3316:" London: the British Museum (Arts and Humanities Research Council). Accessed 2 October 2016, p. 7: "Other important contributions to scholarship included the publication of an extensive summary of gold glass scholarship under the entry âFonds de coupesâ in Fernand Cabrol and Henri Leclercq's comprehensive Dictionnaire dâarchĂ©ologie chrĂ©tienne et de liturgie in 1923. Leclercq updated Vopel's catalogue, recording 512 gold glasses considered to be genuine, and developed a typological series consisting of eleven iconographic subjects: biblical subjects; Christ and the saints; various legends; inscriptions; pagan deities; secular subjects; male portraits; female portraits; portraits of couples and families; animals; and Jewish symbols. In a 1926 article devoted to the brushed technique gold glass known as the Brescia medallion (Pl. 1), Fernand de MĂ©ly challenged the deeply ingrained opinion of Garrucci and Vopel that all examples of brushed technique gold glass were in fact forgeries. The following year, de MĂ©ly's hypothesis was supported and further elaborated upon in two articles by different scholars. A case for the Brescia medallion's authenticity was argued for, not on the basis of its iconographic and orthographic similarity with pieces from Rome (a key reason for Garrucci's dismissal), but instead for its close similarity to the Fayoum mummy portraits from Egypt. Indeed, this comparison was given further credence by Walter Crum's assertion that the Greek inscription on the medallion was written in the Alexandrian dialect of Egypt. De MĂ©ly noted that the medallion and its inscription had been reported as early as 1725, far too early for the idiosyncrasies of Graeco-Egyptian word endings to have been understood by forgers." "Comparing the iconography of the Brescia medallion with other more closely dated objects from Egypt, Hayford Peirce then proposed that brushed technique medallions were produced in the early 3rd century, whilst de MĂ©ly himself advocated a more general 3rd-century date. With the authenticity of the medallion more firmly established, Joseph Breck was prepared to propose a late 3rd to early 4th century date for all of the brushed technique cobalt blue-backed portrait medallions, some of which also had Greek inscriptions in the Alexandrian dialect. Although considered genuine by the majority of scholars by this point, the unequivocal authenticity of these glasses was not fully established until 1941 when Gerhart Ladner discovered and published a photograph of one such medallion still in situ, where it remains to this day, impressed into the plaster sealing in an individual loculus in the Catacomb of Panfilo in Rome (Pl. 2). Shortly after in 1942, Morey used the phrase âbrushed techniqueâ to categorize this gold glass type, the iconography being produced through a series of small incisions undertaken with a gem cutter's precision and lending themselves to a chiaroscuro-like effect similar to that of a fine steel engraving simulating brush strokes."
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some of them ran away, and some were carried into captivity; with walls of great altitude and magnitude overthrown and ruined by machines; with the strongest fortifications taken, and the walls of most populous cities upon the tops of hills seized on, and an army pouring itself within the walls; as also every place full of slaughter, and supplications of the enemies, when they were no longer able to lift up their hands in way of opposition. Fire also sent upon temples was here represented, and houses overthrown, and falling upon their owners: rivers also, after they came out of a large and melancholy desert, ran down, not into a land cultivated, nor as drink for men, or for cattle, but through a land still on fire upon every side; for the Jews related that such a thing they had undergone during this war. Now the workmanship of these representations was so magnificent and lively in the construction of the things, that it exhibited what had been done to such as did not see it, as if they had been there really present. On the top of every one of these pageants was placed the commander of the city that was taken, and the manner wherein he was taken.
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2160:
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1530:, all from Roman Egypt, and almost certainly not of the highest contemporary quality. The portraits were attached to burial mummies at the face, from which almost all have now been detached. They usually depict a single person, showing the head, or head and upper chest, viewed frontally. The background is always monochrome, sometimes with decorative elements. In terms of artistic tradition, the images clearly derive more from Greco-Roman traditions than Egyptian ones. They are remarkably realistic, though variable in artistic quality, and may indicate that similar art which was widespread elsewhere but did not survive. A few portraits painted on glass and medals from the later empire have survived, as have coin portraits, some of which are considered very realistic as well.
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2433:. It is the foremost example of Roman historical relief and one of the great artistic treasures of the ancient world. This unprecedented achievement, over 650 foot of spiraling length, presents not just realistically rendered individuals (over 2,500 of them), but landscapes, animals, ships, and other elements in a continuous visual history â in effect an ancient precursor of a documentary movie. It survived destruction when it was adapted as a base for Christian sculpture. During the Christian era after 300 AD, the decoration of door panels and sarcophagi continued but full-sized sculpture died out and did not appear to be an important element in early churches.
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989:, Ancient Rome's most important historian concerning the arts, recorded that nearly all the forms of art â sculpture, landscape, portrait painting, even genre painting â were advanced in Greek times, and in some cases, more advanced than in Rome. Though very little remains of Greek wall art and portraiture, certainly Greek sculpture and vase painting bears this out. These forms were not likely surpassed by Roman artists in fineness of design or execution. As another example of the lost "
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2845:, was completed around 80 AD at the far end of that forum. It held over 50,000 spectators, had retractable fabric coverings for shade, and could stage massive spectacles including huge gladiatorial contests and mock naval battles. This masterpiece of Roman architecture epitomizes Roman engineering efficiency and incorporates all three architectural orders â Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Less celebrated but just as important if not more so for most Roman citizens, was the five-story
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1426:... and if we look at the portraiture of divine and of human bodies as executed by painters, in respect of the ease or difficulty with which they succeed in imitating their subjects in the opinion of onlookers, we shall notice in the first place that as regards the earth and mountains and rivers and woods and the whole of heaven, with the things that exist and move therein, we are content if a man is able to represent them with even a small degree of likeness ...
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1132:, and funerary sculpture thrived, while full-sized sculpture in the round and panel painting died out, most likely for religious reasons. When Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople), Roman art incorporated Eastern influences to produce the Byzantine style of the late empire. When Rome was sacked in the 5th century, artisans moved to and found work in the Eastern capital. The Church of
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rural population of the whole Empire and beyond, with barbarians on the fringes of the Empire making their own copies. In the Empire medallions in precious metals began to be produced in small editions as imperial gifts, which are similar to coins, though larger and usually finer in execution. Images in coins initially followed Greek styles, with gods and symbols, but in the death throes of the
Republic first
883:, although they were not considered as such at the time. Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest form of art by Romans, but figure painting was also highly regarded. A very large body of sculpture has survived from about the 1st century BC onward, though very little from before, but very little painting remains, and probably nothing that a contemporary would have considered to be of the highest quality.
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2896:. The Pantheon (dedicated to all the planetary gods) is the best preserved temple of ancient times with an intact ceiling featuring an open "eye" in the center. The height of the ceiling exactly equals the interior radius of the building, creating a hemispherical enclosure. These grand buildings later served as inspirational models for architects of the Italian Renaissance, such as
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and nearby areas, which required advances in engineering methods and large scale design. Roman buildings were then built in the commercial, political, and social grouping known as a forum, that of Julius Caesar being the first and several added later, with the Forum
Romanum being the most famous. The greatest arena in the Roman world, the
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in
Ancient Greece, of the great masters of Roman art, and practically no signed works. Where Greeks worshipped the aesthetic qualities of great art, and wrote extensively on artistic theory, Roman art was more decorative and indicative of status and wealth, and apparently not the subject of scholars or philosophers.
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997:, "whose artistry is surpassed by only a very few ... He painted barbershops and shoemakers' stalls, donkeys, vegetables, and such, and for that reason came to be called the 'painter of vulgar subjects'; yet these works are altogether delightful, and they were sold at higher prices than the greatest
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Roman mosaic was a minor art, though often on a very large scale, until the very end of the period, when late-4th-century
Christians began to use it for large religious images on walls in their new large churches; in earlier Roman art mosaic was mainly used for floors, curved ceilings, and inside and
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and revived in the 3rd century AD. There are a very few large designs, including a very fine group of portraits from the 3rd century with added paint, but the great majority of the around 500 survivals are roundels that are the cut-off bottoms of wine cups or glasses used to mark and decorate graves
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could never have been constructed with previous materials and methods. Though concrete had been invented a thousand years earlier in the Near East, the Romans extended its use from fortifications to their most impressive buildings and monuments, capitalizing on the material's strength and low cost.
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reach the artistic peaks of the best Greek coins, but they survive in vast numbers and their iconography and inscriptions form a crucial source for the study of Roman history, and the development of imperial iconography, as well as containing many fine examples of portraiture. They penetrated to the
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is arguably the main strength of Roman sculpture. There are no survivals from the tradition of masks of ancestors that were worn in processions at the funerals of the great families and otherwise displayed in the home, but many of the busts that survive must represent ancestral figures, perhaps from
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sculpture became largely an extension of the
Hellenistic style, from which specifically Roman elements are hard to disentangle, especially as so much Greek sculpture survives only in copies of the Roman period. By the 2nd century BC, "most of the sculptors working in Rome" were Greek, often enslaved
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The earlier group are "among the most vivid portraits to survive from Early
Christian times. They stare out at us with an extraordinary stern and melancholy intensity", and represent the best surviving indications of what high quality Roman portraiture could achieve in paint. The Gennadios medallion
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artists 1,900 years later had been demonstrated by
Ancient Greek artists, with the notable exceptions of oil colors and mathematically accurate perspective. Where Greek artists were highly revered in their society, most Roman artists were anonymous and considered tradesmen. There is no recording, as
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walls, in front of which is a large warrior equipped with an oval buckler and a feathered helmet; near him is a man in a short tunic, armed with a spear...Around these two are smaller soldiers in short tunics, armed with spears...In the lower zone a battle is taking place, where a warrior with oval
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were the foremost sculptors. It appears that Roman artists had much
Ancient Greek art to copy from, as trade in art was brisk throughout the empire, and much of the Greek artistic heritage found its way into Roman art through books and teaching. Ancient Greek treatises on the arts are known to have
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During the
Republican era, Roman architecture combined Greek and Etruscan elements, and produced innovations such as the round temple and the curved arch. As Roman power grew in the early empire, the first emperors inaugurated wholesale leveling of slums to build grand palaces on the Palatine Hill
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has been much studied, although artistically they are relatively unsophisticated. Their subjects are similar to the catacomb paintings, but with a difference balance including more portraiture. As time went on there was an increase in the depiction of saints. The same technique began to be used
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Because of these methods, Roman architecture is legendary for the durability of its construction; with many buildings still standing, and some still in use, mostly buildings converted to churches during the
Christian era. Many ruins, however, have been stripped of their marble veneer and are left
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After moving through a late 2nd century "baroque" phase, in the 3rd century, Roman art largely abandoned, or simply became unable to produce, sculpture in the classical tradition, a change whose causes remain much discussed. Even the most important imperial monuments now showed stumpy, large-eyed
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There was also wrought gold and ivory fastened about them all; and many resemblances of the war, and those in several ways, and variety of contrivances, affording a most lively portraiture of itself. For there was to be seen a happy country laid waste, and entire squadrons of enemies slain; while
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and a few inscriptions that some Roman paintings were adaptations or copies of earlier Greek works. However, adding to the confusion is the fact that inscriptions may be recording the names of immigrant Greek artists from Roman times, not from Ancient Greek originals that were copied. The Romans
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The main innovation of Roman painting compared to Greek art was the development of landscapes, in particular incorporating techniques of perspective, though true mathematical perspective developed 1,500 years later. Surface textures, shading, and coloration are well applied but scale and spatial
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It was during the reign of Trajan (98â117 AD) and Hadrian (117â138 AD) that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent and that Rome itself was at the peak of its artistic glory â achieved through massive building programs of monuments, meeting houses, gardens, aqueducts, baths, palaces,
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for small panels, which is thought to have been produced offsite in a workshop, and brought to the site as a finished panel. The latter was a Hellenistic genre which is found in Italy between about 100 BC and 100 AD. Most signed mosaics have Greek names, suggesting the artists remained mostly
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subjects are often placed in illusionist niches or shelves and depict a variety of everyday objects including fruit, live and dead animals, seafood, and shells. Examples of the theme of the glass jar filled with water were skillfully painted and later served as models for the same subject often
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found in both monuments the same "stubby proportions, angular movements, an ordering of parts through symmetry and repetition and a rendering of features and drapery folds through incisions rather than modelling... The hallmark of the style wherever it appears consists of an emphatic hardness,
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in 326 BC. The presentation of the figures with sizes proportional to their importance is typically Roman, and finds itself in plebeian reliefs. This painting is in the infancy of triumphal painting, and would have been accomplished by the beginning of the 3rd century BC to decorate the tomb.
