162:
3096:
2809:
2722:
2237:
2009:
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1542:
1504:
1484:
1452:
1283:
1166:
1162:
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891:
774:
477:
394:
river (Iber). The Greeks also dubbed as "Iberians" another people in the
331:
319:
197:
158:, which by the 6th century BCE had absorbed cultural influences from the
2111:"Spain: Historical Setting â Library of Congress Country Study â Iberia"
1604:
1600:
215:
in Italy, Greece and especially Sicily due to their military qualities.
3184:
3035:
3025:
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2819:
2707:
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1993:
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2005:
1989:
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1782:
1702:
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1307:
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1126:
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996:
979:, straight swords, spears, javelins and an all iron spear called the
880:
852:
805:
786:
766:
677:
629:
621:
594:
481:
402:. It is thought that there is no connection between the two peoples.
205:
159:
118:
2479:
1751:) was in their territory. May have been more closely related to the
1566:
1562:
1416:
1396:
1392:
1361:
1325:
1321:
831:
show clear Hellenistic influence. Phoenician and Greek deities like
501:
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3179:
3072:
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245:
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175:
114:
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by the 1st to 2nd centuries AD, after being gradually replaced by
1400:
662:
566:
497:
211:
Starting in the 5th century BCE, Iberian soldiers were frequently
3304:
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3259:
3196:
3167:
3138:
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Iberians dwelt along eastern and southern coastal regions of the
976:
968:
913:
884:
848:
844:
840:
801:
732:
625:
590:
586:
500:). Other Phoenician colonies in southern Iberia included Malaka (
406:
381:
350:
339:
249:
62:
3308:
3241:
3206:
3172:
3089:
3030:
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2887:
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2470:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
2211:
1997:
1809:
1805:
1789:
1774:
1570:
1508:
1440:
1420:
1303:
1173:
1063:
1059:
1027:
861:
782:
728:
516:
485:
466:
462:
442:
438:
410:
323:
318:. This process was probably aided by trading contacts with the
257:
225:
122:
2628:
2588:
2069:
Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberians, Phoenicians and Greeks
1591:
southern slopes, they occupied the far north east area of the
1507:. One of the biggest iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
1411:. One of the biggest iberian tribes or tribal confederations.
228:(fortified settlements) and their communities were based on a
3153:
3077:
2967:
2932:
2857:
2824:
2779:
2757:
2253:
1898:
1871:
1817:
1616:
1466:
1412:
1380:
1372:
1201:
1100:
1047:
947:
Ancient sources mention two major types of Iberian infantry,
832:
598:
532:
414:
241:
229:
179:
147:
66:
2149:
Rueda, Carmen; SĂĄnchez, Alberto; Amate, Pilar (2018-11-30).
1499:
along the mediterranean coast and to the inland towards the
3319:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1740:
1728:
1554:
1492:
1295:
836:
758:
720:
712:
of obligation or vassalage that the Romans termed "fides".
582:
470:
391:
101:, at least from the 6th century BCE. They are described in
1945:
The Iberians use three different scripts to represent the
1376:
724:
454:
2103:
1992:
and signs with monophonemic value for the rest of the
1905:. Iberian languages also share some elements with the
1336:) river, in an area that today is roughly part of the
936:
by the Romans. The Iberians were particularly fond of
715:
The Iberians adopted wine and olives from the Greeks.
538:
378:
seems to mark the location of another big settlement.
1137:, in what are today parts of the modern provinces of
1018:, that corresponds to the northwestern shores of the
2012:, but mixed scripts that normally are identified as
1961:
Non-dual variant (2nd century BC and 1st century BC)
1927:
theory, the Iberian language originated in northern
959:
were heavily armored and carried large Italic style
2067:An English-language survey is Richard J. Harrison,
480:, who had established various colonies in southern
360:was another ancient Iberian settlement, as well as
601:region. Hannibal then laid siege to Roman ally of
2453:«La conformación del mundo ibérico septentrional»
2330:http://www.artehistoria.com/v2/contextos/5758.htm
2148:
1077:The Iberian tribes or tribal confederacies were:
276:Ancient silver vessel from the Tivissa Treasure,
3336:
1958:Dual variant (4th century BC and 3rd century BC)
1701:). The Mantesani/Mentesani/Mantasani of today's
461:stated that one of the three original tribes of
27:Historical ethnic group from southwestern Europe
1356:provinces. A tribal confederation. East of the
1062:). The peninsula has this name because ancient
1641:basin and surrounding hills. Northwest of the
3323:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
2614:
2495:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1988:: they use signs with syllabic value for the
1631:). A confederation was formed by four tribes.
