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studies have proved that effective treatments in dogs are similarly effective for humans, but there are still so many things unknown. Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder is a unique mental disorder that cannot be fully cured. It can be controlled and understood, and one possible way of better doing that might be through studying CCD in canines. Studying dogs that exhibit compulsive behaviors has led scientists to genetic breakthroughs in understanding more how biology and genetics factor into Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. By observing and studying how CCD manifests in the brain activity, behaviors, and genes of diagnosed canines, scientists have been able to use their newfound information to develop better diagnostic tests and more readily recognize symptoms and susceptible humans. The similar brain functions and behaviors of dogs with CCD and humans with OCD suggests they have a connection, not only in behavior and symptoms, but in reacting to treatments. Understanding Canine Compulsive Disorder in dogs has helped scientists to better understand and apply their learning to developing new and more effective ways to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in humans.
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Captive parrots perform striking oral and locomotor stereotypies like pacing on the perch or repetitive play with a certain toy. Feather picking and loud vocalizations can be stereotypies but are not as rigid and may be reactions to confinement, stress, boredom and loneliness as studies have shown that parrots that are in cages closest to the door are the most prone to feather pick or scream. Feather picking is not a true stereotypy and is more like hair pulling in human and loud vocalizations or screaming can be a stereotypy but vocalization is part of a parrot's natural behavior. Captive parrots lack sufficient stimulation. Presumably they suffer from lack of companionship and opportunities to forage. Stereotypies can evolve from the social environment for example the presence or absence of certain social stimuli, social isolation, low feeder space and high stocking density (especially for tail biting in pigs). These behaviors can also be transmitted through social learning.
997:. They spend very few hours searching for food and fulfilling their primary needs, leaving them with time to develop their social network. In primates, mental stresses show up in the body. Primates experience psychological stresses that can elicit physiological responses that, over time, can make them sick. Sapolsky observed the baboons' ranks, personalities and social affiliations, then collected blood samples of the baboons to control the cortisol (stress hormone) levels of the baboons, then matched social position to cortisol levels. Most of the data have been collected from male baboons, because at any given time 80 percent of the females were pregnant. Three factors influenced a baboon's cortisol levels: friendships, perspective, and rank. Baboons had lower levels of cortisol if they 1. played with infants and cultivated friendships, 2. could tell if a situation was a real threat and could tell if they were going to win or lose, and 3. were top ranking.
113:. When given free access to food and an exercise wheel, rats normally develop a balanced routine between exercise and food intake, which turns them into fit rats. However, if food intake is restricted and wheel access is unrestricted, rats begin to exercise more and eat less, resulting in excessive weight loss and, ultimately, death. The running cycles shift so that most of the running is done in hours before feeding is scheduled. In other conditions, AA does not develop. Unrestricted food access and restricted wheel access will not cause any significant change in either feeding or exercise routine. Also, if rats are restricted both in food intake and wheel access, they will adjust accordingly. In fact, if rats are first trained to the feeding schedule and then given unrestricted access to a running wheel, they will not develop AA behavior. Results support the notion that the running interferes with
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frequently exhibit obsessively predatory or aggressive behaviors. Breed may factor into the types of compulsions, but some behaviors are more common across the canine spectrum. Most commonly, CCD is seen in canines as they repeat behaviors such as chasing their tails, compulsively chewing on objects, or licking their paws excessively, similar to the common hand-washing compulsion many people with
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder have. Hallucinating and attacking the air around their head, as if there were a bug there, is another compulsion that has been seen in some dogs. Circling, hair biting, staring, and sometimes even barking are other examples of behaviors that are considered compulsions in dogs when taken to extreme, repetitive actions.
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rehabilitation checklist, I exhorted Connie to work even harder with the sign-language and instructed her on a new sign to use when Hogan started digging. The sign was a piece of card with the letter "H" written on it in thick black pen. Connie was to show Hogan this sign as soon as possible after he engaged in a bout of unwanted pawing and then leave the room. The idea was to let him know that the behavior was not wanted by signaling to him that Connie was about to leave the room. ... Call me a coward, but I didn't think that alone would cut it because of previous experiences with canine compulsive disorders so, employing a belt-and-suspenders strategy, I also advised medicating Hogan with the
605:, compulsive checking of certain locations in an open field increased. Some components of the checking behavior, such as the level of stereotypy in the path animals took to checked locations, the number of checks, and the length of the checks indicated an increase in compulsivity as doses of quinpirole increased; other components, such as the time taken to return from the checked location to the starting point and the time taken to make that trip remained constant after the initial injection throughout the experiment. This means that there might be both an
561:, in treatments for dogs. One study by Karen Overall discovered that by combining behavioral therapy with the more effective clomipramine, the symptoms of Canine Compulsive Disorder decreased by over 50% for all of the dogs involved in the study. Overall acknowledges that OCD is not something that can be completely cured, but studies like this are still important because Obsessive Compulsive Disorder can be controlled effectively enough so it does not interfere with one's life, a valuable and commonly sought after thing for those who have had the disorder.
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904:, a paralyzing drug while they were being shocked. Both the control group and group A tended to jump over the partition to escape shock while group B dogs did not jump and would passively take the shock. The dogs in group B perceived that the outcome was not related to their efforts. Consequently, a theory emerged that attributed the behavior of the animals to the effects of the shock as a stressor so extreme that it depleted a
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the empirical relationship between arousal and performance illustrated by an inverted U-shape graph. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, performance increases, as does cognitive arousal, but only to a certain point. The downward part of the U-shape is caused by stress and as stress increases so does efficiency and performance, but only to a certain point. When stress becomes too great, performance and efficiency decline.
254:). They increase their non-nutritive pecking, such as pecking structural features of their environment like wood or wire on fences or the feathers of other birds. It is a typical response that occurs when feeding is restricted or is completely withdrawn. Some of the non-nutritive pecking may be due to a redirection of foraging related behavior. Another animal that has displayed a more complex pica example are
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being unable to find her and sensing that he was about to be left alone. ... Hogan continued to improve and reached a point at which he was almost pawing-free - but not quite. That seems to be the way with compulsive disorders in man and beast. They can be reduced to the level of permitting affectees to lead relatively normal lives, but there are occasional relapses.
411:" or "stereotypical behavior" can be defined as a specific, unnecessary action (or series of actions) repeated more often than would normally be expected. It is unknown whether animals are able to 'obsess' in the same way as humans, and because the motivation for compulsive acts in non-human animals is unknown, the term "abnormal repetitive behavior" is less misleading.
185:. When placed into groups they fight vigorously, with one dominant sow emerging that eats voraciously. It is also likely that two subordinate sows make up part of the group who actively avoid competitive feeding situations and are bullied by the dominant sow. Affected sows have poor appetite but often show pica, excessive water intake (polydipsia) and are anemic.
262:. However, in some cases they persist on eating bones even after their phosphorus levels have stabilized and they are getting adequate doses of phosphorus in their diet. In this case evidence supports both a physical and psychological adaptive response. Cattle that continue to eat bones after their phosphorus levels are adequate do it because of a psychological
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receptor density and stereotypy development decrease both kappa and Mu receptor density. It is suggested that captive environment design can help prevent the existence of stereotypies, by creating an enclosure as similar as possible to the animal's natural environment and providing enrichments to stimulate their natural behavior.