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Nothing remains of the Greek paintings imported to Rome during the 4th and 5th centuries, or of the painting on wood done in Italy during that period. In sum, the range of samples is confined to only about 200 years out of the about 900 years of Roman history, and of provincial and decorative
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Roman painting provides a wide variety of themes: animals, still life, scenes from everyday life, portraits, and some mythological subjects. During the Hellenistic period, it evoked the pleasures of the countryside and represented scenes of shepherds, herds, rustic temples, rural mountainous
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Partly because Roman cities were mostly far larger than the Greek city-states in population, and generally less provincial, art in Ancient Rome took on a wider, and sometimes more utilitarian, purpose. Roman culture assimilated many cultures and was for the most part tolerant of the ways of
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depth was still not rendered accurately. Some landscapes were pure scenes of nature, particularly gardens with flowers and trees, while others were architectural vistas depicting urban buildings. Other landscapes show episodes from mythology, the most famous demonstrating scenes from the
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conquered peoples. Roman art was commissioned, displayed, and owned in far greater quantities, and adapted to more uses than in Greek times. Wealthy Romans were more materialistic; they decorated their walls with art, their home with decorative objects, and themselves with fine jewelry.
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The high number of Roman copies of Greek art also speaks of the esteem Roman artists had for Greek art, and perhaps of its rarer and higher quality. Many of the art forms and methods used by the Romans â such as high and low relief, free-standing sculpture, bronze casting, vase art,
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painting â all were developed or refined by Ancient Greek artists. One exception is the Roman bust, which did not include the shoulders. The traditional head-and-shoulders bust may have been an Etruscan or early Roman form. Virtually every artistic technique and method used by
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by pressing them into the mortar. They predominantly date from the 4th and 5th centuries. Most are Christian, though there are many pagan and a few Jewish examples. It is likely that they were originally given as gifts on marriage, or festive occasions such as New Year. Their
1848:(146 BC), and sculptors continued to be mostly Greeks, often slaves, whose names are very rarely recorded. Vast numbers of Greek statues were imported to Rome, whether as booty or the result of extortion or commerce, and temples were often decorated with re-used Greek works.
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While the traditional view of the ancient Roman artists is that they often borrowed from, and copied Greek precedents (much of the Greek sculptures known today are in the form of Roman marble copies), more of recent analysis has indicated that Roman art is a highly creative
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It describes a historical scene, on a clear background, painted in four superimposed sections. Several people are identified, such Marcus Fannius and Marcus Fabius. These are larger than the other figures ... In the second zone, to the left, is a city encircled with
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It was in the area of architecture that Roman art produced its greatest innovations. Because the Roman Empire extended over so great of an area and included so many urbanized areas, Roman engineers developed methods for citybuilding on a grand scale, including the use of
1294:, by no means all Christian, showing the later continuation of the domestic decorative tradition in a version adapted - probably not greatly adapted - for use in burial chambers, in what was probably a rather humbler social milieu than the largest houses in Pompeii.
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in New York, is a fine example of an Alexandrian portrait on blue glass, using a rather more complex technique and naturalistic style than most Late Roman examples, including painting onto the gold to create shading, and with the Greek inscription showing local
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appeared, as indicated by Pliny (XXXV, 22). These were paintings which showed triumphal entries after military victories, represented episodes from the war, and conquered regions and cities. Summary maps were drawn to highlight key points of the campaign.
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Luxury arts included fancy Roman glass in a great range of techniques, many smaller types of which were probably affordable to a good proportion of the Roman public. This was certainly not the case for the most extravagant types of glass, such as the
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Metalwork was highly developed, and clearly an essential part of the homes of the rich, who dined off silver, while often drinking from glass, and had elaborate cast fittings on their furniture, jewellery, and small figurines. A number of important
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Traditional Roman sculpture is divided into five categories: portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies of ancient Greek works. Contrary to the belief of early archaeologists, many of these sculptures were large
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features. He had perhaps been given or commissioned the piece to celebrate victory in a musical competition. One of the most famous Alexandrian-style portrait medallions, with an inscription in Egyptian Greek, was later mounted in an
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style under the Republic, in the preferred medium of bronze. Similarly stern and forceful heads are seen in the coins of the consuls, and in the Imperial period coins as well as busts sent around the Empire to be placed in the
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appeared on coins, and portraits of the emperor or members of his family became standard on imperial coinage. The inscriptions were used for propaganda, and in the later Empire the army joined the emperor as the beneficiary.
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complained of the declining state of Roman portrait art, "The painting of portraits which used to transmit through the ages the accurate likenesses of people, has entirely gone out ... Indolence has destroyed the arts."
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was adopted by the Roman state and the great majority of the people, leading to the end of large religious sculpture, with large statues now only used for emperors, as in the famous fragments of a colossal
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Outside of Italy, many fragments of painted walls have been found throughout the Empire, but few complete pieces. In the Western provinces of the Empire most fragments date from after the year 200 AD.
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While Greek sculptors traditionally illustrated military exploits through the use of mythological allegory, the Romans used a more documentary style. Roman reliefs of battle scenes, like those on the
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The concrete core was covered with a plaster, brick, stone, or marble veneer, and decorative polychrome and gold-gilded sculpture was often added to produce a dazzling effect of power and wealth.
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by a Romanized middle class; despite their very distinct local character they are probably broadly representative of Roman style in painted portraits, which are otherwise entirely lost.
2914:, also based on the arch, were commonplace in the empire and essential transporters of water to large urban areas. Their standing masonry remains are especially impressive, such as the
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Of the vast body of Roman painting we now have only a very few pockets of survivals, with many documented types not surviving at all, or doing so only from the very end of the period.
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In the cultural point of view, the art of the ancient East would have known landscape painting only as the backdrop to civil or military narrative scenes. This theory is defended by
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landscapes and country houses. Erotic scenes are also relatively common. In the late empire, after 200AD, early Christian themes mixed with pagan imagery survive on catacomb walls.
2421:, were created for the glorification of Roman might, but also provide first-hand representation of military costumes and military equipment. Trajan's column records the various
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1637:. This is one of a group of 14 pieces dating to the 3rd century AD, all individualized secular portraits of high quality. The inscription on the medallion is written in the
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The Romans did not generally attempt to compete with free-standing Greek works of heroic exploits from history or mythology, but from early on produced historical works in
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sold seem to have relied on attractive decoration to beat competitors and every subject of Roman art except landscape and portraiture is found on them in miniature.
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1653:. The later glasses from the catacombs have a level of portraiture that is rudimentary, with features, hairstyles and clothes all following stereotypical styles.
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were decorated with reliefs that reflected the latest taste, and provided a large group in society with stylish objects at what was evidently an affordable price.
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with their concrete core exposed, thus appearing somewhat reduced in size and grandeur from their original appearance, such as with the Basilica of Constantine.
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Roman genre scenes generally depict Romans at leisure and include gambling, music and sexual encounters. Some scenes depict gods and goddesses at leisure.
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and other sites nearby, which show how residents of a wealthy seaside resort decorated their walls in the century or so before the fatal eruption of
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found in the last 200 years, mostly from the more violent edges of the late empire, have given us a much clearer idea of Roman silver plate. The
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figures in a harsh frontal style, in simple compositions emphasizing power at the expense of grace. The contrast is famously illustrated in the
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3651:, Roman sculpture is divided into a number of distinct categories--portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies.
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on wooden panels. Unfortunately, since wood is a perishable material, only a very few examples of such paintings have survived, namely the
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that is an unusually large example of the "plebeian" style. Imperial portraiture was initially Hellenized and highly idealized, as in the
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A native Italian style can be seen in the tomb monuments of prosperous middle-class Romans, which very often featured portrait busts, and
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all permitted construction of vaulted ceilings and enabled the building of these public spaces and complexes, including the palaces,
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were cheaper pottery versions of marble reliefs and the taste for relief was from the imperial period expanded to the sarcophagus.
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it at its most baroque. Some late Roman public sculptures developed a massive, simplified style that sometimes anticipates Soviet
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for mosaics in the mid-1st century in Rome, and by the 5th century these had become the standard background for religious mosaics.
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2776:(Greece), and showing the quality of ordinary bronze coins that were used by the mass population, hence the wear on higher areas.
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Wall paintings of the same period have also been found from the remains of prominent aristocratic homes in Rome itself. Much of
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buckler and a feathered helmet is shown larger than the others, whose weapons allow to assume that these are probably Samnites.
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2900:. By the age of Constantine (306â337 AD), the last great building programs in Rome took place, including the erection of the
1737:. This evidence underscores the significance of landscape painting, which sometimes tended towards being perspective plans.
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1823:, themselves greatly influenced by their Greek trading partners. An Etruscan speciality was near life size tomb effigies in
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2142:, c. 100 BC, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman
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images, such as the Apollo of Veii (Villa Givlia, Rome), but the painted surface of many of them has worn away with time.
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These paintings have disappeared, but they likely influenced the composition of the historical reliefs carved on military
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lion-hunting (left) and sacrificing (right), above a section of the Constantinian frieze, showing the contrast of styles.
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In Greece and Rome, wall painting was not considered as high art. The most prestigious form of art besides sculpture was
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JĂĄs Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style," in Eva R. Hoffman (ed),
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is a near-unique figurative example in glass that changes colour when seen with light passing through it. The Augustan
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All forms of luxury small sculpture continued to be patronized, and quality could be extremely high, as in the silver
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began to conquer Greek territory, at first in Southern Italy and then the entire Hellenistic world except for the
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This episode is difficult to pinpoint. One of Ranuccio's hypotheses is that it refers to a victory of the consul
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legend, are said to have once competed in a bravura display of their talents, history's earliest descriptions of
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The Greek antecedents of Roman art were legendary. In the mid-5th century BC, the most famous Greek artists were
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3629:(Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, Resistance). Department of the Classics, Harvard University: 121â156.
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2004:
1943:("Altar of Peace", 13 BC) represents the official Greco-Roman style at its most classical and refined, and the
2662:'s playing music. In the transition to Byzantine art, hunting scenes tended to take over large animal scenes.
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style of painting popular during the Renaissance. We also have murals from houses identified with the emperor
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of many other artists." The adjective "vulgar" is used here in its original definition, which means "common".
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1645:. The medallion has also been compared to other works of contemporaneous Roman-Egyptian artwork, such as the
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or city block, the Roman equivalent of an apartment building, which housed tens of thousands of Romans.
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existed in Roman times, though are now lost. Many Roman artists came from Greek colonies and provinces.
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Byzantine Art In the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development In Mediterranean Art, 3rd-7th Century
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in terracotta. Roman art did not use vase-painting in the way of the ancient Greeks, but vessels in
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Starting in the 3rd century AD and finishing by about 400 we have a large body of paintings from the
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139:
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2021:
heaviness and angularity â in short, an almost complete rejection of the classical tradition".