872:is also widely attested in the inscriptions.
65:statuette, 2nd to 4th centuries BC, found in
3327:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1607:) and Rhoda (Roses), stretching up into the
1511:(Roman time Dertusa or Dertosa, modern time
1443:) was also in their territory. North of the
1282:mountains southern slopes, also in the high
1240:region (roughly in today's central and east
437:. The Iberians may have adopted some of the
140:all the populations of the Iberian peninsula
2765:
1889:The Iberian language, like the rest of the
1693:. They could have been an Iberian tribe, a
1541:- in the plains area of the middle and low
3355:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
2621:
2607:
2502:
2488:
2341:
2310:
2296:
2034:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
1931:, from where it expanded north and south.
637:in 210 BCE. Scipio attacked and conquered
523:in 324 BCE, along with other embassies of
421:. The Iberians had extensive contact with
1788:Vescetani/Oscenses - In today's northern
1663:city. Laieta (Barcino in Roman times and
2444:SanmartĂ, Joan; Santacana, Joan (2005):
2359:"On the decipherment of ancient Iberian"
2356:
1877:
1861:
1244:), in the mediterranean coastal region.
1002:
990:
907:
904:Warfare in the ancient Iberian Peninsula
791:
752:
699:
548:
476:The Iberians also had contacts with the
289:
271:
56:
44:
1667:in modern times) was their main centre.
971:. Iberian armaments included the famed
723:valley, as well as the exploitation of
14:
3337:
2437:Ruiz, Arturo; Molinos, Manuel (1993):
2220:, VII.XV. "As he was marching back to
1909:. Links have also been found with the
1515:) was their main centre. North of the
1465:- a tribe that dwelt in the region of
1306:) was their main centre. North of the
1252:in Roman times, that would become the
789:) it also included figurative images.
142:without regard to ethnic differences (
61:"Warrior of Moixent" Iberian (Edetan)
2602:
2509:
2483:
2475:Iberian Epigraphy Page, by J.R. Ramos
2240:as envoys, for the same purpose. The
1835:Unknown named tribe or tribes in the
1735:, roughly in the middle basin of the
1026:, Eastern, Northeastern and Northern
804:), Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya,
605:and this led to the beginning of the
597:expanding his control over the river
565:began this conquest from his base at
2144:
2142:
2140:
1820:. They could also be related to the
1204:was their main centre. North of the
1081:Andosini - in the mountains of East
967:carried the caetra, a small Iberian
2224:, he was met by embassies from the
1851:
1743:). Salduie (Roman time Salduba and
1360:. Centres included Saetabi (modern
738:
539:Second Punic War and Roman conquest
125:). Roman sources also use the term
24:
2424:
2328:La religiosidad entre los iberos,
1934:
1882:Iberian scripts in the context of
1477:. May have been either Iberian or
1302:. Libyca or Julia Libyca (today's
1290:rivers basins (tributaries of the
1022:(see the map), roughly in today's
879:mentions priests in the region of
695:
635:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
519:, the Iberians sent emissaries to
232:organization. The Iberians in the
25:
3376:
2463:
2201:. Best of Sicily. 7 October 2007.
2199:"Sicilian Peoples: The Sicanians"
2137:
1781:(today's ChĂąteau-Roussillon near
986:
492:, later renamed by the Romans as
38:. For the ancient Georgians, see
2587:
2188:Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya
1824:and therefore be related to the
1256:capital), was their main centre.
633:tide turned with the arrival of
409:and metalwork has been found in
2407:
2398:
2389:
2350:
2322:
2283:
2267:
2179:Castellet de Banyoles (Tivissa)
1689:) and southern area of today's
704:Horseman from Iberian pottery,
285:Archaeology Museum of Catalonia
2205:
2191:
2172:
2128:
2092:
2074:
2061:
1222:southern slopes. North of the
267:
13:
1:
2151:"The history of the Iberians"
2054:
1623:, in what is roughly today's
1085:southern slopes, in the high
569:by conquering the Tartessian
535:, to request his friendship.
277:
2071:(Thames & Hudson), 1988.