246:, and motion. Rats are unable to vomit when they ingest a substance that is harmful thus pica in rats is analogous to vomiting in other species; it is a way for rats to relieve digestive distress. In some animals pica seems to be an adaptive trait but in others it seems to be a true psychopathology like in the case of some
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were studied to examine the source of their SA. SA increased in an impoverished environment and results support that SA may increase sensory input in poor environments. Captive macaques do not socialize the way wild macaques do which may affect SA. When allowed to socialize by putting another macaque
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conflict or a need for help. Low mood or extreme low mood (also known as depression) can regulate a pattern of engagement and foster disengagement from unattainable goals. "Low mood increases an organism's ability to cope with the adaptive challenges characteristic of unpropitious situations in which
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needed by the animals for movement. After the dogs study the effects of helplessness have been tested in species from fish to cats. Most recently learned helplessness has been studied in rhesus macaques using inescapable shock, evoked through stress situations like forced swimming, behavioral despair
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All was well for a year and a half when suddenly, one March morning, he woke up and started pawing everything in sight, and just wouldn't stop. He pawed rugs and blankets, hardwood floors and linoleum, grass and dirt surfaces ... The similarity between what he was doing and prey-seeking behavior
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and then progress into ingestion of these substances. This type of behavior occurs through the first four years of a cat's life but it is primarily observed during the first two months of life when cats are introduced into new homes is most common. Theories explaining why this behavior becomes active
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Stereotypies may be coping mechanisms as results suggest from study on tethered and stalled sows. Sows that are tethered and stalled exhibited more stereotypies like licking and rubbing than sows that are in groups outdoors. This abnormal behavior seems to be related to opioid (related to the reward
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but it can also stimulate and motivate. When animals experience stress, they are generally more alert than when they are not stressed. It may help them be better aware of unfamiliar environments and possible threats to their life in these environments. Yerkes and Dodson developed a law that explains
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and group B had no control over when they were being electrocuted. After the shocking condition, the dogs were tested in a shuttle box where they could escape shock by jumping over a partition. To eliminate an interference effect β that the dogs did not learn responses while being shocked that would
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tolerance, a measure of addiction, was observed in rats and their tolerance on
Morphine was attributed to environmental cues and the systemic effects of the drug. Morphine tolerance does not depend merely on the frequency of pharmacological stimulation, but rather on both the number of pairings of a
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Dr. Nicholas Dodman describes a wide variety of OCD-like behaviors in his book Dogs
Behaving Badly. Such behaviors typically appear when the dog is placed in a stressful situation, including an environment that is not very stimulating, or in dogs with a history of abuse. Different breeds of dog seem
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Animals exhibiting obsessive and compulsive behaviors that resemble OCD in humans have been used as a tool for elucidating possible genetic influences on the disease, potential treatments, and to better understand the pathology of this behavior in general. While such models are useful, they are also
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has been located in dogs that confers a high risk of susceptibility to OCD. Canine chromosome 7 has been found to be most significantly associated with obsessive compulsive disorder in dogs, or more specifically, canine compulsive disorder (CCD). This breakthrough helped further relate OCD in humans
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illusions ... Excessive shadow chasing can develop into a severe form of canine compulsive disorder, if it is not treated from the very start. The one thing that didn't come across clearly in the show was that
Bumbley ate everything in sight and the house had to be "Bumbley-proofed" against his
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have been observed to display self-aggression (SA) including self-biting, self-clasping, self-slapping, self-rubbing and threatening of body parts. The rhesus macaques observed were individually caged and free of disease. Their self-aggression level rose in stressful and stimulating conditions such
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are repetitive, sometimes abnormal behaviors like pacing on the perch for birds. There are adaptive stereotypic behaviors such as grooming in cats and preening in birds. Captive parrots commonly perform a range of stereotypies. These behaviors are repeated identically and lack any function or goal.
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availability. The results of this study provide evidence that there are imbalanced serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways in dogs. Similarities between other studies about human OCD provide construct validity for this study, which suggests that the research will be valid and useful in continuing to
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Cortisol levels rise with age and hippocampal cells express fewer hormone receptors on their surface to protect themselves from excess, making it harder to control stress levels. Cortisol levels are elevated in half of people with major depression, it is the hippocampal region that is affected by
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I do believe ... that Hogan was under some kind of psychological pressure at the time the compulsive pawing behavior developed. ... Connie and Jim were compelled to leave him for some eight hours a day while they went to work. ... The pendulum was set and ready to swing. The actual
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of the brain, the same area that
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is expressed in human patients. Similar pathways are involved in drug treatment responses for both humans and dogs, offering more research that the two creatures exhibit symptoms and respond to treatment in similar ways. This data can
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Vermeire S; Audenaert K; De
Meester R; Vandermeulen E; Waelbers T; De Spiegeleer B; Eersels J; Dobbeleir A; Peremans K. (2012). "Serotonin 2A receptor, serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter alterations in dogs with compulsive behaviour as a promising model for human obsessive-compulsive
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Sapolsky has also studied stress in rats and his results indicate that early experiences in young rats have strong, lasting effects. Rats that were exposed to human handling (a stressful situation) had finely-tuned stress responses that may have lowered their lifetime exposure to stress hormones
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It took six months before Hogan was over the hump of treatment success. ... At this time Hogan only engaged in occasional pawing of significantly reduced intensity, and the pawing only occurred in moments of stress. Connie reported that stresses particularly likely to induce pawing included
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Alicia Graef's article makes several bold claims that dogs are the future in understanding how to better diagnose, recognize, and treat
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in humans. There is evidence supporting her statements, but the connection between CCD and OCD is not clearly understood. So far,
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has both a genetic component, with the behavior being more likely in one sibling if the other does it, and more common in parrots close to a door when they were housed in groups. The same study found that feather picking was more common in females and that there was no social transmission of the
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task. Once food was no longer provided when they pressed the lever, rats were expected to stop pressing it. Lewis rats pressed the lever more often than the other two types, even though they had presumably learned that they would not receive food, and continued to press it more often even after
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receptors are associated with aversion behaviors and mu receptor density is greater in tethered sows than sows that are in groups outdoors. However, sows with stereotypy behaviors experienced a decrease both in Mu and Kappa receptor density in the brain suggesting that inactivity increases Mu
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Some treatment has been given to dogs with CCD to observe their reactions and how they are similar or different from how humans would react to the same pharmaceutical or behavioral treatment. A combination of the two approaches has been found to be most effective in lowering the intensity and
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Louis
Shuster and Nicholas Dodman noticed that dogs often demonstrate obsessive and compulsive behaviors similar to humans. Canine Compulsive Disorder (CCD) is not only specific to certain breeds of dogs, but the breed may affect the specific types of compulsions. For example, bull terriers
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The "three R's" of rehabilitation are exercise, nutrition, and communication. First, I advised Connie to step up Hogan's exercise to a minimum of thirty minutes of aerobic activity a day. In addition, I advised that Hogan should be fed a low-protein, preservative-free diet. Completing the
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that have been created by controlled breeding for many generations show a higher tendency towards compulsive behaviors than other strains. Lewis rats show more compulsive lever pressing behavior than
Sprague Dawley or Wistar rats and are less responsive to the anti-compulsive drug
476:, which play a role in predicting needs and threats that may arise in the future, may result in a hyperactive cognitive harm avoidance system, in which a person becomes consciously and unreasonably fearful of an unlikely or impossible event. This may also be true in other animals.