1416:, is debatable. It is possible to see evidence of Greek knowledge of landscape portrayal in Plato's
9031:
9014:
8669:
8512:
8497:
8308:
8178:
8052:
7844:
7799:
7760:
7701:
7672:
7072:
6438:
6413:
6323:
5883:
5793:
5302:
5282:
5277:
5262:
5215:
5155:
5110:
4912:
4236:
2715:
1956:
1762:
1713:
1489:
1161:
912:
226:
174:
8208:
8168:
9192:
8529:
8369:
8124:
7733:
7679:
7283:
7126:
7041:
6968:
6907:
6292:
6272:
6212:
6202:
6192:
5598:
5287:
5187:
5167:
5082:
5072:
4777:
4717:
4697:
4409:
4046:
3996:
3621:
Gazda, Elaine K. (1995). "Roman Sculpture and the Ethos of Emulation: Reconsidering Repetition".
3431:
3278:
2773:
2719:
2688:
2588:
2422:
2186:
2033:
1813:
1314:
719:
422:
380:
313:
8301:
8119:
7611:
2480:
figurines, both religious and secular, continued to be produced cheaply, as well as some larger
9410:
9303:
8951:
8901:
8861:
8824:
8724:
8364:
7684:
7662:
7522:
6490:
6297:
6287:
6237:
6217:
6031:
6006:
5971:
5853:
5578:
5225:
4987:
4518:
1928:
1649:. It is thought that the tiny detail of pieces such as these can only have been achieved using
1471:
1145:
512:
149:
2908:, which recycled some stone work from the forum nearby, to produce an eclectic mix of styles.
1526:, a very routine official portrait from some provincial government office, and the well-known
8941:
8916:
8881:
8851:
8817:
8739:
8517:
8492:
8107:
7986:
7891:
6450:
6372:
6267:
6197:
6021:
5773:
5573:
5568:
5365:
5272:
5197:
5160:
5145:
5120:
5100:
5002:
4299:
4272:
4177:
3848:
2973:
2614:; this is much higher quality work than most Roman mosaic, though very fine panels, often of
2559:
2485:
2463:
2296:
1987:
1983:
1646:
1563:
1527:
1318:
1257:
1017:
1009:
886:
767:
604:
7369:
2604:
outside walls that were going to get wet. The famous copy of a Hellenistic painting in the
1684:
9063:
8644:
8413:
8318:
8112:
8042:
7958:
7832:
7635:
7461:
7261:
6951:
6786:
6691:
6625:
6556:
6475:
6465:
6455:
6277:
6242:
5931:
5798:
5698:
5623:
5488:
5451:
4827:
4491:
4077:
3261:
2897:
2118:
2037:
1944:
1861:
1481:
961:
666:
367:
342:
300:
270:
255:
46:
5921:
1550:
8:
9286:
8871:
8787:
8756:
8634:
8597:
8398:
8284:
8131:
7804:
7490:
7476:
7082:
7005:
6883:
6803:
6781:
6207:
6056:
5858:
5728:
5678:
4997:
4594:
2939:
2919:
2901:
2889:
2884:
of the "Golden Age" of the empire. Outstanding examples of dome construction include the
2812:
2676:
2472:
The Romans inherited a tradition of art in a wide range of the so-called "minor arts" or
2106:
1995:
1952:
1912:
1857:
1345:
1113:
704:
9365:
8609:
7143:
9328:
8936:
8876:
8619:
8541:
8477:
8291:
8252:
8095:
7996:
7923:
7750:
7537:
7312:
7186:
7116:
6978:
6973:
6750:
6515:
6480:
6257:
5981:
5788:
5643:
5583:
5503:
5446:
5310:
4546:
4525:
4214:
4209:
4190:
4039:
3648:
3638:
3230:
3044:
3036:
2893:
2803:
2476:. Most of these flourished most impressively at the luxury level, but large numbers of
2273:
1932:
1809:
1788:
1734:
1633:
and her children; in fact the knot in the central figure's dress may mark a devotee of
1512:
1418:
1105:
1084:
848:
250:
179:
95:
9386:
8567:
8247:
5896:
3564:
Kitzinger, 9 (both quotes), more generally his Ch 1; Strong, 250â257, 264â266, 272â280
2642:
Greek, though probably often slaves trained up in workshops. The late 2nd century BC
2488:
were often stylishly decorated in moulded relief. Producers of the millions of small
2355:
1026:
9056:
9009:
8979:
8839:
8709:
8624:
8614:
8279:
8262:
8136:
7755:
7718:
7689:
7642:
7505:
7451:
7441:
7431:
7322:
7000:
6912:
6902:
6889:
6878:
6541:
6470:
6445:
6401:
5891:
5743:
5498:
5458:
5436:
4644:
4320:
4251:
3934:
3856:
3591:
3397:
3066:
3048:
2647:
2637:
2563:
2351:
2292:
2277:
2252:
2151:
2079:
2040:. However rich Christians continued to commission reliefs for sarcophagi, as in the
1948:
1852:
1783:
1587:
1582:
1457:
1291:
1231:
1141:
1080:
676:
560:
482:
472:
292:
50:
7293:
6713:
3822:
Roman Art, Religion and Society: New Studies From the Roman Art Seminar, Oxford 2005
1990:
and small figurines were produced in great quantity and often considerable quality.
1931:
with continuous narrative reliefs winding around them, of which those commemorating
1831:
lid propped up on one elbow in the pose of a diner in that period. As the expanding
1387:
9392:
9338:
9296:
8999:
8792:
8430:
8337:
8215:
7928:
7911:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7777:
7723:
7446:
7391:
7288:
7256:
7227:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7067:
6929:
6924:
6601:
6362:
5956:
5916:
5848:
5783:
5708:
5703:
5475:
5398:
5345:
5140:
5135:
5024:
4883:
4832:
4792:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4664:
4611:
4604:
4589:
4584:
4508:
4436:
4355:
4219:
4106:
3813:
Grig, Lucy. âPortraits, pontiffs and the Christianization of fourth-century Rome.â
3630:
3028:
2968:
2852:
2651:
2627:
2606:
2418:
2320:
2222:
2045:
1882:
1674:
1239:
1055:
594:
565:
206:
9120:
3843:
A Handbook of Roman Art: A Comprehensive Survey of All the Arts of the Roman World
2857:
9313:
9170:
9145:
9095:
9019:
8844:
8834:
8729:
8714:
8694:
8577:
8487:
8450:
8435:
8183:
8090:
8032:
7854:
7849:
7606:
7575:
7527:
7217:
7148:
7133:
6961:
6939:
6860:
6808:
6798:
6770:
6723:
6706:
6630:
6571:
6561:
6500:
6051:
5863:
5843:
5803:
5738:
5688:
5683:
5558:
5508:
5416:
5250:
5230:
5150:
4599:
4424:
4350:
4345:
4282:
4246:
3450:
3273:
2988:
2911:
2592:
2230:
2195:
2170:
2122:
2017:
1840:
1836:
1819:
Early Roman art was influenced by the art of Greece and that of the neighbouring
1779:
1638:
1496:
1371:
1279:
1208:
1167:
1140:
employed nearly 10,000 workmen and artisans, in a final burst of Roman art under
1075:, coin art, fine jewelry and metalwork, funerary sculpture, perspective drawing,
1072:
986:
942:
891:
856:
497:
477:
410:
169:
154:
112:
80:
7197:
4001:
1804:
9375:
9343:
9291:
9239:
9222:
9212:
9140:
8802:
8679:
8649:
8546:
8534:
8408:
8342:
8274:
8141:
8037:
7740:
7436:
7376:
7317:
7181:
7111:
6818:
6740:
6657:
6510:
6106:
5748:
5483:
5431:
5403:
5350:
5335:
5315:
5130:
5105:
5062:
5052:
4878:
4852:
4782:
4767:
4732:
4692:
4453:
4294:
3216:
2993:
2922:, serving as mute testimony to their quality of their design and construction.
2885:
2825:
2781:
2655:
2555:
2535:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2009:
1975:
1960:
1832:
1797:
1744:
1615:
1504:
1413:
1246:
is another prominent survival of the early Empire that gave up many paintings.
1235:
1204:
1137:
1050:
1021:
840:
794:
774:
661:
582:
395:
385:
375:
216:
211:
100:
66:
8956:
6825:
3528:
Henig, 73â82;Strong, 48â52, 80â83, 108â117, 128â132, 141â159, 177â182, 197â211
3032:
2765:
899:
were an important means of propaganda, and have survived in enormous numbers.
9425:
9276:
9244:
9105:
9100:
9083:
8911:
8906:
8891:
8866:
8856:
8807:
8467:
8445:
8376:
8242:
8071:
7974:
7950:
7933:
7901:
7886:
7667:
7657:
7652:
7556:
7305:
7266:
7205:
7031:
6988:
6757:
6686:
6618:
6460:
6354:
5638:
5608:
5523:
5057:
5034:
4847:
4702:
4687:
4634:
4441:
4325:
4277:
4241:
2978:
2958:
2790:
2539:
2389:
2380:
2373:
1986:". For a much wider section of the population, moulded relief decoration of
1979:
1860:
or the later mausolea outside the city. The famous bronze head supposedly of
1730:
1650:
1630:
1516:
1467:
872:
789:
629:
617:
492:
434:
405:
400:
355:
318:
194:
164:
134:
8761:
7906:
7568:
1908:
1873:
of provincial cities were the main visual form of imperial propaganda; even
1356:
1348:
comparable to that of the Ancient Greeks, which the Etruscans had emulated.
1128:
In the Christian era of the late Empire, from 350 to 500 CE, wall painting,
9355:
9308:
9264:
9254:
9217:
9187:
9150:
9125:
9115:
9078:
8921:
8704:
8572:
8296:
8225:
8022:
7945:
7696:
7647:
7551:
7532:
7500:
7397:
7337:
7332:
7077:
6897:
6735:
6593:
6576:
6536:
6531:
6485:
6423:
6116:
5976:
5421:
5370:
5325:
5320:
5172:
4982:
4868:
4812:
4807:
4579:
4463:
4397:
4340:
4231:
4095:
3492:'s prosecution details his depredations of art collections at great length.
2983:
2915:
2877:
2596:
2584:
2575:
2551:
2547:
2531:
2446:
2060:
2025:
1971:
1898:
1820:
1753:
1618:
1395:
1340:
1297:
1133:
1129:
976:
972:
868:
860:
844:
836:
779:
762:
752:
729:
634:
624:
599:
502:
467:
452:
447:
427:
325:
90:
9350:
7211:
4016:
2441:
784:
9271:
9234:
9175:
9051:
9046:
9041:
8989:
8984:
8926:
8829:
8766:
8719:
8659:
8629:
8551:
8393:
8231:
8220:
8193:
8163:
8027:
8001:
7918:
7839:
7827:
7782:
7772:
7767:
7745:
7706:
7542:
7517:
7402:
7364:
7271:
7239:
7191:
6919:
6847:
6640:
6581:
6495:
6433:
6393:
5911:
5533:
5355:
5245:
4639:
4226:
4140:
4089:
2953:
2808:
2772:, with "RESTITVTORI ACHAIAE" on the reverse, celebrating his spending in
2684:
2680:
2619:
2543:
2511:
2501:
2406:
2063:
1828:
1743:
also describes the oldest painting to be found in Rome, in a tomb on the
1726:
1642:
1592:
1485:
1441:
1302:
1253:
1226:, built in the 60s AD, survived as grottos; their paintings inspired the
1223:
1200:
1093:
1013:
980:
896:
876:
757:
734:
724:
714:
651:
519:
335:
308:
285:
280:
265:
260:
184:
144:
85:
4021:
9318:
9130:
9090:
9036:
9004:
8896:
8734:
8689:
8582:
8388:
8198:
8066:
7787:
7589:
7381:
7222:
7010:
6776:
6681:
6645:
6635:
6613:
6428:
6418:
6406:
6358:
6136:
6076:
6041:
5833:
5768:
5758:
5653:
5538:
5426:
5009:
4977:
4722:
4649:
4481:
4476:
4330:
3314:
A Catalogue of the Late Antique Gold Glass in the British Museum (PDF).