1481:or a Ligurian-Iberian tribe.
1298:river), in the east part of
975:, a curved sword called the
923:was made up of Iberians and
823:mythological creatures. The
7:
2578:Lady of Cerro de los Santos
2357:Anderson, James M. (1978).
2099:Iberians â Encyclopedia.com
2027:
1982:southeastern Iberian script
1978:Northeastern Iberian script
1967:Southeastern Iberian script
1954:Northeastern Iberian script
686:long and drawn out campaign
398:region, currently known as
298:, 6th century BCE, showing
10:
3381:
1938:
1855:
1847:), may have been Iberians.
1366:la Bastida de les Alcusses
1196:basin, roughly in today's
1008:La Bastida de les Alcusses
901:
897:
742:
542:
372:Chinchilla de Monte-AragĂłn
248:. They had a knowledge of
218:
131:to refer to the Iberians.
109:sources (among others, by
29:
3315:were not occupied by the
3301:
3273:
3240:
3224:
3151:
3006:
2833:
2756:
2668:
2640:
2585:
2517:
2273:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault,
2217:The Anabasis of Alexander
1709:(of Oretania) in eastern
1427:, was their main centre,
1403:) river and south of the
1328:) river and north of the
1172:Mastieni - in and around
1169:) was their main centre.
641:and defeated the army of
310:, exhibiting evidence of
170:cultural group spoke the
90:
3365:Historical ethnic groups
2430:BeltrĂĄn, Miguel (1996):
2082:"Iberians â MSN Encarta"
1785:) was their main centre.
1731:) river and west of the
1681:) river valley, eastern
1573:) was their main centre.
1565:in Roman times, today's
1435:in Roman times, today's
1371:Deitani - in and around
1119:) was their main centre.
995:Remains of the walls of
618:Publius Cornelius Scipio
186:groups and the possibly
53:", probably a priestess.
49:The famous bust of the "
2451:SanmartĂ, Joan (2005):
2049:Ancient Iberian coinage
1891:paleohispanic languages
1423:), to the northwest of
1050:), and also in today's
441:' artistic techniques.
338:. In this context, the
2413:Velaza, Javier (2006)
2024:had an influence too.
1972:Greco-Iberian alphabet
1886:
1875:
1619:and perhaps as far as
1611:though the regions of
1597:Hispania Tarraconensis
1473:) and modern northern
1254:Hispania Tarraconensis
1089:basin, area of modern
1011:
1000:
927:. Iberian warfare was
916:
868:). The female goddess
808:
777:
708:
684:. The Romans fought a
554:
368:Mausoleum of Pozo Moro
336:territorial nucleation
303:
296:Mausoleum of Pozo Moro
287:
82:
70:
54:
2878:Celtici Supertamarici
2873:Celtici Praestamarici
2020:while for others the
1986:paleohispanic scripts
1884:paleohispanic scripts
1881:
1870:and theonyms used in
1865:
1495:) river basin to the
1407:, roughly in today's
1006:
994:
911:
821:eastern Mediterranean
795:
756:
749:Iberian schematic art
703:
552:
347:Castellet de Banyoles
312:social stratification
293:
275:
60:
48:
3360:History of Catalonia
2459:5, pp. 333â358.
2432:Los iberos en AragĂłn
973:Gladius Hispaniensis
796:Lord of the Horses,
763:Iberian inscriptions
362:Castelldefels Castle
111:Hecataeus of Miletus
2018:Phoenician alphabet
2004:, they are neither
1830:Aquitanian language
1771:Pyrénées Orientales
1549:rivers towards the
1375:territory (today's
1032:Valencian Community
521:Alexander the Great
425:in the colonies of
213:deployed in battles
3350:Pre-Indo-Europeans
3232:Germani (Oretania)
2446:Els ibers del nord
2375:10.1007/BF01514311
2335:2017-09-02 at the
2184:2016-03-08 at the
1887:
1876:
1657:Barcelona province
1242:Tarragona province
1198:Barcelona province
1012:
1001:
917:
809:
778:
709:
575:Hasdrubal the Fair
555:
400:Caucasian Iberians
345:The settlement of
304:
288:
71:
55:
3332:
3331:
3225:Germanic peoples?
