Animal welfare - Knowledge

48: 870: 90: 1389:, focus more on the feelings of the animal. This approach indicates the belief that animals should be considered as sentient beings. Duncan wrote, "Animal welfare is to do with the feelings experienced by animals: the absence of strong negative feelings, usually called suffering, and (probably) the presence of positive feelings, usually called pleasure. In any assessment of welfare, it is these feelings that should be assessed." Dawkins wrote, "Let us not mince words: Animal welfare involves the subjective feelings of animals." 1681: 859: 420: 1654:, there are two issues in animal welfare and animal rights. "If I only could have one thing, it would be to end suffering", said Newkirk. "If you could take things from animals and kill animals all day long without causing them suffering, then I would take it... Everybody should be able to agree that animals should not suffer if you kill them or steal from them by taking the fur off their backs or take their eggs, whatever. But you shouldn't put them through torture to do that." 11019: 8159: 1704:'s objectives include helping people understand the critical importance of good animal welfare, encouraging nations to commit to animal-friendly practices, and building the scientific case for the better treatment of animals. They are global in a sense that they have consultative status at the Council of Europe and collaborate with national governments, the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health. 1291: 881: 1314:

unavoidable for the conduct of scientifically valuable research, and that unrelieved pain and distress will only continue for the duration necessary to accomplish the scientific objectives. The PHS Policy and AWRs further state that animals that would otherwise suffer severe or chronic pain and distress that cannot be relieved should be painlessly killed at the end of the procedure, or if appropriate, during the procedure."

1431:(AVMA) has defined animal welfare as: "An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress." They have offered the following eight principles for developing and evaluating animal welfare policies. 1590: 1469:

states such as pain, fear, and distress. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter/killing. Animal welfare refers to the state of the animal; the treatment that an animal receives is covered by other terms such as animal care, animal husbandry, and humane treatment."

702:(UDAW) at the United Nations. In principle, the Universal Declaration would call on the United Nations to recognise animals as sentient beings, capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognise that animal welfare is an issue of importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide. The campaign to achieve the UDAW is being coordinated by 550:

from nonconscious perception in animals. In this study conducted in rhesus monkeys, the researchers built experiments predicting completely opposite behavioral outcomes to consciously vs. non-consciously perceived stimuli. Strikingly, the monkeys' behaviors displayed these exact opposite signatures, just like aware and unaware humans tested in the study.

1302:(IACUC). Each local IACUC reviews research protocols and conducts evaluations of the institution's animal care and use which includes the results of inspections of facilities that are required by law. The IACUC committee must assess the steps taken to "enhance animal well-being" before research can take place. This includes research on farm animals. 1737:: Founded over 40 years ago in 1967 by a British farmer who became horrified by the development of modern, intensive factory farming. "Today we campaign peacefully to end all cruel factory farming practices. We believe that the biggest cause of cruelty on the planet deserves a focused, specialised approach – so we only work on farm animal welfare." 1373:– In the past, many have seen farm animal welfare chiefly in terms of whether the animal is producing well. The argument is that an animal in poor welfare would not be producing well, however, many farmed animals will remain highly productive despite being in conditions where good welfare is almost certainly compromised, e.g., layer hens in 1055:

shooting the cetaceans from a distance with dart guns. A cetacean was killed by a fungal infection after being darted, due to either an incompletely sterilized dart or an infection from the ocean entering the wound caused by the dart. Researchers on wild cetaceans have not yet been able to use drones to capture noninvasive breath samples.

1751:, and safeguards the rights of responsible animal owners, enthusiasts and professionals through research, public information and sound public policy. They host an online library of information about various animal-related subjects serving as a resource for groups and individuals dedicated to responsible animal care and well-being. 1694:(OIE): The intergovernmental organisation responsible for improving animal health worldwide. The OIE has been established "for the purpose of projects of international public utility relating to the control of animal diseases, including those affecting humans and the promotion of animal welfare and animal production food safety." 1268:. The Act provided for the licensing and regulation of pet shops, stables, kennels, and animal shelters, and established, for the first time, minimum standards of care. Additional provisions, called the Humane Euthanasia Act, were added in 1990, and then further expanded and strengthened with the Animal Protection Act of 2000. 1229:. Fish and amphibia are protected once they can feed independently and cephalopods at the point when they hatch. Embryonic and foetal forms of mammals, birds and reptiles are protected during the last third of their gestation or incubation period." The definition of regulated procedures was also expanded: 1539:

in 1996. It is a view that the best way to prevent animal suffering is to abolish the causes of animal suffering, but advancing animal welfare is a goal to pursue in the short term. Thus, for instance, new welfarists want to phase out fur farms and animal experiments but in the short-term they try to

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Consider the following (too minimal) position about the treatment of animals. So that we can easily refer to it, let us label this position "utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people." It says: (1) maximize the total happiness of all living beings; (2) place stringent side constraints on what

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position that animals should not be regarded as property and any use of animals by humans is unacceptable. Accordingly, some animal rights proponents argue that the perception of better animal welfare facilitates continued and increased exploitation of animals. Some authorities therefore treat animal

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The Movement for Compassionate Living: Exists to- "Promote simple vegan living and self-reliance as a remedy against the exploitation of humans, animals and the Earth. Promote the use of trees and vegan-organic farming to meet the needs of society for food and natural resources. Promote a land-based

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makes owners and keepers responsible for ensuring that the welfare needs of their animals are met. These include the need: for a suitable environment (place to live), for a suitable diet, to exhibit normal behavior patterns, to be housed with, or apart from, other animals (if applicable), and to be

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used in naval operations swim free during operations and training and return to pens otherwise. Captive cetaceans are trained to present themselves for blood samples, health exams, and noninvasive breath samples above their blow holes. Staff can monitor the captives afterward for signs of infection

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often develop. In the UK alone, up to 20 million broilers each year die from the stress of catching and transporting before reaching the slaughterhouse.Animal welfare violations have been observed more in intensively bred chicken, pig and cattle species, respectively, and studies and laws have been

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is an emerging field that seeks to answer questions raised by the keeping and use of animals, such as whether hens are frustrated when confined in cages, whether the psychological well-being of animals in laboratories can be maintained, and whether zoo animals are stressed by the transport required

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The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: Brings in veterinary involvement to animal welfare. Their objective is to share this concern of animals with all members of the profession, with the general public, with government at all levels, and with other organizations such as the CFHS, which have

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holds that focusing on animal welfare not only fails to challenge animal suffering, but may actually prolong it by making the exercise of property rights over animals appear less unattractive. The abolitionists' objective is to secure a moral and legal paradigm shift, whereby animals are no longer

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Increased affluence in many regions for the past few decades afforded consumers the disposable income to purchase products from high welfare systems. The adaptation of more economically efficient farming systems in these regions were at the expense of animal welfare and to the financial benefit of

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Think about the animals that the meat you eat comes from. Are you at all concerned about how they have been treated? Have they lived well? Have they been fed on safe, appropriate foods? Have they been cared for by someone who respects them and enjoys contact with them? Would you like to be sure of

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defines the welfare of an animal as "Its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. This state includes how much it is having to do to cope, the extent to which it is succeeding in or failing to cope, and its associated feelings." He states that "welfare will vary over a continuum

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However, research and testing studies sometimes involve pain that cannot be relieved with such agents because they would interfere with the scientific objectives of the study. Accordingly, federal regulations require that IACUCs determine that discomfort to animals will be limited to that which is

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Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, researchers must try to minimize distress in animals whenever possible: "Animals used in research and testing may experience pain from induced diseases, procedures, and toxicity. The Public Health Service (PHS) Policy and Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs) state

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in nonhuman animals; however, some still maintain that consciousness is a philosophical question that may never be scientifically resolved. Remarkably, a new study has managed to overcome some of the difficulties in testing this question empirically and devised a unique way to dissociate conscious

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defines animal welfare as "how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives. An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant

1423:, animal welfare is defined as "the avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care, the prevention and treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessary discomfort and pain." 1317:

The National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals also serves as a guide to improve welfare for animals used in research in the US. The Federation of Animal Science Societies' Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching is a resource

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In addition to cetaceans, the welfare of other wild animals has also been studied, though to a lesser extent than that of animals in farms. Research in wild animal welfare has two focuses: the welfare of wild animals kept in captivity and the welfare of animals living in the wild. The former has

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Research on wild cetaceans leaves them free to roam and make sounds in their natural habitat, eat live fish, face predators and injury, and form social groups voluntarily. However, boat engines of researchers, whale watchers and others add substantial noise to their natural environment, reducing

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provide more efficient drive at speeds up to 10 knots, and protect animals beneath and beside them, but need grilles to prevent injuries to animals drawn into the duct. Attaching satellite trackers and obtaining biopsies to measure pollution loads and DNA involve either capture and release, or

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chickens are bred to be very large to produce the greatest quantity of meat per animal. Broilers bred for fast growth have a high incidence of leg deformities because the large breast muscles cause distortions of the developing legs and pelvis, and the birds cannot support their increased body

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are far quieter, but are not widely used for either research or whale watching, even for maintaining position, which does not require much power. Vancouver Port offers discounts for ships with quiet propeller and hull designs. Other areas have reduced speeds. Boat engines also have unshielded

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National Farm Animal Care Council: Their objectives are to facilitate collaboration among members with respect to farm animal care issues in Canada, to facilitate information sharing and communication, and to monitor trends and initiatives in both the domestic and international market place.

