431:
402:
440:
188:
chariots from the barrier: so the people were waiting, visible on each face a concern for their affairs, to which the victory of supreme rule is given. Meanwhile the sun had set into the depth of night. Then struck by rays the shining light showed itself openly and at once on high from far away a beautifully winged leftward flight advanced. Just as the golden sun arises, there comes descending from the sky a dozen blessed bodies of birds, settling themselves on fine and favorable seats. Thus
Romulus sees that given to himself alone, approved by auspices, were the base and bulwark of a kingdom.
1506:—were forced to defer "to classical critics, not out of reverence only, but from necessity." Thus, much of the discussion about Ennius from this time also revolved around his poetic primitivism, and in time he came to be seen as "Virgil's foil". With that said, a number of works from this time reference Ennius, suggesting that these humanists found him and his epic poem worthy of interest. (He is, for instance, a major character in Petrarch's unfinished epic
608:
1437:
665:
s extant fragments can be traced back to the work's first book. The two note that because this section of the poem was heavily quoted and commented upon in antiquity, reconstructing the contents and order of this book is less difficult than it is with the work's other books. Consequently, given the
187:
seeks and watches for the high-soaring race. They were competing whether to call the city Roma or Remora. All men were anxious over which would be their ruler. They wait, as when the consul prepares to give the signal, everyone eagerly looking to the starting gates for how soon he sends the painted
1497:
turned their attention to the work, they were forced to rely on small quotations embedded in other works and the testimonia of other writers—many of whom had taken to deriding Ennius for his supposed stylistic "crudeness". Given that they only had the briefest of snippets to analyze, many of these
546:
were substantially shorter. Sander M. Goldberg and Gesine
Manuwald postulate that Ennius may have started writing a smaller historical poem that grew until it eventually comprised over a dozen books. The two write, "An expanding work of this kind would better align Ennius with his predecessors,
1489:
as we now have it). According to David Scott Wilson-Okamura, "by the end of the fourth century, it was hard to find even one copy". At the turn of the fifth century, the work had become critically endangered. Because of unknown circumstances, not a single complete manuscript of Ennius survived
509:
But in addition to what Alison
Sharrock and Rhiannon Ash call the "Romanisation of Greek poetic sophistication", Suerbaum and Eck note that by borrowing from Homer's verse style, the work also "Homerized" the Roman historiographical tradition. Suerbaum and Eck cite "the appearance of deities,
239:
with a "concentric, symmetrical structure". In the first seven books, Ennius wrote about mythical and historical past episodes, whereas in the following eight (and eventually, eleven), he wrote about contemporary events. Although most of the poem has been lost, there is a "traditional"—albeit
1428:
as a "national epic" and a "carrier of Rome's culture". As a result, the poem was extensively studied in schools around this time, as Ennius himself was viewed as one of Rome's greatest poets, historians, and writers. Goldberg and
Manuwald concur with this latter point, writing that the
1456:
With that said, while many subsequent Roman poets found Ennius and his epic poem to be important (for having laid the groundwork of Latin epic poetry), many also found it to be somewhat crude. For instance, Virgil—who made heavy use of Ennius—is reported by the historian
599:. However, Goldberg and Manuwald once again note that this view has come into question in recent years and has yielded to a "more nuanced view that recognizes in the very sweep of the story he tells the subordination of personal interests to larger community values."
689:(1985) is the "standard" for anyone interested in examining the fragments of the poem. A later edition supervised by Enrico Flores sought to reconsider "both the textual scholarship of the sources and the contextual placement of the fragments." In 1935,
666:
relative dearth of fragments from other books—especially that of the climactic book 15—the two write the reconciliation of "scholarly methods and interpretive desires with the inconsistencies and silences of the fragmentary record" is "no easy task."
526:
is also set apart from the works of Homer by so-called "'modern' traits". These include its focus on and reference to "factual aspects" (with the aforementioned scholars citing its emphasis on "cavalry and naval battles"), as well as its use of
572:. Jackie Elliott, however, points out that many of the extant fragments which were not derived from the quotations of commentators do not display the same "epic" style of either Homer or Virgil. Thus, she argues, "To the extent that the
1461:
to have once been reading Ennius' poem only to be asked what he was doing; the poet replied that "he was gathering gold from Ennius' muck, for this poet has outstanding ideas buried under not very polished words". The later Latin poets
159:. Initially viewed as an important cultural work, it fell out of use sometime in the 4th century AD. No manuscripts survived through the Middle Ages. When interest in the work was revived during the
1470:, too, found Ennius' work to be "crude and unkempt". (The latter, for instance, referred to Ennius as "outstanding ... in talent lacking in art" and noted that "nothing is rougher than" his poem.)