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relentless ingestion of anything his owners left around ... He had already had surgery to relieve intestinal obstructions resulting from his habit and, each day, his owners reentered their house with trepidation after work, fearing that Bumbley might have eaten something else.
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showed these to be more susceptible to compulsive and repetitive behaviors. It is suggested that the more we learn through studying OCD in dogs, the more we can to understand human biology and the genetics involved in the heredity of susceptibility to disorders such as OCD. A
276:) are more predisposed to showing this type of behavior than other breeds, but several types of breeds have been documented to show pica. Cats have been observed to start by chewing and sucking on non-nutritive substances like wool, cotton, rubber, plastic and even
842:(NAc). The brain recognizes the intense pleasure derived from the dopamine and opioids release and learns to crave more sugar. Dependence is created through these natural rewards, the sugary treats, and the opioid and dopamine released into the synapses of the
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Canine compulsions are more common in some breeds and behavioral dispositions are often shared within the same litter. This suggests that there is a genetic factor to the disorder. A questionnaire to dog owners and a blood sample of 181 dogs from four breeds,
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in the cage or not putting them in a cage, SA levels in macaques decrease. Results indicate that SA is a form of redirected social aggression. SA is related to frustration and social status, especially in macaques that have an intermediate dominance rank.
771:, and his compulsive behavior. Hogan had a history of neglect and abuse before he was adopted by Connie and Jim, who attempted to improve his behavior by teaching him to respond to American Sign Language. The following are some excerpts from Hogan's file:
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drug-predictive cue with the systemic effects of the drug. Rats became significantly more tolerant to morphine when they had been exposed to a paired administration than those rats that were not administered a drug-predictive cue along with the morphine.
441:, then expands the stroking motion to include the eyes and the ears, finally moving on to lick both sides of its body. Other behaviors may be added to the end of this chain, but these four actions themselves are fixed. Its ubiquity and high degree of
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Hebebrand J; Exner C; Hebebrand K; Holtkamp C; Casper RC; Remschmidt H; Herpertz-Dahlmann B; Klingenspor M. (June 2003). "Hyperactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and in semistarved rats: evidence for a pivotal role of hypoleptinemia".
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Garner J.P., Meehan C.L., Famula T.R., Mench J.A. (2006). "Genetic, environmental, and neighbor effects on the severity of stereotypies and feather picking in Orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica): An epidemiological study".
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Dvorkin A; Perreault ML; Szechtman H. (May 2006). "Development and temporal organization of compulsive checking induced by repeated injections of the dopamine agonist quinpirole in an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder".
764:, commonly known as the antidepressant Prozac, to treat and observe the reactions of 11 dogs with compulsions. Seven of the 11 dogs significantly reduced their compulsions in intensity and frequency after receiving medication.
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aspect in the biology of the dopamine deficiency model of OCD. In addition, quinpirole might reduce a sense of satisfaction in the rats after they check a location, causing them to return to that location again and again.
196:. The population reached a number of individuals and did not grow thereafter; overcrowding produced stress and psychopathologies. Even though there was plenty of water and food, the rats stopped eating and reproducing.
796:. Theoretically, Elavil wouldn't be that good in obsessive-compulsive behavior but, limited for reasons of expense, and bearing in mind the possible contribution of separation anxiety, Elavil was my best shot.
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Garner J. P.; et al. (2006). "Genetic, environmental and neighbor effects on severity of stereotypies and feather picking in Orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica): An epidemiological study".
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because it is difficult to know what animals are thinking and because animal models used to assess psychopathologies are experimental preparations developed to study a condition. Lacking the ability to use
207:, eating each other. Male beetles lose interest in the females and although there is plenty of water and food, there is no population growth. Similar effects have been observed in overcrowded situations in
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and stress as a consequence of separation from the mother and litter-mates and exposure to a new environment are to blame. Eating wool or other substances may be a soothing mechanism that cats develops to
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are more likely to snap at imaginary flies or chase light and shadows. These associations probably have an evolutionary basis, although Dodman does not clearly explain that aspect of the behaviors.
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Some researchers believe that disadvantageous obsessive compulsive behaviors can be thought of as a normally beneficial process gone too far. BrΓΌne (2006) suggests that change of various origin in
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or tethered for the 16 weeks of pregnancy which prevents natural and social behaviors. However, increased movement and freedom is also stressful for adult sows, which is usually the case after
430:". These behaviors sometimes share characteristics with obsessive-compulsive behavior, including a high degree of similarity in form and use among many individuals and a repetitive dimension.
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availability. When compared to the 15 non-compulsive dogs used as a control group, the dogs with CCD were found to have lower receptor availability as well as lower subcortical perfusion and
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and pigs when housed next to animals that show stereotypies, pick them up as well as through stimulus enhancement which is what happens in tail biting in pigs and feather pecking by hens.
266:. "The persistence of pica in the seeming absence of a physiological cause might be due to the fortuitous acquisition of a conditioned illness during the period of physiological insult."
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This dog's presenting problem was light chasing (otherwise known as shadow chasing) . It chased shadows for hours on end, even excavating through plasterboard walls to pursue its
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Mitchell D; Winter W; Morisaki CM (1977). "Conditioned taste aversions accompanied by geophagia: evidence for the occurrence of "psychological" factors in the etiology of pica".
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treatment with the drug. An analysis of the genetic differences between the three rat strains might help to identify genes that might be responsible for the compulsive behavior.
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Vieuille-Thomas C., Le Pape G., Signoret J.P. (1995). "Stereotypies in pregnant sows: indications of influence of the housing system on the patterns expressed by the animals".
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in animals. That is, it is difficult to evaluate whether an animal is aware that its behavior is excessive and unreasonable and whether this awareness is a source of anxiety.
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behavior in rats. This behavior is defined by a specific sequence of actions that does not normally differ between individual rats. The rat first begins by stroking its
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is the ingestion of non-nutritive substances and has so far been poorly documented. In non-human animals in the laboratory it has been examined through the ingestion of
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also display pica behavior in their natural environments and there is evidence to support that this behavior has a psychological aspect to it. Some breeds (such as the
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Siegel S; Hinson RE; Krank MD (April 1978). "The role of predrug signals in morphine analgesic tolerance: support for a Pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance".
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compared to those that were not handled. In short: stress can be adaptive. The more exposure to stressful situations, the better the rat can handle that situation.
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activate when rats crave sugar, which are the same areas that become active when drug addicts crave the drug. Sugar is good because it provides energy, but if the
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behavior as a result of indoor confinement, especially common among oriental breeds due to risk of theft. In natural environments pica has been observed in
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system) receptor density. In sows, prolonged confinement, being tethered or being in gestation crates, results in abnormal behaviors and stereotypies.
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Hampstead BM; LaBounty LP; Hurd C. (March 2003). "Multiple exposure to activity anorexia in rats: effects on eating, weight loss, and wheel running".
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Radostits, O.M. 2000. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. Saunders Ltd.; 9th edition, pp. 1767.
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93:. The expectation is that farm animals also display this behavior, but questions arise if the same principles apply to laboratory and pet animals.
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help scientists to discover more effective and efficient ways to treat OCD in humans through the information they find by studying CCD in dogs.
