6421:
7356:
3175:
3878:
6190:
1199:
5165:
5924:
4937:
1855:
787:
706:
2957:
529:
6501:
1169:
5139:
1385:
1034:
4542:
1666:
4563:
5944:
4819:
5684:
2648:
3157:
5289:, and the state. Multiple remarriages were not uncommon. Fathers usually began seeking husbands for their daughters when these reached an age between twelve and fourteen, but most commoner-class women stayed single until their twenties, and in general seem to have been far more independent than wives of the elite. Divorce required the consent of one party, along with the return of any dowry. Both parents had power over their children during their minority and adulthood, but husbands had much less control over their wives.
3409:
2747:
1006:
5018:
2088:
6531:
76:
6159:, which was dedicated to Minerva when it was rebuilt under Emperor Domitian's orders. Some of these, including the library at the Temple of Divus Augustus also served as archives. By the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city of Rome had more than two dozen public libraries. Rome was not the only city to benefit from such institutions. As the Roman Empire spread, public libraries were established in other major cities and cultural centers including Ephesos, Athens, and
2482:
4060:
3166:
6814:
16262:
2266:
5445:
20973:
2613:
807:
1730:. The Julio-Claudians started the destruction of republican values, but on the other hand, they boosted Rome's status as the central power in the Mediterranean region. While Caligula and Nero are usually remembered in popular culture as dysfunctional emperors, Augustus and Claudius are remembered as successful in politics and the military. This dynasty instituted imperial tradition in Rome and frustrated any attempt to reestablish a Republic.
19039:
560:
2421:
4810:) appointed by the Emperor. These were no longer members of the Roman elite but men who came up through the ranks and had seen much practical soldiering. With increasing frequency, these men attempted (sometimes successfully) to usurp the positions of the Emperors. Decreased resources, increasing political chaos and civil war eventually left the Western Empire vulnerable to attack and takeover by neighbouring barbarian peoples.
6633:
3735:
3538:
6798:
felled between AD 40 and 60, coming from the Jura mountains in northeastern France and ending up more than 1,055 miles (1,700 km) away, in the foundations of a lavish portico that was part of a vast wealthy patrician villa, in
Central Rome. It is suggested that timber, around 4 metres (13 ft) long, came up to Rome via the Tiber River on ships travelling across the Mediterranean Sea from the confluence of the
20962:
19032:
7370:
4500:
4906:(border troops) during this period, based at fortified river harbours along the Rhine and the Danube. That prominent generals commanded both armies and fleets suggests that naval forces were treated as auxiliaries to the army and not as an independent service. The details of command structure and fleet strengths during this period are not well known, although fleets were commanded by prefects.
1923:. As Gemellus was still a child, Caligula was chosen to rule the empire. He was a popular leader in the first half of his reign, but became a crude and insane tyrant in his years controlling government. The Praetorian Guard murdered Caligula four years after the death of Tiberius, and, with belated support from the senators, proclaimed his uncle
4017:, and the Senate was reduced to an advisory body appointed by the Emperor. The Empire did not inherit a set bureaucracy from the Republic, since the Republic did not have any permanent governmental structures apart from the Senate. The Emperor appointed assistants and advisers, but the state lacked many institutions, such as a centrally planned
4697:, combined cavalry and legionaries in a single formation. They could be stationed at garrisons or outposts and could fight on their own as balanced small forces or combine with similar units as a larger, legion-sized force. This increase in organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term success of Roman military forces. The Emperor
1356:. To consolidate his own power, Sulla conducted a surprising and illegal action: he marched to Rome with his legions, killing all those who showed support to Marius's cause. In the following year, 87 BC, Marius, who had fled at Sulla's march, returned to Rome while Sulla was campaigning in Greece. He seized power along with the consul
2724:, as Caesar, but subsequently grew jealous and attempted to assassinate him. However, the Praetorian guard preferred Alexander, murdered Elagabalus, dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets of Rome, and threw it into the Tiber. Severus Alexander then succeeded him. Alexander waged war against many foes, including the revitalised
2118:(anglicised as Vespasian) took control of the empire and established a new dynasty. Under the Flavians, Rome continued its expansion, and the state remained secure. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached the peak of its territorial expansion. Rome's dominion now spanned 5.0 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles).
2901:
6618:, which had been purpose-built for chariot and horse-racing and, as Rome's largest public place, was also used for festivals and animal shows. It could seat around 150,000 people; The charioteers raced in teams, identified by their colours; some aficionados were members of extremely, even violently partisan circus factions.
4668:) who served for particular (often annual) campaigns, and who supplied his own equipment. After 200 BC, economic conditions in rural areas deteriorated as manpower needs increased, so that the property qualifications for compulsory service were gradually reduced. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, legionaries were paid a
5285:. By the late Republic, most married women retained lawful connection to their birth family, though any children from the marriage belonged to her husband's family. The mother or an elderly relative often raised both boys and girls. Roman moralists held that marriage and child-raising fulfilled a basic duty to family,
5839:
Like many ancient cultures, concepts of ethics and morality, while sharing some commonalities with modern society, differed greatly in several important ways. Because ancient civilisations like Rome were under constant threat of attack from marauding tribes, their culture was necessarily militaristic
5394:
The Roman year originally had ten months from
Martius (March) to December, with the winter period not included in the calendar. The first four months were named after gods (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius) and the others were numbered (Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December).
2533:
From Nerva to Marcus
Aurelius, the empire achieved an unprecedented status. The powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. All the citizens enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence.
6838:
to be deployed rapidly, with predictable marching times between key points of the empire, no matter the season. These highways also had enormous economic significance, solidifying Rome's role as a trading crossroads—the origin of the saying "all roads lead to Rome". The Roman government maintained a
6607:
combats. Gladiators had an exotic and inventive variety of arms and armour. They sometimes fought to the death, but more often to an adjudicated victory, usually in keeping with the mood of the watching crowd. Shows of exotic animals were popular in their own right; but sometimes animals were pitted
2701:
conspired to have
Caracalla assassinated by one of his soldiers during a pilgrimage to the Temple of the Moon in Carrhae, in 217 AD. Macrinus assumed power, but soon removed himself from Rome to the east and Antioch. His brief reign ended in 218, when the youngster Bassianus, high priest of the
12559:
Unfortunately, the two longest ancient accounts of Roman
Republican history, the area in which the problems are currently the most acute and the most widely discussed, the histories of Livy and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years (in very round numbers) later than the traditional
6993:
The two longest ancient accounts of the Roman history, the histories of Livy and
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years later than the date for the founding of the republic and 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal. Although there has been a diversity of works on ancient Roman history,
6126:
Ancient Rome's literary contributions are still recognized today and the works by ancient Roman authors were available in bookshops as well as in public and private libraries. Many scholars and statesmen of ancient Rome cultivated private libraries that were used both as demonstrations of knowledge
4997:
of stones, which provided basic construction materials for the buildings of that period. In manufacturing, production was on a relatively small scale, and generally consisted of workshops and small factories that employed at most dozens of workers. However, some brick factories employed hundreds of
4897:
Information suggests that by the time of the late Empire (350 AD), the Roman navy comprised several fleets including warships and merchant vessels for transportation and supply. Warships were oared sailing galleys with three to five banks of oarsmen. Fleet bases included such ports as
Ravenna,
2934:
Diocletian expelled the
Persians who plundered Syria and conquered some barbarian tribes with Maximian. He adopted many behaviours of Eastern monarchs. Anyone in the presence of the emperor had now to prostrate himself—a common act in the East, but never practised in Rome before. Diocletian did not
6586:
were popular pastimes. For the wealthy, dinner parties presented an opportunity for entertainment, sometimes featuring music, dancing, and poetry readings. The majority, less well-off, sometimes enjoyed similar parties through clubs or associations, but for most Romans, recreational dining usually
4746:
regiments had become permanently established units of the Roman army, paid and equipped by the Empire, led by a Roman tribune and used just as Roman units were used. The Empire also used groups of barbarians to fight along with the legions as allies without integration into the field armies, under
2584:
held the imperial dignity. Pertinax, a member of the senate who had been one of Marcus
Aurelius's right-hand men, was the choice of Laetus, and he ruled vigorously and judiciously. Laetus soon became jealous and instigated Pertinax's murder by the Praetorian Guard, who then auctioned the empire to
949:
and marched to Rome. The Gauls looted and burned the city, then laid siege to the
Capitoline Hill, where some Romans had barricaded themselves, for seven months. The Gauls then agreed to give the Romans peace in exchange for 1000 pounds of gold. According to later legend, the Roman supervising the
5013:
for both skilled and unskilled work. Slaves are estimated to have constituted around 20% of the Roman Empire's population at this time and 40% in the city of Rome. Only in the Roman Empire, when the conquests stopped and the prices of slaves increased, did hired labour become more economical than
3292:
After 1200 years of independence and nearly 700 years as a great power, the rule of Rome in the West ended. Various reasons for Rome's fall have been proposed ever since, including loss of Republicanism, moral decay, military tyranny, class war, slavery, economic stagnation, environmental change,
6797:
The Romans also largely built using timber, causing a rapid decline of the woodlands surrounding Rome and in much of the Apennine Mountains due to the demand for wood for construction, shipbuilding and fire. The first evidence of long-distance wood trading come from the discovery of wood planks,
5247:
over that child. Abandoned children were sometimes adopted; some would have been sold into slavery. Slavery was near-ubiquitous and almost universally accepted. In the early Republic, citizens in debt were allowed to sell their labour, and perhaps their sons, to their debtor in a limited form of
3427:
The imperial city of Rome was the largest urban center in the empire, with a population variously estimated from 450,000 to close to one million. Around 20 per cent of the population under jurisdiction of ancient Rome (25–40%, depending on the standards used, in Roman Italy) lived in innumerable
6224:, and the Empire's enormous expansion, which exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning the differences between social classes were relatively small, but disparities evolved with the Empire's growth. Men and women drank wine with their meals.
5301:
tried to address this through state intervention, offering rewards to any woman who gave birth to three or more children, and penalising the childless. The latter was much resented, and the former had seemingly negligible results. Aristocratic women seem to have been increasingly disinclined to
5292:
Roman citizen women held a restricted form of citizenship; they could not vote but were protected by law. They ran families, could own and run businesses, own and cultivate land, write their own wills, and plead in court on their own behalf, or on behalf of others, all under dispensation of the
3774:
at the age of 16, and campaigned with the army from the age of 17. Educational practices were modified after the conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the 3rd century BC and the resulting Greek influence, although Roman educational practices were still much different from Greek ones. If their
6166:
Most public libraries of this time were not built expressly for that purpose, instead sharing space in temples, baths, and other community buildings. In addition to serving as repositories for books, public libraries hosted orations by authors. These recitations served as social gatherings and
4661:). With the new organisation came a new orientation toward the offensive and a much more aggressive posture toward adjoining city-states. At nominal full strength, an early Republican legion included 3,600 to 4,800 heavy infantry, several hundred light infantry, and several hundred cavalrymen.
2944:
started the persecution and ordered the destruction of all the Christian churches and scripts and forbade Christian worship. Diocletian abdicated in 305 AD together with Maximian, thus, he was the first Roman emperor to resign. His reign ended the traditional form of imperial rule, the
6598:
Public games and spectacles were sponsored by leading Romans who wished to advertise their generosity and court popular approval; in Rome or its provinces, this usually meant the emperor or his governors. Venues in Rome and the provinces were developed specifically for public games. Rome's
2601:" and replied by declaring their individual generals to be emperor. Lucius Septimius Severus Geta, the Pannonian commander, bribed the opposing forces, pardoned the Praetorian Guards and installed himself as emperor. He and his successors governed with the legions' support. The changes on
1308:. Marius then started his military reform: in his recruitment to fight Jugurtha, he levied the very poor (an innovation), and many landless men entered the army. Marius was elected for five consecutive consulships from 104 to 100 BC, as Rome needed a military leader to defeat the
4785:(depending on the highest office held before) to govern a foreign province. Under Augustus, whose most important political priority was to place the military under a permanent and unitary command, the Emperor was the legal commander of each legion but exercised that command through a
2676:
disliked him and were denigrating his character, Caracalla served a banquet for its notable citizens, after which his soldiers killed all the guests. From the security of the temple of Sarapis, he then directed an indiscriminate slaughter of Alexandria's people. In 212, he issued the
3944:), but no real legislative power; it was technically only an advisory council. However, as the Senators were individually very influential, it was difficult to accomplish anything against the collective will of the Senate. New senators were chosen from among the most accomplished
2534:
The Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government. Gibbon declared the rule of these "Five Good Emperors" the golden era of the Empire. During this time, Rome reached its greatest territorial extent.
2939:
had done. Between 290 and 330, half a dozen new capitals had been established by the members of the Tetrarchy, officially or not: Antioch, Nicomedia, Thessalonike, Sirmium, Milan, and Trier. Diocletian was also responsible for a significant Christian persecution. In 303 he and
1367:
Marius died in 86 BC, due to age and poor health, just a few months after seizing power. Cinna exercised absolute power until his death in 84 BC. After returning from his Eastern campaigns, Sulla had a free path to reestablish his own power. In 83 BC he made his
5634:
came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the
6833:
were known for their durability and many segments of the Roman road system were still in use a thousand years after the fall of Rome. The construction of a vast and efficient travel network throughout the Empire dramatically increased Rome's power and influence. They allowed
2671:
were made emperors. Caracalla had his brother, a youth, assassinated in his mother's arms, and may have murdered 20,000 of Geta's followers. Like his father, Caracalla was warlike. He continued Severus' policy and gained respect from the legions. Knowing that the citizens of
1285:
who attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. Both brothers were killed and the Senate passed reforms reversing the Gracchi brother's actions. This led to the growing divide of the plebeian groups
2781:
and Christianity had begun to spread through the populace. Emperors were no longer men linked with nobility; they usually were born in lower-classes of distant parts of the Empire. These men rose to prominence through military ranks, and became emperors through civil wars.
6446:, a common garment during the era of Julius Caesar, was gradually abandoned by all social classes of the Empire. At the early 4th century, the toga had become just a garment worn by senators in Senate and ceremonial events. At the 4th century, the toga was replaced by the
2281:
Following Domitian's murder, the Senate rapidly appointed Nerva as Emperor. Nerva had noble ancestry, and he had served as an advisor to Nero and the Flavians. His rule restored many of the traditional liberties of Rome's upper classes, which Domitian had over-ridden. The
443:
in the ancient world, covering around 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) in AD 117, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of the world's population at the time. The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a
1424:) that had supported populist approaches. Meanwhile, social and economic stresses continued to build; Rome had become a metropolis with a super-rich aristocracy, debt-ridden aspirants, and a large proletariat often of impoverished farmers. The latter groups supported the
470:. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature, architecture, and engineering. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called
6127:
and displays of wealth and power. Private libraries were so commonly encountered that Vitruvius wrote about where libraries should be situated within a villa. In addition to numerous private libraries, the Roman Empire saw the establishment of early public libraries.