592:. Expressing a related sentiment, Goldberg and Manuwald write, "Critics have grown more skeptical of a procedure that postulates echoes and then bases reconstructions upon them."
377:, the idea that the poem is modeled on this official record is "almost certainly anachronistic", since there is very little evidence to suggest that an extensive version of the
522:, and the subdivision of events in single days" as decidedly Homeric elements that Ennius injected into Roman historiography. With all this said, Suerbaum and Eck do argue the
576:
today seem to the modern reader crucial to the epic tradition, they are the creation of Vergil and of the
Vergiliocentric sources." Put another way, the understanding of the
383:
would have existed around the time that Ennius was writing his work. Given this, they argue that the title "Annales" was likely chosen by Ennius not to connect it to the
631:
Over time, almost all of the work has been lost, and today only around 620 complete or partial lines remain, largely preserved in quotations by other authors (primarily
163:
period the poem was largely reconstructed from quotations contained in other works. Subsequent academic study of the poem has confirmed its significance for its period.
1512:.) Golderg and Manuwald also write that Ennius' reception during this time is indicated by the zeal with which humanists attempted to collect the fragments of the
502:, by doing this, "Ennius acknowledged the importance of Greek culture in contemporary Rome". Because of Ennius's decision, dactylic hexameter became the standard
295:, it is likely that Ennius chose to end the original portion of his opus with the Aetolian War because of the role played in the conflict by one of his patrons,
2932:
2985:
Suerbaum, Werner; Eck, Werner (2006). "Ennius". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.).
302:
Sometime after Ennius published his poem, he amended it with three additional books, which concern themselves with the
Istrian campaigns (177 BC) and the
224:, as well as reports by ancient scholars, suggest that Ennius opened his epic with a recollection of a dream. In this reverie, the poet claims that
2986:
1386:
1292:
1273:
1217:
1137:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1022:
980:
961:
550:
Many scholars have declared that Ennius's poem functions as "a mediator between Homer and Vergil"; in other words, it is claimed the
336:, it is likely that Ennius drew mostly on Greek records when he was compiling his poem, although he probably also made use of the
296:
275:. (The ending to these three books is unclear; Ennius might have concluded with an epilogue, or detailed Rome's campaign against
538:
The scope and size of Ennius's poem was at the time of its penning also "unprecedented"; for instance, both Livius
Andronicus's
140:
was significant. Although written in Latin, stylistically it borrows from the Greek poetic tradition, particularly the works of
3106:
1930:
469:
3116:
3067:
3008:
2975:
2921:
2898:
2864:
2833:
2803:
321:
343:(who wrote in Greek). Additionally, it was assumed for a long time that the structure, title, and contents of the
2723:
2742:
568:
comes from
Virgilian commentators, who were quoting Ennius's work to compare or contrast it to passages in the
3086:
1654:
3091:
673:
fragments was published in the later part of the 16th century. In the 19th century, the German philologist
595:
For centuries, it was believed that Ennius focused on episodes in Roman history that would appeal to his
585:
3096:
3059:
2825:
1779:
249:
401:
3101:
1999:
709:
This chart lists in chronological order the authors whose works have preserved fragments of Ennius's
173:
3014:
324:
and his unspecified brother—two Romans whom the poet admired—that Ennius penned the sixteenth book.
148:. The poem was significantly larger than others from the period, and eventually comprised 18 books.
3042:
2856:
2465:
1624:
1193:
2890:
2239:
1669:
1017:
872:
554:
transmits the style of Homer into a decidedly Latin tradition, which would eventually be used by
389:, but rather to emphasize that he was Rome's very first recorder of historical events (i.e., an "
316:
276:
3034:
2848:
1958:
1751:
975:
830:
747:
698:
636:
418:
284:
701:; this version was later superseded by Sander M. Goldberg and Gesine Manuwald's 2018 version.