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Dodman, Nicholas. 1999. Dogs Behaving Badly: An A-to-Z Guide to Understanding & Curing Behavioral Problems in Dogs. Bantam Books: New York.
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Shuster and Dodman tested pharmaceutical treatment on canines with CCD to see if it would work as effectively as it does in humans. They used
657:. This data suggests that there may be a hormonal component and a hormone-gene interaction effect that may contribute to obsessive behaviors.
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Some examples of ways in which rats and mice, two of the most common animal models, have been used to represent human OCD are provided below.
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Zanella AJ; Broom DM; Hunter JC; Mendl MT. (1996). "Brain opioid receptors in relation to stereotypies, inactivity, and housing in sows".
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De Monte M., Anderson J. R., Charbonnier H. (1992). "Self-aggression in stumptail macaques: Effects of frustration and social partners".
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Hill RA; McInnes KJ; Gong EC; Jones ME; Simpson ER; Boon WC (February 2007). "Estrogen deficient male mice develop compulsive behavior".
1286:"Effects of HSP-117, a novel tachykinin NK1-receptor antagonist, on cisplatin-induced pica as a new evaluation of delayed emesis in rats"
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and sexual behaviors emerge. Pica may be induced by these social stressors. Other theories contemplated include pica as a redirection of
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Hahner, K. Learned Helplessness: A Critique of Research and Theory. On the Americans Europeans Japanese for Medical Advancement Website.
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behavior in human patients. He suggests that anti-epileptic medication might be a possible treatment for some cases of pica in animals.
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who were unable to produce estrogen showed excessive grooming and wheel running behaviors, but female mice did not. When treated with
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and stress questions the validity of those studies conducted. It can be difficult to attribute human conditions to non-human animals.
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area to test the efficacy of antidepressants. Results suggested that antidepressants failed to work when neurogenesis was inhibited.
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after estrogen-replacement treatment. Briefly, the COMT protein is involved in degrading some neurotransmitters, including dopamine,
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women and differences in the development of the disease between men and women, Hill and colleagues set out to research the effect of
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Although humans and animals both have pathological stereotyped behaviors, they do not necessarily provide a similar model of OCD.
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129:, a natural behavior in wild rats. Laboratory rats therefore run (forage) more in response to food shortages. The effect of semi-
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250:. Chickens can display a type of pica when they are feed-deprived (feeding restriction has been adopted by the egg industry to
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2528:"Architectural design assessment of Javan leopard rehabilitation facility regarding the occurrence of stereotypical pacing"
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BrΓΌne M. (2006). "The evolutionary psychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of cognitive metarepresentation".
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the seeds they eat. Amazon macaws spend two to three hours a day licking clay. Munn has found that clay helps counter the
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Chamove A. S., Anderson J. R., Nash V. J. (1984). "Social and environmental influences on self-aggression in monkeys".
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Brimberg L; Flaisher-Grinberg S; Schilman EA; Joel D. (Apr 2007). "Strain differences in 'compulsive' lever-pressing".
165:, a depraved appetite, restlessness, and hyperactivity. The syndrome may mainly be related to social and environmental
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behavior; neighbors of feather picking birds were only more likely to show the behavior as well if they were related.
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were conducted in the 1940s by placing pregnant Norway rats in a room with plenty of water and food and observing the
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Holden C, Travis J (July 2010). "Profile: Nicholas Dodman. Can dogs behaving badly suggest a new way to treat OCD?".
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Graef, A. (October 2013). Can dogs lead us to a cure for obsessive-compulsive disorder? Care 2 Make a Difference.
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can have a fitness advantage for the organism. Depression has also been studied as a behavioral strategy used by
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suggest that this is a beneficial behavior pattern which has been maintained throughout evolutionary history.
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Pond, C. L., & Rush, H. G. 1983. Self-aggression in macaques: Five case studies. Pimates, 24(1), 127-134.
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both. Stress can have negative effects on gastrointestinal function causing ulcers, and it can also decrease
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49:, emotional impairment or distress. This article provides a non-exhaustive list of animal psychopathologies.
306:) and other birds and mammals. Charles Munn has been studying Amazon macaws lick clay from riverbeds in the
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169:. Stress in stalled sows is often perceived as the consequence of the restraint of animals that happens in
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effort to pursue a major goal will likely result in danger, loss, bodily damage, or wasted effort." Being
891:. Dogs were separated into three groups, the control group, group A had control over when they were being
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There are many observable animal behaviors with characteristic, highly conserved patterns. One example is
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Healy D. (January 1987). "The comparative psychopathology of affective disorders in animals and humans".
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compulsion that develops under such circumstances is less relevant than the fact that one "does" develop.
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Kalueff, A. V.; et al. (2007). "Analyzing grooming microstructure in neurobehavioral experiments".
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begin to exercise excessively while simultaneously cutting down on their food intake, similar to human
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levels in the brains of animals that exhibit compulsive checking behavior. After treating rats with
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begin to appear like chattering teeth, forepaw tremors and head shakes when sugar is not ingested.
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are extremely active, eat little, and waste away, resulting very often in death. They experience
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Alcock, J.2005. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Sinaur Associates, Inc; 8th Edition.
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Bradshaw J.W.S., Neville P.F., Sawyer D. (1997). "Factors affecting pica in the domestic cat".
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835:
641:, which replaced estrogen in these mice, the behaviors disappeared. This study also found that
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Dogs Behaving Badly: An A-to-Z Guide to Understanding & Curing Behavioral Problems in Dogs
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Dogs Behaving Badly: An A-to-Z Guide to Understanding & Curing Behavioral Problems in Dogs
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Saeki M; Sakai M; Saito R; Kubota H; Ariumi H; Takano Y; Yamatodani A; Kamiya H. (July 2001).
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Depression and low mood were found to be of a communicative nature. They signal yielding in a
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http://www.care2.com/causes/can-dogs-lead-us-to-a-cure-for-obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html
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with the changes. Pica is also observed predominately during 6β8 months of a cat's life when
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Colantuoni C; Rada P; McCarthy J; Patten C; Avena NM; Chadeayne A; Hoebel BG. (June 2002).
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goes through a change and the body becomes dependent on the sugar intake, somatic signs of
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A wide variety of animals exhibit behaviors that can be considered abnormally repetitive.
341:, they don't seem to help with this eating disorder. The following story about Bumbley, a
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or pregnant as they have very little room to move around because they are kept in barred
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point of view, be more properly regarded as non-adaptive behaviors due to some sort of a
27:
2131:"Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence"
426:, some ritualized and stereotyped behaviors are beneficial. These are usually known as "
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in the seeds the macaws ingest, a strategy that is also used by native cultures in the
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2300:
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Hart BL (1990). "Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: five strategies".
1818:
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230:(a clay mineral) by rats. Rats were induced to intake kaolin by administering various
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Kalueff AV; Tuohimaa P. (2004). "Experimental modeling of anxiety and depression".
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develops. Eating sugary foods causes the brain to release natural chemicals called
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1834:
1485:"Why Do Dogs Always Chase Shadows? 7 Reasons Why Dogs Chase Shadows - The Pet Max"
741:(like providing noises for dogs to listen to while owners are at work), and often
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deprivation on the development of compulsive behavior in mice. Male mice with an
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neurotransmission in 9 dogs with Canine Compulsive Disorder (CCD) to measure the
422:
Though obsessive-compulsive behaviors are often considered to be pathological or
351:
as a result of his eating disorder, is taken from a book by Dr. Nicholas Dodman:
323:
223:
178:
38:
1871:
1852:
1792:. (January 2010). "Canine compulsive disorder gene identified in dogs". Pp. 118.