2461:
and humanised the laws. His many building projects included aqueducts, baths, libraries and theatres; additionally, he travelled nearly every province in the Empire to review military and infrastructural conditions. Following Hadrian's death in 138 AD, his successor
5879:). Indeed, wearing a veil was a common expectation to preserve modesty. Sex outside of marriage was generally frowned upon for men and women and indeed was made illegal during the imperial period. Nevertheless, prostitution was an accepted and regulated practice.
5996:, though sometimes including depictions of mythological characters. The second style began during the early 1st century BC and attempted to depict realistically three-dimensional architectural features and landscapes. The third style occurred during the reign of
647:. The sons, sentenced to death, were rescued by a wolf and returned to restore the Alban king and found a city. After a dispute, Romulus killed Remus and became the city's sole founder. The area of his initial settlement on the Palatine Hill was later known as
5870:
Roman society had well-established and restrictive norms related to sexuality, though as with many societies, the lion's share of the responsibilities fell on women. Women were generally expected to be monogamous having only a single husband during their life
4729:
for cavalry. Nominal strengths may have been 1,200 men for infantry regiments and 600 for cavalry, but actual troop levels could have been much lower—800 infantry and 400 cavalry. Many infantry and cavalry regiments operated in pairs under the command of a
5230:
over matters that affected the family's well-being and reputation. Traditionally, such matters were regarded as outside the purview of the state and its magistrates; under the emperors, they were increasingly subject to state interference and legislation.
3601:, who could not. This became less important in the later Republic, as some plebeian families became wealthy and entered politics, and some patrician families fell economically. Anyone, patrician or plebeian, who could count a consul as his ancestor was a
2636:, a rich Arabian city. Severus killed his legate, who was gaining respect from the legions; and his soldiers fell victim to famine. After this disastrous campaign, he withdrew. Severus also intended to vanquish the whole of Britannia. To achieve this, he
326:, was assassinated in 480, when the title and notion of a separate Western Empire were abolished. Another suggested end date is the reorganization of the Italian peninsula and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Emperor
3995:
could be appointed. Throughout the Republic, the administrative system was revised several times to comply with new demands. In the end, it proved inefficient for controlling the ever-expanding dominion of Rome, contributing to the establishment of the
5234:
Once accepted into their birth family by their fathers, children were potential heirs. They could not be lawfully given away, or sold into slavery. If parents were unable to care for their child, or if its paternity was in doubt, they could resort to
1343:
By the end of the Social War, Marius and Sulla were the premier military men in Rome and their partisans were in conflict, both sides jostling for power. In 88 BC, Sulla was elected for his first consulship and his first assignment was to defeat
5399:, the second king of Rome (716–673 BC), is said to have introduced the months of January and February, both also named after gods, beginning the 12-month calendar still in use today. In 44 BC, the month Quintilis was renamed to Julius (July) after
3007:, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe—a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the
5844:
a virtue, Roman society considered compassion a vice, a moral defect. Indeed, one of the primary purposes of the gladiatorial games was to inoculate Roman citizens from this weakness. Romans instead prized virtues such as courage and conviction
3352:
The Byzantine Romans, however, managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and, beginning in the 9th century, reclaimed parts of the conquered lands. In 1000 AD, the Eastern Empire was at its height:
1160:. The conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms brought the Roman and Greek cultures in closer contact and the Roman elite, once rural, became cosmopolitan. At this time Rome was a consolidated empire—in the military view—and had no major enemies.
1858:
Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. The yellow legend represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus, and pink areas on the map represent
1497:. Pompey was murdered in Egypt in 48 BC. Caesar was now pre-eminent over Rome: in five years he held four consulships, two ordinary dictatorships, and two special dictatorships, one for perpetuity. He was murdered in 44 BC, on the
3644:, sometimes translated "knights"), originally those who could afford a warhorse, and who formed a powerful mercantile class. Several further classes, originally based on the military equipment their members could afford, followed, with the
4750:
Military leadership evolved over the course of the history of Rome. Under the monarchy, the hoplite armies were led by the kings. During the early and middle Roman Republic, military forces were under the command of one of the two elected
2474:. On becoming emperor, Antoninus made few initial changes, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by his predecessor. Antoninus expanded Roman Britannia by invading what is now southern Scotland and building the
5391:(first day of each month, always in plural), the ides (13th or 15th of the month), and the nones (ninth day before the ides, inclusive, i.e. 5th or 7th of the month). Other days were counted backwards from the next one of these days.
3662:
shared some basic rights with their male counterparts, but were not fully regarded as citizens and were thus not allowed to vote or take part in politics. At the same time the limited rights of women were gradually expanded (due to
1269:
forbade members of the Senate from engaging in commerce, so while the equestrians could theoretically join the Senate, they were severely restricted in political power. The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blocked important
1611:. The Second Triumvirate expired in 38 BC but was renewed for five more years. However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony had deteriorated, and Lepidus was forced to retire in 36 BC after betraying Octavian in
3066:
was made capital, in the 5th century. Constantine's administrative and monetary reforms, that reunited the Empire under one emperor, and rebuilt the city of Byzantium, as Constantinopolis Nova Roma, changed the high period of the
3770:, and public affairs. Young boys learned much about civic life by accompanying their fathers to religious and political functions, including the Senate for the sons of nobles. The sons of nobles were apprenticed to a prominent
5804:. Under the Empire, the Romans absorbed the mythologies of their conquered subjects, often leading to situations in which the temples and priests of traditional Italian deities existed side by side with those of foreign gods.
5293:
courts and the nominal supervision of a senior male relative. Throughout the late Republican and Imperial eras, a declining birthrate among the elite, and a corresponding increase among commoners was cause of concern for many
3648:, citizens who had no property other than their children, at the bottom. Before the reforms of Marius they were ineligible for military service and are often described as being just above freed slaves in wealth and prestige.
829:
By the end of the sixth century, Rome and many of its Italian neighbours entered a period of turbulence. Archaeological evidence implies some degree of large-scale warfare. According to tradition and later writers such as
2337:. Trajan is credited with the restoration of traditional privileges and rights of commoner and senatorial classes, which later Roman historians claim to have been eroded during Domitian's autocracy. Trajan fought three
1966:
there were independent, tough, resistant to tax collectors, and fought Paulinus as he battled his way across from east to west. It took him a long time to reach the north west coast, and in 60 AD he finally crossed the
5647:. Justinian would be the last emperor to use Latin in government and marks when Greek officially took over. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolved into many distinct
5882:
Public demonstrations of death, violence, and brutality were used as a source of entertainment in Roman communities; however it was also a way to maintain social order, demonstrate power, and signify communal unity.
5875:), though this was much less regarded by the elite, especially under the empire. Women were expected to be modest in public avoiding any provocative appearance and to demonstrate absolute fidelity to their husbands (
4797:) and served as provincial governor, while in a province with more than one legion, each legion was commanded by a legate and the legates were commanded by the provincial governor (also a legate but of higher rank).
4617:, the body of citizens organised politically), with three providing hoplites and two providing light infantry. The early Roman army was tactically limited and its stance during this period was essentially defensive.
733:
Evidence of Roman expansion is clear in the sixth century BC; by its end, Rome controlled a territory of some 780 square kilometres (300 square miles) with a population perhaps as high as 35,000. A palace, the
6130:
Although Julius Caesar had intended to establish public libraries to further establish Rome as a great cultural center like Athens and Alexandria, he died before this was accomplished. Caesar's former lieutenant,
5627:, and eventually in pronunciation. Speakers of Latin could understand both until the 7th century when spoken Latin began to diverge so much that 'Classical' or 'Good Latin' had to be learned as a second language.
2702:
temple of the Sun at Emesa, and supposedly illegitimate son of Caracalla, was declared Emperor by the disaffected soldiers of Macrinus. He adopted the name of Antoninus but history has named him after his Sun god
391:. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually controlled the Italian Peninsula, assimilating the
2448:
in Judea. This was the last large-scale Jewish revolt against the Romans, and was suppressed with massive repercussions in Judea. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed. Hadrian renamed the province of Judea
2805:. The population and the frontiers were abandoned, since the emperors were mostly concerned with defeating rivals and establishing their power. The economy also suffered: massive military expenditures from the
2540:, son of Marcus Aurelius, became emperor after his father's death. He is not counted as one of the Five Good Emperors, due to his direct kinship with the latter emperor; in addition, he was militarily passive.
1766:
was very peaceful, which led the people and the nobles of Rome to support Augustus, increasing his strength in political affairs. His generals were responsible for the field command, gaining such commanders as
5217:
The extreme expressions of this power—the selling or killing of family members for moral or civil offences, including simple disobedience—were very rarely exercised, and were forbidden in the Imperial era. A
4880:, the quinquereme permitted the use of a mix of experienced and inexperienced crewmen (an advantage for a primarily land-based power), and its lesser manoeuvrability permitted the Romans to adopt and perfect
4894:, a rank equal to a centurion, who was usually not a citizen. Potter suggests that because the fleet was dominated by non-Romans, the navy was considered non-Roman and allowed to atrophy in times of peace.
7430:
4701:(253–268 AD) began a reorganisation that created the last military structure of the late Empire. Withdrawing some legionaries from the fixed bases on the border, Gallienus created mobile forces (the
3054:, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Constantinople served as a new capital for the Empire. In fact, Rome had lost its central importance since the Crisis of the Third Century—
1069:
and Messana were too close to the newly conquered Greek cities of Southern Italy and Carthage was now able to make an offensive through Roman territory; along with this, Rome could extend its domain over
3655:
being enrolled in a single tribe. Voting was done in class order, from top down, and stopped as soon as most of the tribes had been reached, so the poorer classes were often unable to cast their votes.
3844:, who were elected from each of Rome's major tribes in turn. The exact nature of the king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-absolute power, or may have merely been the chief executive of the
11884:"The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II: From Cicero to Hadrian: The Roman World from the Beginnings of Latin Literature to the Monumental and Private Libraries of the Empire"
9249:
6966:, government and many factors and aspects of western civilisation are all inherited from Roman advancements. The rediscovery of Roman culture revitalised Western civilisation, playing a role in the
2915:
In 284 AD, Diocletian was hailed as Imperator by the eastern army. Diocletian healed the empire from the crisis, by political and economic shifts. A new form of government was established: the
3470:, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century.
2241:
Titus became emperor in 79. He finished the Flavian Amphitheater, using war spoils from the First Jewish-Roman War, and hosted victory games that lasted for a hundred days. These games included
6452:(a garment similar to a poncho) as the everyday garment of the Romans, from the lower classes to the upper classes. Another garment that was popular among the Romans in the later years of the
2585:
the highest bidder, Didius Julianus, for 25,000 sesterces per man. The people of Rome were appalled and appealed to the frontier legions to save them. The legions of three frontier provinces—
5763:
was organised under a strict system of priestly offices, which were held by men of senatorial rank. The College of Pontifices was uppermost body in this hierarchy, and its chief priest, the
4873:
was the main warship on both sides of the Punic Wars and remained the mainstay of Roman naval forces until replaced by the time of Caesar Augustus by lighter and more manoeuvrable vessels.
2253:. He ruled for fifteen years, during which time he acquired a reputation for self-promotion as a living god. He constructed at least two temples in honour of Jupiter, the supreme deity in
726:
Literary and archaeological evidence is clear on there having been kings in Rome, attested in fragmentary 6th century BC texts. Long after the abolition of the Roman monarchy, a vestigial
10055:
5785:
took on the religious responsibilities of the deposed kings. In the Roman Empire, deceased emperors who had ruled well were deified by their successors and the Senate. and the formalised
5052:
coins in circulation throughout the Empire and beyond—some have even been discovered in India. Before the 3rd century BC, copper was traded by weight, measured in unmarked lumps, across
3325:
as well as a series of mutually destructive wars against the Persian Sassanian Empire, the Byzantine Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam. Its followers rapidly brought about the
3293:
disease, the decline of the Roman race, as well as the inevitable ebb and flow that all civilisations experience. The Eastern Empire survived for almost 1000 years after the fall of its
2644:. After many casualties in the army due to the terrain and the barbarians' ambushes, Severus himself went to the field. However, he became ill and died in 211 AD, at the age of 65.
2628:
killed. Severus attempted to revive totalitarianism and, addressing the Roman people and Senate, praised the severity and cruelty of Marius and Sulla, which worried the senators. When
730:
was retained to exercise the monarch's former priestly functions. The Romans believed that their monarchy was elective, with seven legendary kings who were largely unrelated by blood.
4869:
required that Rome build large fleets, and it did so largely with the assistance of and financing from allies. This reliance on allies continued to the end of the Roman Republic. The
4013:, or "first citizen", and the Senate gained legislative power and all legal authority previously held by the popular assemblies. However, the rule of the Emperors became increasingly
23519:
1277:
Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by rival Senators, intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late 2nd century BC under the
1352:, whose intentions were to conquer the Eastern part of the Roman territories. However, Marius's partisans managed his installation to the military command, defying Sulla and the
3991:
were elected annually and had to share power with a colleague. For example, under normal conditions, the highest authority was held by two consuls. In an emergency, a temporary
2306:. Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius were part of Italic families settled in Roman colonies outside of Italy: the families of Trajan and Hadrian had settled in
3651:
Voting power in the Republic depended on class. Citizens were enrolled in voting "tribes", but the tribes of the richer classes had fewer members than the poorer ones, all the
1623:. Antony's affair with Cleopatra was seen as an act of treason, since she was queen of another country. Additionally, Antony adopted a lifestyle considered too extravagant and
6659:, which was not invented again until the 1930s. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier Greek designs. Advancements were often divided and based on craft.
6212:
Ancient Roman cuisine changed over the long duration of this ancient civilisation. Dietary habits were affected by the influence of Greek culture, the political changes from
1420:(the "best", who wanted to maintain exclusive aristocratic control). Sulla overthrew all populist leaders and his constitutional reforms removed powers (such as those of the
21009:
18687:
7400:
5239:(Boswell translates this as being "offered" up to care by the gods or strangers). If a deformed or sickly newborn was patently "unfit to live", killing it was a duty of the
3289:
even after the deposition of Romulus Augustus until his death in 480. Some historians consider him to be the last emperor of the Western Empire instead of Romulus Augustus.
3623:("new man") and ennobled his descendants. Patrician ancestry, however, still conferred considerable prestige, and many religious offices remained restricted to patricians.