136:
in the 2nd century BC. While only snippets of the work survive today, the poem's influence on
1059:
340:
272:
156:
2461:
2946:
2737:
1600:
1494:
1097:
956:
337:
439:
8:
3111:
1697:
648:
616:
207:, detailing the founding of Rome (translation by Sander M. Goldberg and Gesine Manuwald).
713:, alongside the Ennian books quoted and the number of fragments total, as determined by
2959:
2787:
2770:
1503:
1306:
795:
495:
487:
235:
The poem—which most speculate proceeded in chronological order—was likely divided into
145:
94:
3063:
3004:
2971:
2917:
2894:
2860:
2829:
2799:
2067:
1508:
479:
180:
176:
2996:
2762:
1639:
1568:
1481:, it began to wane in popularity, although it remained a popular text with certain
1174:
690:
640:
360:
268:
137:
3000:
2234:
1876:
1550:
1325:
814:
674:
368:
311:
303:
264:
2963:
2791:
1861:
1833:
1556:
1132:
503:
483:
364:
350:
256:
229:
203:
179:
sits in wait for a sign and watches alone for a favorable flight; but handsome
112:
89:
52:
3080:
3055:
3038:
2913:
2852:
2821:
1590:
1562:
1367:
914:
528:
217:
184:
152:
236:
2606:
682:
499:
288:
245:
130:
2014:
1574:
1440:
Despite describing Ennius as "outstanding ... in talent", the Latin poet
1344:
1250:
652:
624:
260:
160:
2886:
1610:
1580:
1463:
1212:
994:
933:
849:
430:
333:
292:
241:
2774:
240:
conjectured—organization for the book. Books 1–3 cover the end of the
2967:
2795:
2573:
2477:
This two-volume edition of Ennius ... replaces that of
Warmington in
1458:
1231:
1116:
1078:
644:
596:
532:
518:
390:
126:
82:
547:
making his achievement more comprehensible but no less remarkable."
155:. It is thought to be based mostly on Greek records and the work of
2766:
1499:
1482:
1287:
1036:
891:
607:
564:. A large reason for this is that much of what is preserved of the
512:
1436:
371:
write that while the title of Ennius's poem is reminiscent of the
2624:
2062:
2045:
1793:
1151:
72:
1485:
like Festus and Nonius (whose commentaries preserve much of the
460:, Roman bust in the British Museum) and the Augustan Roman poet
1765:
779:
763:
632:
560:
555:
461:
410:
356:
198:
133:
33:
717:. The chart excludes 14 fragments that many scholars consider
216:
was the first epic poem that covered the early history of the
2933:"Phoenix from the Ashes: Lucretius and Ennius at Herculaneum"
658:
According to
Goldberg and Manuwald, nearly one-fourth of the
453:
225:
141:
123:
62:
2619:
2601:
1478:
1467:
1441:
681:. Goldschmidt, however, argues that the British classicist
1420:
Nora Goldschmidt writes that when Virgil was writing the
647:). Papyrus fragments of the poem were also found in the
558:
when it came time for him to pen his own epic poem, the
2753:
Aicher, Peter (Summer 1989). "Ennius' Dream of Homer".
2491:
2489:
2082:
Q. Ennii poettae vetustissimi quae supersunt fragmenta
271:(218–201 BC) in more detail. Books 10–12 focus on the
452:
functions as a stylistic link between the Greek poet
228:
appeared to him and informed him that, thanks to the
2843:
Goldberg, Sander M.; Manuwald, Gesine, eds. (2018).
2486:
151:
The subject of the poem is the early history of the
2851:. Vol. I: Ennius, Testimonia, Epic Fragments.
1477:was read for hundreds of years. During the time of
498:, in imitation of the works of Homer. According to
3078:
1473:Regardless of some of Ennius' "crudeness", his
367:. However, the scholars Sander M. Goldberg and
291:(191–189 BC). According to Werner Suerbaum and
263:in 281–271 BC. Books 7–9 deal briefly with the
255:535–509 BC. Books 4–6 revolve around the early
2910:A Latin Epic Reader: Selections from Ten Epics
1519:
2557:
2555:
2692:
2690:
1424:, most grammarians and poets celebrated the
2187:
2185:
1490:textual transmission into the Middle Ages.
1448:) wrote that "nothing is rougher than" his
384:
378:
372:
348:
310:therefore contained 18 books. According to
2552:
2384:
2382:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
677:was a key figure in the study of Ennius's
232:, his spirit had been reborn into Ennius.