2615:
2477:
2403:
2138:
2117:), which was built c. 120 BC; exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum (
2114:
2095:
2030:
1967:
1824:
1626:
1574:
1567:
1555:
1539:
1436:
1212:
1211:
have been defined and analysed by modern art historians beginning with
1076:
1035:
1005:
990:
864:
671:
570:
531:
507:
462:
457:
442:
350:
330:
159:
105:
40:
4366:
3642:
3040:
9380:
9370:
9333:
9165:
9155:
9135:
8961:
8931:
8664:
8587:
8006:
7792:
7629:
7386:
7087:
7036:
6934:
6745:
6522:
6166:
6161:
6121:
6046:
6016:
5996:
5873:
5813:
5723:
5673:
5668:
5593:
5553:
5441:
5411:
5220:
4888:
4772:
4747:
4626:
2905:
2881:
2842:
2829:
2635:
mostly over 4 mm across, which was laid down on site, and finer
2110:
1951:. Among other major examples are the earlier re-used reliefs on the
1940:
1874:
1705:
1578:
1227:
1144:(527â565 CE), who also ordered the creation of the famous mosaics of
998:
994:
699:
681:
646:
575:
536:
360:
117:
6353:
2704:
2002:
in the earlier full Greco-Roman style taken from elsewhere, and the
1195:
The best known and most important pocket is the wall paintings from
9360:
9281:
9229:
9160:
9073:
8994:
8946:
8812:
8797:
8654:
8592:
8524:
8418:
8403:
8077:
7991:
7981:
7969:
7713:
7176:
6873:
6813:
6126:
6111:
6101:
6086:
6001:
5991:
5961:
5951:
5946:
5936:
5838:
5753:
5633:
5618:
5548:
5528:
5518:
5513:
5493:
5292:
4873:
4837:
4727:
4654:
4486:
4031:
3634:
2869:
2821:
2622:
2523:
2489:
2450:
2394:
2324:
2304:
2300:
2248:
2244:
2226:
2191:
2147:
1902:
1890:
1870:
1766:
1701:
1597:
1362:
1271:
1177:
1043:
968:
889:
was not a luxury product, but a vast production of "fine wares" in
852:
656:
546:
541:
526:
390:
1688:
Roman fresco with a banquet scene from the Casa dei Casti Amanti,
8699:
8502:
8440:
8257:
8156:
7896:
7623:
7456:
7062:
6662:
6546:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6096:
6091:
6081:
6026:
6011:
5828:
5823:
5808:
5778:
5733:
5713:
5693:
5648:
5380:
5235:
5014:
4822:
4817:
4707:
2769:
2659:
2611:
2430:
1999:
1916:
1845:
1689:
1622:
1610:
1559:
1508:
1445:
1405:
1366:
1331:
1310:
1275:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1149:
1117:
1039:
951:
934:
921:
709:
417:
221:
189:
124:
7618:
2580:
2506:
1577:, or gold sandwich glass, was a technique for fixing a layer of
1374:) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio
9323:
9182:
8674:
8604:
8173:
8085:
7940:
7171:
6156:
6036:
5966:
5906:
5901:
5868:
5628:
5613:
5563:
5543:
4965:
4842:
4737:
3489:
3485:
3481:
2786:
2426:
2102:
2098:
2013:
1924:
1894:
1336:
1176:
Female painter sitting on a campstool and painting a statue of
1068:
1059:
1031:
983:
and practical application are the hallmarks of much Roman art.
938:
199:
129:
2024:
This revolution in style shortly preceded the period in which
1998:
of 315 in Rome, which combines sections in the new style with
1864:
is very variously dated, but taken as a very rare survival of
1625:, in the mistaken belief that it showed the pious empress and
1581:
with a design between two fused layers of glass, developed in
1100:
7407:
5941:
5663:
5390:
4682:
3396:, 11-18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing.
3343:
Honour and Fleming, Pt 2, "The Catacombs" at illustration 7.7
2672:
2625:
have also survived. The Romans distinguished between normal
1865:
1709:
1306:
1261:
1109:
9259:
8061:
6151:
5718:
5658:
5240:
4616:
2873:
2865:
2691:, but these show refined and elegant design and execution.
2143:
1878:
1634:
1477:
1219:
54:
49:
In the center, a young bride is comforted and supported by
9250:
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
4712:
2864:
pavilions, sarcophagi, and temples. The Roman use of the
3590:, 201-217. Malden, Oxford, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
1016:. The development of realistic technique is credited to
3905:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
3865:
Strong, Donald Emrys, J. M. C Toynbee, and Roger Ling.
3422:
Grig, 207; Lutraan, 29-45 goes into considerable detail
3352:
Weitzmann, no. 264, entry by J.D.B.; see also no. 265;
1062:, first quarter of the 2nd century CE; from Rome, Italy
3944:. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson, 2015.
1470:, a panel painting of the imperial family, c. 200 AD;
971:
relying heavily on Greek models but also encompassing
3282:
XXXV:2 trans H. Rackham 1952. Loeb Classical Library
27:
Art made in Ancient Rome and the territories it ruled
2929:
3449:VII, 143-152 (Ch 6 Para 5). Trans. William Whiston
3394:
Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World
2370:Veristic portrait bust of an old man, head covered
2272:, c. 305, showing the new anti-classical style, in
2251:, c. 191 CE, in the late imperial "baroque" style;
1704:describes the painting executed on the occasion of
1695:From the 3rd century BC, a specific genre known as
950:A fresco of a young man from the Villa di Arianna,
3869:. 2nd ed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1988.
3308:
3306:
4288:Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes
3769:
3767:
3748:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3573:Strong, 287â291, 305â308, 315â318; Henig, 234â240
3480:Henig, 66â69; Strong, 36â39, 48; At the trial of
3181:
3179:
3177:
2687:in England. There are few survivals of upmarket
1339:paintings also existed in Roman times. There is
1260:, bust portraits on wood added to the outside of
1184:onto a panel which is held by a boy. Fresco from
9423:
3661:
3659:
3356:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, with better image.
3193:
3191:
3158:
3156:
3103:
3101:
3099:
2654:in Rome shows several large figures in combat.
2646:is a very large example of the popular genre of
4027:Dissolution and Becoming in Roman Wall-Painting
3896:Rome, the Center of Power: 500 B.C. to A.D. 200
3303:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3089:
3087:
3926:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
3764:
3743:
3731:
3174:
2610:in Naples was originally placed in a floor in
2566:that were also most popular around this time.
1329:Most of this wall painting was done using the
1256:there are a large number of what are known as
879:are sometimes considered to be minor forms of
6339:
4382:
4047:
3656:
3188:
3153:
3096:
2225:, c. 50 CE, (reworked from a bust of emperor
816:
3838:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
3128:
3119:
3084:
2150:; the statue features an inscription in the
1881:, though far smaller than the 30-metre-high
1641:and hence most likely depicts a family from
3912:. Newton Abbot, Devon: Phaidon Press, 1974.
2733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2339:Portrait Bust of a Man, Ancient Rome, 60 BC
6346:
6332:
4389:
4375:
4054:
4040:
3972:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010.
3919:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998.
3910:Roman Art From the Republic to Constantine
3831:. 6th ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001.
3584:the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets
3065:, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998, p. 15,
2918:(featuring three tiers of arches) and the
2457:
2167:Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia
1344:entirely lacked a tradition of figurative
823:
809:
3958:. 1st ed. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1962.
3845:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.
2753:Learn how and when to remove this message
3951:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
3891:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
3810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
3647:According to traditional art-historical
3609:I Santuari del Lazio in etĂ repubblicana
2851:
2807:
2764:
2579:
2505:
2440:
2388:
1907:
1803:
1787:
1683:
1668:
1549:
1476:
1461:
1386:
1355:
1296:
1266:
1171:
1099:
1049:
4396:
3019:Toynbee, J. M. C. (1971). "Roman Art".
3018:
2587:of female athletes playing ball at the
2082:", dated to the 4th to 3rd centuries BC
1382:
1058:; marble, fragment of an architectural
14:
9424:
9027:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
4017:Roman Art - World History Encyclopedia
3623:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
3354:Medallion with a Portrait of Gennadios
2546:, and imitated the style of the large
1664:
1351:
7047:Art of the late 16th century in Milan
6327:
4370:
4268:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
4035:
3827:Janson, H. W., and Anthony F Janson.
3620:
3425:
3234:(107bâ108b), trans W.R.M. Lamb 1925.
2964:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum
1284:Naples National Archaeological Museum
4061:
3815:Papers of the British School at Rome
2731:adding citations to reliable sources
2698:
2412:
1939:(by 193) survive in Rome, where the
4160:Art of Diocletian and the tetrarchy
3917:Art and Identity in the Roman World
3808:The Oxford History of Classical Art
2694:
2453:, from his last years or soon after
2209:Tomb relief of the Decii, 98â117 AD
24:
8382:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
7233:Neoclassical architecture in Milan
4022:Ancient Rome Art History Resources
3889:Classical Art: From Greece to Rome
3874:
3855:, Portland House, New York, 1986,
3728:Henig, 140-150; jewellery, 158-160
2436:
1215:, showing increasing elaboration.
25:
9448:
8456:American Figurative Expressionism
6792:International Gothic art in Italy
3976:
3942:Roman Art: Romulus to Constantine
3887:Beard, Mary, and John Henderson.
3798:Early Christian and Byzantine Art
3537:Henig, Chapter 6; Strong, 303â315
2872:building methods, the use of the
2008:(c. 305) from the new capital of
1008:, noted for his wall murals, and
9406:
9405:
7965:Neue KĂŒnstlervereinigung MĂŒnchen
3965:. Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
2932:
2703:
2363:
2344:
2332:
2312:
2284:
2260:
2237:
2214:
2202:
2178:
2158:
2130:
2087:
2071:
2053:
1856:the large family tombs like the
920:
911:
39:
8887:Tunisian collaborative painting
8360:International Typographic Style
4084:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
3898:. New York: G. Braziller, 1970.
3884:. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1977.
3800:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970.
3776:
3755:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3614:
3601:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3439:
3416:
3413:Sines and Sakellarakis, 194-195
3407:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3365:Boardman, 338-340; Beckwith, 25
3359:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3312:Daniel Thomas Howells (2015). "
3294:
3285:
3267:
3258:The Portrait in the Renaissance
3250:
3241:
3222:
3209:
3200:
3165:
2797:
1812:, 113 AD, with scenes from the
1656:
1087:, architectural sculpture, and
902:
8640:The Caribbean Artists Movement
3894:Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio.
3853:The Illustrated Library of Art
3404:, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18.
3144:
3110:
3075:
3055:
3012:
2949:Art collection in ancient Rome
1877:had a near-colossal statue of
1765:during the second war against
13:
1:
6996:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
3824:. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2006.
3588:A Companion to the Roman Army
3435:online at the Perseus Project
3000:
2824:. Massive buildings like the
2036:, and the 4th or 5th century
1844:in conquests such as that of
1533:
1520:
1430:
1317:, half-sister to the emperor
1238:, dating to beginning of the
1130:mosaic ceiling and floor work
839:, and the territories of its
9111:Modern European ink painting
8483:Bay Area Figurative Movement
4961:Frontiers and fortifications
4007:Resources in other libraries
3005:
2665:
2542:is the masterpiece of Roman
2384:(marble, mid-1st century BC)
2042:Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
1974:, and large cameos like the
1827:, usually lying on top of a
1773:
1639:Alexandrian dialect of Greek
1546:List of gold-glass portraits
1451:
7:
8772:Artificial intelligence art
5020:Decorations and punishments
4147:Art in the age of Gallienus
3462:Strong, 58â63; Henig, 66-69
3264:, New York, 1966, pp. 71â72
2925:
1927:, culminating in the great
1887:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
1155:
47:A fresco depicting wedding.
10:
9453:
8685:Post-painterly abstraction
8508:Situationist International
7882:Pennsylvania Impressionism
5927:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4502:historiography of the fall
4128:Art in the age of Commodus
3789:
3607:Coarelli, Filippo (1987),
3582:D.B. Saddington (2011) . "
3061:Sybille Ebert-Schifferer,
2801:
2573:
2516:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2499:
2461:
1777:
1679:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1606:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1543:
1537:
1488:with a ringlet hairstyle.