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consumers, both of which were factors in driving the demand for higher welfare for farm animals. A 2006 survey concluded that a majority (63%) of EU citizens "show some willingness to change their usual place of shopping in order to be able to purchase more animal welfare-friendly products."

1036:. Some are kept in lagoons with natural soil and vegetated sides. Most are in concrete tanks which are easy to clean but echo their natural sounds back to them. They cannot develop their own social groups, and related cetaceans are typically separated for display and breeding. 1329:

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the total number of animals used in the U.S. in 2005 was almost 1.2 million, but this does not include rats, mice, and birds which are not covered by welfare legislation but make up approximately 90% of research animals.

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and animal liberation positions, which hold that animals should not be used by humans and should not be regarded as human property. However, it has been argued that both welfarism and animal liberation only make sense if it is assumed that animals have "subjective welfare".

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propellers, which cause serious injuries to cetaceans who come close to the propeller. The US Coast Guard has proposed rules on propeller guards to protect human swimmers, but has not adopted any rules. The US Navy uses propeller guards to protect manatees in Georgia.

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Significant progress in animal welfare did not take place until the late 20th century. In 1965, the UK government commissioned an investigation—led by professor Roger Brambell—into the welfare of intensively farmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in

1231:"A procedure is regulated if it is carried out on a protected animal and may cause that animal a level of pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm equivalent to, or higher than, that caused by inserting a hypodermic needle according to good veterinary practice." 1488:

Animal welfare often refers to a utilitarian attitude towards the well-being of nonhuman animals. It believes the animals can be exploited if the animal suffering and the costs of use is less than the benefits to humans. This attitude is also known simply as

1161:'s activities in this area start with the recognition that animals are sentient beings. The general aim is to ensure that animals do not endure avoidable pain or suffering, and obliges the owner/keeper of animals to respect minimum welfare requirements. 1240:

Those applying for a license must explain why such research cannot be done through non-animal methods. The project must also pass an ethical review panel which aims to decide if the potential benefits outweigh any suffering for the animals involved.

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legislation regarding farm animal welfare is regularly re-drafted according to science-based evidence and cultural views. For example, in 2009, legislation was passed which aimed to reduce animal suffering during slaughter and on 1 January 2012, the

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There are two forms of criticism of the concept of animal welfare, coming from diametrically opposite positions. One view, held by some thinkers in history, holds that humans have no duties of any kind to animals. The other view is based on the

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Captive cetaceans are kept for display, research and naval operations. To enhance their welfare, humans feed them fish that are dead but are disease-free, protect them from predators and injury, monitor their health, and provide activities for

1098:. Efforts to enhance the life of wild cetaceans, besides reducing those harms, include offering human music. Canadian rules do not forbid playing quiet music, though they forbid "noise that may resemble whale songs or calls, underwater". 683:

in 1979. The committee's first guidelines recommended that animals require the freedom to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs." The guidelines have since been elaborated upon to become known as the

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protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease. Anyone who is cruel to an animal, or does not provide for its welfare needs, may be banned from owning animals, fined up to £20,000 and/or sent to prison for a maximum of six months.

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one may do to human beings. Human beings may not be used or sacrificed for the benefit of others; animals may be used or sacrificed for the benefit of other people or animals only if those benefits are greater than the loss inflicted.

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The responsible use of animals for human purposes, such as companionship, food, fiber, recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for the benefit of both humans and animals, is consistent with the Veterinarian's

4009: 1715:(AWI): An American non-profit charitable organization founded by Christine Stevens in 1951 with the goal of reducing suffering inflicted on animals by humans. It is one of the oldest animal welfare organizations in the US. 629:" through Parliament offering protection from cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep, an animal welfare movement has been active in England. Martin was among the founders of the world's first animal welfare organization, the 1344:– Providing good animal welfare is sometimes defined by a list of positive conditions which should be provided to the animal. This approach is taken by the Five Freedoms and the three principles of professor John Webster. 1616:

suggests that an emphasis on "welfarism" has the effect of legitimizing "any human use of animals" so long as humans aren't "cruel" to them and do whatever is necessary to avoid inflicting "unnecessary harm". Sociologist

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from very good to very poor and studies of welfare will be most effective if a wide range of measures is used." John Webster criticized this definition for making "no attempt to say what constitutes good or bad welfare."

990:, in which males are slaughtered immediately after hatching because they are superfluous; this policy occurs in other farmed animal industries such as the production of goat and cattle milk, raising the same concerns. 1661:

regarded as property. In recent years documentaries such as watchdominion.com have been produced, exposing the suffering occurring in animal agriculture facilities that are marketed as having high welfare standards.

5897: 1194:. The Act defines "regulated procedures" as animal experiments that could potentially cause "pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm" to "protected animals". Initially, "protected animals" encompassed all living 982:. While the killing of animals need not necessarily involve suffering, the general public considers that killing an animal reduces its welfare. This leads to further concerns about premature slaughtering such as 1224:

have additional protection over other vertebrates under the Act. Revised legislation came into force in January 2013. This has been expanded to protect "...all living vertebrates, other than man, and any living

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hens (middle and bottom) which are given access to the outdoors. However, animal welfare groups argue that the vast majority of free-range hens are still intensively confined (bottom) and are rarely able to go

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The veterinary profession shall continually strive to improve animal health and welfare through scientific research, education, collaboration, advocacy, and the development of legislation and regulations.

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Bik, Elisabeth M.; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Switzer, Alexandra D.; Callahan, Benjamin J.; Holmes, Susan P.; Wells, Randall S.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Jensen, Eric D.; Venn-Watson, Stephanie (3 February 2016).

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Laws, N.; Ganswindt, A.; Heistermann, M.; Harris, M.; Harris, S.; Sherwin, C. (2007). "A case study: Fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an Asian elephant".

1612:, argue that the animal welfare position (advocating for the betterment of the condition of animals, but without abolishing animal use) is inconsistent in logic and ethically unacceptable. Philosopher 1136:, while others have argued in favor of improving the welfare of wild animals for the sake of the animals, regardless of whether there are any conservation issues involved at all. The welfare economist 592: 2891: 2313: 1442:

Animals must be provided water, food, proper handling, health care, and an environment appropriate to their care and use, with thoughtful consideration for their species-typical biology and behavior.

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In 2002, voters passed (by a margin of 55% for and 45% against) Amendment 10 to the Florida Constitution banning the confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates. In 2006, Arizona voters passed

3353: 2475: 2858: 6778: 1581:: "For we see and hear by their cries that animals die with pain, although man disregards this in a beast, with which, as not having a rational soul, we have no community of rights." 4673: 3978: 3623: 4526: 1779:: A UK registered charity, established in 1926, that works to develop and promote improvements in the welfare of all animals through scientific and educational activity worldwide. 1621:

writes that animal welfare reforms, usually implemented by wealthier countries, are often "modest" and "mostly localized," and are vastly surpassed by the ongoing expansion of the

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Some of the proponents of these views have advocated carrying out conservation efforts in ways that respect the welfare of wild animals, within the framework of the disciplines of

1121:, or in rehabilitation centers. The latter has examined how the welfare of non-domesticated animals living in wild or urban areas are affected by humans or natural factors causing 1509:

Robert Garner describes the welfarist position as the most widely held in modern society. He states that one of the best attempts to clarify this position is given by philosopher

8127: 5751: 3179: 1727:(CFHS): The only national organization representing humane societies and SPCAs in Canada. They provide leadership on animal welfare issues and spread the message across Canada. 3867: 1294:

The use of animals in laboratories remains controversial. Animal welfare advocates push for enforced standards to ensure the health and safety of those animals used for tests.