2687:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2636:
2634:
2306:
2304:
588:in "Vergiliocentric" commentaries on the
2954:Sharrock, Alison; Ash, Rhiannon (2013).
2518:
2516:
2462:"Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume I"
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2182:
1435:
606:
400:
2379:
2333:
2331:
2135:
2108:
470:Posillipo Posillipo Archaeological Park
306:(214–148 BC). The final version of the
3079:
2646:
2631:
2301:
3037:. Vol. I: Ennius and Caecilius.
2513:
2246:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
704:
478:Whereas Ennius's contemporaries like
287:(192–188 BC) until the events of the
244:in 1184 BC, to the reign of the last
111:
3050:Wilson-Okamura, David Scott (2010).
2993:Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity Volumes
2328:
193:One of the longest fragments of the
3049:
2938:. The Norwegian Institute at Athens
2815:Ennius and the Architecture Of the
2696:
2681:
2657:
13:
2209:
506:for subsequent Latin epic poetry.
14:
3128:
2755:The American Journal of Philology
580:as decidedly "epic" is largely a
347:were based on or inspired by the
267:(264–241 BC) before covering the
2873:
2534:
2522:
2388:
1402:
1374:
1278:
1261:
1222:
1050:
1027:
1008:
966:
821:
805:
721:(that is, unlikely parts of the
438:
429:
322:Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter
283:192 BC.) Books 13–15 detail the
3029:Warmington, E. W., ed. (1935).
3028:
2717:
2702:
2675:
2663:
2613:
2595:
2583:
2567:
2540:
2528:
2501:
2454:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2316:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2074:
2055:
2038:
2025:
2006:
1991:
1978:
1965:
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1937:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1840:
1825:
1812:
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1758:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1689:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1542:
1525:
122:) is the name of a fragmentary
2709:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2590:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2562:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2547:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2508:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2496:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2479:Remains of Old Latin, Volume I
2449:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2425:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2413:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2362:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2350:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2311:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2296:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2272:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2260:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2228:
2197:
2177:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2170:
2158:
2103:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
2096:
715:Goldberg & Manuwald (2018)
409:was written by the Roman poet
1:
3001:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e330670
2984:
2953:
2640:
2283:
2129:
2090:
1945:De barbarismis et metaplasmis
1655:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
1353:
1349:
1330:
1311:
1256:
1236:
1198:
1179:
1160:
1156:
1045:
1041:
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999:
942:
938:
925:1, 3, 6, 8–10, 13–14, 16, 18
919:
900:
896:
877:
858:
854:
835:
800:
280:
252:
3107:Works about history in Latin
2845:Fragmentary Republican Latin
2812:
2782:Boyle, Anthony, ed. (2003).
2743:Resources in other libraries
2669:
2373:
2337:
2322:
2203:
1606:Lucullus or Academica Priora
1415:
669:The first collection of the
7:
2956:Fifty Key Classical Authors
2842:
2752:
2708:
2589:
2561:
2546:
2507:
2495:
2448:
2424:
2412:
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2349:
2310:
2295:
2271:
2259:
2176:
2164:
2102:
1537:Rerum rusticarum libri tres
1520:Notes on fragment locations
1409:54 (including 31 unplaced)
1406:1, 2, 5–6, 8–10, 13, 16–17
1339:16 (including 12 unplaced)
1207:22 (including 17 unplaced)
1188:44 (including 11 unplaced)
1092:14 (including 10 unplaced)
989:71 (including 12 unplaced)
758:25 (including 12 unplaced)
714:
468:, 1st century bust in the
166:
10:
3133:
3060:Cambridge University Press
2930:
2907:
2874:Goldschmidt, Nora (2013).
2826:Cambridge University Press
2781:
2641:Sharrock and Ashley (2013)
2400:
2222:
2191:
2152:
2061:Included in commentary on
2050:Historiae Adversus Paganos
2044:Included in commentary on
1904:Historiae Adversus Paganos
1792:Included in commentary on
1780:De Verborum Significatione
1764:Included in commentary on
1586:De Provinciis Consularibus
1301:34 (including 8 unplaced)
1245:41 (including 2 unplaced)
928:18 (including 4 unplaced)
774:28 (including 8 unplaced)
693:prepared a version of the
602:
332:According to Suerbaum and
327:
320:, it was "on account" of
250:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
3052:Virgil in the Renaissance
2738:Resources in your library
2376:, pp. 365, 428, 451, 491.