1455:
1209:succession of dated styles
1165:
1159:
979:visual culture. Stylistic
975:, native Italic, and even
959:
9401:
9205:
8970:
8780:
8560:
8352:
8336:
8268:California Scene Painting
8147:California Scene Painting
8103:Figurative Constructivism
8015:
7820:
7599:
7588:
7418:
7355:
7248:
7164:
7154:Poussinists and Rubenists
7055:
6859:
6592:
6392:
6383:
6370:
6308:External wars and battles
6175:
6069:
5882:
5474:
5467:
5389:
5301:
5206:
5081:
5033:
4911:
4861:
4800:
4791:
4673:
4625:
4545:
4462:
4432:
4423:
4405:
4313:
4260:
4202:
4115:Art of the early Antonini
4070:
4002:Resources in your library
3586:," in Paul Erdkamp (ed),
3033:10.1017/S0009840X00221331
2644:Nile mosaic of Palestrina
2569:
2354:is characterized by its "
1392:Villa of Agrippa Postumus
1104:A Roman fresco depicting
9366:Prehistoric European art
9015:Contemporary African art
8498:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
8426:GeneraciĂłn de la Ruptura
8053:Universal Constructivism
7845:California Impressionism
7800:American Barbizon school
3903:A Companion to Roman Art
3555:Strong, 171â176, 211â214
2650:, while the 4th century
2495:
2190:, statue of the emperor
1957:Column of Antoninus Pius
1885:in Rome, now lost. The
1763:Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1490:Royal Museum of Scotland
1162:Painting in ancient Rome
1030:painting. In sculpture,
9193:Walking Artists Network
8530:Letterist International
8370:Washington Color School
7284:Arts in the Philippines
6303:RomanâIranian relations
4778:Optimates and populares
4314:Art in related cultures
3598:. Plate 12.2 on p. 204.
3432:Natural History (Pliny)
3081:Ebert-Schifferer, p. 16
2689:ancient Roman furniture
2589:Villa Romana del Casale
2458:Pottery and terracottas
2187:Augustus of Prima Porta
1929:Roman triumphal columns
1901:and other portraits of
1839:far east, official and
1472:Antikensammlung, Berlin
1335:(dry) method, but some
1222:'s palace in Rome, the
9304:Illuminated manuscript
8952:The Designers Republic
8902:Neue Slowenische Kunst
8825:Pattern and Decoration
8725:Institutional critique
8365:Abstract expressionism
7345:Latin American Baroque
7301:Colonial Asian Baroque
6313:Civil wars and revolts
5579:Sextus Pompeius Festus
5226:Conflict of the Orders
4585:Legislative assemblies
3963:A History of Roman Art
3931:A History of Roman Art
3611:. NIS, Rome, pp 35-84.
3519:Henig, 66; Strong, 125
3236:at the Perseus Project
2860:
2816:
2777:
2600:
2518:
2454:
2429:in what is modern day
2398:
2319:Statue of the goddess
1920:
1816:
1801:
1759:
1723:
1692:
1681:
1673:Roman fresco from the
1571:
1493:
1474:
1428:
1399:
1375:
1322:
1287:
1189:
1146:Basilica of San Vitale
1121:
1112:to the bull (from the
1063:
245:Art of the Middle East
8942:Artist-run initiative
8917:Young British Artists
8882:New European Painting
8818:Moscow Conceptualists
8740:Feminist art movement
8518:Ukrainian underground
8493:Gutai Art Association
7892:Ten American Painters
7396:Western influence in
6373:List of art movements
6022:Simplicius of Cilicia
5774:Quintus Curtius Rufus
5003:Siege in Ancient Rome
4612:Executive magistrates
4273:Fayum mummy portraits
3484:, former governor of
3453:accessed 27 June 2006
3238:accessed 27 June 2006
3063:Still Life: A History
2974:Music of ancient Rome
2855:
2811:
2768:
2618:subjects in small or
2583:
2560:Great Cameo of France
2509:
2486:Ancient Roman pottery
2464:Ancient Roman pottery
2444:
2392:
2378:, either a priest or
2299:", c. 23 AD, with an
2297:Great Cameo of France
2034:statue of Constantine
1984:Great Cameo of France
1911:
1807:
1791:
1749:
1718:
1687:
1672:
1647:Fayum mummy portraits
1564:Museo di Santa Giulia
1553:
1544:Further information:
1528:Fayum mummy portraits
1480:
1465:
1456:Further information:
1424:
1390:
1372:Pompeian Fourth Style
1359:
1341:evidence from mosaics
1300:
1280:Pompeian Fourth Style
1270:
1258:Fayum mummy portraits
1175:
1166:Further information:
1103:
1053:
1018:Zeuxis and Parrhasius
960:Further information:
887:Ancient Roman pottery
368:Art of Southeast Asia
75:Periods and movements
8752:Saqqakhaneh movement
8645:Chicano art movement
8513:Soviet Nonconformist
8319:Boston Expressionism
8302:Abstraction-Création
8120:Arbeitsrat fĂŒr Kunst
8113:Cologne Progressives
7833:Art Nouveau in Milan
7636:Anglo-Japanese style
7612:National romanticism
7042:Fontainebleau School
6952:Northern Renaissance
6787:International Gothic
6032:Stephanus Byzantinus
5937:Eusebius of Caesaria
5799:Sidonius Apollinaris
5489:Ammianus Marcellinus
4828:Tribune of the plebs
4078:Roman Republican art
3908:Brilliant, Richard.
3262:Bollingen Foundation
3256:John Hope-Hennessy,
3021:The Classical Review
2727:improve this section
2119:Museo Pio-Clementino
2038:Colossus of Barletta
1955:and the base of the
1945:Sperlonga sculptures
1893:(c. 50-20 BC) has a
1862:Lucius Junius Brutus
1482:Fayum mummy portrait
1383:Landscape and vistas
1244:Casa della Farnesina
1012:, the originator of
962:Roman Republican art
933:A Roman fresco from
863:. Luxury objects in
9287:Hierarchy of genres
8852:Saint Soleil School
8788:Post-conceptual art
8757:The Stars Art Group
8635:Black Arts Movement
8598:Neo-Dada Organizers
8399:Lyrical abstraction
8132:Australian tonalism
7805:California Tonalism
7477:Hudson River School
7280:Colonial Asian art
7020:English Renaissance
6969:GhentâBruges school
6957:Early Netherlandish
6869:Italian Renaissance
6782:Gothic art in Milan
6208:Distinguished women
5859:Velleius Paterculus
5699:Nicolaus Damascenus
5679:Marcellus Empiricus
5068:Republican currency
4336:Early Christian art
3956:Early Christian Art
3817:72 (2004): 203â379.
2940:Ancient Rome portal
2920:aqueduct of Segovia
2902:Arch of Constantine
2890:Baths of Diocletian
2813:Aqueduct of Segovia
2677:Mildenhall Treasure
2105:from the Temple of
1996:Arch of Constantine
1953:Arch of Constantine
1913:Arch of Constantine
1858:Tomb of the Scipios
1697:Triumphal Paintings
1665:Triumphal paintings
1440:painted during the
1352:Variety of subjects
1313:, which may depict
1114:House of the Vettii
1020:, who according to
554:Art of the Americas
293:Art of Central Asia
9329:Landscape painting
8937:New Leipzig School
8877:Neo-conceptual art
8625:Art & Language
8620:Capitalist realism
8542:Florida Highwaymen
8478:Hard-edge painting
8292:Streamline Moderne
8253:Harlem Renaissance
8096:Novecento Italiano
7924:Deutscher Werkbund
7751:Post-Impressionism
7313:Latin American art
7117:Guild of Romanists
6979:German Renaissance
6974:Northern Mannerism
5982:Phlegon of Tralles
5789:Seneca the Younger
5263:Naming conventions
4993:Personal equipment
4526:Later Roman Empire
4215:Roman funerary art
4210:Roman architecture
3954:Syndicus, Eduard.
3880:Andreae, Bernard.
3834:Kitzinger, Ernst.
2894:Baths of Caracalla
2861:
2817:
2804:Roman architecture
2778:
2601:
2564:hardstone carvings
2519:
2514:on display at the
2455:
2399:
2269:The Four Tetrarchs
2194:, 1st century AD,
2107:Fortuna Primigenia
1921:
1817:
1802:
1794:Ahenobarbus relief
1693:
1682:
1572:
1513:encaustic painting
1494:
1475:
1400:
1376:
1323:
1305:portrait found in
1288:
1190:
1122:
1106:Amphion and Zethus
1085:landscape painting
1064:
1054:Preparation of an
993:", he singled out
180:Post-Impressionism
53:. 1st century BC,
9437:Ancient Roman art
9419:
9418:
9201:
9200:
9057:Corporate Memphis
9010:Classical Realism
8980:Amazonian pop art
8872:Appropriation art
8840:Neo-expressionism
8710:Environmental art
8615:Nouvelle tendance
8332:
8331:
8280:Socialist realism
8137:Dresden Secession
7756:Neo-Impressionism
7719:Decadent movement
7690:Heidelberg School
7584:
7583:
7482:American luminism
7467:DĂŒsseldorf School
7462:Shoreham Ancients
7452:Nazarene movement
7442:Danish Golden Age
7323:Indochristian art
7001:Antwerp Mannerism
6890:Pittura infamante
6884:Florentine School
6879:Proto-Renaissance
6321:
6320:
6283:Pontifices maximi
6065:
6064:
5922:Diogenes Laërtius
5744:Pliny the Younger
5499:Asconius Pedianus
5459:Romance languages
5331:Civil engineering
5073:Imperial currency
4946:Political control
4907:
4906:
4541:
4540:
4364:
4363:
4321:Ancient Greek art
4252:Roman portraiture
4173:Constantinian art
4071:Roman art periods
3983:Library resources
3940:Ramage, Nancy H.
3935:Thomson/Wadsworth
3929:Kleiner, Fred S.
3596:978-1-4051-2153-8
3402:978-1-4051-2071-5
3116:Piper, p. 248â253
2856:Roman theatre in
2763:
2762:
2755:
2648:Nilotic landscape
2638:opus vermiculatum
2413:Narrative reliefs
2352:Roman portraiture
2278:San Marco, Venice
2253:Capitoline Museum
2152:Etruscan alphabet
2146:while engaged in
2080:Capitoline Brutus
1949:socialist realism
1784:Roman portraiture
1714:sack of Jerusalem
1588:Catacombs of Rome
1583:Hellenistic glass
1458:Roman portraiture
1292:Catacombs of Rome
1282:(45-79 AD),
1142:Emperor Justinian
1081:portrait painting
954:, 1st century AD.
833:
832:
343:Art of South Asia
18:Ancient Roman art
16:(Redirected from
9444:
9432:Roman Empire art
9409:
9408:
9393:Western painting
9339:Modern sculpture
9297:History painting
9000:Art intervention
8793:Installation art
8610:Nouveau réalisme
8350:
8349:
8324:Leningrad School
8216:Mexican muralism
8189:Grosvenor School
7929:American Realism
7912:Der Blaue Reiter
7870:Berlin Secession
7865:Vienna Secession
7860:Munich Secession
7778:Pont-Aven School
7597:
7596:
7447:Troubadour style
7425:(c. 1770 â 1862)
7392:Qing handicrafts
7358:Western elements
7289:Letras y figuras
7262:African-American
7257:African diaspora
7228:Directoire style
7139:Heptanese school
7122:Dutch Golden Age
7107:Stroganov School
7100:Lutheran Baroque
7095:Louis XIII style
7068:Baroque in Milan
6930:Bolognese School
6925:High Renaissance
6908:Forlivese School
6903:Ferrarese School
6626:Migration Period
6390:
6389:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6273:Magistri equitum
6188:Cities and towns
6181:
6107:Constantinopolis
5917:Diodorus Siculus
5849:Valerius Maximus
5784:Seneca the Elder
5704:Nonius Marcellus
5472:
5471:
5025:Hippika gymnasia
4988:Infantry tactics
4894:Consular tribune
4884:Magister equitum
4833:Military tribune
4798:
4797:
4758:Pontifex maximus
4753:Princeps senatus
4743:Magister militum
4509:Byzantine Empire
4430:
4429:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4356:Late Antique art
4220:Roman sarcophagi
4194:
4181:
4168:
4155:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4080:(509 BC - 27 BC)
4056:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4032:
3961:Tuck, Steven L.