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Decisions regarding animal care, use, and welfare shall be made by balancing scientific knowledge and professional judgment with consideration of ethical and societal values.

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It also includes modifying the genes of a protected animal if this causes the animal pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. The ASPA also considers other issues such as

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Houghton, Juliana; Holt, Marla M.; Giles, Deborah A.; Hanson, M. Bradley; Emmons, Candice K.; Hogan, Jeffrey T.; Branch, Trevor A.; VanBlaricom, Glenn R. (2 December 2015).

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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) enforces the Animal Welfare Act. APHIS inspects animal research facilities regularly and reports are published online.

641:. The society used members' donations to employ a growing network of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gather evidence, and report them to the authorities. 4248:"I Am a Compassionate Conservation Welfare Scientist: Considering the Theoretical and Practical Differences Between Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare" 2667: 2255: 906:

in which large numbers of animals are reared in confinement at high stocking densities. Issues include the limited opportunities for natural behaviors, for example, in

6668: 7890: 7880: 6558: 3711: 1982: 1547:, many scientific organisations believe that improved animal welfare will provide improved scientific outcomes. If an animal in a laboratory is suffering stress or 8894: 6348: 5426:

Linda J. Keeling, Jeff Rushen and Ian Duncan. Understanding animal welfare. Animal Welfare. 2011 p. 13. edited by Michael C. Appleby, Barry O. Hughes, Joy A. Mench

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The 2019 UN Global Sustainable Development Report identified animal welfare as one of several key missing issues in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

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improve conditions for the animals in these systems, so they lobby to make cages less constrictive and to reduce the numbers of animals used in laboratories.

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weight. As a consequence, they frequently become lame or suffer from broken legs. The increased body weight also puts a strain on their hearts and lungs, and

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as a research field to study "living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering)."

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enacted in this regard. However, animal welfare in semi-intensive species such as sheep and goats is nowadays being scrutinised and gaining importance.

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that? Perhaps it's time to find out a bit more about where the meat you eat comes from. Or to buy from a source that reassures you about these points.

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Bexton, Steve (2012). "Unusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin".

3360: 3006:"Herd management and welfare assessment of dairy goat farms in Northern Cyprus by using breeding, health, reproduction, and biosecurity indicators" 1310:

that procedures that cause more than momentary or slight pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia.

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Ben-Haim, Moshe Shay; Monte, Olga Dal; Fagan, Nicholas A.; Dunham, Yarrow; Hassin, Ran R.; Chang, Steve W. C.; Santos, Laurie R. (13 April 2021).

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found that animal welfare claims by companies selling meat and poultry products lack adequate substantiation in roughly 85% of analyzed cases.

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John Webster defines animal welfare by advocating three positive conditions: Living a natural life, being fit and healthy, and being happy.

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Procedures related to animal housing, management, care, and use should be continuously evaluated, and when indicated, refined or replaced.

10245: 10189: 8104: 7385: 6643: 6253: 4530: 1638: 1413:). Despite difficulties of ascertaining and measuring welfare and relevancy to normative issues, welfare biology is a positive science." 1299: 1275:

with 62% support; the legislation prohibits the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates. In 2007, the

1167: 521:, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species. 470:. Formal standards of animal welfare vary between contexts, but are debated mostly by animal welfare groups, legislators, and academics. 3654: 2207: 9916: 6813: 6708: 5581: 1776: 5747: 4910: 3169: 663:"—although there were a number of states that passed anti-cruelty laws between 1828 and 1898. In India, animals are protected by the " 10329: 7315: 6887: 4974: 3859: 2431: 1360:

Freedom to express most normal behavior – by providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animal's own kind

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is also a risk with free range farming, as it allows for more contact between livestock and wild animal populations, which may carry

4750: 10685: 10450: 8702: 8253: 8062: 6280: 6110: 4588: 2585: 1843: 1405:: "Welfare biology is the study of living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or 1187: 923: 679:. On the basis of Brambell's report, the UK government set up the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee in 1967, which became the 5536: 4473: 3425: 47: 8293: 8195: 7069: 6773: 1724: 1427: 1323: 961:

Farmed animals are artificially selected for production parameters which sometimes impinge on the animals' welfare. For example,

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welfare and animal rights as two opposing positions. Others see animal welfare gains as incremental steps towards animal rights.

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Bartlett, Harriet; Holmes, Mark A.; Petrovan, Silviu O.; Williams, David R.; Wood, James L. N.; Balmford, Andrew (June 2022).

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Sherwin, C.M.; Richards, G.J.; Nicol, C.J. (2010). "Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK".

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Some individuals in history have, at least in principle, rejected the view that humans have duties of any kind to animals.

1465: 4724: 3703: 10741: 8946: 8086: 7710: 6683: 2915:"Understanding the relative risks of zoonosis emergence under contrasting approaches to meeting livestock product demand" 2821: 1858: 1818: 1788: 1026: 795: 443: 6185: 4802: 10866: 10209: 10119: 5879: 4948: 3447: 2685: 1823: 1813: 1793: 1747:: An animal welfare organization in the United States founded in 1991 promotes the welfare of animals, strengthens the 1641:, which support animal welfare measures in the short term to alleviate animal suffering until all animal use is ended. 1354:

Freedom from discomfort – by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area

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Animals shall be treated with respect and dignity throughout their lives and, when necessary, provided a humane death.

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Conservation and management of animal populations should be humane, socially responsible, and scientifically prudent.

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Iossa, Graziella; Soulsbury, C. D.; Harris, Stephen (2009). "Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life?".

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In the UK, the welfare of research animals being used for "regulated procedures" was historically protected by the

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Freedom from thirst and hunger – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour

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In the US, every institution that uses vertebrate animals for federally funded laboratory research must have an

1140:, in his 1995 "Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering", proposed 618:

said that "Primatt was largely responsible for bringing animal welfare to the attention of the general public."

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Welfare Supplement, Editorial Board JWD Wildlife (2016). "Advances in Animal Welfare for Free-Living Animals".

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addressing welfare concerns in farm animal research. Laboratory animals in the US are also protected under the

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signed legislation that phased out both gestation crates and veal crates. Also during 2008, California passed

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came into act, which means that conventional battery cages for laying hens are now banned across the Union.

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for international conservation. Ireland leads research into farm animal welfare with the recently published

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The Georgia Animal Protection Act of 1986 was a state law enacted in response to the inhumane treatment of

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The volume of scientific research on animal welfare has also increased significantly in some countries.

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Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering

1319: 1129: 840: 660: 4545: 4352:"Concern for wild animal suffering and environmental ethics: What are the limits of the disagreement?" 10943: 10781: 10618: 10054: 9348: 9267: 9127: 8707: 7991: 7855: 6908: 6880: 6373: 6184:

Huntingford, FA; Adams, C; Braithwaite, VA; Kadri, S; Pottinger, TG; Sandøe, P; Turnbull, JF (2006).

6058: 5813: 2068: 1952: 1798: 1234: 241: 119: 4936: 4062: 2363:"Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)" 848: 10912: 10873: 10859: 10725: 10701: 10490: 10114: 9518: 9463: 8920: 8639: 8624: 8609: 8566: 8531: 8268: 7715: 7569: 7355: 7295: 6901: 6859: 6845: 6793: 6763: 6588: 6388: 6338: 3095: 1990:

Trans-Scripts 3: An Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine

1907: 1712: 1079: 1010: 994: 387: 114: 31: 10845: 3915:

Whitham, Jessica C.; Wielebnowski, Nadja (2013). "New directions for zoo animal welfare science".

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has criticized the animal welfare movement for not going far enough to protect animals' interests.

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Broom, D.M. (1996). "Animal welfare defined in terms of attempts to cope with the environment".

5212:

Dawkins, M.S. (1990). "From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness and animal welfare".