2130:Suerbaum & Eck (2006)
2000:Institutiones Grammaticae
1320:8 (including 7 unplaced)
1146:5 (including 2 unplaced)
1127:2 (including 1 unplaced)
1111:7 (including 2 unplaced)
844:5 (including 2 unplaced)
88:
78:
68:
58:
48:
40:
30:
23:
3117:Works about ancient Rome
3043:Harvard University Press
2857:Harvard University Press
2813:Elliott, Jackie (2013).
2466:Harvard University Press
1986:Pompeius in artem Donati
1625:Tusculanae Disputationes
421:) in the 2nd century BC.
396:
2891:Oxford University Press
2284:Sharrock and Ash (2013)
2020:On the Nature of Things
1917:De compendiosa doctrina
1433:cemented Ennius' fame.
1018:Marius Plotius Sacerdos
615:have been found in the
297:Marcus Fulvius Nobilior
277:Antiochus III the Great
230:transmigration of souls
3035:Loeb Classical Library
2908:Keith, Alison (2013).
2849:Loeb Classical Library
1752:Adversus Valentinianos
1516:that they could find.
1453:
699:Loeb Classical Library
628:
422:
419:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
385:
379:
373:
349:
210:
2916:: Bolchazy-Carducci.
2697:Wilson-Okamura (2010)
2682:Wilson-Okamura (2010)
2658:Wilson-Okamura (2010)
1891:Commentary on Terence
1495:Renaissance humanists
1439:
1298:1, 2, 5, 7–12, 14–17
1201:4th – 5th century AD
1182:4th – 5th century AD
1060:Atilius Fortunatianus
755:1, 2, 4, 6–7, 10, 13
687:The Annales of Ennius
610:
584:one, prompted by its
490:verse, Ennius penned
404:
341:Quintus Fabius Pictor
338:Roman historiographer
273:Second Macedonian War
170:
157:Quintus Fabius Pictor
3087:2nd-century BC poems
3031:Remains of Old Latin
2947:University of Bergen
2931:Kleve, Knut (1991).
1931:Commentary on Virgil
1684:Commentary on Virgil
1601:Epistulae ad Atticum
1098:Diomedes Grammaticus
957:Pomponius Porphyrion
742:fragments preserved
531:, meta-literary and
448:Many argue that the
417:, Roman bust in the
355:—that is, the prose
144:, and is written in
113:[anˈnaːleːs]
3092:Epic poems in Latin
1698:Institutio Oratoria
1276:5th-6th century AD
1140:mid-4th century AD
986:1–8, 10–11, 14, 16
922:125 – after 180 AD
880:100 – late 160s AD
649:Villa of the Papyri
617:Villa of the Papyri
586:recontextualization
220:. Fragments of the
2960:Abingdon-on-Thames
2788:Abingdon-on-Thames
2711:, pp. xxviii–xxix.
2535:Goldschmidt (2013)
2523:Goldschmidt (2013)
2389:Goldschmidt (2013)
2240:Historia Naturalis
1504:Richard Stanyhurst
1498:humanists—such as
1454:
1307:Isidore of Seville
1185:1, 3, 5–11, 15–18
796:Seneca the Younger
705:Fragment locations
629:
623:) in the ruins of
496:dactylic hexameter
423:
317:Historia Naturalis
285:Roman–Seleucid War
146:dactylic hexameter
95:Dactylic hexameter
3097:Greece in fiction
2724:Library resources
2437:Warmington (1935)
2033:Epitome of Festus
1413:
1412:
1383:Girolamo Colonna
611:Fragments of the
480:Livius Andronicus
100:
99:
3124:
3102:Italy in fiction
3073:
3046:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3013:. Archived from
2981:
2950:
2945:– via the
2944:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2904:
2870:
2839:
2809:
2778:
2729:Annales (Ennius)
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2644:
2638:
2629:
2617:
2611:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2244:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2106:
2100:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1569:De Natura Deorum
1546:
1540:
1533:De lingua latina
1529:
1400:Unknown authors
1389:16th century AD
1388:
1355:
1351:
1332:
1313:
1294:
1275:
1258:
1238:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1104:
1085:
1066:
1047:
1043:
1024:
1005:
1001:
982:
963:
944:
940:
921:
902:
898:
879:
860:
856:
837:
802:
728:
727:
691:E. H. Warmington
664:
651:in the ruins of
529:autobiographical
442:
433:
388:
382:
376:
361:Pontifex Maximus
354:
282:
254:
208:
138:Latin literature
115:
110:
36:
26:
21:
20:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3020:
3018:
3011:
2978:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2924:
2901:
2867:
2836:
2806:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:, pp. 428, 451.