1097:, causing panic among Rome's Italian allies. The best way found to defeat Hannibal's purpose of causing the Italians to abandon Rome was to delay the Carthaginians with a
5273:
over his adult sons with their own households. This could give rise to legal anomalies, such as adult sons also having the status of minors. No man could be considered a
10999:
4804:), the Augustan model was abandoned. Provincial governors were stripped of military authority, and command of the armies in a group of provinces was given to generals (
13823:
9717:
Giessen Papyrus, 40, 7–9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"
5424:, a 15-year period based on the announcement of the delivery of food and other goods to the government. Another way, less popular but more similar to present day, was
1754:. The senators lost their right to rule certain provinces, like Egypt, since the governor of that province was directly nominated by the emperor. The creation of the
1470:. Confident that Caesar could be stopped by legal means, Pompey's party tried to strip Caesar of his legions, a prelude to Caesar's trial, impoverishment, and exile.
4680:, Augustus reorganised Roman military forces, discharging soldiers and disbanding legions. He retained 28 legions, distributed through the provinces of the Empire.
6243:(native and imported from Africa and the eastern provinces), and a wide variety of vegetables, including carrots (of different colours, but not orange) as well as
3213:, a general who tried to reunite the Empire and repel barbarian invasion in the early years of the 5th century. The professional field army collapsed. In 410, the
1690:. That event is usually taken by historians as the beginning of Roman Empire. Officially, the government was republican, but Augustus assumed absolute powers. His
6085:(a type of water organ). Most religious rituals featured musical performances. Some music historians believe that music was used at almost all public ceremonies.
4620:
By the 3rd century BC, the Romans abandoned the hoplite formation in favour of a more flexible system in which smaller groups of 120 (or sometimes 60) men called
23418:
13540:
7263:
7200:
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in the 1st century AD, Roman official policy towards Christianity was negative, and at some point, being a Christian could be punishable by death. Under Emperor
4528:
5258:, with consent and support of their owners, and still serve their owners' family and financial interests, as freedmen or freed women. This was the basis of the
767:—along with shared religious festivals, further indicate a shared culture. By the end of the 6th century, most of this area had become dominated by the Romans.
691:
16662:
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very similar to those used by the Germanic peoples with whom they interacted in the final years of the Western Empire, also adopted trousers and hats like the
2245:, horse races and a sensational mock naval battle on the flooded grounds of the Colosseum. Titus died of fever in 81 AD, and was succeeded by his brother
6570:. In the countryside, pastimes for the wealthy also included fishing and hunting. The Romans also had several forms of ball playing, including one resembling
6008:
background. The fourth style, which began in the 1st century AD, depicted scenes from mythology, while retaining architectural details and abstract patterns.
1241:' expense; soldiers, who were mostly small-scale farmers, were away from home longer and could not maintain their land; and the increased reliance on foreign
7449:
The specific dates vary, depending on whether one follows Roman tradition, modern archaeology, or competing views of which particular events mark endpoints.
1300:
soon become a leader of the Republic, holding the first of his seven consulships (an unprecedented number) in 107 BC by arguing that his former patron
23408:
16905:
5988:
The first style of Roman painting was practised from the early 2nd century BC to the early- or mid-1st century BC. It was mainly composed of imitations of
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and allowed their leading magistrates to become full Roman citizens. While there were varying degrees of Latin rights, the main division was between those
4693:
remained independent cohorts, and legionary troops often operated as groups of cohorts rather than as full legions. A new and versatile type of unit, the
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13424:
8449:
The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature; the R.S. Peale reprint, with new maps and original American articles
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2732:, who invaded Gaul. His losses generated dissatisfaction among his soldiers, and some of them murdered him during his Germanic campaign in 235 AD.
1779:
much respect from the populace and the legions. Augustus intended to extend the Roman Empire to the whole known world, and in his reign, Rome conquered
23283:
18795:
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for the year. During the later Republic, members of the Roman Senatorial elite, as part of the normal sequence of elected public offices known as the
3261:
refused to meet the demands of the barbarian "allies" who now formed the army, and tried to expel them from Italy. Unhappy with this, their chieftain
1871:
The Julio-Claudians continued to rule Rome after Augustus' death and remained in power until the death of Nero in 68 AD. Influenced by his wife,
1085:
was the subsequent war reparations Carthage acquiesced to at the end of the First Punic War. The war began with the audacious invasion of Hispania by
21002:
16845:
2194:, and, lastly, Vespasian, who crushed Vitellius' forces and became emperor. He reconstructed many buildings which were uncompleted, like a statue of
11252:
by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
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3870:, which was an assembly of the priestly college that could assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear proclamations, and declare the
16807:
6554:
The youth of Rome had several forms of athletic play and exercise. Play for boys was supposed to prepare them for active military service, such as
6462:, which was mostly worn by philosophers and scholars in general. Due to external influences, mainly from the Germanic peoples, the Romans adopted
6004:
of the second style in favour of simple ornamentation. A small architectural scene, landscape, or abstract design was placed in the center with a
5324:
Roman hours were counted ordinally from dawn to dawn. Thus, if sunrise was at 6 am, then 6 to 7 am was called the "first hour". Midday was called
1987:
and threw many of the sacred standing stones into the sea. While Paulinus and his troops were massacring druids in Mona, the tribes of modern-day
23504:
20032:
16900:
11284:
5277:, nor could he truly hold property under law, while his own father lived. During Rome's early history, married daughters came under the control (
4676:). By the time of Augustus, the ideal of the citizen-soldier had been abandoned and the legions had become fully professional. At the end of the
3361:
and Armenia, and culture and trade flourished. However, soon after, this expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the
2861:, the first Roman ruler to be captured by his enemies; it was a humiliating fact for the Romans. The crisis began to recede during the reigns of
1879:, as his heir. The Senate agreed with the succession, and granted to Tiberius the same titles and honours once granted to Augustus: the title of
1136:. All these wars resulted in Rome's first overseas conquests (Sicily, Hispania and Africa) and the rise of Rome as a significant imperial power.
2632:
invaded Roman territory, Severus successfully waged war against that country. Notwithstanding this military success, Severus failed in invading
23423:
16667:
10388:
10126:
5739:, at least concerning the gods, was made up not of written narratives, but rather of complex interrelations between gods and humans. Unlike in
1128:
began when Rome declared war against Carthage in 149 BC. Carthage resisted well at the first strike but could not withstand the attack of
667:
and a woman travelling with them, Roma, torched their ships to prevent them leaving again. They named the settlement after her. The Roman poet
7000:
and other books from obscure authors. Historians used their works for the lauding of Roman culture and customs, and to flatter their patrons.
4630:, totalling between 4,000 and 5,000 men. The early Republican legion consisted of five sections: the three lines of manipular heavy infantry (
1077:
Carthage was a maritime power, and the Roman lack of ships and naval experience made the path to the victory a long and difficult one for the
23448:
20064:
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Arles, Aquilea, Misenum and the mouth of the Somme River in the West and Alexandria and Rhodes in the East. Flotillas of small river craft (
3673:, gained property rights and even had more juridical rights than their husbands, but still no voting rights, and were absent from politics.
2706:, represented on Earth in the form of a large black stone. An incompetent and lascivious ruler, Elagabalus offended all but his favourites.
1466:, obtained immense wealth, respect in Rome and the loyalty of battle-hardened legions. He became a threat to Pompey and was loathed by many
1120:. However, Carthage, having paid the war indemnity, felt that its commitments and submission to Rome had ceased, a vision not shared by the
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20995:
20695:
20047:
18374:
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commanded a fleet of twenty ships used mainly to control piracy. This fleet was given up in 278 AD and replaced by allied forces. The
1762:
with a fixed size of 28 legions, ensured his total control over the army. Compared with the Second Triumvirate's epoch, Augustus' reign as
2397:(116), and issued coins that claimed Armenia and Mesopotamia were under the authority of the Roman people. In that same year, he captured
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of copper, but weighed less. Thus, Roman money's utility as a unit of exchange consistently exceeded its intrinsic value as metal. After
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4202:
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built temples, theatres, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of
2027:
before her, committed suicide to avoid the disgrace of being paraded in triumph in Rome. Nero is widely known as the first persecutor of
689:
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8698:
8285:
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19589:
16925:
14497:
11786:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS., CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS"
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5093:
connected military posts, where Roman markets were centered. These roads were designed for wheels. As a result, there was transport of
4118:
3956:), who could also remove a senator from his office if he was found "morally corrupt"; a charge that could include bribery or, as under
3547:
950:
weighing noticed that the Gauls were using false scales. The Romans then took up arms and defeated the Gauls. Their victorious general
759:, a common culture is attested to archaeologically. Attested to reciprocal rights of marriage and citizenship between Latin cities—the
2919:. The Empire was divided among four emperors, two in the West and two in the East. The first tetrarchs were Diocletian (in the East),
23363:
20793:
16411:
5184:
The basic units of Roman society were households and families. Groups of households connected through the male line formed a family (
4950:
Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land, with tremendous natural and human resources. As such, Rome's economy remained focused on
1494:
6994:
many of them are lost. As a result of this loss, there are gaps in Roman history, which are filled by unreliable works, such as the
6896:
and carry waste into the Tiber. Some historians have speculated that lead pipes in the sewer and plumbing systems led to widespread
4626:
could manoeuvre more independently on the battlefield. Thirty maniples arranged in three lines with supporting troops constituted a
22637:
20700:
16993:
15823:
14413:
12352:
12248:
9789:
8528:; examples are a coin of 38 BC inscribed "Divi Iuli filius", and another of 31 BC bearing the inscription "Divi filius" (
7468:
Goldsmith, Raymond W. (September 1984). "An Estimate of the Size And Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire".
6495:
4094:
4042:
3385:. The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states; the ultimate victor was the
1585:
749:
to the regal period as well. Rome also started to extend its control over its Latin neighbours. While later Roman stories like the
11623:
from Timeline of Art History. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004–10. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
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which separated Roman Britannia and the tribes of modern-day Scotland. Hadrian promoted culture, especially the Greek. He forbade
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11064:, p. 207; Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style", in Eva R. Hoffman (ed),
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3634:, according to property. The wealthiest were the Senatorial class, who dominated politics and command of the army. Next came the
2637:
1081:. Despite this, after more than 20 years of war, Rome defeated Carthage and a peace treaty was signed. Among the reasons for the
1000:
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following the Jewish uprising of 66 AD. The Second Temple was completely demolished, after which Titus' soldiers proclaimed him
1535:. Upon its formation, 130–300 senators were executed, and their property was confiscated, due to their supposed support for the
1112:
More than a half century after these events, Carthage was left humiliated and the Republic's focus was now directed towards the
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11761:"Vitruvius Pollio, The Ten Books on Architecture, BOOK VI, CHAPTER IV: THE PROPER EXPOSURES OF THE DIFFERENT ROOMS, section 1"
11036:), dated 3rd century AD; Beckwith, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979,
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10305:
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8852:
A compendium of universal history. Ancient and modern, by the author of 'Two thousand questions on the Old and New Testaments'
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5254:, but this was abolished in the middle Republic. Freedom was considered a natural and proper state for citizens; slaves could
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in 313, and quickly became dominant. All religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 AD by an edict of Emperor
3704:("without vote"; could not take part in Roman politics). Most of Rome's Italian allies were given full citizenship after the
1132:, who entirely destroyed the city, enslaved all the citizens and gained control of that region, which became the province of
407:
culture, and then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe. At its height it controlled the
18345:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
12269:
11132:
11116:
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8204:
The History of Warfare: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the History of Warfare from the Ancient World to the American Civil War
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constituted a large part of Rome's technological superiority and legacy, and contributed to the construction of hundreds of
6119:
telling the early military history of Rome. As the Republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and
4707:
or field armies) and stationed them behind and at some distance from the borders as a strategic reserve. The border troops (
3756:
In the early Republic, there were no public schools, so boys were taught to read and write by their parents, or by educated
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21380:
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20015:
19823:
17525:
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15665:
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3766:, usually of Greek origin. The primary aim of education during this period was to train young men in agriculture, warfare,
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originally based on military service became more important. Membership of these classes was determined periodically by the
2047:
in modern-day Spain revolted. Deserted by the Praetorian Guards and condemned to death by the senate, Nero killed himself.
1301:
10591:
9371:
8395:
8064:
by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
6728:, Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in adhering to strict, formulaic building designs and proportions. Aside from two new
3816:). Education at this level prepared students for legal careers, and required that the students memorise the laws of Rome.
3436:, temples, and other buildings similar to Rome's. The average life expectancy in the Middle Empire was about 26–28 years.
3389:. After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces, the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the
3317:. But within a few years of Justinian's death, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the
22175:
21918:
21866:
20069:
19932:
18716:
18148:
14371:
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The ancient Roman week originally had eight days, which were identified by letters A to H, with the eighth day being the
4885:
4713:) stationed at fixed bases continued to be the first line of defence. The basic units of the field army were regimental;
3473:
The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law codes, consisted of
2036:
1333:
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1560:, the son of the deified. In the same year, Octavian and Antony defeated both Caesar's assassins and the leaders of the
687:
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20000:
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The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia
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reached its peak. However, it became an officially supported religion in the Roman state under Diocletian's successor,
5801:
3791:, and often of Greek origin) taught them basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and sometimes Greek, until the age of 11.
3550:, Italy, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman
3505:("Law of nations") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The
3365:. The aftermath of this battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline. Two decades of internal strife and
3346:
1691:
1528:
1396:. After pressing a little way inland against fierce opposition and losing ships in a storm, he retired back across the
858:
212:
12217:
11157:
by Richard Saller. The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections: Fathom Archive. 2001. Visited 14 April 2007.
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6782:, possibly the first complete treatise on architecture in history. In the late 1st century BC, Rome also began to use
4791:(legate) he appointed from the Senatorial elite. In a province with a single legion, the legate commanded the legion (
3174:
2106:
were the second dynasty to rule Rome. By 68 AD, the year of Nero's death, there was no chance of a return to the
924:(centuriate assembly), which voted on matters of war and peace and elected men to the most important offices, and the
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parents could afford it, boys and some girls at the age of 7 were sent to a private school outside the home called a
1523:, whom Caesar adopted through his will, arrived in Rome. Octavian (historians regard Octavius as Octavian due to the
1447:
1102:
621:
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12387:
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allowed those who may not be literate to be entertained by poetry, epics, philosophical treatises, and other works.