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investigate brain activity and drug treatment in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
41:
as models for human mental illnesses. But animal psychopathologies can, from an
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993:. He noticed that baboons have very similar hierarchies in their society as do
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1599:"Stereotypic Behavior in Nonhuman Primates as a Model for the Human Condition"
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913:; situations that render the monkey incapable of controlling the environment.
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have been discovered to promote neurogenesis. Rene Hen and his colleagues at
905:
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levels decreased in mice that did not produce estrogen and increased in the
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males become hyperactive in response to long-term chronic food restriction.
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585:. In this study, rats were taught to press a lever to receive food in an
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203:. When overcrowding occurs, female beetles destroy their eggs and turn
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173:. The sows that experience the most restraining conditions are those
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61:
although their body composition fluctuates depending on seasonal and
42:
2482:
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956:
ran a study on rats in which they blocked neurogenesis by applying
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Rats have also been used to test the possibility of a problem with
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1406:
3194:
2694:
2526:
Maulana, Rheza; Gawi, Jamal M.; Utomo, Suyud Warno (2020-02-01).
1951:
1108:
Animal Models- Disorders of Eating Behaviour and Body Composition
1031:
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to increase their personal or inclusive fitness in the threat of
823:
375:
367:
299:
282:
200:
182:
2388:
2005:
553:
regularity of OCD in both canines and humans. Pharmaceutically,
199:
Similar effects have also been observed in dense populations of
4354:
1895:"Can dogs lead us to a cure for obsessive-compulsive disorder?"
990:
982:
901:
793:
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334:
315:
303:
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1119:
944:
has been linked to depression. Animals with stress (isolated,
3219:
3084:
2348:
Maestripieri, D. (2005). "Book Reviews: Primate Psychology".
1367:
1283:
1229:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
682:
557:
was found to be more effective than an alternative chemical,
122:
2334:
Levy, D. 2001. "We can all relate to stressed-out baboons".
1263:"Sociology: A Self-Corrective for The Population Explosion?"
767:
Dodman includes a story about Hogan, a castrated deaf male
746:
507:
to CCD in canines. Canine chromosome 7 is expressed in the
327:
212:
208:
78:
2679:
Anxiety and compulsive disorders in dogs. (2013). PetMD.
2238:
Nesse RM (January 2000). "Is depression an adaptation?".
2181:"Learned Helplessness: A Critique of Research and Theory"
2102:
Anxiety and compulsive disorders in dogs. (2013). PetMD.
1225:
838:
and thereby stimulate cells that release dopamine in the
338:
333:
Pica also affects domesticated animals. While drugs like
269:
102:
2785:
Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals
1327:"Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced molt"
407:
Obsessive-compulsive behavior in animals, often called "
337:
are often able to diminish troublesome behaviors in pet
417:
117:
to the new feeding schedule and is associated with the
2532:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1858:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1106:
Owen, J. B., Treasure, J.L. & Collier, D.A. 2001.
402:
57:
Animals in the wild appear to be relatively free from
2205:
1110:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell; Massachusetts.
1850:
1765:
1763:
2175:
2173:
2171:
1102:
1100:
834:. Tasty food can activate opioid receptors in the
153:that is similar to AA where some sows after early
149:Thin sow syndrome (TSS) is a behavior observed in
1760:
4611:
4559:List of international animal welfare conventions
4317:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals
2525:
685:form on the skin, affects more large dogs, like
622:Based on findings of changes in OCD symptoms in
2330:
2328:
2326:
2233:
2231:
2168:
2058:
2056:
1846:
1844:
1502:
1500:
1097:
521:limited; it is unclear whether the behavior is
386:Behavioral disorders are difficult to study in
2681:http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/behavioral
2104:http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/behavioral
1163:
1161:
2710:
1730:(2012). "From tail chasing to hand washing".
1324:
732:
2661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2612:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2468:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2427:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2383:
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2122:
2098:
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2062:
2053:
1999:
1945:
1900:
1841:
1795:
1769:Miller, J.A. (1992). "Look who's clucking!"
1720:
1675:
1653:
1497:
1446:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1221:
1219:
948:levels) show a decrease in neurogenesis and
749:used to treat OCD in humans) as treatments.
101:Activity anorexia (AA) is a condition where
2476:
2278:
1277:
1158:
1113:
3145:International Society for Applied Ethology
2717:
2703:
909:tasks, tails suspension and pinch induced
879:and his colleagues pioneered the study of
37:tendency to emphasize the study of animal
3324:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
2543:
2378:
2253:
2151:
2093:
1974:
1870:
1630:
1361:
1344:
1301:
1216:
737:Dodman advocates the use of exercise, an
366:Dodman talks about new research relating
4499:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
2288:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
2237:
1726:
1681:
1506:
664:
460:
2284:
1551:
1005:, affect sleeping patterns and elevate
381:
125:. One theory is that running simulates
4612:
601:, a chemical that specifically blocks
528:One study done by Simon Vermeier used
4327:People associated with animal welfare
4287:Animal welfare and rights legislation
3175:Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research
2698:
1482:
1085:List of abnormal behaviors in animals
818:and it develops in the same way that
133:on activity has also been studied in
4307:Animal welfare and rights by country
3210:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
3155:List of animal welfare organizations
2119:. Bantam Books: New York. pp. 33β36.
1685:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1596:
1270:. February 28, 1964. (archived from
1065:as moving from one cage to another.
985:in their natural environment in the
418:Ritualized and stereotyped behaviors
281:during this time suggest that early
258:. Cattle eat bones when they have a
144:
96:
4523:Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022
1473:. Bantam Books: New York. pp. 54-55
403:Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
395:to study behavioral disorders like
52:
13:
4564:Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998
2724:
2673:
2209:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
1050:
900:β the dogs were immobilized using
677:to display different compulsions.
479:
14:
4641:
3190:National Anti-Vivisection Society
1819:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.006
1746:10.1038/scientificamerican1112-25
4594:
4593:
2916:Intrinsic value in animal ethics
2444:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2403:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1657:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1421:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1384:10.1097/00006842-197711000-00004
1290:Japanese Journal of Pharmacology
1057:Self-injury Β§ Other animals
618:Estrogen deficiency in male mice
515:
33:Historically, there has been an
4581:List of animal rights advocates
2620:
2569:
2560:
2519:
2435:
2393:
2341:
2109:
2044:
1887:
1851:Overall KL; Dunham AE. (2002).
1783:
1647:
1590:
1545:
1476:
1463:
1454:
1017:
3000:Animal Defenders International
2856:Abnormal behaviours in animals
2545:10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012075
2415:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.009
2241:Archives of General Psychiatry
2022:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.012
1669:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.009
1318:
1256:
1207:
681:, or licking repeatedly until
1:
4620:Abnormal behaviour in animals
3185:National Animal Welfare Trust
3095:Farm Animal Welfare Committee
3020:Animal Welfare Board of India
2896:Ethics of uncertain sentience
2389:http://cbass.com/Breakout.htm
2364:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.08.001
2301:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80038-7
1510:Journal of Psychopharmacology
1434:10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01136-7
1185:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00102-1
1136:10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00188-2
1090:
870:
4547:Horse Protection Act of 1970
3130:Humane Slaughter Association
3125:Humane Society International
2497:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02118-3
2456:10.1016/0168-1591(95)00574-c
2387:Ripped Enterprises website.