3947:Stewart, Peter.
3796:Beckwith, John.
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3741:
3738:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3546:Henig, Chapter 8
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3334:Grig, throughout
3332:
3326:
3325:Beckwith, 25-26,
3323:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3271:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3094:
3091:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3016:
2969:Latin literature
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2707:
2699:
2695:Coins and medals
2652:Gladiator Mosaic
2628:opus tessellatum
2607:Alexander Mosaic
2599:, 4th century AD
2512:Roman glasswares
2419:Column of Trajan
2367:
2348:
2336:
2316:
2288:
2264:
2241:
2223:Emperor Claudius
2218:
2206:
2182:
2162:
2134:
2091:
2075:
2066:, 3rd century BC
2057:
2046:consular diptych
1883:Colossus of Nero
1792:Detail from the
1675:Villa Boscoreale
1570:, 3rd century AD
1525:
1522:
1484:of a woman from
1240:first century AD
1056:animal sacrifice
945:, 1st century AD
924:
915:
825:
818:
811:
301:Art of East Asia
63:
62:
43:
21:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9415:
9397:
9314:Interactive art
9197:
9171:SoFlo Superflat
9096:Kitsch movement
9020:Africanfuturism
8972:
8966:
8845:Transavantgarde
8776:
8730:Light and Space
8715:Performance art
8695:Psychedelic art
8578:Nueva Presencia
8568:Otra FiguraciĂłn
8556:
8488:Les Plasticiens
8473:New York School
8451:Action painting
8436:Metcalf Chateau
8345:
8340:
8328:
8248:Cercle et Carré
8184:New Objectivity
8091:Return to order
8033:School of Paris
8011:
7855:School of Paris
7816:
7702:Arts and Crafts
7607:Neo-romanticism
7592:
7580:
7576:Etching revival
7528:Barbizon school
7472:Pre-Raphaelites
7424:
7421:
7414:
7357:
7351:
7244:
7218:Louis XVI style
7160:
7149:Louis XIV style
7112:Animal painting
7073:Flemish Baroque
7051:
6962:World landscape
6913:Venetian School
6855:
6842:Majorcan school
6809:Novgorod School
6799:Lucchese School
6771:Opus Anglicanum
6763:Norman-Sicilian
6707:Italo-Byzantine
6607:Early Christian
6588:
6572:Pompeian Styles
6385:
6379:
6366:
6352:
6322:
6317:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6061:
5897:AĂ«tius of Amida
5878:
5864:Verrius Flaccus
5844:Valerius Antias
5804:Silius Italicus
5739:Pliny the Elder
5684:Marcus Aurelius
5559:Cornelius Nepos
5509:Aurelius Victor
5463:
5385:
5297:
5231:Secessio plebis
5202:
5077:
5029:
4903:
4857:
4787:
4669:
4621:
4537:
4458:
4419:
4401:
4395:
4365:
4360:
4351:Hellenistic art
4346:Gallo-Roman art
4309:
4283:Pompeian Styles
4256:
4247:Roman sculpture
4198:
4188:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4130:
4117:
4104:
4086:(44 BC - 69 AD)
4066:
4060:
4013:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3933:. Belmont, CA:
3901:Borg, Barbara.
3882:The Art of Rome
3877:
3875:Further reading
3872:
3841:Henig, Martin.
3792:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3447:The Jewish Wars
3444:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3279:Natural History
3274:Pliny the Elder
3272:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2989:Pompeian Styles
2938:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2912:Roman aqueducts
2904:built near the
2806:
2800:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2724:
2708:
2697:
2668:
2656:Orpheus mosaics
2593:Piazza Armerina
2578:
2572:
2530:, of which the
2504:
2498:
2482:Campana reliefs
2470:
2462:Main articles:
2460:
2439:
2437:Decorative arts
2415:
2385:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2308:
2289:
2280:
2265:
2256:
2242:
2233:
2231:Vatican Museums
2219:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2196:Vatican Museums
2183:
2174:
2171:Pergamon Museum
2163:
2154:
2135:
2126:
2123:Vatican Museums
2092:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2018:Ernst Kitzinger
1988:pottery vessels
1961:Campana reliefs
1937:Marcus Aurelius
1889:, a successful
1810:Trajan's Column
1786:
1780:Roman sculpture
1778:Main articles:
1776:
1735:Trajan's Column
1667:
1659:
1566:), most likely
1548:
1542:
1536:
1523:
1460:
1454:
1433:
1385:
1361:The Wedding of
1354:
1278:, Roman fresco
1170:
1168:Pompeian Styles
1164:
1158:
1148:in the city of
964:
958:
957:
956:
955:
946:
927:
926:
925:
917:
916:
905:
892:terra sigillata
829:
800:
799:
748:
740:
739:
695:
687:
686:
620:
610:
609:
438:
371:
346:
304:
296:
247:
242:
234:
233:
155:Pre-Raphaelites
76:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
44:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9450:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9344:Late modernism
9341:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9292:Genre painting
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9242:
9240:Ballets Russes
9237:
9232:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9223:Asemic writing
9215:
9213:History of art
9209:
9207:
9206:Related topics
9203:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9141:Relational art
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9064:Hypermodernism
9061:
9060:
9059:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8976:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8805:
8803:Postminimalism
8800:
8795:
8790:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8680:Generative art
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8650:Conceptual art
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8547:Cybernetic art
8544:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8535:Ultra-Lettrist
8532:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8409:Arte Informale
8406:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8347:
8346:(1945âpresent)
8334:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8294:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8275:Heroic realism
8272:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8209:Latin American
8206:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8179:Group of Seven
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8144:
8142:Social realism
8139:
8134:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8125:November Group
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8088:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8048:Latin American
8043:Constructivism
8040:
8038:Crystal Cubism
8035:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7967:
7962:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7824:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7748:
7743:
7741:Volcano School
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7603:
7601:
7594:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7535:
7530:
7520:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7503:
7498:
7496:Norwich School
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7437:Fairy painting
7428:
7426:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7328:Chilote School
7320:
7318:Casta painting
7310:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7294:Tipos del PaĂs
7291:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7264:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:Louis XV style
7179:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7075:
7070:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6984:Cologne School
6976:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6881:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6837:Italian school
6828:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6819:Sienese School
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6774:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6729:Pre-Romanesque
6726:
6721:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6665:
6660:
6658:Donor portrait
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6567:Julio-Claudian
6564:
6559:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6516:Greco-Buddhist
6508:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6456:Protogeometric
6453:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6416:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5749:Pomponius Mela
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Aelius Donatus
5480:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5452:Ecclesiastical
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5193:Toys and games
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
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4735:
4733:Vigintisexviri
4730:
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4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4693:Cursus honorum
4690:
4685:
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4492:Western Empire
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4297:
4295:Roman graffiti
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4261:Related topics
4258:
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4254:
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4239:
4237:Roman painting
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
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4212:
4206:
4204:
4200:
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4186:Theodosian art
4183:
4170:
4157:
4144:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4093:
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3999:
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3978:
3977:External links
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:Zanker, Paul.
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3927:
3920:
3915:DâAmbra, Eve.
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3829:History of Art
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:Boardman, John
3801:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:Janson, p. 167
3775:
3773:Janson, p. 162
3763:
3761:Janson, p. 159
3754:
3752:Janson, p. 165
3742:
3740:Janson, p. 160
3730:
3721:
3719:Henig, 116-138
3712:
3710:Henig, 152-158
3703:
3701:Henig, 215-218
3694:
3692:Henig, 200-204
3685:
3683:Henig, 179-187
3676:
3674:Henig, 191-199
3667:
3655:
3635:10.2307/311303
3613:
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3300:Janson, p. 195
3293:
3291:Janson, p. 194
3284:
3266:
3249:
3247:Janson, p. 192
3240:
3221:
3217:Ernst Gombrich
3208:
3206:Janson, p. 191
3199:
3187:
3185:Janson, p. 190
3173:
3164:
3152:
3143:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3107:Janson, p. 158
3095:
3083:
3074:
3054:
3027:(3): 439â442.