2668:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2470:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2247:
2235:Pliny the Elder
2233:
2229:
2221:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2136:
2128:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1973:De orthographia
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1877:The City of God
1873:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1725:De deo Socratis
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1670:Natural History
1666:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1418:
1372:1447 – 1500 AD
1326:Paul the Deacon
1239:5th century AD
1220:5th-century AD
1105:4th century AD
1086:4th century AD
1067:4th century AD
1025:3rd century AD
983:2nd century AD
964:2nd century AD
815:Pliny the Elder
771:1, 4, 6–10, 12
741:
737:Book(s) quoted
707:
675:Johannes Vahlen
662:
605:
476:
475:
474:
473:
445:
444:
443:
435:
434:
415:likely pictured
399:
369:Gesine Manuwald
330:
312:Pliny the Elder
304:Macedonian Wars
265:First Punic War
209:
197:, preserved in
192:
169:
129:written by the
108:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3047:
3026:
3009:
2982:
2976:
2951:
2928:
2922:
2905:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2840:
2834:
2810:
2804:
2779:
2767:10.2307/295173
2761:(2): 227–232.
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2686:
2674:
2670:Elliott (2013)
2662:
2645:
2630:
2612:
2594:
2582:
2566:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2512:
2510:, pp. 442–452.
2500:
2498:, pp. 108–454.
2485:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2378:
2374:Elliott (2013)
2366:
2354:
2342:
2338:Elliott (2013)
2327:
2323:Elliott (2013)
2315:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2245:
2227:
2208:
2204:Elliott (2013)
2196:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2134:
2107:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2054:
2037:
2024:
2005:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1949:
1936:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1867:
1862:Ars Grammatica
1852:
1839:
1834:Ars Grammatica
1824:
1820:Technopaegnion
1811:
1798:
1785:
1770:
1757:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1712:Correspondence
1703:
1688:
1675:
1660:
1645:
1630:
1557:De Divinatione
1541:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:720s – 799 AD
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:560 – 636 AD
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1133:Aelius Donatus
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
997:
991:
990:
987:
984:
978:
972:
971:
968:
965:
959:
953:
952:
949:
946:
936:
930:
929:
926:
923:
917:
911:
910:
907:
904:
894:
888:
887:
884:
881:
875:
869:
868:
865:
862:
852:
846:
845:
842:
839:
833:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
810:
807:
804:
798:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
744:
743:
738:
735:
732:
706:
703:
604:
601:
544:Bellum Punicum
542:and Naevius's
484:Gnaeus Naevius
447:
446:
437:
436:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
398:
395:
386:Annales maximi
380:Annales maximi
374:Annales maximi
365:Roman Republic
351:Annales maximi
329:
326:
257:Roman Republic
204:De Divinatione
190:
168:
165:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
53:Roman Republic
50:
46:
45:
44:2nd century BC
42:
38:
37:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3069:9780521198127
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:Cambridge, UK
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Cambridge, MA
3036:
3032:
3027:
3017:on 2019-07-26
3016:
3012:
3010:9789004122598
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2977:9781134709779
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2923:9781610411103
2919:
2915:
2914:Mundelein, IL
2911:
2906:
2902:
2900:9780199681297
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:and Virgil's
2877:
2872:
2868:
2866:9780674997011
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:Cambridge, MA
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2835:9781107027480
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Cambridge, UK
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2805:9781134763252
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2684:, pp. 121–23.
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2525:, pp. 17, 35.
2524:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2415:, pp. 108–09.
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2364:, pp. 100–01.
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2325:, pp. 75–134.
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2298:, pp. 102–03.
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2167:, pp. 227–32.
2166:
2165:Aicher (1989)
2161:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2105:, pp. 151–52.