2079:10.1126/science.329.5990.386
896:interfere with their normal
806:
454:orange-winged amazon parrots
345:who appeared on the TV show
7:
4529:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876
4458:Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo
3160:League Against Cruel Sports
3135:International Animal Rescue
3060:Compassion in World Farming
1872:10.2460/javma.2002.221.1445
1483:Gupta, Parth (2023-11-25).
1073:
499:Staffordshire bull terriers
10:
4646:
4517:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
4494:Animal testing regulations
2886:Compassionate conservation
1955:Behavioural Brain Research
1910:Behavioural Brain Research
1893:Graef, A. (October 2013).
1523:10.1177/026988118700100306
1054:
971:
889:University of Pennsylvania
733:Treatment (pharmaceutical)
188:Studies on the effects of
171:intensive production units
16:Branch of scientific study
4589:
4573:
4486:
4428:International Primate Day
4378:
4340:
4264:
4079:
4021:Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
3908:
3899:
3534:
3363:
3354:
3273:
2987:
2939:
2848:
2810:Welfare of farmed insects
2732:
2485:Physiology & Behavior
1967:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.01.024
1923:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.014
1897:Care 2 Make a Difference.
1597:Lutz, Corrine K. (2014).
1242:10.1037/0097-7403.4.2.188
1172:Physiology & Behavior
967:
3732:Alasdair Alpin MacGregor
3282:American Humane Magazine
3200:Party for Animal Welfare
3025:Animal Welfare Institute
2825:Feedback (pork industry)
2775:Intensive animal farming
2264:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.14
2115:Dodman, Nicholas. 1999.
1469:Dodman, Nicholas. 1999.
981:has extensively studied
719:wire-haired fox terriers
603:dopamine D2/D3 receptors
81:are prone to disorders.
4541:EU Directive 1999/74/EC
4535:EU Directive 2010/63/EU
4511:Animal Welfare Act 2006
4505:Animal Welfare Act 1999
4468:Surin Elephant Round-up
4272:Animal advocacy parties
3807:Thomas Bywater Smithies
3777:Maude Gillette Phillips
3767:Catherine Louisa Pirkis
3672:Catherine Victoria Hall
3260:World Animal Protection
3255:Wildlife Aid Foundation
883:in the animal model of
846:. The hippocampus, the
296:prey-catching/ingestion
218:
4443:Monkey Buffet Festival
3592:Gerard Lysley Derriman
3245:Toronto Humane Society
2911:Humane law enforcement
2871:Animal welfare science
2861:Animal psychopathology
1568:10.1038/nprot.2007.367
1371:Psychosomatic Medicine
1325:Webster A. B. (2003).
836:ventral tegmental area
804:
798:
784:
778:
673:
672:from excessive licking
578:laboratory rat strains
572:Lever pressing in rats
362:
30:in non-human animals.
20:Animal psychopathology
4370:Tza'ar ba'alei chayim
3622:Agnes Estcourt-Oswald
3381:Matthew E. Bershadker
3338:The Animals' Guardian
3090:Eurogroup for Animals
2974:Pain in invertebrates
2881:Behavioral enrichment
2815:Wild animal suffering
2780:Intensive pig farming
2009:Biological Psychiatry
1698:10.1353/pbm.2006.0037
1123:Behavioural Processes
1067:Stump-tailed macaques
1055:Further information:
814:has been examined in
799:
785:
779:
773:
711:Old English sheepdogs
668:
542:serotonin 2A receptor
461:An evolutionary basis
428:fixed action patterns
372:compulsive overeating
353:
260:phosphorus deficiency
4463:Running of the bulls
4182:Francis Orpen Morris
3867:Caroline Earle White
3782:Samuel Jackson Pratt
3702:Velma Bronn Johnston
3572:Victoria Braithwaite
3451:Emily Patterson-Kane
3401:Judy MacArthur Clark
3015:Animal Aid Unlimited
3005:Animal Welfare Party
2891:Conservation welfare
2835:Ventilation shutdown
1790:Pharma Business Week
974:Psychological stress
885:learned helplessness
739:enriched environment
587:operant conditioning
382:Behavioral disorders
83:Evolutionary fitness
47:cognitive disability
28:behavioral disorders
4388:Blessing of animals
4222:William O. Stillman
4177:Basheer Ahmad Masri
4137:J. Morewood Dowsett
4132:Christian Adam Dann
3882:Alice Morgan Wright
3817:Ellin Prince Speyer
3632:Aida McAnn Flemming
3627:Edward G. Fairholme
3557:Madeleine Bemelmans
3411:Peter Ronald Davies
3265:World Horse Welfare
3170:Network for Animals
3050:Blue Cross of India
2964:Pain in crustaceans
2959:Pain in cephalopods
2926:Three Rs principles
2770:Eating live seafood
2765:Eating live animals
2760:Livestock dehorning
2153:10.1038/oby.2002.66
1806:Psychiatry Research
1773:, (42:4), 257-259.
1733:Scientific American
1615:10.1093/ilar/ilu016
1346:10.1093/ps/82.6.992
954:Columbia University
63:reproductive cycles
4453:Pushkar Camel Fair
4312:Cruelty to animals
4297:Animal sanctuaries
4237:D. G. M. Wood-Gush
4192:Siobhan O'Sullivan
3857:Christopher Wathes
3827:Elisabeth Svendsen
3802:Catherine Smithies
3657:Colesworthey Grant
3371:Michael C. Appleby
3205:People for Animals
2954:Pain in amphibians
2901:Ethical omnivorism
2641:10.1007/bf02382767
2592:10.1007/bf02382270
1303:10.1254/jjp.86.359
754:glutamate receptor
674:
69:animals including
4607:
4606:
4438:Dog Meat Festival
4413:Gadhimai festival
4260:
4259:
4202:Francis H. Rowley
4197:Charles Reinhardt
4127:Stephen Coleridge
3986:Alistair Lawrence
3921:Jonathan Balcombe
3895:
3894:
3837:Ralph Waldo Trine
3822:Christine Stevens
3752:Lady Mount Temple
3682:Rachel Hirschfeld
3552:H. Baillie-Weaver
3289:Animal Protection
3165:Marine Connection
2830:Foam depopulation
2755:Cormorant culling
1562:(10): 2538β2544.
1274:October 21, 2012)
844:mesolimbic system
840:nucleus accumbens
723:springer spaniels
691:golden retrievers
194:population growth
145:Thin sow syndrome
97:Activity anorexia
39:psychopathologies
4637:
4597:
4596:
4553:Hunting Act 2004
4478:World Animal Day
4403:Combat de Reines
4292:Animal sacrifice
4207:W. M. S. Russell
4187:George Nicholson
4087:George T. Angell
4031:Susan J. Pearson
3931:Geoffrey Barstow
3906:
3905:
3872:Emily Williamson
3727:Victoria Lidiard
3677:Edward Hemingway
3662:George Greenwood
3602:Marjorie Doggett
3526:Tina M. Widowski
3501:Adolfo Sansolini
3376:Cynthia Bathurst
3361:
3360:
3331:Our Dumb Animals
2942:nonhuman animals
2820:Wildlife farming
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2409:(1β2): 153β168.