3147:
3146:
2634:Iberian Peninsula
2630:Pre-Roman peoples
2596:
2595:
2562:Bicha of Balazote
2538:Lady of Guardamar
2511:Iberian sculpture
2155:blog.europeana.eu
1911:Etruscan language
1903:Messapic language
1845:Gymnesian islands
1599:, in the gulf of
1593:Iberian Peninsula
1451:and south of the
1409:Valencia province
1278:) and other East
1107:), in the middle
1072:Iberian Peninsula
1020:Mediterranean Sea
1016:Iberian Peninsula
942:guerrilla tactics
829:Lady of Guardamar
817:Bicha of Balazote
745:Iberian sculpture
674:Hispania Citerior
670:Hispania Ulterior
647:Battle of Baecula
376:Castile-La Mancha
370:near the town of
332:clientele system.
308:social complexity
238:Iberian peninsula
168:pre-Indo-European
156:Iberian Peninsula
144:Pre-Indo-European
99:Iberian Peninsula
40:Kingdom of Iberia
36:Portuguese people
16:(Redirected from
3372:
3212:Turdetani Proper
2763:
2762:
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2113:. Archived from
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2089:
2084:. Archived from
2078:
2072:
2065:
2039:Iberian language
2014:semi-syllabaries
1947:Iberian language
1858:Iberian language
1852:Iberian language
1841:Pityusic Islands
1837:Balearic Islands
1800:, in and around
1747:and modern time
1637:- in the middle
1527:and west of the
1044:Balearic Islands
785:to the south of
757:Three different
739:Art and religion
659:Sevilla province
607:Second Punic War
545:Second Punic War
294:Iberian relief,
282:
279:
172:Iberian language
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2554:Sphinx of Agost
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2457:Palaeohispanica
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2425:Further reading
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2337:Wayback Machine
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2293:, p.89-91, 2003
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2002:writing systems
1943:
1941:Iberian scripts
1937:
1935:Iberian scripts
1907:Basque language
1860:
1854:
1839:(formed by the
1733:Guadalope river
1723:- south of the
1653:Llobregat river
1639:Llobregat river
1625:Girona Province
1519:, south of the
1501:Sierra de GĂșdar
1391:- North of the
1320:- South of the
1194:Llobregat river
1105:County of Osona
989:
906:
900:
883:at a temple of
877:Silius Italicus
866:despotes hippon
751:
743:Main articles:
741:
698:
696:Iberian culture
692:were defeated.
690:Cantabrian Wars
651:Battle of Ilipa
643:Hasdrubal Barca
559:First Punic war
547:
541:
423:Greek colonists
388:Greek colonists
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150:and non-Celtic
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2088:on 2009-10-30.
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1755:. West of the
1718:
1673:- In the high
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1523:, east of the
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1214:- in the high
1209:
1192:- in the high
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1120:
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988:
987:Iberian tribes
985:
961:scutum shields
902:Main article:
899:
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717:Horse breeding
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655:AlcalĂĄ del RĂo
563:Hamilcar Barca
543:Main article:
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484:. Their first
435:Hemeroskopeion
281: 500 BCE
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234:Spanish Levant
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152:Indo-Europeans
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2117:on 2020-04-06
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1711:Marianus Mons
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1054:and parts of
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1036:Murcia Region
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664:
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640:
639:Carthago Nova
636:
631:
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623:
619:
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596:
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584:
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560:
551:
546:
536:
534:
530:
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525:Carthaginians
522:
518:
515:According to
513:
511:
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328:Carthaginians
325:
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195:Indo-European
193:
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3007:Other Celtic
2767:Celtiberians
2669:
2575:
2567:
2559:
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2546:Lady of Baza
2543:
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2526:
2456:
2448:, Barcelona.
2445:
2441:, Barcelona.
2438:
2431:
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2076:
2068:
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1924:
1922:
1888:
1868:anthroponyms
1812:), and high
1773:Department,
1699:Celtiberians
1679:Guadalquivir
1587:basin, East
1218:basin, East
1103:region (old
1076:
1013:
964:
956:
952:
948:
946:
933:
925:Celtiberians
918:
889:
874:
865:
858:Lady of Baza
813:polytheistic
811:The Iberian
810:
779:
714:
710:
667:
611:
571:Guadalquivir
556:
514:
493:
489:
475:
447:Lady of Baza
445:such as the
419:North Africa
404:
386:
380:
366:
356:
346:
344:
316:urbanization
305:
264:techniques.