3010:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2994:Roman graffiti
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2944:
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2927:
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2802:Main article:
2799:
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2761:
2760:
2743:September 2023
2711:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2683:are both from
2667:
2664:
2574:Main article:
2571:
2568:
2556:Gemma Augustea
2536:British Museum
2500:Main article:
2497:
2494:
2474:decorative art
2468:Campana relief
2459:
2456:
2438:
2435:
2414:
2411:
2387:
2386:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2350:
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2309:
2307:and his family
2295:known as the "
2290:
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2129:
2127:
2101:depicted in a
2093:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2010:Constantinople
2005:Four Tetrarchs
1976:Gemma Augustea
1833:Roman Republic
1798:Roman soldiers
1775:
1772:
1745:Esquiline Hill
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1616:Early Medieval
1554:Detail of the
1538:Main article:
1535:
1532:
1505:panel painting
1453:
1450:
1432:
1429:
1414:Franz Wickhoff
1384:
1381:
1353:
1350:
1205:Mount Vesuvius
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1138:Constantinople
929:
928:
919:
918:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
904:
901:
873:ivory carvings
831:
830:
828:
827:
820:
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621:
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583:Art of Oceania
579:
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550:
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110:
109:
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98:
96:Pre-Romanesque
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
67:History of art
45:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9449:
9438:
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9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9277:Fantastic art
9275:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9245:Christian art
9243:
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9228:
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9159:
9157:
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9149:
9147:
9146:Skeuomorphism
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9106:Massurrealism
9104:
9102:
9101:Lightpainting
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9084:Post-Internet
9082:
9081:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
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9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
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9018:
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8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8957:Grunge design
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8912:Retrofuturism
8910:
8908:
8907:Scratch video
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8892:Memphis Group
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8867:Telematic art
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:Guerrilla art
8855:
8853:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8808:Endurance art
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
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8785:
8783:
8779:
8773:
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8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8468:New media art
8466:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8446:Nanyang Style
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8377:Visionary art
8375:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8243:Scuola Romana
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8169:Anthropophagy
8167:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8152:Functionalism
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8072:Neoplasticism
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7976:
7975:Cubo-Futurism
7973:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7934:Ashcan School
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:Expressionism
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7887:Mir iskusstva
7885:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7762:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7673:Boston School
7671:
7669:
7668:Hoosier Group
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7658:Impressionism
7656:
7654:
7653:Peredvizhniki
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7643:Beuron School
7641:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7557:Munich School
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
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7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:Art borrowing
7354:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7306:Company style
7304:
7302:
7299:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7206:Neoclassicism
7204:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7032:Cretan School
7030:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6989:Danube school
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6466:Orientalizing
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6451:Sub-Mycenaean
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6365:art movements
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Julius Paulus
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:Fabius Pictor
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Amphitheatres
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Deforestation
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Siege engines
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Establishment
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:Extraordinary
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Promagistrate
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Twelve Tables
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Byzantine art
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4305:Tintinnabulum
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Neoclassicism
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Roman pottery
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4102:Hadrianic art
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:0-517-62336-6
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3665:Piper, p. 256
3662:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3215:according to
3212:
3203:
3197:Piper, p. 260
3194:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3171:Piper, p. 266
3168:
3162:Piper, p. 261
3159:
3157:
3150:Piper, p. 254
3147:
3141:Piper, p. 253
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3125:Piper, p. 255
3122:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3093:Piper, p. 252
3090:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3071:0-8109-4190-2
3068:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3011:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Neoclassicism
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Byzantine art
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:, the use of
2867:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2791:Julius Caesar
2788:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:This section
2710:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:engraved gems
2545:
2541:
2540:Portland Vase
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:conducted by
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2381:paterfamilias
2377:
2375:
2374:capite velato
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:warts and all
2353:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:Gonzaga Cameo
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:(113 AD) and
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:Arch of Titus
1728:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Galla Placida
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:medallion in
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1524: 200 AD
1518:
1517:Severan Tondo
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1468:Severan Tondo
1464:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1423:
1422:(107bâ108b):
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:, Third style
1397:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1346:vase-painting
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:and his wife
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:, 1st century
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:ancient Greek
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
923:
914:
900:
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:gem engraving
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
806:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
691:
690:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
614:
613:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Pre-Columbian
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:Art of Africa
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
437:
436:
435:Art of Europe
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
370:
369:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
295:
294:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:South Arabian
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
238:
237:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Conceptualism
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
195:Expressionism
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Impressionism
163:
162:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:Neoclassicism
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
56:
52:
48:
42:
19:
9387:Trompe-l'Ćil
9385:
9356:Outsider art
9309:Illustration
9265:Lutheran art
9255:Catholic art
9218:Abstract art
9188:Unilalianism
9151:Software art
9126:Neosymbolism
9116:Neo-futurism
9079:Internet art
9069:Hyperrealism
8922:Superfiction
8705:Photorealism
8573:Afrofuturism
8338:Contemporary
8314:Dimensionism
8297:Concrete art
8230:
8226:Precisionism
8076:
8023:Sosaku-hanga
7997:Productivism
7987:Metaphysical
7957:
7946:Proto-Cubism
7850:Secessionism
7812:Costumbrismo
7697:Aestheticism
7648:Hague School
7628:
7552:Academic art
7533:Costumbrismo
7501:Empire style
7338:Quito School
7333:Cusco School
7249:Colonial art
7210:
7198:FĂȘte galante
7196:
7165:18th century
7127:Delft School
7078:Caravaggisti
7056:17th century
6941:
6898:Quattrocento
6888:
6846:
6769:
6672:
6602:Late antique
6551:
6486:Severe style
6476:Black-figure
6363:Contemporary
6253:Institutions
6117:Leptis Magna
6070:Major cities
5977:Philostratus
5764:Quadrigarius
5584:Rufus Festus
5447:Contemporary
5168:Romanization
5095:
5091:Architecture
4698:Collegiality
4547:Constitution
4398:Ancient Rome
4341:Etruscan art
4232:Roman mosaic
4096:Trajanic art
4062:
3997:Online books
3987:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3866:
3852:
3849:Piper, David
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3778:
3757:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3646:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3510:Henig, 66â71
3506:
3501:Henig, 23â24
3497:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3446:
3441:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3374:Vickers, 611
3370:
3361:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3296:
3287:
3277:
3269:
3257:
3252:
3243:
3229:
3224:
3211:
3202:
3167:
3146:
3121:
3112:
3077:
3062:
3057:
3024:
3020:
3014:
2984:Parthian art
2916:Pont du Gard
2910:
2898:Brunelleschi
2878:public baths
2862:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2818:
2798:Architecture
2779:
2749:
2740:
2725:Please help
2713:
2669:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2605:
2602:
2597:Roman Sicily
2585:Roman mosaic
2576:Roman mosaic
2562:) and other
2552:Blacas Cameo
2532:Lycurgus Cup
2527:
2520:
2471:
2447:Blacas Cameo
2416:
2400:
2379:
2371:
2267:
2185:
2137:
2026:Christianity
2023:
2003:
1992:
1972:Lycurgus Cup
1965:
1922:
1899:Blacas Cameo
1850:
1818:
1796:showing two
1760:
1750:
1739:
1724:
1719:
1696:
1694:
1677:, 43â30 BC,
1660:
1657:Genre scenes
1619:crux gemmata
1602:
1573:
1502:
1495:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:Boscotrecase
1377:
1360:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1289:
1251:
1248:
1217:
1207:in AD 79. A
1194:
1191:
1134:Hagia Sophia
1127:
1123:
1089:trompe-l'Ćil
1088:
1079:, genre and
1065:
1027:trompe-l'Ćil
1025:
1003:
985:
965:
948:Right image:
947:
930:
903:Introduction
890:
885:
880:
849:architecture
837:Ancient Rome
834:
763:Art movement
730:Graphic arts
720:Architecture
595:Cook Islands
581:
580:
552:
551:
518:
517:
487:
433:
432:
366:
365:
341:
340:
299:
298:
291:
290:
251:Mesopotamian
244:
207:Contemporary
9272:Digital art
9235:Avant-garde
9176:Superstroke
9052:Flat design
9047:Fictive art
9042:Excessivism
8990:Art for art
8985:Altermodern
8927:Taring Padi
8862:Lowbrow art
8830:Pliontanism
8767:Yoru no Kai
8720:Process art
8660:Systems art
8630:Arte Povera
8552:Antipodeans
8461:in New York
8431:Jikken KĆbĆ
8394:Color field
8263:Regionalism
8232:Aeropittura
8221:Neo-Fauvism
8194:Neues Sehen
8164:Kinetic art
8028:Suprematism
8002:Synchromism
7919:Noucentisme
7840:Primitivism
7828:Art Nouveau
7783:Cloisonnism
7773:Pointillism
7768:Divisionism
7746:Incoherents
7707:Art pottery
7593:(1863â1944)
7543:Macchiaioli
7518:Biedermeier
7506:Historicism
7491:Orientalism
7432:Romanticism
7403:Akita ranga
7255:Art of the
7240:Picturesque
7192:Chinoiserie
7187:Frederician
7025:Tudor court
6920:Cinquecento
6861:Renaissance
6848:Mappa mundi
6832:cartography
6724:Carolingian
6719:Merovingian
6702:Palaeologan
6674:RepoblaciĂłn
6631:Anglo-Saxon
6562:Gallo-Roman
6501:Hellenistic
6496:Kerch style
6434:Minyan ware
6248:Geographers
5932:Dioscorides
5912:Cassius Dio
5534:Cassiodorus
5437:Renaissance
5043:Agriculture
5015:Auxiliaries
4956:Engineering
4793:Magistrates
4645:Citizenship
4640:Mos maiorum
4575:Late Empire
4300:Roman music
4227:Roman glass
4195:(379 - 395)
4189: [
4182:(312 - 337)
4176: [
4169:(284 - 312)
4163: [
4156:(253 - 268)
4150: [
4143:(193 - 253)
4141:Severan art
4131: [
4124:(138 - 180)
4118: [
4111:(117 - 138)
4105: [
4090:Flavian art
2954:Bacchic art
2782:Roman coins
2685:East Anglia
2681:Hoxne Hoard
2620:micromosaic
2544:cameo glass
2502:Roman glass
2423:Dacian wars
2407:terra-cotta
2397:, c. 130 AD
2247:dressed as
2096:Roman naval
2064:sarcophagus
1853:portraiture
1829:sarcophagus
1814:Dacian Wars
1808:Section of
1800:, c. 122 BC
1754:crenellated
1643:Roman Egypt
1593:iconography
1568:Alexandrian
1486:Roman Egypt
1442:Renaissance
1370:(54â68 AD,
1326:paintings.
1319:Constantine
1303:4th Century
1254:Roman Egypt
1224:Domus Aurea
1201:Herculaneum
1094:Renaissance
1014:chiaroscuro
1010:Apollodoros
981:eclecticism
931:Left image:
897:Roman coins
861:mosaic work
847:, includes
835:The art of
758:Art history
735:Digital art
725:Photography
715:Calligraphy
498:Anglo-Saxon
478:Hellenistic
423:Singaporean
185:Art Nouveau
145:Romanticism
113:Renaissance
81:Prehistoric
9426:Categories
9319:Jewish art
9131:Passionism
9091:iPhone art
9037:Cyborg art
9032:Crypto art
9005:Brandalism
8897:Cyberdelic
8762:TropicĂĄlia
8735:Street art
8690:Intermedia
8670:Minimalism
8389:Spatialism
8343:Postmodern
8199:Surrealism
8067:Shin-hanga
7907:Die BrĂŒcke
7875:Sonderbund
7788:Synthetism
7511:Revivalism
7420:Transition
7377:Manichaean
7223:Adam style
7144:Classicism
7083:in Utrecht
7011:Still life
6741:Romanesque
6697:Macedonian
6692:Iconoclast
6651:Visigothic
6557:Republican
6511:Indo-Greek
6481:Red-figure
6137:Mediolanum
6077:Alexandria
6042:Themistius
6007:Porphyrius
5834:Tertullian
5769:Quintilian
5759:Propertius
5654:Lactantius
5604:Fulgentius
5539:Censorinus
5361:Sanitation
5346:Metallurgy
5303:Technology
5268:Demography
5216:Patricians
5183:Spectacles
5141:Literature
5136:Hairstyles
4973:Technology
4723:Praefectus
4675:Government
4665:Litigation
4650:Auctoritas
4595:Centuriate
4482:Principate
4477:Pax Romana
4437:Foundation
4331:Coptic art
4137:(180 -192)
4098:(98 - 117)
3445:Josephus,
3001:References
2892:, and the
2616:still life
2478:terracotta
2404:polychrome
2358:" realism.
2139:The Orator
2115:Palastrina
2031:acrolithic
1968:Warren Cup
1825:terracotta
1727:sarcophagi
1575:Gold glass
1556:gold glass
1540:Gold glass
1534:Gold glass
1437:still life
1431:Still life
1315:Constantia
1213:August Mau
1077:caricature
1036:Praxiteles
1006:Polygnotos
991:Golden Age
943:silk dress
937:showing a
865:metal-work
843:and later
795:Naturalist
775:Figurative
694:Techniques
662:Manichaean
640:Protestant
590:Australian
386:Vietnamese
376:Indonesian
281:Phoenician
227:Minimalism
212:Postmodern
175:Decorative
140:Revivalism
101:Romanesque
9381:Shock art
9371:Queer art
9351:NaĂŻve art
9334:Modernism
9166:Superflat
9156:Sound art
9136:Post-YBAs
9121:Neomodern
8962:Verdadism
8932:Superflat
8781:1970â1999
8745:in the US
8665:Video art
8588:Happening
8561:1960â1969
8353:1945â1959
8016:1915â1944
8007:Vorticism
7959:A Nyolcak
7821:1900â1914
7793:Les Nabis
7724:Symbolism
7680:Amsterdam
7630:Japonisme
7600:1863â1899
7562:in Greece
7422:to modern
7267:Caribbean
7212:Goût grec
7134:Capriccio
7088:Tenebrism
7037:Turquerie
6935:Mannerism
6830:Medieval
6687:Byzantine
6668:Mozarabic
6619:Ethiopian
6523:Neo-Attic
6506:"Baroque"
6491:Classical
6461:Geometric
6439:Mycenaean
6386:(Western)
6384:Premodern
6355:Premodern
6293:Quaestors
6223:Empresses
6213:Dynasties
6203:Dictators
6178:and other
6167:Volubilis
6162:Vindobona
6122:Londinium
6047:Theodoret
6017:Procopius
5997:Polyaenus
5972:Pausanias
5874:Vitruvius
5819:Symmachus
5814:Suetonius
5724:Petronius
5709:Obsequens
5674:Macrobius
5669:Lucretius
5594:Frontinus
5569:Eutropius
5554:Columella
5504:Augustine
5494:Appuleius
5442:Neo-Latin
5417:Classical
5408:Versions
5316:Aqueducts
5258:Patronage
5178:Sexuality
5151:Mythology
5126:Education
5116:Cosmetics
4941:Campaigns
4936:Structure
4889:Decemviri
4748:Imperator
4447:overthrow
4092:(69 - 96)
4063:Roman art
3988:Roman art
3970:Roman Art
3949:Roman Art
3924:Roman Art
3867:Roman Art
3471:Henig, 24
3383:Grig, 207
3049:163488573
3006:Citations
2906:Colosseum
2882:basilicas
2843:Colosseum
2830:Colosseum
2789:and then
2714:does not
2666:Metalwork
2524:cage cups
2490:oil lamps
2293:cameo gem
2169:, 30 BC,
2121:) in the
2111:Praeneste
2012:, now in
1982:and the "
1941:Ara Pacis
1875:Londinium
1871:basilicas
1841:patrician
1821:Etruscans
1774:Sculpture
1706:Vespasian
1596:for gold
1579:gold leaf
1452:Portraits
1448:periods.