4851:"Farm Sanctuary Applauds Colorado for Passing Legislation Phasing out Veal and Gestation Crates" 4776: 4667:"Draft guidance on the operation of the Animals 1 (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (as amended)" 2335: 513:, especially when they are under the care of humans. These concerns can include how animals are 11022: 10967: 10514: 10089: 10049: 10003: 9921: 9876: 9745: 9398: 9383: 9037: 8614: 8233: 8181: 8006: 7845: 7685: 7665: 7425: 7155: 7145: 6808: 6474: 6434: 6424: 6032: 5258: 4306: 1881: 1761:: A British organisation that represents its members drawn from the animal medicines industry. 731: 726: 471: 159: 144: 71: 6172: 5853: 10773: 10594: 10554: 10466: 10426: 10347: 10341: 10154: 9438: 9338: 9303: 8889: 8788: 8697: 8536: 8426: 8391: 7755: 7624: 7185: 6944: 6653: 6537: 6444: 6378: 6343: 3646: 3354:"Average levels and power spectra of ambient sound in the habitat of southern resident orcas" 2191: 1947: 1942: 1896: 1122: 1107: 1083: 1033: 1014: 939: 869: 770: 258: 221: 216: 60: 9423: 5575: 1357:

Freedom from pain, injury, and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment

1279:

signed legislation prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates and in 2008, the

836: 10797: 10602: 10530: 10281: 10224: 10094: 9946: 9931: 9805: 9705: 9660: 9513: 8735: 8576: 8344: 8324: 8026: 7745: 7660: 7430: 7345: 7265: 7135: 7014: 6964: 6578: 6568: 6454: 6398: 5080: 4906: 3747: 3520: 3296: 3061: 2926: 2428: 2374: 1871: 1748: 1280: 1250: 1133: 546: 339: 89: 9665: 4981: 4152:; Mellor, David J.; Baker, Liv; et al. (27 November 2018). Berg, Charlotte L. (ed.). 1022: 8: 10891: 10838: 10255: 9866: 9478: 9473: 9353: 9328: 9047: 8904: 8793: 8687: 8682: 7951: 7785: 7740: 7700: 7695: 7445: 7380: 7195: 7190: 7120: 6974: 6828: 6733: 6613: 6527: 6522: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6168:

Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs page on animal welfare legislation

6106: 5773:

Best, Steven (2014). "The New Abolitionism: Capitalism, Slavery, and Animal Liberation".

4754: 3509:"Prevalence of External Injuries in Small Cetaceans in Aruban Waters, Southern Caribbean" 2589: 2155: 1158: 538: 176: 5644:"Rights theory, welfarism, and the "new welfarist" amalgamation: A critical perspective" 5084: 3751: 3524: 3301: 2930: 2378: 10852: 10789: 10610: 10442: 10434: 10311: 10287: 10199: 9825: 9232: 8725: 8677: 8667: 8478: 8386: 8016: 7885: 7800: 7420: 7390: 7365: 7220: 6934: 6768: 6517: 6464: 6216: 5991: 5528: 5275: 5251:"Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering" 5231: 5104: 4584: 4469: 4433: 4403:"Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering" 4282: 4247: 4180: 4153: 4131: 4001: 3959: 3768: 3735: 3561: 3508: 3417: 3329: 3280: 3203: 2955: 2914: 2798: 2740: 2405: 2362: 1574: 1381: 1276: 1063: 780: 282: 124: 10905: 6204: 2043: 2026: 659:". In the US it was many years until there was a national law to protect animals—the " 270: 10975: 10749: 10709: 10661: 10653: 10538: 10305: 10204: 10179: 10144: 9901: 9891: 9800: 9740: 9655: 9242: 9107: 9082: 9072: 9052: 8778: 8662: 8571: 8406: 8001: 7976: 7765: 7760: 7690: 7549: 7484: 7400: 7245: 7115: 6728: 6393: 6318: 6167: 5995: 5875: 5817: 5786: 5430: 5235: 5194: 5096: 4425: 4287: 4269: 4214: 4185: 4123: 4005: 3841: 3831: 3773: 3566: 3548: 3334: 3316: 3281:"The Relationship between Vessel Traffic and Noise Levels Received by Killer Whales ( 3249: 3220: 3210: 3151: 3132: 3122: 3033: 3025: 2960: 2942: 2790: 2732: 2538: 2518: 2455: 2410: 2392: 2197: 2187: 2162: 2085: 2048: 1901: 1634: 1605: 1536: 1402: 1257: 1037: 1018: 483: 139: 6178: 5809:

Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict

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Animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and suffering.

10919: 10645: 10194: 9861: 9765: 9725: 9715: 9645: 9508: 9448: 9403: 9368: 9227: 9167: 8941: 8899: 8859: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8753: 8556: 8319: 8288: 8116: 8041: 7966: 7895: 7770: 7594: 7494: 7435: 7290: 7240: 7225: 7165: 7089: 7064: 6939: 6894: 6383: 6200: 5983: 5778: 5464:"Animal Emotions, Animal Sentience, Animal Welfare, and Animal Rights. Marc Bekoff" 5267: 5223: 5184: 5088: 4806: 4417: 4366: 4318: 4277: 4259: 4175: 4165: 4149: 4115: 4074: 4043: 3993: 3951: 3928: 3924: 3763: 3755: 3685: 3556: 3538: 3528: 3324: 3306: 3017: 2950: 2934: 2782: 2744: 2724: 2400: 2382: 2129: 2077: 2038: 1983:"Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity" 1957: 1741:

society where as much of our food and resources as possible are produced locally."

1051: 979: 975: 607: 514: 382: 206: 9272: 9117: 5092: 3736:"Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea" 3704:"Boat Builders Offering Propeller Guards Part 1 (A-M) :: PropellerSafety.com" 501:

Respect for animal welfare is often based on the belief that nonhuman animals are

10733: 9841: 9795: 9790: 9640: 9605: 9590: 9528: 9418: 9363: 9343: 9282: 9192: 9102: 9042: 9017: 8672: 8546: 7795: 7730: 7655: 7634: 7579: 7559: 7544: 7440: 7310: 7205: 7175: 7105: 7029: 6788: 6618: 6573: 6512: 6494: 6358: 4702: 3824: 3533: 3311: 2728: 2671: 2652: 2435: 1937: 1393: 1272: 1237:, housing conditions, identification methods, and the humane killing of animals. 1141: 1075: 987: 915: 903: 743: 287: 5643: 4610: 4402: 1637:

consuming animal products. However, there are some animal right groups, such as

844: 10677: 10474: 10074: 9976: 9906: 9896: 9820: 9750: 9735: 9675: 9600: 9575: 9523: 9468: 9428: 9333: 9323: 9298: 9212: 9142: 9067: 9007: 8879: 8809: 8629: 8586: 8561: 8551: 8526: 8486: 8441: 7956: 7815: 7780: 7629: 7619: 7604: 7524: 7509: 7450: 7350: 7335: 7320: 7255: 7250: 7140: 7110: 7044: 7039: 7019: 6969: 6949: 6633: 6429: 6303: 5987: 5360:"OIE A new definition for the Terrestrial Animal Health Code: 'animal welfare'" 4728: 4323: 4079: 3021: 1978: 1680: 1645: 1544: 1386: 1338:

There are many different approaches to describing and defining animal welfare.