2397:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2351:Animal Behaviour
2345:
2339:
2332:
2321:
2320:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2183:. Archived from
2177:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2139:Obesity Research
2135:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1663:(1β2): 153β168.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1555:Nature Protocols
1549:
1543:
1542:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1437:
1428:(3β4): 373β379.
1415:
1404:
1403:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1117:
1111:
1104:
707:German shepherds
495:German shepherds
357:will-o'-the-wisp
343:wire fox terrier
179:gestation crates
107:anorexia nervosa
87:feeding behavior
59:eating disorders
53:Eating disorders
22:is the study of
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4630:Psychopathology
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4585:
4569:
4482:
4380:
4374:
4342:
4336:
4256:
4232:Ernst von Weber
4167:E. Douglas Hume
4092:Patrick Bateson
4075:
4071:Peter Wohlleben
4016:Virginia Morell
3996:Jeremy Marchant
3991:David Macdonald
3981:Barbara J. King
3901:
3891:
3877:H. Fergie Woods
3747:Shirley McGreal
3642:Basil Goldstone
3612:Alice Drakoules
3542:Gertrude Ansell
3530:
3466:Christine Nicol
3356:
3350:
3269:
3225:RSPCA Australia
3055:Cats Protection
3010:American Humane
2983:
2949:Pain in animals
2941:
2935:
2931:Welfare biology
2844:
2795:Poultry farming
2728:
2723:
2676:
2674:Further reading
2671:
2670:
2654:
2653:
2625:
2621:
2605:
2604:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2524:
2520:
2491:(4β5): 769β75.
2481:
2477:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2346:
2342:
2336:Stanford Report
2333:
2324:
2283:
2279:
2255:10.1.1.318.2659
2236:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2073:(5990): 386β7.
2061:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2004:
2000:
1950:
1946:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1865:(10): 1445β52.
1849:
1842:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1768:
1761:
1725:
1721:
1680:
1676:
1652:
1648:
1595:
1591:
1550:
1546:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1439:
1438:
1416:
1407:
1366:
1362:
1339:(6): 992β1002.
1332:Poultry Science
1323:
1319:
1282:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1166:
1159:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1076:
1062:Rhesus macaques
1059:
1053:
1051:Self-aggression
1020:
979:Robert Sapolsky
976:
970:
950:antidepressants
898:escape behavior
877:Martin Seligman
873:
816:laboratory rats
812:Sugar addiction
809:
792:antidepressant
776:was remarkable.
735:
532:to investigate
518:
493:bull terriers,
482:
480:Genetic factors
463:
450:Feather picking
420:
405:
384:
324:Andes Mountains
221:
147:
99:
55:
35:anthropocentric
17:
12:
11:
5:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4625:Animal welfare
4622:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Bous al carrer
4390:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4343:considerations
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4302:Animal testing
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Animal killing
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4252:William Youatt
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Colin Spedding
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:James Macaulay
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Ralph Fletcher
4149:
4147:George Fleming
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4066:Jennifer Skiff
4063:
4058:
4056:Matthew Scully
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Jessica Pierce
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Temple Grandin
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Marian Dawkins
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3887:Gretchen Wyler
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Wilfred Risdon
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Eliza Phillips
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Harriet Nevins
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Richard Martin
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Clive Hollands
3689:
3687:Sjoerd Hofstra
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Muriel Dowding
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Roger A. Caras
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Emily Appleton
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Ilka Reinhardt
3478:
3476:Sharon Pincott
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Philip Lymbery
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Kendra Coulter
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Christa Blanke
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3345:The Zoophilist
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3317:Human Advocate
3313:
3306:
3299:
3296:Animal Welfare
3292:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Cinnamon Trust
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Animal shelter
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Abandoned pets
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:Animal welfare
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2635:(1): 115β120.
2619:
2586:(3): 319β325.
2568:
2559:
2518:
2475:
2434:
2392:
2377:
2340:
2322:
2277:
2227:
2198:
2167:
2121:
2108:
2092:
2052:
2043:
1998:
1944:
1899:
1886:
1840:
1794:
1782:
1759:
1719:
1674:
1646:
1609:(2): 284β296.
1589:
1544:
1517:(3): 193β210.
1496:
1475:
1462:
1453:
1405:
1360:
1317:
1276:
1255:
1236:(2): 188β196.
1215:
1206:
1157:
1130:(3): 159β166.
1112:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1052:
1049:
1019:
1016:
1007:blood pressure
972:Main article:
969:
966:
872:
869:
856:nervous system
820:drug addiction
808:
805:
734:
731:
679:Lick granuloma
670:Lick granuloma
651:norepinephrine
517:
514:
481:
478:
474:brain circuits
462:
459:
419:
416:
404:
401:
383:
380:
252:induce molting
236:copper sulfate
232:emetic stimuli
220:
217:
146:
143:
139:Rhesus macaque
98:
95:
54:
51:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4642:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:(Philippines)
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Toro embolado
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:October Horse
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Goose pulling
4421:
4419:
4418:Goat throwing
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Cock throwing
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Animal rights
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Frans de Waal
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Chris Sherwin
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Ruth Harrison
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Gerald Carson
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Arthur Broome
4110:
4108:
4107:Edward Berdoe
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Dale Peterson
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Sy Montgomery
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Michael Balls
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Arnold Arluke
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Peter Roberts
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Julia Goddard
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Sarah J. Eddy
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Mary Brancker
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Karen Stockin
3509:
3507:
3506:Rakesh Shukla
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Sepehr Salimi
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Jill Robinson
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Wayne Pacelle
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Damien Mander
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Kathrin Glock
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Alison Hanlon
3434:
3432:
3431:Celia Hammond
3429:
3427:
3426:Robin Ganzert
3424:
3422:
3421:Alanna Devine
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3303:AWI Quarterly
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Humane Canada
3113:
3111:
3110:Hedgehog Care
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Band of Mercy
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:Organisations
2986:
2980:
2979:Grimace scale
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Five freedoms
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Anthrozoology
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Dairy farming
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Chick culling
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2538:(1): 012075.
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:(3): 273β94.
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2216:(4): 439β48.
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2187:on 2007-08-15
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:(6): 478β88.
2145:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:(3): 359β66.
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:(2): 303β11.
1960:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:(1): 141β51.
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:(3): 317β29.
1691:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:(6): 401β12.
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1296:(3): 359β62.