5487:. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from modest houses to
2151:
claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of whom a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and
1515:
Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; the city was ruled by his friend and colleague,
1065:. After the Carthaginian intercession, Messana asked Rome to expel the Carthaginians. Rome entered this war because
688:
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Until the late Republican period, the typical legionary was a property-owning citizen farmer from a rural area (an
4406:
4084:
4034:
3342:
3086:
3080:
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1408:
In the mid-1st century BC, Roman politics were restless. Political divisions in Rome split into one of two groups,
1401:
1178:
357:
297:
11105:
Boswell, John Eastburn, "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Ancient and Medieval Family",
10594:. Latin ExCET Preparation. Texas Classical Association, by Ginny Lindzey, September 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
10236:
6023:
periods, ornate hair and bearding, with deep cutting and drilling, became popular. Advancements were also made in
3877:
1911:
Tiberius died (or was killed) in 37 AD. The male line of the Julio-Claudians was limited to Tiberius' nephew
686:
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8491:
7908:, the Latin word for king, appears in two fragmentary sixth-century texts, one an inscription from the shrine of
7341:
6143:, Domitian, and Trajan also founded or expanded public libraries in Rome during their reigns. These included the
4677:
4162:
2999:
assumed the empire as a tetrarch in 306. He conducted many wars against the other tetrarchs. Firstly he defeated
1220:
1105:. Hannibal's invasion lasted over 16 years, ravaging Italy, but ultimately Carthage was defeated in the decisive
850:
820:
267:
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1893:. However, Tiberius was not an enthusiast for political affairs: after agreement with the Senate, he retired to
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by Ralph W. Mathisen and Geoffrey S. Nathan. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 26 August 1997. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
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This article is about the history of Roman civilisation in antiquity. For the history of the city of Rome, see
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6845:, and established a system of horse relays allowing a dispatch to travel up to 80 km (50 mi) a day.
6770:
as the chief Roman building material and allowed many daring architectural forms. Also in the 1st century BC,
6608:
against human beings, either armed professionals or unarmed criminals who had been condemned to public death.
6394:
grew larger in size and included a wider range of foods. Thus, it gradually shifted to the evening, while the
6115:
was, from its start, influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest extant works are of historical
2877:(271–275), who reconquered both the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires. The crisis was overcome during the reign of
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22052:
21986:
21785:
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19959:
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11505:
Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness
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5384:
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4392:
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3132:(379–395), gave even more force to the Christian faith, and after his death, the Empire was divided into the
2436:
Trajan's successor Hadrian withdrew all the troops stationed in Parthia, Armenia and Mesopotamia (modern-day
2382:
1841:, and the month of August is named after him. Augustus brought a peaceful and thriving era to Rome, known as
1198:
408:
35:
17:
11987:
10341:
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complete with libraries and shops, and fountains with fresh drinking water supplied by hundreds of miles of
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23338:
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20398:
20250:
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19564:
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16872:
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15081:
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14137:
13852:
12294:
Ancient Roman laws protected against a person corrupting slaves to obtain secrets about the master's arts.
11025:
7383:
7081:
5786:
5117:. Transport by sea was around 60 times cheaper than by land, so the volume for such trips was much larger.
5101:
in the 2nd century BC. During that period, a trading vessel took less than a month to complete a trip from
4827:
3589:) at the top. Free citizens were subdivided by class. The broadest, and earliest, division was between the
3532:
3528:
2789:
was the first ruler of that time, governing for just three years. Others ruled just for a few months, like
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1545:
11338:
9689:
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However, some foods now considered characteristic of modern Italian cuisine were not used. In particular,
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22133:
21824:
21311:
20818:
20536:
20382:
20164:
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19974:
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15780:
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14520:
14403:
13949:
11929:"The Roman forum: its history and its monuments / Ch. Huelsen ; translated by Jesse Benedict Carter"
10855:
Saddington, D.B. (2011) . "Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.).
7547:
he most likely estimate for the reign of Marcus Aurelius is somewhere between seventy and eighty million.
6901:
6011:
Portrait sculpture used youthful and classical proportions, evolving later into a mixture of realism and
4022:
3326:
2741:
2606:
2453:", after one of Judea's most hated enemies. He constructed fortifications and walls, like the celebrated
1863:; areas under Roman control shown here were subject to change even during Augustus' reign, especially in
1639:", and to Antony's and Cleopatra's children the regal titles to the newly conquered Eastern territories,
1316:, who were threatening Rome. After Marius's retirement, Rome had a brief peace, during which the Italian
13813:
5124:, similar in its degree of capitalistic practices to 17th century Netherlands and 18th century England.
3085:
In the late 4th and 5th centuries the Western Empire entered a critical stage which terminated with the
1364:, achieving his seventh consulship. Marius and Cinna revenged their partisans by conducting a massacre.
565:
Modern reconstruction of the marshy conditions of early Rome, along with a conjectural placement of the
322:
in 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire, the last Western Roman emperor
22630:
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22121:
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22062:
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11020:. For a description of scholarly research on the Brescia Medallion, see Daniel Thomas Howells (2015). "
10755:, pp. 249–250 Mackay points out that the number of legions grew to 30 by 125 AD and 33 during the
8620:
7087:
6913:
6674:
6148:
6065:(probably an elongated J-shaped instrument), were used in ceremonial capacities. Music was used in the
5476:
5214:, "father's power") over wives, sons, daughters, and slaves of the household, and the family's wealth.
4211:
3330:
3221:. During the 5th century, the Western Empire experienced a significant reduction of its territory. The
2283:
2126:
1980:
1796:
1684:
In 27 BC and at the age of 36, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. In that year, he took the name
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656:
539:
493:
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childbearing; it carried a high risk of mortality to mothers, and a deal of inconvenience thereafter.
1400:
to Gaul from what was a reconnaissance in force, only to return the following year for a more serious
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12062:
Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the
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11837:"Tiberius and the Libraries: Public Book Collections and Library Buildings in the Early Roman Empire"
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who ruled each year. Another way, introduced in the late 3rd century AD, was counting years from the
5379:, first introduced from the East during the early Empire, was officially adopted during the reign of
5259:
5243:. A citizen father who exposed a healthy freeborn child was not punished, but automatically lost his
5164:
3729:
3705:
3286:
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were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it
1936:
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11024:" London: the British Museum (Arts and Humanities Research Council), p. 7. Accessed 2 October 2016.
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after celestial bodies from at least the 1st century AD. Roman months had three important days: the
4993:
Industrial and manufacturing activities were small. The largest such activities were the mining and
4773:. Following the end of a term as praetor or consul, a Senator might be appointed by the Senate as a
2224:
wrote their works during Vespasian's reign. Vespasian was Josephus' sponsor and Pliny dedicated his
1372:
and began a time of terror: thousands of nobles, knights and senators were executed. Sulla held two
941:
and through Etruria. On 16 July 390 BC, a Gallic army under the leadership of tribal chieftain
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14693:
14633:
14588:
14390:
13833:
12305:
7631:, a time of prayer originally at 3 pm but later at midday, so "noon" became synonymous with midday.
7240:
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Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advancements that were lost in the
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1955:
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as the new emperor. Claudius was not as authoritarian as Tiberius and Caligula. Claudius conquered
1854:
1768:
1524:
942:
911:
884:
192:
12842:
The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)
11052:, pp. 338–340; Grig, Lucy, "Portraits, Pontiffs and the Christianization of Fourth-Century Rome",
6603:
was built in 70 AD under the Roman emperor Vespasian and opened in 80 AD to host other events and
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increasingly cheap and plentiful, and by the late Republic, the economy was largely dependent on
4951:
4622:
3931:). Likewise, candidates for public positions had to run for election by the people. However, the
3767:
3451:
3338:
3043:
2849:, retaining Britannia and Gaul. These countries separated from Rome after the capture of emperor
2688:
2678:
2557:
2362:
2338:
2152:
2035:, rumoured to have been started by the emperor himself. A conspiracy against Nero in 65 AD under
1670:
1628:
1596:
1454:("three men"). Caesar's daughter died in childbirth in 54 BC, and in 53 BC, Crassus invaded
1439:
1425:
1259:
created new economic opportunities for the wealthy, forming a new class of merchants, called the
1216:
1133:
958:
705:
440:
12300:
The Software IP Detective's Handbook: : Measurement, Comparison, and Infringement Detection
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with a combined length of 450 km (280 mi). The Romans also made major advancements in
5923:
2681:, giving full Roman citizenship to all free men living in the Empire, with the exception of the
1332:. At one point both consuls were killed; Marius was appointed to command the army together with
651:("Square Rome"). The story dates at least to the third century, and the later Roman antiquarian
23328:
23318:
22907:
22838:
22823:
22304:
22263:
22193:
22139:
22087:
22077:
21913:
21856:
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20496:
20484:
20260:
20245:
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19579:
19077:
18741:
18613:
18512:
18327:
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18212:
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15695:
15509:
15484:
15449:
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15056:
14703:
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13996:
11033:
8638:
7683:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".
7410:
7405:
7296:
7278:
7205:
6849:
6825:), a road connecting the city of Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today
6791:
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6349:
Butcher's meat such as beef was an uncommon luxury. The most popular meat was pork, especially
5928:
5133:
4288:
4137:
3961:
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was abandoned by the central government, and the Empire suffered further from the invasions of
2817:
broke out in 250 and killed a huge portion of the population. In 260 AD, the provinces of
2668:
2175:
2147:
in honour of the victory. Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed.
2138:
1905:
1707:
1632:
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1337:
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in 281 BC, but this effort failed as well. The Romans secured their conquests by founding
951:
786:
659:, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy after the
652:
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to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095. The West responded with the
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The development of western civilization: a study in ethical, economic and political evolution
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A boy with a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs, in a kitchen with fish and
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3858:. In addition to the authority of the King, there were three administrative assemblies: the
3693:
3432:, a very high rate of urbanisation by pre-industrial standards. Most of those centers had a
1481:
was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns, he destroyed all of the
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9409:
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Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce:
9026:
by Herbert W. Benario. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
8683:
7361:
7217:
7181:
7015:
In the Empire, the biographies of famous men and early emperors flourished, examples being
6988:
6971:
6453:
6132:
5640:
5525:. These areas, often built by upper class property owners to rent, were often centred upon
5411:
5364:
5319:
5006:
4846:
4377:
4319:
3898:
3570:
3463:
3394:
3294:
3141:
3133:
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3051:
2530:, a pandemic that killed nearly five million people through the Empire in 165–180 AD.
1772:
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1600:
1565:
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1421:
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1168:
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providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments, and exams.
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Rotocalchi di pietra. Segni e disegni dei tempi sui monumenti trionfali dell'Impero romano
9635:
8275:
5204:, came to dominate political life. Families were headed by their oldest male citizen, the
5138:
5098:
4541:
3987:
were funded by the office-holder. To prevent any citizen from gaining too much power, new
1527:) tried to align himself with the Caesarian faction. In 43 BC, along with Antony and
8:
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9995:
by Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
8202:
Bennett, Matthew; Dawson, Doyne; Field, Ron; Hawthornwaite, Philip; Loades, Mike (2016).
7375:
7301:
7192:
7145:
6644:
6342:. The Romans knew of rice, but it was very rarely available to them. There were also few
5720:
5692:
5592:
5456:
5449:
4504:
4228:
4003:
In the early Empire, the pretense of a republican form of government was maintained. The
3794:
Beginning at age 12, students went to secondary schools, where the teacher (now called a
3429:
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3322:
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3068:
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placed the city's foundation to 753 BC. Another legend, recorded by Greek historian
459:
13726:
13432:
13261:
13233:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?"
12060:
The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,
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who settled in the peninsula. In the east, partially due to the weakening effect of the
2212:. Vespasian started the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater, commonly known as the
23178:
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22016:
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by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 17 March 1997. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
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was extremely popular among all classes. In Rome, these races were usually held at the
6478:(a type of military clothing) was used only by the Emperor of Rome (since the reign of
6365:
and oak grub farming. Some fish were greatly esteemed and fetched high prices, such as
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were made automatic members of the Senate, though most of his reforms did not survive.
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was used in ancient Rome, and often used in tax collection, Rome had a very developed
1665:
1392:, 55 BC: Caesar with 100 ships and two legions made an opposed landing, probably near
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13709:
13675:
13669:
13579:
13557:
13454:
13415:
13386:
13358:
13351:
13327:
13305:
13279:
13248:
13217:
13176:
13153:
13131:
13112:
13096:
13071:
13065:
13050:
13030:
13003:
12984:
12962:
12940:
12919:
12900:
12871:
12865:
12857:
12845:
12823:
12816:
12783:
12764:
12727:
12690:
12665:
12613:
12548:
12523:
12415:
12309:
12083:
12033:
11966:
11899:
11868:
11856:
11734:
11643:
11582:
11551:
11524:
11494:
11301:
11227:
11186:
11090:
11069:
11045:
11037:
10955:
10928:
10860:
10710:
10673:
10448:
10423:
10330:
by Catherine Holmes. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
10292:
10265:
10081:
10007:
by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
9734:
9524:
9222:
9189:
9145:
9111:
9073:
8377:
8356:
by Richard Hooker. Washington State University. 6 June 1999. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
8087:
8080:
8075:
7807:
7787:
7767:
7742:
7700:
7568:
7558:
7536:
7508:
7269:
6853:
6656:
6571:
6136:
5943:
5711:(blond figure) standing behind the wheel, manning it, with Ixion already tied to it.
5648:
5608:
5464:
5375:
or market day, a kind of weekend when farmers sold their produce on the streets. The
5311:
5114:
4915:
4818:
4480:
4346:
4335:
3738:
3709:
3559:
3519:
encompassed natural law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.
3515:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners.
3458:
promulgated in 449 BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor
3113:
3031:
and renamed it Nova Roma ("New Rome"); but the city soon gained the informal name of
2866:
2862:
2814:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2721:
2590:
2581:
2478:. He also continued Hadrian's policy of humanising the laws. He died in 161 AD.
2454:
2445:
2425:
2350:
2230:
to Titus, son of Vespasian. Vespasian sent legions to defend the eastern frontier in
2020:
1916:
1459:
1451:
1224:
1157:
1129:
978:
793:
640:
543:
467:
388:
271:
200:
23453:
12475:
An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects: Mediaeval and modern times
11620:
8612:
5683:
4562:
3720:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.
2685:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves.
2647:
2385:
and deposed the king of Armenia. In 115 he took the Northern Mesopotamian cities of
1595:
The Triumvirate divided the Empire among the triumvirs: Lepidus was given charge of
23069:
23059:
22885:
22833:
22737:
22601:
22490:
22440:
22418:
22413:
22344:
22213:
21795:
21790:
21713:
21647:
21642:
21512:
21482:
21450:
21306:
21251:
21230:
21208:
20987:
20933:
20755:
20705:
20686:
20681:
20634:
20541:
20479:
20459:
20447:
20403:
20206:
20186:
20174:
20037:
19918:
19635:
19498:
19490:
19204:
19143:
19072:
18692:
18603:
18527:
18468:
18317:
18294:
18197:
18170:
18155:
18121:
18047:
18007:
17997:
17722:
17649:
17619:
17482:
17437:
17432:
17304:
16782:
16767:
16762:
16567:
16298:
16217:
16157:
16016:
15994:
15979:
15434:
15394:
15326:
15261:
15186:
15181:
14953:
14876:
14823:
14618:
14613:
14502:
14361:
14310:
14270:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14220:
14142:
14089:
14082:
14067:
14062:
13986:
13914:
13808:
13730:
13626:
13593:
13487:
13444:
13436:
13269:
13240:
13207:
13199:
13169:
13042:
13019:
12063:
12025:
11936:
11891:
11848:
11310:
9501:
Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor
7732:
7692:
7477:
7420:
7139:
7064:
6996:
6955:
6939:
6927:
6751:, Rome had relatively few architectural innovations until the end of the Republic.