1228:grotesque
999:paintings
995:Peiraikos
881:Roman art
857:sculpture
790:Narrative
700:Sculpture
630:Christian
618:Religions
493:Byzantine
406:Cambodian
401:Malaysian
356:Bhutanese
314:Hong Kong
170:Symbolism
118:Mannerism
33:Roman art
9411:Category
9361:Portrait
9282:Folk art
9230:Anti-art
9161:Stuckism
9074:Idea art
8995:Art game
8947:Artivism
8835:Punk art
8813:Sots Art
8798:Artscene
8655:Land art
8593:Neo-Dada
8525:Lettrism
8419:Nuagisme
8404:Tachisme
8285:Nazi art
8078:De Stijl
7992:Rayonism
7982:Art Deco
7970:Futurism
7761:Luminism
7729:Romanian
7714:Tonalism
7685:Canadian
7663:American
7569:Neo-Grec
7177:Rocaille
7006:Romanism
6940:Counter-
6874:Trecento
6814:Duecento
6804:Crusades
6736:Ottonian
6714:Frankish
6594:Medieval
6577:Trajanic
6537:Scythian
6532:Etruscan
6424:Cycladic
6402:Thracian
6298:Tribunes
6288:Praetors
6238:Generals
6218:Emperors
6127:Lugdunum
6112:Eboracum
6102:Carthage
6087:Aquileia
6002:Polybius
5992:Plutarch
5962:Libanius
5952:Josephus
5947:Herodian
5839:Tibullus
5754:Priscian
5729:Phaedrus
5689:Manilius
5634:Jordanes
5619:Hydatius
5549:Claudian
5529:Catullus
5519:Boëthius
5514:Ausonius
5432:Medieval
5404:Alphabet
5376:Theatres
5351:Numerals
5336:Concrete
5326:Circuses
5293:Bagaudae
5283:Adoption
5278:Marriage
5251:Assembly
5156:Religion
5131:Folklore
5111:Clothing
5106:Calendar
5063:Currency
5053:Commerce
4951:Strategy
4913:Military
4899:Triumvir
4879:Dictator
4874:Interrex
4853:Governor
4838:Quaestor
4801:Ordinary
4783:Province
4773:Tetrarch
4763:Augustus
4728:Vicarius
4718:Officium
4655:Imperium
4605:Plebeian
4565:Republic
4487:Dominate
4454:Republic
4415:Timeline
3649:taxonomy
2926:See also
2886:Pantheon
2870:concrete
2828:and the
2826:Pantheon
2822:concrete
2633:tesserae
2623:tesserae
2528:diatreta
2510:Various
2451:Augustus
2395:Antinous
2393:Bust of
2325:Philippi
2305:Augustus
2301:allegory
2274:porphyry
2249:Hercules
2245:Commodus
2227:Caligula
2221:Bust of
2192:Augustus
2173:(Berlin)
2148:rhetoric
2061:Etruscan
2000:roundels
1970:, glass
1903:Augustus
1891:freedman
1837:Parthian
1767:Samnites
1741:Ranuccio
1702:Josephus
1598:tesserae
1363:Zephyrus
1272:Heracles
1232:Augustus
1178:Dionysus
1156:Painting
1108:subject
1044:Lysippos
977:Egyptian
973:Etruscan
969:pastiche
853:painting
841:Republic
780:Funerary
753:Abstract
705:Painting
635:Catholic
625:Buddhist
600:Hawaiian
503:Ottonian
468:Scythian
453:Etruscan
448:Cycladic
428:Bruneian
381:Filipino
326:Japanese
256:Egyptian
91:Medieval
9376:Realism
8973:present
8700:Nut Art
8503:Pop art
8441:Mono-ha
8309:The Ten
8258:Kapists
8204:Iranian
8157:Bauhaus
7951:Orphism
7897:Fauvism
7734:Russian
7624:Nihonga
7538:Verismo
7523:Realism
7457:Purismo
7370:Moorish
7365:Islamic
7272:Haitian
7063:Baroque
6942:Maniera
6826:Mudéjar
6751:Spanish
6663:Pictish
6646:Lombard
6641:Insular
6582:Severan
6547:Gaulish
6542:Iberian
6471:Archaic
6414:Nuragic
6394:Ancient
6377:periods
6268:Legions
6228:Fiction
6198:Consuls
6193:Climate
6147:Ravenna
6142:Pompeii
6132:Lutetia
6097:Bononia
6092:Berytus
6082:Antioch
6057:Zosimus
6052:Zonaras
6027:Sozomen
6012:Priscus
5987:Photius
5829:Terence
5824:Tacitus
5809:Statius
5794:Servius
5779:Sallust
5734:Plautus
5714:Orosius
5694:Martial
5649:Juvenal
5624:Hyginus
5609:Gellius
5468:Writers
5399:History
5381:Thermae
5371:Temples
5321:Bridges
5288:Slavery
5236:Equites
5208:Society
5188:Theatre
5161:Deities
5121:Cuisine
5101:Bathing
5083:Culture
5058:Finance
5035:Economy
4926:Borders
4921:History
4823:Tribune
4818:Praetor
4708:Legatus
4703:Emperor
4590:Curiate
4560:Kingdom
4555:History
4531:History
4514:decline
4472:History
4442:Kingdom
4425:History
4410:Outline
3937:, 2007.
3790:Sources
3231:Critias
3228:Plato.
2770:Hadrian
2735:removed
2720:sources
2660:Orpheus
2612:Pompeii
2534:in the
2431:Romania
2255:, Rome.
1959:(161),
1917:Hadrian
1915:, 315:
1846:Corinth
1690:Pompeii
1623:Brescia
1611:dialect
1604:in the
1586:in the
1560:Brescia
1509:tempera
1507:, i.e.
1446:Baroque
1419:Critias
1406:Odyssey
1367:Chloris
1332:a secco
1311:Germany
1286:, Italy
1276:Omphale
1262:mummies
1197:Pompeii
1186:Pompeii
1182:Priapus
1150:Ravenna
1118:Pompeii
1040:Phidias
952:Stabiae
935:Pompeii
710:Pottery
652:Islamic
483:Iberian
396:Myanmar
336:Tibetan
309:Chinese
286:Ottoman
271:Arabian
266:Persian
261:Hittite
241:Regions
190:Fauvism
150:Realism
125:Baroque
86:Ancient
9324:Kitsch
9183:Toyism
8675:Fluxus
8605:Op art
8174:Mingei
8108:Stupid
8086:Purism
7941:Cubism
7590:Modern
7382:Mughal
7172:Rococo
6777:Gothic
6758:Norman
6682:Viking
6636:Hunnic
6614:Coptic
6429:Minoan
6419:Aegean
6407:Dacian
6359:Modern
6278:Nomina
6263:Legacy
6243:Gentes
6180:topics
6176:Lists
6157:Smyrna
6037:Strabo
5967:Lucian
5957:Julian
5907:Arrian
5902:Appian
5892:Aelian
5869:Vergil
5644:Justin
5629:Jerome
5614:Horace
5599:Fronto
5589:Florus
5564:Ennius
5544:Cicero
5524:Caesar
5422:Vulgar
5246:Tribes
5173:Romans
4983:Legion
4966:castra
4843:Aedile
4813:Censor
4808:Consul
4768:Caesar
4738:Lictor
4660:Status
4600:Tribal
4580:Senate
4570:Empire
4464:Empire
4400:topics
4065:topics
3985:about
3859:
3643:311303
3641:
3594:
3490:Cicero
3486:Sicily
3482:Verres
3451:Online
3400:
3069:
3047:
3041:708631
3039:
2888:, the
2858:MĂ©rida
2847:insula
2787:Pompey
2774:Achaia
2673:hoards
2570:Mosaic
2427:Trajan
2276:, now
2103:relief
2099:bireme
2014:Venice
1933:Trajan
1925:relief
1895:frieze
1866:Italic
1733:, and
1729:, the
1651:lenses
1629:queen
1627:Gothic
1435:Roman
1337:fresco
1242:. The
1069:mosaic
1060:relief
1042:, and
1032:Skopas
939:Maenad
875:, and
845:Empire
672:Taoist
605:Papuan
571:Muisca
532:Yoruba
508:Viking
463:Celtic
458:Dacian
443:Minoan
351:Indian
331:Korean
319:Taiwan
200:Cubism
160:Modern
130:Rococo
106:Gothic
8971:2000â
8414:COBRA
7408:Uki-e
7398:Japan
7387:Qajar
6746:Mosan
6552:Roman
6446:Greek
5942:Galen
5884:Greek
5854:Varro
5664:Lucan
5476:Latin
5391:Latin
5366:Ships
5356:Roads
5341:Domes
5273:Women
5221:Plebs
5146:Music
4688:Forum
4683:Curia
4203:Types
4193:]
4180:]
4167:]
4154:]
4135:]
4122:]
4109:]
3639:JSTOR
3045:S2CID
3037:JSTOR
2631:with
2496:Glass
2323:from
2078:The "
1710:Titus
1519:from
1497:Pliny
1307:Trier
1252:From
1236:Livia
1110:Dirce
1073:cameo
987:Pliny
877:glass
785:NaĂŻve
747:Types
682:Vodun
677:Vodou
647:Hindu
576:Inuit
537:Benin
488:Roman
473:Greek
411:Khmer
361:Newar
51:Venus
9260:Icon
8583:ZERO
8341:and
8238:Asso
8062:Dada
7619:YĆga
6361:and
6258:Laws
6233:Film
6152:Roma
5719:Ovid
5659:Livy
5427:Late
5241:Gens
5198:Wine
5010:Navy
4978:Army
4617:SPQR
4519:fall
4497:fall
3922:--.
3857:ISBN
3820:--.
3592:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3067:ISBN
2880:and
2874:dome
2866:arch
2780:Few
2718:any
2716:cite
2679:and
2466:and
2445:The
2321:Nike
2291:The
2165:The
2144:toga
1879:Nero
1782:and
1708:and
1635:Isis
1466:The
1444:and
1365:and
1274:and
1220:Nero
859:and
768:List
667:Sikh
657:Jain
566:Maya
547:Luba
542:Kuba
527:Igbo
391:Thai
55:Rome
5412:Old
5096:Art
4869:Rex
4713:Dux
4627:Law
3631:doi
3260:,
3029:doi
2729:by
2591:of
2526:or
2449:of
2303:of
2229:),
2109:in
1712:'s
1621:in
1511:or
1180:or
1136:in
941:in
513:Rus
418:Lao
222:Pop
9428::
6357:,
4191:it
4178:it
4165:it
4152:it
4133:it
4120:it
4107:it
3851:.
3806:,
3766:^
3745:^
3733:^
3658:^
3645:.
3637:.
3627:97
3625:.
3488:,
3305:^
3276:,
3190:^
3176:^
3155:^
3130:^
3098:^
3086:^
3043:.
3035:.
3025:21
3023:.
2595:,
2558:,
2554:,
2094:A
2048:.
2016:.
1978:,
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1521:c.
1409:.
1394:,
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1301:A
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1083:,
1071:,
1038:,
1034:,
871:,
867:,
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