1203: 1162: 1071: 1046: 858: 760: 755: 710:, the RSPCA, and the Humane Society International (the international branch of 634: 596: 566:(304–232 BCE) issued orders against hunting and animal slaughter, in line with 534: 518: 424: 354: 314: 171: 5227: 4047: 3997: 3955: 2786: 498:, although there is debate about which of these best indicate animal welfare. 11041: 10951: 10069: 9936: 9911: 9846: 9815: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9755: 9635: 9610: 9580: 9483: 9453: 9308: 9262: 9257: 9222: 9217: 9172: 9157: 9137: 9112: 9077: 9057: 9022: 8925: 8758: 8501: 8461: 8359: 8329: 8204: 8036: 8011: 7986: 7981: 7961: 7805: 7775: 7720: 7675: 7670: 7599: 7574: 7489: 7479: 7210: 7180: 7130: 7074: 7059: 7049: 7034: 7024: 7009: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6866: 6678: 6673: 6598: 6542: 6469: 6439: 6353: 6313: 5861: 5571: 4952: 4429: 4273: 4170: 3845: 3689: 3552: 3320: 3253: 3136: 3029: 3005: 2946: 2396: 2027:"What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences" 1891: 1773:: A well-known animal welfare charity in England and Wales, founded in 1824. 1601: 1523: 1510: 1067: 983: 887: 685: 672: 588: 542: 526: 377: 134: 79: 59:, United States, is fed at an Emergency Animal Rescue Service shelter in the 56: 9720: 5782: 3224: 2387: 10129: 9971: 9961: 9810: 9785: 9690: 9685: 9670: 9630: 9620: 9493: 9413: 9408: 9388: 9378: 9373: 9313: 9252: 9247: 9197: 9187: 9177: 9087: 9012: 8869: 8824: 8783: 8745: 8730: 8692: 8511: 8491: 8411: 7705: 7589: 7529: 7519: 7504: 7410: 7405: 7375: 7275: 7270: 7260: 7230: 7215: 7160: 7079: 7054: 6979: 6803: 6743: 6593: 6532: 6484: 5849: 5198: 5189: 5172: 5100: 4291: 4189: 4127: 3777: 3570: 3482:

www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca Pêches et Océans Canada – Région du Québec – Infocéans

3338: 3174: 3062:"85 Percent of Meat Welfare Claims Lack Substantiation, New Research Finds" 3037: 2964: 2794: 2736: 2414: 2136: 2081: 2052: 1618: 1476: 1398: 1374: 1137: 907: 765: 645: 593:

An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep

577: 573: 495: 419: 394: 292: 263: 4880: 4503: 3616:"USCG's Search For Prop Guard Test Protocol – Seaworthy Magazine – BoatUS" 2089: 832: 558:

Animal protection laws were enacted as early as the 1st millennium BCE in

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on behalf of animals includes the Ireland Parliament (Thomas Wentworth) "

309: 248: 4264: 3759: 2938: 10805: 10323: 10034: 9926: 9871: 9851: 9700: 9695: 9680: 9650: 9625: 9565: 9443: 9358: 9318: 9152: 9122: 8456: 8446: 8339: 7923: 7810: 7725: 7539: 7534: 7360: 7325: 7285: 7280: 7004: 6638: 6363: 6029:"Provincial and territorial legislation concerning farm animal welfare" 5359: 5271: 4421: 3149: 1876: 1622: 1577:

seemed to take such a position in his writings against those he saw as

1226: 1195: 943: 935: 891: 810: 612:

A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals

506: 491: 359: 253: 231: 5423:

Appleby, M. C.; Mench, J. A.; Olsson, I. A. S.; Hughes, B. O. (2011).

5137:

Duncan, I.J.H. (1996). "Animal welfare defined in terms of feelings".

4371: 3793:"Orca Killed by Satellite Tag Leads to Criticism of Science Practices" 2624: 698:

A number of animal welfare organisations are campaigning to achieve a

10898: 10757: 10353: 10124: 9730: 9595: 9570: 9458: 9237: 9182: 8834: 8634: 8541: 8521: 8496: 8431: 6663: 6403: 4691: 4119: 3979:"Ethics of interventions for the welfare of free-living wild animals" 3543: 1993: 1609: 1594: 1410: 1261: 1199: 974:

Another concern about the welfare of farmed animals is the method of

931: 820: 785: 510: 502: 475: 404: 349: 30:

This article is about the treatment of animals. For the journal, see

4701:. Office of the Law Revision Counsel. 7 January 2011. Archived from 2882:"Farm Fresh? Natural? Eggs Not Always What They're Cracked Up To Be" 9533: 8451: 8401: 7996: 7928: 7913: 5902: 2310:"Scientists Finally Conclude Nonhuman Animals Are Conscious Beings" 1650: 1578: 1406: 1087: 955: 947: 805: 695:" consolidated many different forms of animal welfare legislation. 581: 487: 399: 236: 226: 129: 3152:"Design of Acoustic Treatments for Use in a Dolphin Research Tank" 2817:"RSPCA says egg industry is 'misleading the public' on free range" 2515:

Animal Maltreatment: Forensic Mental Health Issues and Evaluations

1385:– Others in the field, such as professor Ian Duncan and professor 1290: 1253:

was designed to decrease suffering of livestock during slaughter.

1113:

addressed the situation of animals kept both for human use, as in

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The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century

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Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in its Cultural Context

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Broom, D. M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement".

1633:

and the animals to fill them dramatically increasing, along with

1265: 1209: 1095: 1059: 1006: 967: 962: 815: 790: 614:, one of the first books published in support of animal welfare. 479: 344: 8173: 6249: 6183: 5413:

John Webster. Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden. 2008. Page 5

4206:

Ignoring Nature No More: The Case For Compassionate Conservation

3478:"Reduction in Risk of Collisions with Whales Deemed Encouraging" 2193:

Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement

1782: 562:. Several Indian kings built hospitals for animals, and emperor 8314: 8216: 7918: 6055:"Compassion in World Farming – The farm animal welfare charity" 5916: 4641:"The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act(Amendment) Order 1993" 1118: 568: 563: 467: 4883:. Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS). 14 May 2008. 4063:"Ethical interventions in the wild. An annotated bibliography" 3830:. New York: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group. 3150:

Gray, Michael D; John W Doane; Gary W Caille; Peter H Rogers.

2979:"Compassion in World Farming – Meat chickens – Welfare issues" 2912: 2772: 651:

One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK "

10392: 8978: 6783: 6648: 6236:"Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish" 6132: 3119:

Rekindling the waters: the truth about swimming with dolphins

2556:"Tierschutz- und Tierrechtsbewegung. Ein historischer Abriss" 2535:

Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, 2nd Edition

1221: 638: 559: 52: 6135:. Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 4558:. Official Journal of the European Union. 18 November 2009. 10164: 5854:"Origins and Consequences of the Animal Industrial Complex" 4949:"Research Animals | Animal Welfare Information Center" 1589: 1548: 1091: 911: 711: 34:. For current laws on animal welfare around the world, see 6054: 5173:"Science-based assessment of animal welfare: farm animals" 4148: 3732: 3170:"Dolphins moving from concrete tanks to seaside sanctuary" 5336:. American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from 2886: 2853: 1217: 1213: 1114: 8895:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

6349:

Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

6081:"The Movement for Compassionate Living | Home Page" 5422: 2360: 1765:

Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

1687:

was founded in 1981 to protect animals around the globe.

1551:

it could negatively affect the results of the research.

801:

Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

5535:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018. 3387:"Automatic Positioning Systems for Boating and Fishing" 3278: 2513:

Levitt, Lacey; Patronek, Gary; Grisso, Thomas. (2016).

1767:: A registered charity comprising over 50 communities. 599:) "Off the Bruite Creatures" Liberty 92 and 93 in the " 5484: 5033:"2005 Report on Enforcement of the Animal Welfare Act" 3860:"Beluga cam captures whale of a time with the Beatles" 2708: 2421: 2104:"Draft of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare" 1771:

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

10419:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

5746:

Hippo.), Saint Augustine (Bishop of (24 March 1872).

4951:. Awic.nal.usda.gov. 20 November 1985. Archived from 4805:. MetaFarms.com, Inc. 7 November 2002. Archived from 902:

A major concern for the welfare of farmed animals is

6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 5867:

The Global Industrial Complex: Systems of Domination

5748:"The Works of Aurelius Augustine: A New Translation" 3941: 2849:"What The Rise Of Cage-Free Eggs Means For Chickens" 2714: 2686:"Animal welfare matters for sustainable development" 2684:

Verkuijl, Cleo; Green, Jonathan (26 February 2022).