262:agricultural
256:, including
254:metalworking
222:
210:
192:Proto-Celtic
184:Celtiberians
135:
133:
127:
126:
94:
74:
72:
3281:Phoenicians
3163:Lusitanians
3097:Oestriminis
2810:Pellendones
2723:Ilercavones
2434:, Zaragoza.
2262:Macedonians
2238:Tyrrhenians
2010:syllabaries
1814:Cinca River
1769:territory (
1757:Ilercavones
1505:Ilercavonia
1485:Ilercavones
1453:Ilercavones
1176:territory (
1087:Segre river
999:, Catalonia
892:eschatology
890:In Iberian
775:Foz-Calanda
765:, found in
478:Phoenicians
451:Lady of Elx
320:Phoenicians
268:Settlements
198:Lusitanians
160:Phoenicians
3339:Categories
3321:Portuguese
3185:Bletonesii
3036:Suessetani
3026:Autrigones
3016:Allotriges
2923:Lapatianci
2918:Interamici
2820:Turboletae
2708:Contestani
2693:Castellani
2688:Bergistani
2532:(pictured)
2520:sculptures
2439:Los iberos
2289:Hoyos, D.
2246:Ethiopians
2165:2018-11-30
2161:â CC BY-SA
2121:2008-02-29
2055:References
1994:consonants
1990:occlusives
1792:, east of
1767:Roussillon
1475:Roussillon
1445:Contestani
1419:, today's
1318:Contestani
1312:Bergistani
1212:Castellani
1186:Bergistani
1052:Roussillon
1042:, and the
1038:, Eastern
1010:, Valencia
981:Soliferrum
934:concursare
921:Punic wars
798:Villaricos
682:Celtiberia
612:Rome sent
557:After the
459:Thucydides
188:Pre-Celtic
3202:Turdetani
3192:Tartessos
3129:Turmodigi
3102:Plentauri
3058:Carpetani
2978:Quaquerni
2785:Cratistii
2733:Indigetes
2728:Ilergetes
2718:Indigetes
2703:Cessetani
2683:Bastetani
2383:162251382
2369:: 80â85.
2250:Scythians
2234:Lucanians
2230:Bruttians
2159:Europeana
2006:alphabets
1929:Catalonia
1893:, became
1783:Perpignan
1765:- in the
1703:La Mancha
1691:La Mancha
1665:Barcelona
1661:Barcelona
1629:Ullastret
1595:known as
1585:Ter river
1581:Indigetae
1577:Indigetes
1539:Ilergetae
1535:Ilergetes
1529:Cessetani
1521:Ilergetes
1463:Helisyces
1449:Bastetani
1358:Bastetani
1308:Ilergetes
1300:Ribagorça
1270:(today's
1268:Cerretana
1264:Cerretani
1236:- in the
1234:Cossetani
1230:Cessetani
1216:Ter river
1178:Cartagena
1165:(today's
1127:Bastitani
1123:Bastetani
1115:(today's
1109:Ter river
1099:- in the
1056:Languedoc
1040:Andalucia
1024:Catalonia
997:Ullastret
881:Tartessos
853:Asclepius
806:Barcelona
787:Catalonia
767:Calahorra
678:Lusitania
622:Ilergetes
595:Carpetani
579:Cartagena
482:Andalucia
302:influence
206:Turdetani
134:The term
119:Herodotus
3345:Iberians
3325:Guanches
3255:Aeolians
3250:Achaeans
3207:Mastieni
3180:Vettones
3156:peoples?