6432:
6198:
6112:
6071:
5954:
5896:
5765:
5704:
5700:
5600:
5572:
5514:
5041:
4931:
4861:
than the Roman army. Prior to the middle of the 3rd century BC, officials known as
4793:
4613:
4457:
4446:
4361:
4080:
3867:
3863:
3803:
3799:
3635:
3566:
3467:
3386:
3184:
3109:
3102:
2830:
2818:
2751:
2729:
2716:
2573:
2565:
2515:
2450:
2311:
1755:
1751:
1644:
1490:
1260:
1117:
1082:
1066:
1050:
854:
518:
489:
254:
208:
113:
20005:
12180:
Artman, John:"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple, 1991.
11433:
by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
11271:
10387:
by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.;
7603:(1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990" in
7522:
3156:
745:; the Romans attributed the creation of their first popular organisations and the
23443:
23383:
23268:
23116:
23111:
23089:
23009:
22963:
22720:
22674:
22572:
22549:
22532:
22505:
22290:
21736:
21704:
21699:
21679:
21542:
21502:
21472:
21455:
21415:
21400:
21385:
21316:
21301:
21218:
21198:
21071:
20843:
20833:
20828:
20823:
20720:
20644:
20506:
20025:
19923:
19808:
19708:
19615:
19158:
19103:
18961:
18804:
18709:
18547:
18485:
18473:
18463:
17958:
17948:
17857:
17644:
17552:
17540:
17534:
17386:
17207:
17177:
17120:
17100:
16777:
16689:
16684:
16603:
16598:
16451:
16419:
16303:
15836:
15529:
15341:
15321:
15281:
15216:
15166:
15161:
15036:
14986:
14894:
14728:
14708:
14628:
14077:
13902:
13734:
13605:
13337:
13319:
12881:
12793:
12607:
12473:
12463:
12330:
12202:
11637:
11576:
11545:
11518:
11488:
11468:
11249:
11154:
10949:
10756:
10286:
9728:
9064:
8539:
8525:
8425:
8399:
8353:
8189:
8178:
7801:
7781:
7761:
7628:
7595:
7587:
an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's
7576:
7251:
7213:
7096:
7070:
6841:
6777:
6733:
6729:
6232:
6228:
6020:
5982:
5904:
5797:
5740:
5728:
5664:
5612:
5604:
5426:
5404:
5350:("ninth (hour)"), which referred to 3 pm in ancient Rome. The Romans had clocks (
5236:
5178:
5062:
5057:
4881:
4850:
4550:
4451:
4429:
4372:
3928:
3492:
3416:, the political, economic, cultural, and religious center of the city during the
3408:
3098:
2900:
2806:
2786:
2625:
2577:
2569:
2527:
2519:
2501:
2303:
2221:
2209:
2160:
2156:
2103:
2096:
2057:
2051:
1780:
1616:
1486:
1397:
1349:
1320:("allies" in Latin) requested Roman citizenship and voting rights. The reformist
1212:
1149:
1125:
1054:
926:
613:
535:
497:
241:
31:
21594:
13649:
Social struggles in Archaic Rome: New perspectives on the conflict of the orders
13191:
12192:
Artman, John::"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", p. 26, Good Apple,1991.
11810:
9600:
8819:
8392:
7652:
6655:
and not rivalled again until the 19th and 20th centuries. An example of this is
5840:
with martial skills being a prized attribute. Whereas modern societies consider
5743:, the gods were not personified, but were vaguely defined sacred spirits called
3491:("Citizen Law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens. The
2720:
give many accounts of his notorious extravagance. Elagabalus adopted his cousin
2605:
and military expenditures were the root of the financial crisis that marked the
1983:
and massacred the druids: men, women and children, destroyed the shrine and the
1803:. Under Augustus' reign, Roman literature grew steadily in what is known as the
23473:
23393:
23348:
23288:
23253:
23045:
22958:
22863:
22771:
22562:
22396:
22319:
22219:
22115:
22109:
21709:
21684:
21557:
21552:
21537:
21532:
21467:
21462:
21445:
21410:
21203:
21181:
21125:
21064:
20976:
20923:
20893:
20838:
20745:
20619:
20566:
20526:
20196:
20191:
20042:
19942:
19898:
19850:
19798:
19752:
19720:
19678:
19655:
19331:
18843:
18656:
18559:
18532:
17852:
17816:
17761:
17654:
17577:
17475:
17469:
17401:
17381:
17135:
17095:
16837:
16541:
16430:
16293:
16011:
15584:
15226:
14961:
14909:
14881:
14828:
14813:
14793:
14608:
14583:
14540:
14530:
14356:
14330:
14260:
14245:
14210:
14170:
13931:
13707:
Wade, Lizzie (8 November 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".
13203:
7680:
7600:
7588:
7500:
7287:
7191:
Interest in studying, and idealising, ancient Rome became prevalent during the
7156:
7112:
7053:
7023:
6963:
6959:
6951:
6897:
6883:
6874:, which were used for both hygienic and social purposes. Many Roman houses had
6755:
6710:
6686:
6640:
6615:
6611:
6425:
6358:
6217:
6144:
5962:
5824:
5793:
5756:
5631:
5596:
5588:
5484:
5468:
5396:
5376:
5315:
5206:
5195:
5156:
5151:
5121:
5049:
4927:
4919:
4757:
4466:
4436:
4397:
3992:
3957:
3910:
3906:
3894:
3757:
3669:
3627:
3417:
3382:
3366:
3226:
3032:
3004:
2973:
2969:
2810:
2785:
There were 26 emperors in a 49-year period, a signal of political instability.
2486:
2463:
2370:
2366:
2299:
2234:, extended the occupation in Britannia (modern-day England, Wales and southern
2107:
1963:
1872:
1851:. Augustus died in 14 AD, but the empire's glory continued after his era.
1636:
1612:
1376:
and one more consulship, which began the crisis and decline of Roman Republic.
1373:
1345:
1238:
1106:
1078:
974:
835:
776:
594:
463:
380:
369:
341:
170:
138:
86:
13232:
13095:
by T.J. Luce, 1998. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7458:
There are several different estimates for the population of the Roman Empire.
5222:
had moral and legal duties towards all family members. Even the most despotic
4157:
23488:
23428:
23313:
23228:
23173:
23033:
22953:
22848:
22698:
22691:
22584:
22537:
22430:
22286:
21903:
21741:
21245:
21119:
21091:
20848:
20489:
20059:
19747:
19725:
19584:
19337:
19138:
18920:
18667:
18645:
18542:
18537:
18322:
18282:
17826:
17634:
17442:
16799:
16468:
16392:
16308:
16237:
16207:
16187:
16036:
15959:
15949:
15850:
15116:
15086:
15001:
14535:
14512:
14325:
14180:
14165:
14112:
13919:
13535:
13252:
12560:
date for the founding of the Republic, 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal.
12037:
11860:
11836:
11738:
11572:
11044:, p. 25; Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art, 1993, OUP,
10174:
10164:
10004:
8693:
8280:
7746:
7704:
7431:
List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region
7258:
7229:
7196:
7059:
7001:
6923:
6888:
6366:
6362:
6213:
6202:
5977:, and other materials. Several examples of Roman painting have been found at
5970:
5820:
5576:
5502:
5400:
5053:
4987:
4923:
4780:
4774:
4441:
4413:
4341:
4004:
3841:
3455:
3433:
3246:
2996:
2984:
2961:
2842:
2755:
2746:
2620:, c. 199, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased
2617:
2586:
2475:
2429:
2323:
2204:("the deified Claudius"), both initiated by Nero. Buildings destroyed by the
2087:
1885:
1838:
1759:
1694:
brought about a two-century period colloquially referred to by Romans as the
1678:
1640:
1620:
1498:
1435:
700:
648:
636:
629:
625:
602:
566:
481:
365:
128:
22255:
13440:
13341:
12849:
12797:
10327:
9992:
9920:
9218:
Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana
8346:
8309:
8044:
6530:
5326:
4736:. Field armies included regiments recruited from allied tribes and known as
3786:
2560:
and his wife Marcia in late 192 AD. The following year is known as the
1823:
developed a rich literature, and were close friends of Augustus. Along with
75:
23463:
23263:
23168:
23014:
22988:
22897:
22579:
22567:
22515:
22475:
22470:
22334:
21276:
21131:
20966:
20773:
20578:
20348:
19952:
19818:
19767:
19367:
19247:
19168:
18773:
18662:
18569:
18564:
18517:
18436:
18067:
17862:
17794:
17789:
17779:
17602:
17464:
17105:
16892:
16757:
16531:
16526:
16488:
16385:
15934:
15874:
15594:
15454:
14899:
14848:
14803:
14798:
14650:
14460:
14346:
14290:
14285:
14057:
13941:
13742:
13458:
12885:
11578:
Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar
10984:
8502:
7580:
7572:
7525:
estimates 65 (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120).
7225:
6875:
6835:
6783:
6737:
6706:
6682:
6664:
6636:
6508:
6486:(also used by the Christian clergy) began to spread throughout the empire.
6474:
6467:
6428:
6221:
6197:, on the June panel from a 3rd-century mosaic depicting the months, in the
6049:
5828:
5782:
5668:
5616:
5495:
5415:
5110:
5079:
5017:
5002:
4752:
4703:
4627:
4548:, c. 122 BC; the altar shows two Roman infantrymen equipped with long
3997:
3960:, embracing one's wife in public. Later, under the reforms of the dictator
3949:
3932:
3882:
3859:
3677:
3664:
3631:
3610:
3421:
3310:
3282:
3129:
2931:(in the West). To adjust the economy, Diocletian made several tax reforms.
2548:: "(Rome has transformed) from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust."
2523:
2481:
2270:
2137:. The destruction of the city was the culmination of the Roman campaign in
1984:
1968:
1932:
1860:
1747:
1660:
1577:
1550:
1353:
1297:
1252:
1228:
1182:
1174:
1153:
1121:
1038:
907:
880:
870:
746:
712:
598:
570:
400:
373:
349:
323:
148:
95:
15939:
11895:
11430:
10188:
7737:
7720:
7505:
Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History
6813:
6043:
5981:, and from these art historians divide the history of Roman painting into
5410:
The Romans had several ways of tracking years. One widespread way was the
3501:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The
23403:
23151:
23146:
23138:
23123:
22948:
22853:
22664:
22500:
22465:
22445:
22425:
22403:
22368:
21829:
21694:
20868:
20808:
20778:
20131:
19762:
18971:
18876:
18838:
18625:
18554:
18441:
17931:
17806:
17756:
17681:
17255:
17202:
17145:
16283:
15389:
15011:
14833:
14723:
14117:
13466:
12837:
12646:
12642:
11209:, Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004, p. 20
10666:
For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see
10395:. Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp. 101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
9580:
9038:"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika"
9023:
7315:
7204:"began the modern study of Roman history in the English-speaking world".
7163:
6967:
6830:
6652:
6512:
6354:
6248:
6135:, took up the project and opened the first public library in Rome in the
6116:
6101:
5488:
5255:
5147:
5090:
5086:
4958:
changed the Italian landscape, and by the 1st century BC, vast grape and
4870:
4725:
4351:
4242:
3976:
3972:
3919:
3749:
3609:); a man who was the first of his family to hold the consulship, such as
3479:
3459:
3413:
3302:
3278:
3165:
3008:
2707:
2641:
2594:
2541:
2510:
2333:
Nerva abdicated and died in 98 AD, and was succeeded by the general
2265:
2000:
1988:
1948:
1890:
1624:
1556:
1537:
1516:
1503:
1463:
1274:
and refused to give the equestrian class a larger say in the government.
1271:
1265:
1256:
1113:
985:
in strategic areas, thereby establishing stable control over the region.
664:
617:
547:
501:
474:
432:
384:
19415:
16261:
12519:
The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment
11883:
11746:
11722:
11061:
9105:
Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum
8289:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 850.
7803:
American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution
7618:
Between 343 BC and 241 BC, the Roman army fought in every year but five.
6398:
was abandoned completely over the course of the years. The mid-day meal
4990:
was practised, but farm productivity was low, around 1 ton per hectare.
4611:
tactics. It was small and organised in five classes (in parallel to the
3935:
represented an oligarchic institution, which acted as an advisory body.
3812:
1897:
in 26 AD, and left control of the city of Rome in the hands of the
22934:
22922:
22892:
22858:
22798:
22480:
20126:
19735:
19017:
18994:
18458:
17987:
17902:
17867:
17832:
17744:
17659:
17419:
17412:
17359:
17339:
17284:
17249:
17242:
17187:
17152:
17015:
16493:
16400:
16167:
16152:
16142:
16071:
16051:
15614:
15554:
15519:
15311:
15246:
15236:
15131:
15016:
14904:
14487:
14455:
14200:
14127:
13959:
13954:
13770:
13758:
12045:
12013:
11852:
11022:
A Catalogue of the Late Antique Gold Glass in the British Museum (PDF).
8702:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912.
8593:
8334:
7712:
7425:
6861:
6818:
6678:
6579:
6436:
6323:
6296:
6005:
5841:
5812:
5716:
5636:
5624:
5174:
5143:
5106:
4967:
4955:
4866:
4858:
4835:
4801:
4800:
During the later stages of the Imperial period (beginning perhaps with
4684:
4598:
4587:
4555:
4382:
4147:
4103:
4050:
4046:
3988:
3940:
3771:
3619:
3542:
3390:
3128:
were never expelled from the Empire nor assimilated. The next emperor,
3055:
3024:
2946:
2909:
2878:
2822:
2794:
2703:
2673:
2612:
2471:
2441:
2349:. He undertook an ambitious public building program in Rome, including
2231:
2064:
2028:
2012:
2008:
1843:
1776:
1695:
1393:
1247:
1010:
994:
660:
644:
551:
17001:
13844:
13212:
12272:. Encyclopedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
11473:. Vol. 1 (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. 2002. p. 68.
9618:
5444:
5430:, which counted years from the mythical foundation of Rome in 753 BC.