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Anthrozoology
1078:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
914:
912:
907:
906:neurochemical
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:limbic system
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
803:
797:
795:
791:
783:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:bull terriers
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
671:
667:
663:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:17Ξ²-estradiol
636:
635:gene knockout
633:
629:
625:
620:
619:
615:
612:
611:sensitization
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
584:
579:
574:
573:
569:
566:
562:
560:
559:amitriptyline
556:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
516:Animal models
513:
510:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
477:
475:
472:
468:
458:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
415:
412:
410:
400:
398:
394:
389:
388:animal models
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
361:
358:
352:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
216:
214:
210:
206:
205:cannibalistic
202:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:reward system
116:
112:
111:hypergymnasia
108:
104:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
29:
25:
21:
4142:Audrey Eyton
4097:Beddow Bayly
4061:Paul Shapiro
4026:Clare Palmer
4006:Daniel Mills
4001:Jeff McMahan
3966:Celia Haddon
3956:Jane Goodall
3941:Donald Broom
3909:Contemporary
3847:Ethel Venton
3842:Sidney Trist
3812:Herbert Snow
3712:Titus Lander
3707:Albert Knapp
3697:John A. Hoyt
3667:Peter Gurney
3652:Robert Gower
3597:Maria Dickin
3587:Brian Davies
3516:Patti Strand
3491:Naomi Sagara
3416:Petra Deimer
3364:Contemporary
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3310:Cruel Sports
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3274:Publications
3240:Tiggywinkles
3180:MSPCA-Angell
3030:Badger Trust
2969:Pain in fish
2921:Rescue group
2860:
2745:Blood sports
2689:
2657:cite journal
2632:
2628:
2622:
2608:cite journal
2583:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2464:cite journal
2450:(1): 19β27.
2447:
2443:
2437:
2423:cite journal
2406:
2402:
2395:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2248:(1): 14β20.
2245:
2239:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2143:
2137:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2070:
2064:
2046:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1889:
1862:
1856:
1813:(1): 78β87.
1810:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1770:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1606:
1603:ILAR Journal
1602:
1592:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1514:
1508:
1488:. Retrieved
1478:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1442:cite journal
1425:
1419:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1272:the original
1265:
1258:
1233:
1227:
1209:
1179:(1): 25β37.
1176:
1170:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1060:
1036:
1023:Stereotypies
1021:
1018:Stereotypies
1012:
999:
977:
942:neurogenesis
940:The lack of
939:
915:
875:Using dogs,
874:
810:
800:
786:
780:
774:
766:
751:
736:
727:
675:
660:
659:
647:hypothalamus
643:COMT protein
624:menstruating
621:
617:
616:
592:
575:
571:
570:
567:
563:
555:clomipramine
551:
546:hypothalamic
538:dopaminergic
534:serotonergic
530:neuroimaging
527:
523:ego dystonic
519:
483:
464:
447:
432:
421:
413:
406:
385:
365:
363:
354:
346:
332:
268:
222:
209:jack rabbits
198:
190:overcrowding
187:
151:stalled sows
148:
100:
91:wild animals
67:domesticated
56:
43:evolutionary
32:
19:
18:
4487:Legislation
4408:Eid al-Adha
4379:Rituals and
4227:Bell Taylor
4117:Jean Burden
4102:Ernest Bell
4051:Carl Safina
4046:Diana Reiss
3951:Bruce Fogle
3936:Marc Bekoff
3902:and writers
3862:Franz Weber
3852:Jessey Wade
3832:Mary Tealby
3737:Terry Maple
3637:Lucy Furman
3562:Henry Bergh
3521:Sally Varma
3396:Jan Cameron
3391:Moira Brown
3357:and workers
2805:Vivisection
2358:: 245β248.
1976:11375/26792
1803:disorder".
962:hippocampal
927:vertebrates
715:Rottweilers
695:Great Danes
655:epinephrine
607:all-or-none
509:hippocampus
424:maladaptive
292:territorial
274:Siamese cat
240:apomorphine
163:hypothermia
79:pet animals
65:. However,
4614:Categories
4265:Categories
4247:Hugh Wirth
4162:C. W. Hume
4080:Historical
3976:Erich Hoyt
3971:Jane Hurst
3797:Jan Salter
3762:Felix Ortt
3722:Etta Lemon
3717:Carla Lane
3582:Jim Cronin
3535:Historical
3441:Brian Hare
3075:Dogs Trust
3045:Blue Cross
2800:Puppy mill
2191:2007-11-05
1771:Bioscience
1490:2023-12-25
1091:References
1028:Bank voles
881:depression
871:Depression
860:withdrawal
762:fluoxetine
756:blockers (
599:quinpirole
583:paroxetine
504:chromosome
443:stereotypy
409:stereotypy
397:depression
264:reinforcer
159:emaciation
131:starvation
115:adaptation
75:laboratory
4381:festivals
4341:Religious
4322:Fur trade
3355:Activists
3100:Four Paws
3040:Battersea
2840:Barn fire
2554:1755-1307
2250:CiteSeerX
1740:(5): 25.
1714:201790581
1623:1084-2020
1003:sex drive
987:Serengeti
958:radiation
935:pathogens
931:parasites
923:apathetic
918:hierarchy
911:catalepsy
807:Addiction
790:tricyclic
769:Dalmatian
758:memantine
699:Dobermans
687:Labradors
632:aromatase
487:miniature
302:(such as
278:cardboard
244:cisplatin
175:lactating
167:stressors
155:pregnancy
4599:Category
4433:Kapparot
4365:Shechita
4350:Dhabihah
3900:Scholars
2849:Concepts
2649:23461670
2629:Primates
2600:42882398
2579:Primates
2513:23337363
2372:53180097
2317:41560421
2272:10632228
2222:15586660
2162:12055324
2087:20651132
2038:22669945
2030:16566897
1993:36477641
1985:16524632
1931:17320982
1881:12458615
1827:22285716
1754:23120887
1728:Nuwer R.
1706:16960303
1641:25225307
1584:34042201
1576:17947996
1539:24681813
1531:22158981
1400:30453678
1355:12817455
1312:11488439
1201:24694007
1193:12818707
1152:28250067
1144:12642171
1074:See also
946:cortisol
864:Morphine
850:and the
828:dopamine
701:, while
628:estrogen
595:dopamine
576:Certain
491:standard
467:striatal
439:whiskers
435:grooming
393:language
376:seizural
320:alkaloid
312:detoxify
248:chickens
234:such as
135:primates
127:foraging
4574:Related
4332:Whaling
3230:Save Me
3215:RNZSPCA
3195:OneKind
2940:Pain in
2505:8778865
2309:2234607
2066:Science
1939:4117896
1779:1311673
1632:4240438
1032:pigeons
983:baboons
960:to the
893:shocked
887:at the
852:caudate
830:in the
824:opioids
471:frontal
368:bulimia
300:parrots
283:weaning
201:beetles
183:weaning
121:in the
85:drives
4355:Jhatka
2733:Issues
2647:
2598:
2552:
2511:
2503:
2370:
2315:
2307:
2270:
2252:
2220:
2160:
2085:
2036:
2028:
1991:
1983:
1937:
1929:
1879:
1835:786206
1833:
1825:
1777:
1752:
1712:
1704:
1639:
1629:
1621:
1582:
1574:
1537:
1529:
1398:
1392:563606
1390:
1353:
1310:
1250:670891
1248:
1199:
1191:
1150:
1142:
995:humans
991:Africa
968:Stress
902:curare
848:insula
794:Elavil
760:) and
743:Prozac
721:, and
717:, and
697:, and
683:ulcers
609:and a
497:, and
335:Prozac
316:tannin
308:Amazon
304:macaws
256:cattle
228:kaolin
77:, and
24:mental
4360:Kutha
3235:SSPCA
3220:RSPCA
3150:ISPCA
3105:FRAME
3085:DSPCA
2995:ASPCA
2645:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2509:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2313:S2CID
2134:(PDF)
2034:S2CID
1989:S2CID
1935:S2CID
1831:S2CID
1775:JSTOR
1710:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1535:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1197:S2CID
1148:S2CID
1044:kappa
348:20/20
123:brain
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