2104:
2099:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1591:De re publica
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:De Inventione
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1368:Giorgio Valla
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:354 – 430 AD
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
998:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
924:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
803:4 BC – AD 65
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
739:
736:
734:Living dates
733:
730:
729:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
600:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
548:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
432:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
394:
392:
387:
381:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:
346:
342:
339:
335:
325:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:up until the
258:
251:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
206:
205:
200:
196:
189:
186:
182:
178:
175:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
120:
114:
106:
105:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
19:
3051:
3030:
3019:. Retrieved
3015:the original
2992:
2987:
2955:
2940:. Retrieved
2909:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2844:
2818:
2814:
2783:
2758:
2754:
2728:
2718:Bibliography
2704:
2677:
2665:
2623:
2615:
2607:Ars Amatoria
2605:
2597:
2585:
2578:Vita Vergili
2577:
2569:
2549:, pp. 97–98.
2542:
2530:
2503:
2478:
2476:
2469:. Retrieved
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2401:Kleve (1991)
2396:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2318:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2238:
2230:
2223:Boyle (2003)
2199:
2194:, pp. 37–38.
2192:Boyle (2003)
2172:
2160:
2153:Keith (2013)
2098:
2081:
2080:Included in
2076:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2031:Included in
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:Included in
2008:
1998:
1997:Included in
1993:
1985:
1984:Included in
1980:
1972:
1971:Included in
1967:
1957:
1956:Included in
1952:
1944:
1943:Included in
1939:
1929:
1928:Included in
1924:
1916:
1915:Included in
1911:
1903:
1902:Included in
1898:
1890:
1889:Included in
1885:
1875:
1874:Included in
1870:
1860:
1859:Included in
1855:
1847:
1846:Included in
1842:
1832:
1831:Included in
1827:
1819:
1818:Included in
1814:
1806:
1805:Included in
1801:
1788:
1778:
1777:Included in
1773:
1760:
1750:
1749:Included in
1745:
1738:Attic Nights
1737:
1736:Included in
1732:
1724:
1723:Included in
1719:
1711:
1710:Included in
1706:
1696:
1695:Included in
1691:
1683:
1682:Included in
1678:
1668:
1667:Included in
1663:
1653:
1652:Included in
1648:
1638:
1637:Included in
1633:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:De Senectute
1595:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:Included in
1544:
1536:
1532:
1531:Included in
1527:
1513:
1507:
1493:By the time
1492:
1486:
1474:
1472:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1242:1–10, 14–17
1108:7–8, 10, 16
838:25 – 105 AD
768:106 – 43 BC
752:116 – 27 BC
722:
718:
710:
708:
694:
686:
683:Otto Skutsch
678:
670:
668:
659:
657:
630:
620:
612:
594:
589:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
551:
549:
543:
539:
537:
523:
517:
511:
508:
500:Alison Keith
491:
477:
465:
457:
449:
414:
406:
359:kept by the
344:
331:
315:
307:
301:
289:Aetolian War
246:king of Rome
234:
221:
213:
211:
202:
194:
183:on the high
171:
150:
118:
117:
103:
102:
101:
18:
2628:, 2.259–60.
2610:1.15.19–20.
2471:January 21,
2015:Etymologiae
1848:Ars metrica
1575:De Officiis
1483:grammarians
1378:1 unplaced
1345:Ekkehard IV
1282:1 unplaced
1265:1 unplaced
1251:Cassiodorus
1226:1 unplaced
1054:1 unplaced
1031:1 unplaced
1012:2 unplaced
970:3 unplaced
825:1 unplaced
819:23 – 79 AD
809:1 unplaced
653:Herculaneum
625:Herculaneum
535:elements".
516:, similes,
363:during the
261:Pyrrhic War
218:Roman state
161:Renaissance
153:Roman state
3112:Lost poems
3081:Categories
3021:2018-01-17
2942:2022-12-13
2887:Oxford, UK
2784:Roman Epic
2091:References
1959:Saturnalia
1620:Pro Murena
1611:Pro Archia
1581:De Oratore
1464:Propertius
1213:Consentius
995:Lactantius
934:Tertullian
850:Quintilian
784:65 – 8 BC
582:post facto
519:ekphraseis
510:speeches,
293:Werner Eck
242:Trojan War
131:Roman poet
69:Subject(s)
16:Latin poem
2968:Routledge
2796:Routledge
2699:, p. 123.