553: 5071:Trull, F. L. (1999). "More Regulation of Rodents". 5056:

The humane care and treatment of laboratory animals

4470:"EUROPA – Animal Health & Welfare – References" 3914: 2766: 2623:. Farm Animal Welfare Council. 2009. Archived from 5969: 4751:"Georgia Humane Euthansia Act, O.C.G.A. §4-11-5.1" 4615:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 4105: 3977:Kirkwood, James K.; Sainsbury, Anthony W. (1996). 3823: 3239: 3202: 2154: 2128: 6014: 5706:"Attitudes of EU citizens towards animal welfare" 5641: 4633: 4034:Kirkwood, James K (2013). "Wild animal welfare". 3976: 3826:Thousand mile song: whale music in a sea of sound 2252:"What is Animal Welfare and why is it important?" 1058:Other harms to wild cetaceans include commercial 950:of sheep and predation of stock by wild animals. 648:founded the first German animal welfare society. 637:gave the society her blessing, and it became the 11039: 8274:List of international animal welfare conventions 8123:List of international animal welfare conventions 7881:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals 5038:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from 2227: 2225: 631:Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 505:and that consideration should be given to their 10571:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 5478: 5158:Animal Suffering: The Science Of Animal Welfare 3647:"Managing Endangered Species on Military Lands" 2451:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 2367:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1707: 1664: 1249:In the United States, a federal law called the 584:during the breeding season (March to October). 10002: 6186:"Review paper: Current issues in fish welfare" 5919:. World Organisation for Animal Health. 2013. 3448:"Quieting Waters Around the Port of Vancouver" 2665:Back a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 1566: 946:, can also raise welfare concerns such as the 537:, notwithstanding philosophical problems with 8189: 6274: 5248: 4932: 4930: 4928: 2981:. Compassion In World Farming. Archived from 2683: 2222: 1783:Links to animal welfare and rights by country 1333: 1045:their ability to echolocate and communicate. 849:Egg as food § Living conditions of birds 444: 8279:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 6031:. Government of Canada. 2013. Archived from 5917:"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)" 5508: 4937:ftp://ftp.grants.nih.gov/IACUC/GuideBook.pdf 4831:. Learfield Communications, Inc. 5 July 2007 2278:"The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness" 2148: 2146: 1500:'s meat manifesto. Point three of eight is: 1421:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 10246:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 10190:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 8217:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 5060:National Association of Biomedical Research 4725:"Animal Protection –Ga Dept of Agriculture" 3507:Luksenburg, Jolanda A. (19 February 2014). 2547: 2447: 2182: 2180: 2178: 1300:Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee 1168:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC 1027:Human–animal_communication § Cetaceans 55:, found alongside a road after flooding in 8196: 8182: 6709:International Society for Applied Ethology 6281: 6267: 6173:Farm Animal Welfare: Philosophical Aspects 5703: 5307:. TheFreeDictionary's Medical Dictionary. 4925: 4245: 3821: 3506: 3352:Veirs, Val; Veirs, Scott (21 April 2006). 3351: 1777:Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 890:(top) can be compared with the welfare of 665:Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 451: 437: 10393:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 10330:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 6888:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5971:"Battles of the Animal Welfare Institute" 5397:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A 5279: 5188: 5139:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A 4881:"Farm Animal Welfare Measure Becomes Law" 4370: 4322: 4307:"The importance of wild animal suffering" 4281: 4263: 4179: 4169: 4078: 3767: 3608: 3560: 3542: 3532: 3384: 3328: 3310: 3300: 2954: 2775:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2404: 2386: 2231: 2186: 2143: 2042: 1202:added a single invertebrate species, the 942:.More extensive methods of farming, e.g. 720: 10451:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 8703:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 8063:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 5328: 5326: 5025: 4464: 4462: 4246:Beausoleil, Ngaio J. (6 February 2020). 4033: 3882: 3696: 3059: 2175: 2109:. media.animalmatter.org. Archived from 2020: 2018: 1844:Animal welfare and rights in South Korea 1679: 1588: 1289: 1188:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 749: 46: 38:. For a timeline of animal welfare, see 8294:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 6175:from the Encyclopedia of Animal Science 5967: 5860:; Richard Kahn; Anthony J. Nocella II; 5745: 5672:. Understanding Animal Research. 2013. 5211: 5155: 5121: 4304: 3237: 3116: 3110: 2646:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 1977: 1725:Canadian Federation of Humane Societies 1522:Welfarism is often contrasted with the 1428:American Veterinary Medical Association 1324:United States Department of Agriculture 700:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 595:", 1635, and the Massachusetts Colony ( 14: 11040: 8371:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 6125: 5893: 5891: 5848: 5805: 5626: 5611: 5570: 5529:"Robert Nozick's Political Philosophy" 5461: 5170: 5136: 4753:. Animal Law Coalition. Archived from 4527:"EU & Animal Welfare – What We Do" 4202: 4060: 3784: 3675: 3586:"Proposed Propeller Guard Regulations" 3415: 3409: 3238:Kessler, Rebecca (30 September 2013). 3200: 2757: 2553: 2126: 2024: 1918:List of abnormal behaviours in animals 1904:, associated with patronage of animals 1887:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 1101: 922:such as tail-biting, cannibalism, and 841:Intensive pig farming § Criticism 737:Research Report on Farm Animal Welfare 706:, with a core working group including 10587:Political Animals and Animal Politics 10391: 10175:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 10100:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 10001: 8977: 8507:Concentrated animal feeding operation 8284:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 8239:Animal rights by country or territory 8215: 8177: 7891:People associated with animal welfare 7851:Animal welfare and rights legislation 6739:Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research 6262: 6109:. 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Ryder 9168:Thomas Lepeltier 8998: 8997: 8989: 8988: 8975: 8974: 8942:World Animal Day 8900:Unnecessary Fuss 8860:Brown Dog affair 8830:Animals in sport 8820:Animal slaughter 8815:Animal sacrifice 8754:Culling wildlife 8557:Wildlife farming 8475: 8474: 8320:Animal cognition 8289:Total liberation 8224: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8161: 8160: 8117:Hunting Act 2004 8042:World Animal Day 7967:Combat de Reines 7856:Animal sacrifice 7771:W. M. S. Russell 7751:George Nicholson 7651:George T. Angell 7595:Susan J. Pearson 7495:Geoffrey Barstow 7470: 7469: 7436:Emily Williamson 7291:Victoria Lidiard 7241:Edward Hemingway 7226:George Greenwood 7166:Marjorie Doggett 7090:Tina M. Widowski 7065:Adolfo Sansolini 6940:Cynthia Bathurst 6925: 6924: 6895:Our Dumb Animals 6506:nonhuman animals 6384:Wildlife farming 6283: 6276: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6246: 6240: 6208: 6190: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5568: 5562: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5514:Garner, Robert. 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5284:. Archived from 5283: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5045:on 1 March 2013. 5044: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5009:. Archived from 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4980:. Archived from 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4945: 4939: 4934: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4809:on 14 March 2006 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611:"Animal welfare" 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4529:. Archived from 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4502:. Archived from 4496:"Animal Welfare" 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4446: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4285: 4267: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4120:10.7589/52.2S.S4 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4014: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3923:(3–4): 247–260. 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3829: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799:. Archived from 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3546: 3536: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3422:Boating Magazine 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3391:Boating Magazine 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3359:. Archived from 3358: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3314: 3304: 3295:(12): e0140119. 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3243: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3208: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178:. 14 June 2016. 3166: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2681: 2675: 2662: 2656: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2588:. Archived from 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2531: 2525: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2478:. Archived from 2472: 2466: 2465: 2445: 2439: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2408: 2390: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2338:. 6 March 2015. 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2184: 2173: 2172: 2160: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2002: 1996:. Archived from 1987: 1975: 1958:World Animal Day 1047:Electric engines 980:ritual slaughter 916:gestation crates 883: 872: 861: 691:In the UK, the " 608:Humphrey Primatt 453: 446: 439: 423: 422: 383:Environmentalism 110:Around the world 92: 82: 67: 66: 51:A four-week-old 21: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11001: 10982: 10925: 10906:Muutoksen kevät 10879: 10812: 10718:Behind the Mask 10633: 10443:Animals' Rights 10394: 10375: 10359: 10266: 10234: 10007: 9981: 9842:Cleveland Amory 9830: 9796:Darren Thurston 9791:Marianne Thieme 9641:Bruce Friedrich 9606:Joey Carbstrong 9591:Brigitte Bardot 9538: 9529:Jon Wynne-Tyson 9419:J. Howard Moore 9364:John Galsworthy 9344:Wilhelm Dietler 9287: 9283:Corey Lee Wrenn 9193:Martha Nussbaum 9103:Lawrence Finsen 9043:Paola Cavalieri 9018:Kristin Andrews 8993: 8983: 8961: 8930: 8909: 8844: 8798: 8740: 8712: 8673:Pain in animals 8649: 8581: 8547:Poultry farming 8466: 8298: 8218: 8207: 8202: 8172: 8167: 8149: 8133: 8046: 7944: 7938: 7906: 7900: 7820: 7796:Ernst von Weber 7731:E. Douglas Hume 7656:Patrick Bateson 7639: 7635:Peter Wohlleben 7580:Virginia Morell 7560:Jeremy Marchant 7555:David Macdonald 7545:Barbara J. King 7465: 7455: 7441:H. Fergie Woods 7311:Shirley McGreal 7206:Basil Goldstone 7176:Alice Drakoules 7106:Gertrude Ansell 7094: 7030:Christine Nicol 6920: 6914: 6833: 6789:RSPCA Australia 6619:Cats Protection 6574:American Humane 6547: 6513:Pain in animals 6505: 6499: 6495:Welfare biology 6408: 6359:Poultry farming 6292: 6287: 6238: 6234: 6221:7 October 2015. 