3117:Oppidani
3053:Caristii
3048:Cantabri
2993:Tamagani
2963:Nemetati
2953:Namarini
2903:Gallaeci
2893:Coelerni
2843:Albiones
2835:Gallaeci
2790:Lobetani
2748:Sedetani
2743:Laietani
2738:Lacetani
2698:Ceretani
2678:Ausetani
2670:Iberians
2660:Vascones
2655:Iacetani
2642:Aquitani
2518:Selected
2333:Archived
2182:Archived
2028:See also
1918:Linear A
1826:Aquitani
1822:Vascones
1816:valley,
1804:, later
1798:Sobrarbe
1763:Sordones
1749:Zaragoza
1721:Sedetani
1705:and the
1649:Laietani
1643:Laietani
1635:Lacetani
1609:Pyrenees
1605:EmpĂșries
1601:Empodrae
1589:Pyrenees
1525:Sedetani
1479:Ligurian
1471:Narbonne
1459:Elisyces
1447:and the
1433:Saguntum
1425:Valencia
1354:Albacete
1346:Valencia
1338:Alicante
1310:and the
1280:Pyrenees
1272:Cerdanya
1260:Ceretani
1224:Ausetani
1220:Pyrenees
1206:Lacetani
1190:Bergusii
1143:Albacete
1097:Ausetani
1083:Pyrenees
965:caetrati
953:caetrati
938:ambushes
914:falcatas
912:Iberian
870:Ataegina
771:Numantia
706:Alicante
653:(modern
603:Saguntum
593:and the
496:(modern
449:and the
427:Emporion
396:Caucasus
358:Lucentum
246:Numantia
202:Vettones
176:Vascones
162:and the
115:Avienius
75:Iberians
3305:Madeira
3265:Ionians
3260:Dorians
3197:Cynetes
3168:Paesuri
3139:Varduli
3134:Vaccaei
3122:Veteres
3112:Bardili
3107:Turduli
3063:Celtici
3043:Berones
3021:Astures
3009:peoples
2973:Poemani
2958:Narbasi
2948:Luanqui
2943:Louguei
2898:Equaesi
2883:Cibarci
2863:Bracari
2853:Artabri
2805:Oretani
2800:Olcades
2795:Lusones
2775:Arevaci
2713:Edetani
2632:of the
2416:273-280
2226:Libyans
2222:Babylon
1925:Catalan
1895:extinct
1802:Bolskan
1779:Ruscino
1753:Edetani
1707:Germani
1671:Oretani
1621:GironĂšs
1613:EmpordĂ
1559:Iltrida
1517:Edetani
1513:Tortosa
1437:Sagunto
1389:Edetani
1342:Alacant
1288:Noguera
1276:Cerdaña
1250:Tarraco
1238:Tarraco
1155:Granada
1151:AlmerĂa
1131:Bastuli
1111:basin.
1091:Andorra
977:falcata
969:buckler
957:Scutati
949:scutati
929:endemic
898:Warfare
885:Melqart
849:Demeter
845:Artemis
841:Melkart
802:Almeria
733:falcata
645:at the
630:Tarraco
626:oppidum
591:Vaccaei
587:Olcades
529:Italics
443:Statues
407:pottery
382:Sagunto
351:Tivissa
340:oppidum
300:Hittite
250:writing
219:History
166:. This
136:Iberian
128:Hispani
85:, from
63:ex-voto
3317:Romans
3311:, and
3309:Azores
3291:Punics
3242:Greeks
3173:Tapoli
3154:Celtic
3090:Volcae
3031:Belgae
2998:Turodi
2988:Seurri
2983:Seurbi
2938:Limici
2928:Lemavi
2913:Iadovi
2908:Grovii
2888:Cileni
2868:Capori
2848:Arroni
2381:
2258:Greeks
2248:, the
2236:, and
2212:Arrian
1998:vowels
1915:Minoan
1810:Huesca
1790:Aragon
1775:France
1737:Iberus
1725:Iberus
1695:Celtic
1675:Baetis
1571:Lleida
1567:LĂ©rida
1563:Ilerda
1551:Iberus
1509:Hibera
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1441:Sagunt
1421:Lliria
1397:XĂșquer
1364:) and
1362:XĂ tiva
1350:Murcia
1334:Segura
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1326:XĂșquer
1304:Llivia
1292:Iberus
1174:Mastia
1159:MĂĄlaga
1139:Murcia
1068:Romans
1064:Greeks
1060:France
1028:Aragon
963:. The
862:Murcia
783:Murcia
729:copper
614:Gnaeus
589:, the
517:Arrian
510:Abdera
502:MĂĄlaga
486:colony
467:Sicani
465:, the
463:Sicily
439:Greeks
433:, and
417:, and
411:France
326:, and
324:Greeks
260:, and
258:bronze
242:Celtic
230:tribal
226:oppida
204:, and
164:Greeks
123:Strabo
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2254:Gauls
2000:. As
1899:Latin
1872:Latin
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1101:Osona
1048:Spain
833:Tanit
761:with
663:Gades
599:Tagus
567:CĂĄdiz
533:Gauls
498:CĂĄdiz
494:Gades
490:Gadir
431:Rhode
415:Italy
180:Celts
148:Celts
107:Roman
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79:Latin
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