2660:, p. 121.
2643:, p. 173.
2574:Suetonius
2427:, p. 104.
2352:, p. 101.
2340:, p. 134.
2313:, p. 103.
2286:, p. 174.
2274:, p. 100.
2206:, p. 298.
2155:, p. xiv.
1616:Pro Balbo
1459:Suetonius
1416:Reception
1270:Pompeius
1232:Macrobius
1204:1, 8, 16
1143:3, 6, 10
1117:Augustine
1089:1, 7, 16
1079:Charisius
740:Number of
645:Macrobius
533:panegyric
513:aristeiai
488:Saturnian
486:wrote in
212:Ennius's
127:epic poem
2949:Library.
2876:Ennius'
2592:, p. 61.
2564:, p. 44.
2537:, p. 17.
2262:, p. 99.
2225:, p. 38.
2179:, p. 98.
1500:Petrarch
1446:pictured
1356:1056 AD
1288:Priscian
1037:Ausonius
892:Apuleius
841:1, 3, 7
697:for the
685:'s book
621:pictured
391:annalist
191:—
185:Aventine
167:Contents
79:Genre(s)
59:Language
2878:Annales
2817:Annales
2625:Tristia
2391:, p. 1.
2068:Satires
2063:Juvenal
2046:Orosius
1794:Statius
1640:Satires
1514:Annales
1487:Annales
1475:Annales
1450:Annales
1431:Annales
1426:Annales
1295:500 AD
1259:585 AD
1194:Servius
1163:418 AD
1152:Orosius
1048:395 AD
1006:325 AD
945:240 AD
915:Gellius
903:170 AD
861:100 AD
731:Author
723:Annales
711:Annales
695:Annales
679:Annales
671:Annales
660:Annales
627:(2000).
613:Annales
603:Remains
597:patrons
578:Annales
574:Annales
566:Annales
552:Annales
524:Annales
492:Annales
450:Annales
407:Annales
345:Annales
328:Sources
314:in his
308:Annales
222:Annales
214:Annales
195:Annales
181:Romulus
172:On the
104:Annales
73:History
49:Country
41:Written
25:Annales
3066:
3007:
2988:Ennius
2974:
2920:
2897:
2882:Aeneid
2863:
2832:
2802:
2775:295173
2773:
2726:about
1766:Horace
1622:, and
1551:Brutus
1509:Africa
1422:Aeneid
1352:980 –
1255:485 –
1175:Nonius
1159:375 –
1044:310 –
1002:250 –
976:Festus
941:155 –
899:124 –
873:Fronto
831:Probus
780:Horace
764:Cicero
643:, and
641:Nonius
637:Festus
633:Cicero
590:Aeneid
570:Aeneid
561:Aeneid
556:Virgil
540:Odusia
462:Virgil
411:Ennius
357:annals
269:Second
237:triads
199:Cicero
174:Murcus
134:Ennius
119:Annals
109:Latin:
34:Ennius
2936:(PDF)
2771:JSTOR
2243:7.29.
1807:Artes
1359:5, 7
1336:4, 8
864:2, 6
857:35 –
748:Varro
719:dubia
663:'
504:metre
466:right
454:Homer
397:Style
226:Homer
177:Remus
142:Homer
124:Latin
90:Meter
63:Latin
3064:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2620:Ovid
2602:Ovid
2473:2018
2018:and
1535:and
1502:and
1479:Nero
1468:Ovid
1466:and
1442:Ovid
482:and
458:left
405:The
393:").
83:Epic
2997:doi
2763:doi
2759:110
2065:'s
2048:'s
1387:fl.
1317:10
1293:fl.
1274:fl.
1218:fl.
1138:fl.
1103:fl.
1084:fl.
1065:fl.
1023:fl.
981:fl.
962:fl.
725:).
494:in
334:Eck
201:'s
32:by
3083::
3062:.
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2995:.
2991:.
2970:.
2966::
2964:UK
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2958:.
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2893:.
2889::
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2859:.
2855::
2847:.
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2824::
2820:.
2798:.
2794::
2792:UK
2790:,
2786:.
2769:.
2757:.
2689:^
2648:^
2633:^
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2604:,
2576:,
2554:^
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2464:.
2381:^
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2184:^
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2110:^
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1237:c.
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1199:c.
1180:c.
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