6212:Welfare for All 6188: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6035:on 7 March 2013 6027: 6026: 6015: 6005: 6003: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5824: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5636: 5625: 5621: 5616:. Random House. 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5210: 5206: 5169: 5165: 5154: 5150: 5135: 5131: 5120: 5116: 5069: 5065: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4303: 4299: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4197: 4147: 4143: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4059: 4055: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3940: 3936: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3838: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3678:Aquatic Mammals 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3622:. 1 July 2012. 3614: 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3488:on 24 July 2017 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3236: 3232: 3217: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2752: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2672:Wayback Machine 2663: 2659: 2653:Wayback Machine 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2621:"Five Freedoms" 2619: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2592:on 2 March 2013 2584: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2446: 2442: 2436:Wayback Machine 2426: 2422: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2230: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2204: 2188:Francione, G.L. 2185: 2176: 2169: 2151: 2144: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2076:(10): 4167–75. 2064: 2060: 2023: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1985: 1979:Grandin, Temple 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1938:Pain in animals 1867: 1785: 1710: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1587: 1569: 1564: 1545:animal research 1533: 1486: 1394:Welfare biology 1371:High production 1336: 1273:Proposition 204 1247: 1176: 1155: 1150: 1142:welfare biology 1110: 1104: 1076:water pollution 1072:ship collisions 1029: 1003: 924:feather pecking 904:factory farming 900: 899: 898: 897: 896: 884: 875: 874: 873: 864: 863: 862: 851: 829: 752: 744:Wayback Machine 729: 723: 677:Animal Machines 556: 535:neuroscientists 457: 417: 410: 409: 373: 365: 364: 330: 322: 321: 197: 189: 188: 162: 152: 151: 100: 80: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11061: 11051: 11050: 11048:Animal welfare 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10972: 10964: 10956: 10948: 10939: 10937: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10827: 10825: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10802: 10794: 10786: 10778: 10770: 10762: 10754: 10746: 10738: 10730: 10722: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10690: 10682: 10678:Meet Your Meat 10674: 10666: 10658: 10650: 10641: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10623: 10615: 10607: 10599: 10591: 10583: 10575: 10567: 10559: 10551: 10543: 10535: 10527: 10519: 10511: 10503: 10495: 10487: 10479: 10475:The New Ethics 10471: 10463: 10455: 10447: 10439: 10431: 10423: 10415: 10406: 10404: 10396: 10395: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10327: 10321: 10315: 10309: 10306:Animals' Party 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:AnimaNaturalis 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10045:Animal Justice 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10017: 10009: 10008: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9977:Gretchen Wyler 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9907:Lewis Gompertz 9904: 9899: 9897:Emarel Freshel 9894: 9889: 9887:Muriel Dowding 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9821:Gary Yourofsky 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9736:Ingrid Newkirk 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9676:Charlotte Laws 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9601:Yves Bonnardel 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9576:Martin Balluch 9573: 9568: 9563: 9557: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9524:Steven M. Wise 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9469:Bernard Rollin 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9429:Leonard Nelson 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9334:Herman Daggett 9331: 9326: 9324:Priscilla Cohn 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9299:Jeremy Bentham 9295: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9213:Jessica Pierce 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9143:Kyle Johannsen 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:David DeGrazia 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9008:Carol J. Adams 9004: 9002: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8880:Pit of despair 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8810:Abandoned pets 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8655:Animal welfare 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8630:Model organism 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8591: 8589: 8587:Animal testing 8583: 8582: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8562:Working animal 8559: 8554: 8552:Slaughterhouse 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8527:Insect farming 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8487:Animal product 8483: 8481: 8472: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8442:Sentiocentrism 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8350:Animal welfare 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8220: 8219: 8209: 8208: 8201: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7957:Bous al carrer 7954: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7910: 7908: 7907:considerations 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7866:Animal testing 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7841:Animal killing 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7816:William Youatt 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7781:Colin Spedding 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7736:James Macaulay 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:Ralph Fletcher 7713: 7711:George Fleming 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7630:Jennifer Skiff 7627: 7622: 7620:Matthew Scully 7617: 7612: 7607: 7605:Jessica Pierce 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7525:Temple Grandin 7522: 7517: 7512: 7510:Marian Dawkins 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7451:Gretchen Wyler 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7351:Wilfred Risdon 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336:Eliza Phillips 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321:Harriet Nevins 7318: 7313: 7308: 7306:Richard Martin 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7256:Clive Hollands 7253: 7251:Sjoerd Hofstra 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7171:Muriel Dowding 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7141:Roger A. Caras 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7111:Emily Appleton 7108: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7045:Ilka Reinhardt 7042: 7040:Sharon Pincott 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7020:Philip Lymbery 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6970:Kendra Coulter 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6950:Christa Blanke 6947: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6909:The Zoophilist 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6881:Human Advocate 6877: 6870: 6863: 6860:Animal Welfare 6856: 6849: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6634:Cinnamon Trust 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6430:Animal shelter 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6304:Abandoned pets 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6290:Animal welfare 6286: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6247: 6232: 6222: 6209: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6165: 6157: 6156:External links 6154: 6151: 6150: 6133:"Ontario SPCA" 6124: 6098: 6072: 6046: 6013: 5960: 5934: 5908: 5887: 5881:978-0739136980 5880: 5841: 5822: 5798: 5791: 5765: 5738: 5729: 5696: 5687: 5661: 5634: 5619: 5604: 5595: 5572:Nozick, Robert 5563: 5550: 5520: 5507: 5477: 5454: 5435: 5415: 5406: 5387: 5351: 5322: 5294: 5241: 5204: 5163: 5148: 5129: 5114: 5079:(5419): 1463. 5063: 5048: 5024: 5013:on 21 May 2013 4998: 4966: 4940: 4924: 4898: 4872: 4842: 4820: 4794: 4768: 4742: 4716: 4705:on 8 July 2011 4690: 4658: 4632: 4602: 4576: 4544: 4533:on 8 June 2012 4517: 4487: 4458: 4416:(3): 255–285. 4393: 4342: 4317:(2): 133–152. 4297: 4238: 4219: 4195: 4141: 4114:(2s): S4–S13. 4098: 4073:(2): 219–238. 4053: 4036:Animal Welfare 4026: 3992:(3): 235–244. 3986:Animal Welfare 3969: 3950:(2): 129–140. 3944:Animal Welfare 3934: 3907: 3881: 3851: 3836: 3814: 3783: 3725: 3695: 3684:(3): 229–240. 3668: 3637: 3607: 3584:Polson, Gary. 3576: 3499: 3469: 3439: 3408: 3377: 3344: 3271: 3230: 3215: 3193: 3161: 3142: 3127: 3109: 3080: 3052: 3043: 2996: 2970: 2905: 2872: 2840: 2808: 2765: 2750: 2707: 2676: 2657: 2638: 2612: 2603: 2577: 2546: 2526: 2506: 2493: 2467: 2460: 2440: 2420: 2353: 2327: 2301: 2269: 2243: 2221: 2202: 2174: 2167: 2142: 2119: 2095: 2058: 2014: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1709: 1706: 1677: 1674: 1669:Main article: 1666: 1663: 1646:Ingrid Newkirk 1586: 1583: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1532: 1529: 1485: 1482: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1387:Marian Dawkins 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1335: 1332: 1246: 1243: 1235:animal sources 1204:common octopus 1175: 1174:United Kingdom 1172: 1163:European Union 1154: 1153:European Union 1151: 1149: 1146: 1103: 1100: 1002: 999: 885: 878: 877: 876: 867: 866: 865: 856: 855: 854: 853: 852: 828: 827:Farmed animals 825: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 761:Abandoned pets 758: 756:Animal testing 751: 748: 725:Main article: 722: 719: 675:'s 1964 book, 635:Queen Victoria 623:Richard Martin 597:Nathaniel Ward 555: 552: 539:the definition 464:Animal welfare 459: 458: 456: 455: 448: 441: 433: 430: 429: 428: 427: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 391: 390: 380: 374: 372:Related topics 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 355:Sentiocentrism 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 280: 279: 278: 271:Animal testing 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 180: 179: 174: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 140:Primate rights 137: 132: 127: 125:Animal cruelty 122: 117: 112: 107: 105:Animal welfare 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 85: 84: 76: 75: 26: 18:Animal Welfare 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11060: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11024: 11016: 11015: 11012: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10952:Tame Yourself 10949: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10921: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10913:No Compromise 10910: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10826: 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10432: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10414:(3rd century) 10413: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10344:(Netherlands) 