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as Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are two ways that the body responds biologically in order to reduce the amount of stress an individual is experiencing. One thing that the body does to combat stressors is to create stress hormones, which in turn create energy reservoirs that are there in case a stressful event were to occur. The second way our biological components respond is through an individual's cells. Depending on the situation our cells obtain more energy in order to combat any negative stressor and any other activity those cells are involved in seize.
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individuals become increasingly anxious and distressed if they were unable to control their environment. As an example, imagine an individual who detests baths in the Middle Ages, taking a bath. If the individual was forced to take the bath with no control over the temperature of the bath (one of the variables), then their anxiety and stress levels would be higher than if the individual was given some control over the environment (such as being able to control the temperature of the water).
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rather than find out about the deadline the day of. In knowing that there is a deadline ahead of time, the intensity of the stressor is smaller for the individual, as opposed to the magnitude of intensity for the other unfortunate individual who found out about the deadline the day of. When this was tested, psychologists found that when given the choice, individuals had a preference for the predictable stressors, rather than the unpredictable stressors.
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382:. People who have been abused, victimized, or terrorized are often more susceptible to stress disorders. Most stressor-stress relationships can be evaluated and determined - either by the individual or by a psychologist. Therapeutic measures are often taken to help replenish and rebuild the individual's coping resources while simultaneously aiding the individual in dealing with current stress.
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Sato, Tadatoshi; Yamamoto, Hironori; Sawada, Naoki; Nashiki, Kunitaka; Tsuji, Mitsuyoshi; o, Kazusa; Kume, Hisae; Sasaki, Hajime; Arai, Hidekazu; Nikawa, Takeshi; Taketani, Yutaka; Takeda, Eiji (October 2006). "Restraint stress alters the duodenal expression of genes important for lipid metabolism in
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Traumatic events or any type of shock to the body can cause an acute stress response disorder (ASD). The extent to which one experiences ASD depends on the extent of the shock. If the shock was pushed past a certain extreme after a particular period in time ASD can develop into what is commonly known
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In this hypothesis, there are two time periods, one in which is deemed safe (where there is no stressor), and one which is deemed unsafe (in which the stressor is present). This is similar to procrastination and cramming; during the safe intervals (weeks before an exam) the individual is relaxed and
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When individuals are informed about events before they occur, the magnitude of the stressor is less than when compared to individuals who were not informed of the stressor. For example, an individual would prefer to know when they have a deadline ahead of time in order to prepare for it in advance,
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Stressors occur when an individual is unable to cope with the demands of their environment (such as crippling debt with no clear path to resolving it). Generally, stressors take many forms, such as: traumatic events, life demands, sudden medical emergencies, and daily inconveniences, to name a few.
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and tissue repair. Physical stressors may produce pain and impair work performance. Chronic pain and impairment requiring medical attention may result from extreme physical stressors or if there is not sufficient recovery time between successive exposures. Stressors may also affect mental function
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Additionally, the degree to which the stressor can be controlled plays a variable in how the individual perceives stress. Research has found that if an individual is able to take some control over the stressor, then the level of stress will be decreased. During this study, it was found that the
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The idea behind this hypothesis is that an organism can better prepare for an event if they are informed beforehand, as this allows them to prepare for it (biologically). In biologically preparing for this event beforehand, the individual is able to better decrease the event's aversiveness. In
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Stressors can cause physical, chemical and mental responses internally. Physical stressors produce mechanical stresses on skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves that cause tissue deformation and (in extreme cases) tissue failure. Chemical stresses also produce
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Lejuez, C. W.; Eifert, G. H.; Zvolensky, M. J.; Richards, J. B. (2000). "Preference between onset predictable and unpredictable administrations of 20 percent carbon-dioxide-enriched air: Implications for better understanding the etiology and treatment of panic disorder".
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Due to the wide impact and the far-reaching consequences of psychological stressors (especially their profound effects on mental well-being), it is particularly important to devise tools to measure such stressors. Two common psychological stress tests include the
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Social and environmental stressors and the events associated with them can range from minor to traumatic. Traumatic events involve very debilitating stressors, and oftentimes these stressors are uncontrollable. Traumatic events can deplete an individual's
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Based on these two principles (predictability and control), there are two hypotheses that attempt to account for these preferences; the preparatory response hypothesis and safety hypothesis attempt to accommodate these preferences.
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Zvolensky, M. J.; Eifert, G. H.; Lejuez, C. W. (2001). "Offset control during recurrent 20 percent carbon-dioxide- enriched air induction: Relation to individual difference variables".
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knowing when a potential stressor will occur (such as an exam), the individual could, in theory, prepare for it in advance, thus decreasing the stress that may result from that event.
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Roster, Catherine A.; Ferrari, Joseph R. (2019-01-13). "Does Work Stress Lead to Office
Clutter, and How? Mediating Influences of Emotional Exhaustion and Indecision".
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National
Research Council. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Report, Workshop Summary, and Workshop Papers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1999.
283:. Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or environments that individuals might consider demanding, challenging, and/or threatening individual safety.
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workplace stressors (e.g., high job demand vs. low job control, repeated or sustained exertions, forceful exertions, extreme postures, office clutter)
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There are also a variety of characteristics that a stressor may possess (different durations, intensity, predictability, and controllability).
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Grillon, C.; Baas, J. P.; Lissen, S.; Smith, K.; Milstein, J. (2004). "Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events".
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not anxious, and during the unsafe intervals (the day or night before the exam) the individual most likely experiences anxiety.
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and performance. Mental and social stressors may affect behavior and how individuals respond to physical and chemical stressors.
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Musculoskeletal
Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
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Deckers, Lambert (2018). Motivation
Biological, Psychological, and Environmental. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 208-212.
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Cohen, Sheldon; Kamarck, Tom; Mermelstein, Robin (1983). "A Global
Measure of Perceived Stress".
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One possible mechanism of stressors influencing biological pathways involves stimulation of the
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Holmes, Thomas H.; Rahe, Richard H. (August 1967). "The social readjustment rating scale".
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Perkins, C. C. (1955). "The stimulus conditions which follow learned responses".
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resources to an extent where the individual may develop
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Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). "Phobias and preparedness".
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Bryant, A; Richard (2017). "Acute stress disorder".
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social stressors (e.g., societal and family demands)
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448:to secrete various stress hormones (e.g.,
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104:abundancy of weasel terms and vagueness.
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702:. National Academy Press. p. 240.
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321:daily "stress" events (e.g.,
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30:Not to be confused with
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537:Disturbance (ecology)
376:acute stress disorder
308:elevated sound levels
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