3927:
traditionally could only be passed by a vote of the Popular assembly (
3777:
3027:. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt
1740:) gathered almost all the republican powers under his official title,
1237:
Foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the
883:, which was initially an advisory council of the ranking nobility, or
23368:
23205:
22940:
22902:
22495:
22309:
21096:
19241:
19184:
18848:
18352:
17734:
17686:
17596:
17583:
17370:
17299:
17272:
17267:
17236:
17182:
17130:
17065:
17060:
16953:
16700:
16639:
16227:
16121:
15644:
15639:
15599:
15524:
15494:
15474:
15351:
15291:
15201:
15151:
15146:
15071:
15031:
14919:
14889:
14698:
14573:
14366:
14250:
14225:
14104:
10244:
9345:
8616:
7118:
7027:. Other major works of Imperial times were that of Livy and Tacitus.
6935:
6879:
6771:
6763:
6702:
6604:
6600:
6575:
6559:
6504:
6335:
6276:
6140:
6081:
6037:, and played an important part in many aspects of Roman life. In the
6016:
5936:
5892:
5749:. Romans also believed that every person, place or thing had its own
5584:
5538:
5460:
5419:
5094:
4979:
4942:
4831:
4738:
4709:
4698:
4638:
4367:
4014:
3914:
3866:, which could endorse and ratify laws suggested by the King; and the
3762:
3713:
3685:
3594:
3445:
3238:
3230:
3188:
3105:
3028:
3000:
2916:
2890:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2664:
2652:
2598:
2545:
2440:), abandoning Trajan's conquests. Hadrian's army crushed a revolt in
2410:
2402:
2242:
2213:
2191:
2143:
2130:
2115:
2092:
2024:
2016:
2004:
1784:
1450:. He formed them into a new informal alliance including himself, the
1416:
1410:
1291:
1287:
1208:
1098:
938:
762:
720:
449:
404:
327:
19038:
13700:
Public office in early Rome: Ritual procedure and political practice
13411:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
12029:
7719:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
7696:
7208:
was a founder of the examination of ancient Roman history and wrote
5849:), a sense of duty to one's people, moderation and avoiding excess (
5715:
sits at Mercury's feet; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the
5630:
While Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire,
5262:, one of the most important features of Rome's economy and society.
3349:. In the west, Slavic populations penetrated deep into the Balkans.
2420:
23358:
23054:
22875:
22703:
22618:
22557:
22520:
21814:
21296:
21101:
21044:
20783:
20768:
20763:
20664:
19698:
19693:
19362:
19288:
19123:
18999:
18989:
18979:
18953:
18902:
18866:
18002:
17784:
17676:
17629:
17589:
17571:
17491:
17426:
17406:
17376:
17349:
17344:
17329:
17319:
17289:
17197:
17192:
17140:
17115:
17110:
17075:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
16546:
16483:
16424:
16328:
16147:
16101:
16076:
16006:
15914:
15899:
15894:
15869:
15604:
15589:
15579:
15564:
15479:
15469:
15439:
15429:
15424:
15414:
15316:
15231:
15111:
15096:
15026:
15006:
14996:
14991:
14971:
14770:
14351:
14315:
14205:
14132:
13964:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11598:
10288:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
9604:
8276:"Punic Wars § The Interval between the First and Second Wars"
7172:
7151:
7107:
7047:
7031:
6917:
6592:
6583:
6483:
6479:
6386:, the main meal of the day, and at nightfall a light supper called
6327:
6319:
6308:
6264:
6256:
6089:
6012:
5997:
5696:
5579:
relies little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of
5564:
5372:
5298:
5154:
on the medallion may indicate either the name of the artist or the
5082:
value was an estimated one-third greater than its intrinsic value.
5075:
4763:
4747:
overall command of a Roman general, but led by their own officers.
4009:
3965:
3890:
3871:
3850:
3807:
3602:
3578:
3555:
3374:
3354:
3318:
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2941:
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2920:
2874:
2854:
2846:
2798:
2766:
2711:
2698:
2537:
2467:
2398:
2386:
2327:
2326:(Hispania Baetica). The Nerva-Antonine dynasty came to an end with
2246:
2235:
2217:
2200:
2167:
2148:
1972:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1876:
1864:
1824:
1800:
1792:
1742:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1674:
1604:
1520:
1442:, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival,
1313:
1305:
1190:
1090:
1086:
1042:
966:
937:, who now extended their power in the Italian peninsula beyond the
895:
875:
579:
Archaeological evidence of settlement around Rome starts to emerge
424:
284:
13244:
11222:, Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 30, 40–41.; Galinsky, Karl,
9037:
6803:
6799:
6762:
in the late 3rd century BC. It was a powerful cement derived from
5973:, though Roman literature includes mentions of paintings on wood,
5455:
Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on
5102:
4021:. Some historians have cited this as a significant reason for the
3466:). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the
2390:
2315:
23273:
23128:
23040:
21076:
21037:
19730:
19455:
19409:
19378:
19325:
19305:
19189:
19118:
19098:
19062:
17936:
17639:
17546:
17459:
17314:
17090:
16202:
16192:
16111:
16081:
16066:
16026:
15924:
15624:
15619:
15609:
15574:
15569:
15559:
15504:
15489:
15306:
15301:
15286:
15256:
15211:
15191:
15171:
15126:
14858:
14713:
14492:
14300:
14295:
14185:
8274:
7134:
7042:
6870:
6865:
6690:
6632:
6555:
6448:
6350:
6331:
6315:
6304:
6288:
6252:
6120:
6097:
6093:
6055:
5993:
5978:
5949:
5932:
5778:
5724:
5712:
5620:
5530:
5518:
5480:
5388:
5355:
5010:
4978:
in North Africa provided a continuous supply of grains. In turn,
4975:
4890:
4877:
4787:
4769:
4687:, the tactical organisation of the Army continued to evolve. The
4669:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4632:
4608:
4603:
4132:
3984:
3742:
3734:
3640:
3537:
3266:
3262:
3222:
3063:
2838:
2834:
2629:
2490:
2458:
2406:
2374:
2346:
2342:
2307:
2295:
1992:
1901:
1455:
1282:
1278:
1145:
1058:
970:
903:
891:
806:
559:
416:
174:
19031:
13826:
resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.
12353:"Muddy Find Shows How Foreign Timber Helped Build Ancient Rome."
11675:
11595:
10480:
10478:
10476:
5549:, whose assistance they sought and whose interests they upheld.
4966:
farmers, who were unable to match the imported grain price. The
2691:
points to the edict as a fundamental turning point, after which
2063:("ruler of the provinces"), and – especially in relation to the
1049:
In the 3rd century BC Rome faced a new and formidable opponent:
27:
Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD
23293:
21584:
20423:
19401:
19390:
19384:
19319:
19294:
19275:
19264:
19228:
19199:
19194:
19163:
19148:
19047:
19009:
17708:
17565:
17447:
17219:
17085:
16629:
16371:
16365:
16278:
16212:
16197:
16172:
15954:
15879:
15634:
15514:
15444:
15384:
15379:
15346:
15106:
15091:
15041:
15021:
14443:
14320:
14215:
13519:
Roman historical myths: The regal period in Augustan literature
13262:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices"
10812:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
9141:
Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire
8687:
8427:
Twenty-six Centuries of Agrarian Reform: A Comparative Analysis
8201:
6787:
6767:
6588:
6567:
6563:
6539:
6535:
6516:
6373:, and "elaborate means were invented to assure its freshness".
6343:
6284:
6280:
6268:
6244:
6227:
The ancient Roman diet included many items that are staples of
6206:
6160:
6061:
6024:
5989:
5966:
5863:
5770:
5522:
5459:. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like the
5045:
5033:
4994:
4963:
4823:
4579:
4222:
4018:
3980:
3886:
3745:
3614:
3250:
3192:
3121:
3012:
2905:
2858:
2725:
2334:
2291:
2274:
2250:
2195:
1947:, son of Agrippina and her former husband, since Claudius' son
1829:
1812:
1808:
1788:
1309:
1211:, who ultimately marched on Rome twice, established himself as
1186:
1071:
899:
756:
751:
678:
673:
668:
605:
dating to the middle of the 8th century BC. Starting from
485:
436:
428:
420:
392:
13691:
Early Rome and Latium: Economy and society c. 1000–500 BC
11160:
6380:
was served at dawn. At mid-day to early afternoon, Romans ate
3836:
History of citizenship § Roman conceptions of citizenship
3680:, an intermediary level between full citizens and foreigners (
3428:
urban centers, with population of 10,000 and more and several
3273:, son of Orestes. This event of 476, usually marks the end of
3209:
The situation became more critical in 408, after the death of
2935:
use a disguised form of Republic, as the other emperors since
2695:
was "effectively a new state masquerading under an old name".
2110:, and so a new emperor had to arise. After the turmoil in the
1251:
reduced the availability of paid work. Income from war booty,
755:
asserted that all Latins descended from the titular character
684:
23258:
23248:
23243:
22715:
22710:
21562:
21086:
21059:
19703:
19486:
19356:
19348:
19283:
19258:
19153:
19133:
19108:
18984:
18943:
17309:
17080:
17070:
17050:
16498:
16222:
16046:
16001:
15989:
15974:
15919:
15419:
15141:
14868:
14160:
13092:
11888:
The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II
11068:, 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing.
10921:
Sabin, Philip; van Wees, Hans; Whitby, Michael, eds. (2007).
10762:
10230:
10228:
10226:
8020:
7996:
7913:
6893:
6852:
to supply water to cities and industrial sites and to aid in
6790:
took the Empire by storm after samples were retrieved during
6591:.Children entertained themselves with toys and such games as
6463:
6300:
6240:
6236:
6194:
5974:
5774:
5745:
5688:
5580:
5568:
5558:
5517:
classes lived in the city center, packed into apartments, or
5510:
5498:
5403:
and in 8 BC, Sextilis was renamed to Augustus (August) after
5250:
4971:
4959:
4732:
4567:
3598:
3298:
3242:
3125:
2965:
2870:
2633:
2414:
2287:
2257:. He was murdered following a plot within his own household.
2183:
2134:
2044:
1996:
1976:
1959:
1928:
1894:
1837:. Augustus continued the changes to the calendar promoted by
934:
915:
813:
735:
412:
396:
185:
11811:"Library - Ancient Rome, Collections, Archives | Britannica"
11687:
11393:
The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge
10859:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 201–217 (Plate 12.2 on p. 204).
10522:
10195:
5226:
was expected to consult senior members of his household and
3058:
was the western capital from 286 to 330, until the reign of
1324:
supported their legal process but was assassinated, and the
954:
remarked "With iron, not with gold, Rome buys her freedom."
620:. By the sixth century BC, the Romans were constructing the
466:, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the
23388:
21054:
20211:
19688:
19372:
19313:
19128:
17055:
17045:
16379:
16232:
15629:
15196:
15136:
14718:
14094:
13656:
Rosenstein, Nathan S.; Morstein-Marx, Robert, eds. (2006).
13084:
12331:"Roman Concrete: The Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art"
11663:
10670:
The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece
10461:
8820:
Johann Jakob Herzog; John Henry Augustus Bomberger (1858).
7926:
7924:
7922:
7076:
7005:
6807:
6748:
6741:
6443:
6382:
6370:
6292:
6272:
6260:
5808:
5200:
5186:
5170:
5071:
5037:
4940:
Workers at a cloth-processing shop, in a painting from the
3845:
3551:
3393:
coast. The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire collapsed when
3254:
3234:
2602:
2494:
2437:
2413:, he withdrew due to health issues, and in 117, he died of
2187:
2171:
1944:
1834:
1816:
1727:
1608:
1389:
1094:
831:
643:, offspring of Mars and a princess of the mythical city of
353:
166:
65:
13171:
Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression
12138:
Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy
12104:
Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy
11723:""Public Libraries" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality"
11570:
11490:
Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes
11400:
10824:
10779:
10777:
10686:
10597:
10223:
9963:
Gibbon, Edward (1906). "Chapter XX". In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
8405:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8100:
7856:
5643:), Latin was never able to replace Greek, a legacy of the
5005:
and paid labour. However, foreign wars and conquests made
1599:, Antony, the eastern provinces, and Octavian remained in
1053:, the other major power in the Western Mediterranean. The
961:
the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the
16041:
14190:
12143:
12120:
Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome
11699:
10519:
by Steven Kreis. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
10364:
by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
9926:
8008:
6856:. By the third century, the city of Rome was supplied by
6713:, remain as testaments to Roman engineering and culture.
6334:) only appeared in Europe following the discovery of the
5639:. In the eastern part of the Roman Empire (and later the
4805:
2493:, which still contains the largest unreinforced concrete
933:
In the 4th century BC, Rome had come under attack by the
930:(tribal assembly), which elected less important offices.
857:
and various representative assemblies was established. A
23520:
States and territories disestablished in the 5th century
15831:
12899:. Vol. III: Caesar and Christ. Simon and Schuster.
12188:
12186:
11486:
11396:. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1919. p. 644.
11326:
10902:
10554:
10552:
7984:
7972:
7960:
7948:
7936:
7919:
7868:
7820:
7627:
Later in Christian liturgy, "noon" came to describe the
4767:(often posted as deputies to field commanders), then as
2750:
The Roman Empire suffered internal schisms, forming the
879:, or military command. The consuls had to work with the
23373:
13655:
13631:
Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state
13541:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
13324:
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
11475:... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ...
11384:
The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire
11362:
10774:
10709:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 245–249.
10707:
As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History
10349:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
10056:"Un dittico imperiale: Oriente e Occidente dopo il 395"
10042:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
9987:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
9965:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
9832:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
9623:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
8445:
8402:
by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
8192:
by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
7844:
7832:
7264:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
7201:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
7160:(a series of biographies of famous Roman and Greek men)
6390:. With the increased importation of foreign foods, the
6353:. Fish was more common than meat, with a sophisticated
5619:, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in
5001:
The economy of the early Republic was largely based on
4554:
and a cavalryman with his horse. All are shown wearing
3810:
school (where the teacher, usually Greek, was called a
3450:
The roots of the legal principles and practices of the
2829:
separated from the rest of the Roman state to form the
2341:, winning territories roughly equivalent to modern-day
2286:
from 96 AD to 192 AD included the "five good emperors"
2249:. As emperor, Domitian showed the characteristics of a
2182:, in 69 AD, four emperors were enthroned in turn:
512:
13775:
Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History
12224:
12222:
12220:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10517:
Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire
9340:
9338:
8985:
Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume I to 1790
6075:, and in these settings is known to have featured the
5097:
between Roman regions, but increased with the rise of
2765:: the Roman state was plagued by civil wars, external
2238:) and reformed the tax system. He died in 79 AD.
1827:, he sponsored patriotic poems, such as Virgil's epic
1615:. By the end of the Triumvirate, Antony was living in
1510:
504:, as well as more grandiose monuments and facilities.