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10070:Animal Rising 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10040:Animal Ethics 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9996: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9937:Jessie Mackay 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9912:James Granger 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:Henry B. Amos 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Louise Wallis 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9781:Kim Stallwood 9779: 9777: 9776:Jasmin Singer 9774: 9772: 9771:Nathan Runkle 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756:David Olivier 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9636:John Feldmann 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611:Aymeric Caron 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9581:Carole Baskin 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9484:Laurids Smith 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454:James Rachels 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9399:John Lawrence 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9309:Brigid Brophy 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273:Tatjana Višak 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9263:David Sztybel 9261: 9259: 9258:Cass Sunstein 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9223:Mark Rowlands 9221: 9219: 9218:Evelyn Pluhar 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Andrew Linzey 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158:Will Kymlicka 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:Dale Jamieson 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9118:Valéry Giroux 9116: 9114: 9113:Robert Garner 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9078:Sue Donaldson 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9058:J. M. Coetzee 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Tom Beauchamp 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8972: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8926:Hunt sabotage 8924: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914:Methodologies 8912: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8759:Hare coursing 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8502:Chick culling 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8462:Vegetarianism 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8360:Anthrozoology 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Animal ethics 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8205:Animal rights 8199: 8194: 8192: 8187: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8164: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8130:(Philippines) 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8037:Toro embolado 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8012:October Horse 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7987:Goose pulling 7985: 7983: 7982:Goat throwing 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7962:Cock throwing 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7846:Animal rights 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7806:Frans de Waal 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7776:Chris Sherwin 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:Ruth Harrison 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Gerald Carson 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676:Arthur Broome 7674: 7672: 7671:Edward Berdoe 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Dale Peterson 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:Sy Montgomery 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7490:Michael Balls 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7480:Arnold Arluke 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356:Peter Roberts 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211:Julia Goddard 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181:Sarah J. Eddy 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:Mary Brancker 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:Karen Stockin 7073: 7071: 7070:Rakesh Shukla 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7060:Sepehr Salimi 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7050:Jill Robinson 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7035:Wayne Pacelle 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Damien Mander 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010:Kathrin Glock 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 7000:Alison Hanlon 6998: 6996: 6995:Celia Hammond 6993: 6991: 6990:Robin Ganzert 6988: 6986: 6985:Alanna Devine 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6867:AWI Quarterly 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Humane Canada 6677: 6675: 6674:Hedgehog Care 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Band of Mercy 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552:Organisations 6550: 6544: 6543:Grimace scale 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470:Five freedoms 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Anthrozoology 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Dairy farming 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Chick culling 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199:(2): 332–72. 6198: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5862:Peter McLaren 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850:Nibert, David 5845: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5559:Animal Ethics 5554: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5516:Animal Ethics 5511: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5465: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5266:(3): 255–85. 5265: 5261: 5260: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5183:(2): 483–92. 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4675: 4668: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3651:www.umich.edu 3648: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519:(2): e88988. 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216:1-55821-398-8 3212: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925:(6): 211573. 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781:(4): 349–58. 2780: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723:(4): 488–99. 2722: 2718: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2461:0-609-80964-4 2457: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2131:Animal Ethics 2123: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2037:(6): 496–99. 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1892:Cultured meat 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Animal rights 1596: 1591: 1585:Animal rights 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1531:New welfarism 1528: 1525: 1524:animal rights 1519: 1514: 1512: 1511:Robert Nozick 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1375:battery cages 1372: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1285:Proposition 2 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1245:United States 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078:, noise from 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:drift netting 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 991: 989: 985: 984:chick culling 981: 978:, especially 977: 972: 969: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:beak trimming 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:battery cages 905: 893: 889: 888:battery cages 882: 871: 860: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 747: 745: 741: 738: 733: 728: 718: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 686:Five Freedoms 682: 678: 674: 673:Ruth Harrison 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625:brought the " 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:Western world 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570: 565: 561: 551: 548: 544: 543:consciousness 540: 536: 531: 528: 527:animal rights 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 415: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 389: 386: 385: 384: 381: 379: 378:Cultured meat 376: 375: 369: 368: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 326: 325: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 193: 192: 185: 182: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 156: 155: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 136: 135:Vegetarianism 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 96: 95: 91: 87: 86: 83: 81:Animal rights 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 62: 58: 57:West Virginia 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10993: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10950: 10942: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10804: 10796: 10788: 10780: 10772: 10764: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10732: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10700: 10692: 10684: 10676: 10668: 10660: 10652: 10644: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10593: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10561: 10553: 10545: 10537: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10473: 10465: 10457: 10449: 10441: 10433: 10425: 10417: 10409: 10262:Oxford Group 10130:Every Animal 10023:Contemporary 9972:Andrew Tyler 9962:Nell Shipman 9902:André Géraud 9811:Jerry Vlasak 9786:Lynda Stoner 9761:Alex Pacheco 9691:Evanna Lynch 9686:Howard Lyman 9671:Wayne Hsiung 9631:Chris DeRose 9621:Rod Coronado 9554:Contemporary 9494:Thomas Tryon 9414:Mary Midgley 9409:Jean Meslier 9389:Soame Jenyns 9379:John Hildrop 9374:Arthur Helps 9339:Richard Dean 9314:Peter Buchan 9253:Gary Steiner 9248:Peter Singer 9243:Jérôme Segal 9208:David Pearce 9198:Clare Palmer 9188:David Nibert 9178:Clair Linzey 9088:Joan Dunayer 9013:Aysha Akhtar 9001:Contemporary 8870:McLibel case 8825:Animal trial 8784:Seal hunting 8746:Wild animals 8731:Fishing bait 8693:Pain in fish 8654: 8512:Fish farming 8492:Battery cage 8412:Meat paradox 8369: 8349: 8310:Abolitionism 7706:Audrey Eyton 7661:Beddow Bayly 7625:Paul Shapiro 7590:Clare Palmer 7570:Daniel Mills 7565:Jeff McMahan 7530:Celia Haddon 7520:Jane Goodall 7505:Donald Broom 7473:Contemporary 7411:Ethel Venton 7406:Sidney Trist 7376:Herbert Snow 7276:Titus Lander 7271:Albert Knapp 7261:John A. Hoyt 7231:Peter Gurney 7216:Robert Gower 7161:Maria Dickin 7151:Brian Davies 7080:Patti Strand 7055:Naomi Sagara 6980:Petra Deimer 6928:Contemporary 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6874:Cruel Sports 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6838:Publications 6804:Tiggywinkles 6744:MSPCA-Angell 6594:Badger Trust 6533:Pain in fish 6485:Rescue group 6309:Blood sports 6289: 6242: 6228: 6215: 6196: 6192: 6164:in Australia 6141:. Retrieved 6127: 6115:. Retrieved 6101: 6089:. Retrieved 6075: 6063:. Retrieved 6049: 6037:. Retrieved 6033:the original 6004:. Retrieved 5982:(1): 48–52. 5979: 5975: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5937: 5925:. Retrieved 5911: 5901: 5866: 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5808: 5801: 5774: 5768: 5756:. Retrieved 5741: 5732: 5720:. Retrieved 5699: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5664: 5652:. Retrieved 5637: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5607: 5598: 5586:. Retrieved 5576: 5566: 5558: 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5532: 5523: 5515: 5510: 5498:. Retrieved 5480: 5468:. Retrieved 5457: 5445:. 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