383:
settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the
352:
civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of
13617:
Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth; Woodman, A.J. (1997).
13409:
Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (8 November 2019).
12183:
12176:
12174:
12172:
11963:
Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient Rome
10798:
Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution'
10549:
9316:
9314:
8945:
In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire
8466:
A history of Rome, to the establishment of the empire
6104:
suggest that the Romans had a sex-saturated culture.
3019:
during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch,
2624:
Severus was enthroned after invading Rome and having
1304:
was not able to defeat and capture the Numidian king
873:, who together exercised executive authority such as
671:
recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the
612:, the Romans started to drain the valley between the
376:(27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire.
21017:
13318:
13266:
Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West
13192:"Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire"
12461:
10891:
10889:
9641:
8462:
8086:. Translated by Luce, T.J. Oxford World's Classics.
7461:
7351:
7004:
wrote his own accounts of his military campaigns in
6786:
soon after its invention in Syria about 50 BC.
3862:, which acted as an advisory body for the King; the
1875:, Augustus appointed her son from another marriage,
1592:
involved were executed, although Lucius was spared.
19970:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
13719:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
13425:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
13376:. translated by David Macrae. Editions Minerva S.A.
11412:
11066:
Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World
10920:
9335:
8800:
6904:; however, lead content would have been minimised.
6864:. Romans were particularly famous for their public
5210:(father of the family), who held lawful authority (
3938:
In the Republic, the Senate held actual authority (
3923:, which literally translates to "public business".
3854:) was likely absolute. He was also the head of the
3712:was extended to all free-born men in the Empire by
3593:, who could trace their ancestry to one of the 100
3074:
1935:; his most important deed was the beginning of the
1531:, Caesar's best friend, he legally established the
1379:
480:, the inspiration for modern republics such as the
415:, Southern Europe, and most of Western Europe, the
13350:
13168:
13018:
12815:
12807:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine
12471:
12169:
11543:
10284:
9311:
8493:Plutarch, Life of Caesar. Retrieved 1 October 2011
8079:
3023:, and controlled all the empire, as it was before
1061:asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with
13501:Ancient Rome: The archaeology of the eternal city
12079:Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People
11614:
11441:
11439:
11226:, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 130–132,
10886:
9910:Epitome: From Diocletian to the death of Galerius
8868:
8060:by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723–724 of
7177:History of the Roman Empire since Marcus Aurelius
6000:(27 BC – 14 AD), and rejected the
5965:influences, and surviving examples are primarily
5607:, an artificial and highly stylised and polished
4884:using a troop of about 40 marines in lieu of the
2761:A disastrous scenario emerged after the death of
1951:had not reached manhood upon his father's death.
910:. The magistracies were originally restricted to
23486:
13268:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic: 258–285.
12856:
12335:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences
11516:
10924:The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
10570:
10484:
10373:
10311:
10213:
10148:
10016:
9035:
8933:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2014. p. 27.
8750:
8365:
7718:
6982:
3913:resulted in an unusual mixture of democracy and
3301:during the Middle Ages. During the 6th century,
2504:, known as the Philosopher, was the last of the
1746:, and diminished the political influence of the
1432:quickly arrested and executed the main leaders.
22203:
12981:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC
12285:, University of California Press, 1986, p. 216.
12132:
12130:
12128:
12114:
12112:
9056:
6720:, which is grouped with Greek traditions into "
2991:
2544:identifies his reign as the beginning of Roman
2163:. Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean.
1651:. Now Egypt was conquered by the Roman Empire.
496:feats, such as the empire-wide construction of
13472:Dio's Rome, Volume V., Books 61–76 (AD 54–211)
13408:
13109:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
12515:
12243:
12241:
11636:Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. (1988).
11523:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 21–28.
11436:
11224:Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction
10512:
10510:
8635:The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia
8441:
8439:
8437:
8388:
8386:
7763:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
7532:Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor
6053:were used to give various commands, while the
5773:took care of the cults of various gods, while
3975:, and collected taxes through the practice of
2735:
2556:Commodus was killed by a conspiracy involving
1714:. The emperors of this dynasty were Augustus,
1643:. Octavian annihilated Egyptian forces in the
1438:reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome:
1414:(who hoped for the support of the people) and
869:. The most important magistrates were the two
22285:
22271:
21003:
19471:
18789:
18368:
16987:
16716:
15817:
13860:
13498:
13166:
12936:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic
12140:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187.
12122:, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209.
12106:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188.
11631:
11629:
11550:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20.
11380:
10391:by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in
9713:
9711:
9283:
9186:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History
9042:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History
8917:Brief History: Brief History of Great Britain
8430:. University of California Press. p. 34.
8347:Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires
8043:. Washington State University. Archived from
7783:Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave
7721:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
7507:. Oxford University Press. pp. 51, 120.
6754:In the 1st century BC, Romans started to use
6724:". Although there were many differences from
5190:), based on blood ties, a common ancestry or
4522:
3848:. In military matters, the king's authority (
3806:. At the age of 16, some students went on to
2125:undertaken during the Flavian period was the
1962:, where he encountered stiff resistance. The
914:, but were later opened to common people, or
845:, when the last of the seven kings of Rome,
21406:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
18803:
18752:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
13616:
13499:Coulston, J. C.; Dodge, Hazel, eds. (2000).
13348:
13302:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome
13260:Rochette, Bruno (2023). Mullen, Alex (ed.).
13035:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
12892:
12751:
12522:. University of Toronto Press. p. 203.
12505:
12125:
12109:
11882:Staikos, Konstantinos Sp (25 October 2021),
11693:
11681:
11669:
11635:
11608:
11344:
11220:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives
11182:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives
11166:
10977:"A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire"
10543:
10467:
10201:
9932:
9818:
9816:
9575:
9573:
9519:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2005. p.
9221:(in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013.
8597:
8411:
8106:
8026:
7779:
6507:combat was strictly a spectator sport. This
5886:
5120:Some economists consider the Roman Empire a
4601:influenced by Greek civilisation, a citizen
3558:; the statue features an inscription in the
1758:and his reforms in the military, creating a
918:. Republican voting assemblies included the
169:(and others during the late Empire, notably
13570:
13548:
13534:
13465:
13000:Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum
12975:
12953:
12238:
11445:
10927:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
10818:
10768:
10692:
10507:
10175:Romulus Augustulus (475–476 AD) – Two Views
9638:from UNRV History. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
9099:
8434:
8383:
8216:
8062:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
7903:
7786:. Manchester University Press. p. 11.
7760:Furet, François; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989).
7653:"ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History"
6775:
6402:became a light meal to hold one over until
6322:(aubergine) were introduced later from the
6107:
5346:) stem. The English word "noon" comes from
4845:; exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum (
4718:
4688:
3676:Allied foreign cities were often given the
2508:. He was a stoic philosopher and wrote the
2409:). After defeating a Parthian revolt and a
2074:
2068:
2055:
1576:. The Second Triumvirate was marked by the
1446:(anglicised as Pompey), to whom he married
1101:war of attrition, a strategy propounded by
1009:Territorial changes over the course of the
760:
472:
63:
22278:
22264:
21010:
20996:
19478:
19464:
18796:
18782:
18375:
18361:
16994:
16980:
16723:
16709:
15824:
15810:
13867:
13853:
13503:. Oxford University School of Archaeology.
13492:Rome and environs: An archaeological guide
13322:; Saller, Richard P.; Morris, Ian (2007).
12777:
12428:
11626:
11387:. printed for J.J. Tourneisen. p. 91.
10983:. Economy History Services. Archived from
10854:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10257:
10127:"The Germanic Invasions of Western Europe"
9708:
9516:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4
8849:
8794:
8613:The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD)
8598:Langley, Andrew; Souza, de Philip (1996).
8273:Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck (1911).
7990:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7899:
7874:
7862:
7850:
7838:
7826:
7759:
6829:With solid foundations and good drainage,
4529:
4515:
3684:), which gave their citizens rights under
3548:National Archaeological Museum of Florence
1833:and historiographical works like those of
1654:
1627:for a Roman statesman. Following Antony's
1477:River and invaded Rome in 49 BC. The
1177:, a general who dramatically reformed the
890:Other magistrates of the Republic include
364:in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the
330:during the latter half of the 6th century.
74:
13528:Dionysius and the history of Archaic Rome
13448:
13273:
13211:
13029:
12782:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
12778:Boatwright, Mary T.; et al. (2012).
12626:
12283:Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing
12075:
11348:
11205:Frier, Bruce W., and McGinn, Thomas A.J.
10947:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10165:"Roman Emperors – DIR Romulus Augustulus"
9813:
9570:
9444:. Infobase Publishing. 2006. p. 406.
9268:
8531:Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres
7766:. Harvard University Press. p. 793.
7736:
7679:
7492:Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt
6542:, showing women playing sports, from the
6330:peppers, and maize (the modern source of
3979:. Government positions such as quaestor,
3917:. The word republic comes from the Latin
3874:and holiday schedule for the next month.
3197:The Sack of Rome by the Barbarians in 410
3097:, Rome lost decisive battles against the
3042:, who under the influence of his adviser
2884:
2526:, died in 169 AD, probably from the
2381:without consulting Rome, Trajan declared
2260:
1701:
1641:war between Octavian and Antony broke out
1584:: after a revolt led by Antony's brother
616:and Palatine Hills, where today sits the
423:, and much of the Middle East, including
13840:Gallery of the Ancient Art: Ancient Rome
13664:
13646:
13625:
13604:
13598:The archaeology of early Rome and Latium
13592:
13507:
13486:
13259:
13230:
13189:
13125:
12590:
12011:
11520:Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook
11448:"Bread and Circuses in Rome and America"
11368:
11356:
11352:
11332:
11320:
11316:
11300:, English translation 2000, pp. 109–114
10881:I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana
10789:
10603:
10186:
9796:. Boise State University. Archived from
9250:"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana:
9171:
9137:
9062:
8919:. Infobase Publishing. 2009. p. 34.
8623:. October 2000. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
8260:New historical atlas and general history
8014:
7912:, and the other a potsherd found in the
7589:Historical Estimates of World Population
6812:
6631:
6529:
6499:
6496:History of physical training and fitness
6419:
6188:
5969:used to adorn the walls and ceilings of
5942:
5922:
5682:
5494:In the capital city of Rome, there were
5443:
5330:and it is from this word that the terms
5163:
5137:
5016:
4935:
4817:
4597:) was, like those of other contemporary
4561:
4540:
4043:Structural history of the Roman military
3876:
3733:
3536:
3407:
2955:
2923:(in the West), and two junior emperors,
2899:
2745:
2646:
2611:
2480:
2419:
2264:
2086:
1853:
1664:
1462:; the Triumvirate disintegrated. Caesar
1383:
1032:
1018: Roman possessions and close allies
1004:
704:
586:. Large-scale organisation appears only
21361:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
18817:With correspondence to modern geography
18523:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
13874:
13697:
13016:
12836:
12295:
12018:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
11881:
11834:
11564:
11261:
11185:. Cornell University Press. p. 7.
11034:the Egyptian dialect of the inscription
10845:, pp. 295–296 Also chapters 23–24.
10795:
10704:
10632:
10417:
9803:
9790:"Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)"
9753:
9579:
8651:
8509:. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
8299:
8272:
8155:
8002:
7799:
7553:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978).
7012:in part to impress his contemporaries.
6511:shows combatants and referee, from the
6489:
6147:in Trajan's Forum and libraries in the
3148:, both of which were Theodosius' sons.
2777:. The old Roman values had fallen, and
1428:—a resounding failure since the consul
1057:began in 264 BC, when the city of
1001:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
853:and a system based on annually elected
624:on the Capitoline and expanding to the
80:Territories of the Roman civilisation:
14:
23505:8th-century BC establishments in Italy
23487:
18382:
16730:
13637:
13383:World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide
13380:
13371:
13299:
13106:
13063:
12959:The Roman Army at War: 100 BC – AD 200
12932:
12822:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
12813:
12684:
12542:
12393:
12328:
12228:
12153:, John Wiley & Sons (2009), p. 93.
11985:
11923:
11921:
11716:
11714:
11418:
11406:
11218:Rawson, Beryl, "The Roman Family", in
11178:
11138:
11122:
10896:
10842:
10830:
10807:
10752:
10741:
10729:
10667:
10655:
10643:
10622:
10580:
10558:
10339:
10234:
10187:Mathisen, Ralph A. (8 February 1998).
10032:
9977:
9962:
9944:
9890:
9822:
9616:
9320:
8682:
8307:
8073:
8038:
7780:Luckham, Robin; White, Gordon (1996).
6357:and large-scale industries devoted to
5834:
5769:, was the head of the state religion.
5675:Constantine the Great and Christianity
5168:A funerary relief with members of the
3585:) above them, and free-born citizens (
3345:. In the following century, the Arabs
2514:. He defeated barbarian tribes in the
2039:failed, but in 68 AD the armies under
1649:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
1221:attempting to restore the prerogatives
318: Whilst the deposition of Emperor
22259:
20991:
19459:
18777:
18356:
16975:
16704:
15805:
13848:
13757:
13688:
13525:
13144:
12997:
12913:
12659:
12632:
12605:
12595:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 24.
12409:
12156:
11705:
11581:. Taylor & Francis. p. 382.
11470:Annual Editions: Western Civilization
11056:, Vol. 72, (2004), pp. 203–230,
10974:
10908:
10783:
10447:(in Italian). Jaca Book. p. 59.
10442:
10264:. James Clarke & Co. p. 26.
9787:
9726:
9344:
9332:Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3
8374:Fall of the Roman Republic, 133–27 BC
8257:
8220:
8051:
6839:system of way stations, known as the
6643:built in c. 19 BC. It is a
6096:, paintings, and sculptures found in
6059:(possibly a trumpet or horn) and the
6027:, usually depicting Roman victories.
3597:at the founding of the city, and the
3297:and became the most stable Christian
3281:. The Roman noble and former emperor
3265:defeated and killed Orestes, invaded
2809:caused a devaluation of Roman coins.
2208:were rebuilt, and he revitalised the
2065:first centuries of imperial stability
1939:. Claudius was poisoned by his wife,
800:, one of the founders of the Republic
796:, a bust traditionally identified as
538:, now illustrating the legend that a
315:
20016:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
18631:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
13769:
13706:
12893:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1944).
12804:
12721:
12545:Ancient History: Evidence and Models
12351:Choi, Charles Q. (4 December 2019).
11960:
11085:Parkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur,
11054:Papers of the British School at Rome
10954:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 11.
10502:Society and Politics in Ancient Rome
10291:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
9647:
9294:"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"
9138:Bleicken, Jochen (15 October 2015).
9044:. London: Duckworth. pp. 87–101
8637:. Howard-Severance Company. p.
8423:
8333:
8234:"Cassius Dio – Fragments of Book 11"
7675:
7673:
7416:List of Roman civil wars and revolts
6435:in Rome, c. 410 AD, depicting Saint
6235:discussed more than 30 varieties of
5800:became increasingly associated with
5707:stands and gestures. On the left is
5414:, which identified years by the two
5113:, spanning the entire length of the
4986:were Italy's main exports. Two-tier
3187:on Roman Empire between AD 100–500.
2663:Upon the death of Severus, his sons
1302:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
513:Early Italy and the founding of Rome
298:Collapse of the Western Roman Empire
13516:
12809:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press.
12639:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)
11918:
11841:Libraries & the Cultural Record
11720:
11711:
11087:Roman Social History, a Sourcebook,
8961:. 27 September 2016. Archived from
8824:. Lindsay & Blakiston. p.
8656:. The Boston book company. p.
8632:
6716:The Romans were renowned for their
6185:Food and dining in the Roman Empire
5479:, marketplaces, functional sewers,
5320:Roman consul § Consular dating
3881:Representation of a sitting of the
3565:Roman society is largely viewed as
2597:—resented being excluded from the "
1511:Octavian and the Second Triumvirate
1328:revolted against the Romans in the
812:Italy in 400 BC, just prior to the
628:located between the Capitoline and
458:Ancient Rome is often grouped into
24:
19485:
18939:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
16260:
13401:
13275:10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012
13047:10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001
12916:Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425
12780:The Romans: From Village to Empire
12468:. The University of Chicago Press.
11493:. Arcade Publishing. p. 174.
9851:The Lives of the Thirty Pretenders
9601:Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
9423:"Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 68"
8906:Claudius By Barbara Levick. p. 77.
8122:, from which the pound is derived.
7605:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
7494:(in German). Duncker. p. 507.
7482:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x
7462:Scheidel, Saller & Morris 2007
6922:Ancient Rome is the progenitor of
6806:rivers in what is now the city of
6376:Traditionally, a breakfast called
6041:, musical instruments such as the
5853:), forgiveness and understanding (
3716:in 212, with the exception of the
3522:
3347:captured southern Italy and Sicily
3305:reconquered the Italian peninsula
3285:continued to rule as emperor from
2551:
2322:), and that of Marcus Aurelius in
2273:reached its greatest extent under
2082:
1156:became the dominant people of the
663:. They landed on the banks of the
25:
23536:
23469:Western European and Others Group
22170:United Provinces of Central Italy
13783:
13658:A companion to the Roman Republic
13642:. University of California Press.
13610:Rome and the unification of Italy
13530:. University of California Press.
13512:. University of California Press.
13494:. University of California Press.
13349:Ward-Perkins, John Bryan (1994).
13196:A Companion to the Latin Language
12512:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 85.
12434:
11487:Jackson, Michael Anthony (2004).
11243:Latin Online: Series Introduction
11000:"Masterpieces. Desiderius' Cross"
10122:History of the Later Roman Empire
10115:History of the Later Roman Empire
10108:History of the Later Roman Empire
10101:History of the Later Roman Empire
9291:
9068:Rome and the Unification of Italy
9063:Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987).
9036:A. Fear; P. Liddel, eds. (2010).
8652:Sherman, Charles Phineas (1917).
8615:. by the Department of Greek and
8340:History of the Later Roman Empire
7725:Journal of World-Systems Research
7670:
7555:Atlas of world population history
7464:, p. 2 estimates 60 million.
7274:History of the Later Roman Empire
6977:
5595:, which was in turn based on the
5305:
3830:History of the Roman Constitution
3667:) and women reached freedom from
3369:invasions ultimately led Emperor
3089:. Under the last emperors of the
2174:and fought as a commander in the
1103:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
715:of dancer and musicians from the
681:is destined to found a new Troy.
622:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
21019:List of historic states of Italy
20972:
20971:
20960:
19037:
19030:
18764:Military history of ancient Rome
13612:(2nd ed.). Bristol Phoenix.
13510:A critical history of early Rome
12933:Flower, Harriet I., ed. (2004).
12761:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
12715:
12703:
12678:
12653:
12599:
12584:
12565:
12536:
12499:
12455:
12443:from the original on 26 May 2012
12412:Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply
12403:
12361:
12345:
12322:
12288:
12275:
12263:
12195:
12096:
12069:
12052:
12005:
11988:"Libraries in the Ancient World"
11979:
11954:
11875:
11828:
11803:
11778:
11753:
11537:
11510:
11480:
11461:
11424:
11374:
11290:
11278:
11255:
11236:
11212:
11199:
11172:
11148:
11099:
11079:
10991:
10968:
10941:
10914:
10873:
10848:
10836:
10746:
10723:
10698:
10660:
10504:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p. 41
10494:
10436:
10411:
10398:
10367:
10355:
10333:
10321:
10278:
10251:
10180:
10157:
10091:
10070:
10048:
10026:
9998:
9971:
9956:
9938:
9914:
9902:
9884:
9856:
9838:
9781:
9763:
9720:
9683:
9668:
9653:
9629:
9503:. Hachette UK. 2014. p. 64.
9442:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
9184:. In A. Fear; P. Liddel (eds.).
9172:Morcillo, Martha García (2010).
8947:. Hachette UK. 2010. p. 30.
8602:. Candle Wick Press. p. 14.
8446:William Harrison De Puy (1893).
7886:Mellor, Ronald and McGee Marni,
7621:
7612:
7401:Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity
7368:
7354:
6848:The Romans constructed numerous
5679:State church of the Roman Empire
5533:. These people, provided with a
5521:, which were almost like modern
5085:Horses were expensive and other
4498:
4058:
4035:Military history of ancient Rome
3893:, from a 19th-century fresco by
3173:
3164:
3155:
3087:fall of the Western Roman Empire
3081:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
3075:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
2432:in Scotland and Northern England
1380:Caesar and the First Triumvirate
1197:
1167:
1139:
805:
785:
558:
527:
22152:Provisional Government of Milan
20701:Orders, decorations, and medals
18747:Civil wars of the Third Century
13702:. University of Michigan Press.
13647:Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. (2004).
13128:Chronicle of the Roman Republic
13107:Mackay, Christopher S. (2004).
12609:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
12606:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015).
12375:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc
11965:. University of Chicago Press.
11547:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome
11287:. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
11262:Calvert, J.B. (8 August 1999).
10385:The population of ancient Rome.
10235:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999).
9794:History of Western Civilization
9730:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
9727:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015).
9610:
9594:
9552:
9537:
9507:
9493:
9478:
9463:
9448:
9434:
9415:
9403:
9384:
9358:
9326:
9277:
9242:
9209:
9165:
9131:
9093:
9029:
9017:
8991:
8977:
8951:
8937:
8923:
8909:
8900:
8881:
8862:
8843:
8813:
8779:
8760:
8725:
8706:
8676:
8664:
8645:
8626:
8606:
8583:
8564:
8545:
8512:
8496:
8485:
8482:. BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
8473:
8456:
8417:
8359:
8327:
8308:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999).
8293:
8266:
8251:
8226:
8210:
8195:
8165:
8125:
8112:
8067:
8039:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999).
8032:
7893:
7880:
7342:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
7212:, tracing the period until the
6482:, the first emperor) while the
6139:. Emperors Augustus, Tiberius,
5939:dated to the mid-1st century BC
5789:became increasingly prominent.
5703:sits on her throne. Behind her
5354:), which included giant public
5089:were slower. Mass trade on the
4946:of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii
3116:, against the Persians and the
2813:came at this time as well. The
2178:. Following the turmoil of the
2019:respectively) before they were
1999:. The rebels sacked and burned
1735:
593:, with the first graves in the
21351:City of Fiume and its District
13689:Smith, Christopher J. (1996).
13326:. Cambridge University Press.
13111:. Cambridge University Press.
12939:. Cambridge University Press.
12744:
12645:Public Library. Archived from
12329:Winter, Thomas Nelson (1979).
11517:Harvey, Brian K., ed. (2016).
11207:A Casebook on Roman Family Law
10080:New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
9100:Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008).
7753:
7645:
7452:
7443:
7329:Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
7311:The History of the Roman World
7247:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
6892:, was used to drain the local
6701:. Many monuments, such as the
5913:Art collection in ancient Rome
5160:who is absent in the portrait.
4826:depicted in a relief from the
3377:, eventually resulting in the
3341:, and soon presented a direct
3003:in 312. In 313, he issued the
2166:Vespasian was a general under
2073:("governor of the world") and
1975:), the last stronghold of the
1971:to the sacred island of Mona (
1805:Golden Age of Latin Literature
1738: 27 BC – AD 14
887:, but grew in size and power.
13:
1:
23510:5th-century disestablishments
21786:County of Apulia and Calabria
21292:Campagna e Marittima Province
13374:Life in Rome in Ancient Times
12818:Everyday Life in Ancient Rome
12462:Jacob Dorsey Forrest (1906).
12014:"The Roman Library at Timgad"
11155:Family Values in Ancient Rome
11076:, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18.
10895:This paragraph is based upon
10857:A Companion to the Roman Army
10705:Shelton, Jo-Ann, ed. (1998).
10672:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
10668:Hanson, Victor Davis (1989).
10422:. Profile Books. p. 32.
10133:. August 1996. Archived from
9776:The Life of Alexander Severus
9733:. Profile. pp. 529–530.
9351:The Twelve Caesars: Vespasian
9252:Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens
9110:(in Italian). Roberto Pesce.
8654:Roman law in the modern world
8519:Coins of the Emperor Augustus
8463:Henry George Liddell (1855).
8074:Livius, Titus (Livy) (1998).
7800:Sellers, Mortimer N. (1994).
7638:
7021:of Suetonius, and Plutarch's
6983:Primary and secondary sources
6744:, which was derived from the
6621:
6520:
6361:. The Romans also engaged in
5777:were trusted with taking the
5755:, or divine soul. During the
5611:from the 1st century BC, the
5198:, some powerful families, or
4839:
4813:
4761:, would have served first as
4649:, a force of light infantry (
4591:
4546:Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus
4393:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
3840:Initially, Rome was ruled by
3819:
3741:fresco of a young man with a
3696:and able to take part in the
3233:claimed the southern part of
2953:) and started the Tetrarchy.
2895:
2314:), that of Antoninus Pius in
1991:staged a revolt led by queen
1588:, more than 300 senators and
1360:and killed the other consul,
988:
945:, defeated the Romans at the
839:
739:
606:
587:
580:
356:in the 8th century BC to the
36:Ancient Rome (disambiguation)
14439:Frontiers and fortifications
13814:Resources in other libraries
13735:10.1126/science.366.6466.673
13130:. Thames & Hudson, Ltd.
13089:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5,
12593:Caesar: The Conquest of Gaul
12509:History of modern philosophy
12149:Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat,
10571:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10485:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10374:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10312:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10214:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10189:"Roman Emperors – DIR Nepos"
10149:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
10017:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
9412:. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
8801:John Charles Tarver (1902).
8751:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
8366:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001
8258:Labberton, Robert Henlopen.
7890:p. 15 (Cited 15 March 2009).
7490:Beloch, Karl Julius (1886).
7384:Outline of classical studies
7232:period popular at the time.
5603:consists almost entirely of
4888:. Ships were commanded by a
4828:Temple of Fortuna Primigenia
4307:Frontiers and fortifications
3781:, where a teacher (called a
3723:
3692:("with vote"; enrolled in a
3533:Status in Roman legal system
3529:Social class in ancient Rome
2992:Constantine and Christianity
2968:, Germany (then part of the
2489:, built during the reign of
2424:Map showing the location of
2324:Colonia Claritas Iulia Ucubi
1943:in 54 AD. His heir was
1673:, 1st century AD, depicting
977:colony, enlisted the aid of
639:, attributing their city to
635:The Romans themselves had a
597:'s necropolis, along with a
448:and then to an increasingly
439:. That empire was among the
7:
22188:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
22182:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
22134:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
21312:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
20741:Water supply and sanitation
20165:Italian geographical region
20033:Monarchy and the World Wars
19975:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
19861:War of the Sicilian Vespers
19514:Timeline of Italian history
19438:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
18885:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
14498:Decorations and punishments
13674:(5th ed.). Routledge.
13633:. Cornell University Press.
13353:Roman Imperial Architecture
13175:. Oxford University Press.
13025:. David McKay Company, Inc.
12961:. Oxford University Press.
12918:. Oxford University Press.
12870:(3rd ed.). Wadsworth.
12763:. Oxford University Press.
12726:. Oxford University Press.
12612:. Profile. pp. 15–16.
12547:. ACLS History. p. 9.
12472:William Cunningham (1900).
12249:"Daily Life: Entertainment"
12166:, JHU Press (1988), p. 148.
12012:Pfeiffer, Homer F. (1931).
11835:Houston, George W. (2008).
11544:Langlands, Rebecca (2006).
10796:Brennan, Correy T. (2004).
10730:Oakley, Stephen P. (2004).
10285:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996).
10241:Washington State University
8835:. M. Bailey. 1881. p.
8596:. Retrieved 12 March 2007;
8314:Washington State University
8082:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5
7535:. Random House. p. 3.
7470:Review of Income and Wealth
7347:
6546:, Italy, Roman province of
5961:Roman painting styles show
5654:
5552:
4962:estates had supplanted the
4119:Decorations and punishments
4028:
4023:decline of the Roman Empire
3708:of 91–88 BC, and full
3546:, c. 100 BC, from the
2742:Crisis of the Third Century
2736:Crisis of the Third Century
2607:Crisis of the Third Century
1473:To avoid this fate, Caesar
1185:to handle invasions of the
1181:and was repeatedly elected
1152:in the 2nd century BC, the
965:. The last threat to Roman
770:
283:• Octavian proclaimed
10:
23541:
22128:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
22122:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
21523:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
21493:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
21478:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
20660:Inventions and discoveries
20070:Fall of the Fascist regime
20053:Fourth War of Independence
20011:Expedition of the Thousand
20001:Second War of Independence
19445:Legacy of the Roman Empire
18267:Constantine XI Palaiologos
18218:Andronikos III Palaiologos
18105:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
16319:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
16258:
15405:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
13980:historiography of the fall
13765:. Oxford University Press.
13693:. Oxford University Press.
13651:(2nd ed.). Blackwell.
13621:. Oxford University Press.
13576:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
13521:. Oxford University Press.
13204:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30
13167:O'Connell, Robert (1989).
13150:Carthage Must be Destroyed
11992:World History Encyclopedia
11639:A history of western music
11285:Classical Latin Supplement
11107:American Historical Review
10879:Coarelli, Filippo (1987),
9993:Constantine I (306–337 AD)
8959:"Gaius Suetonius Paulinus"
8869:Sir William Smith (1890).
8621:Metropolitan Museum of Art
8380:. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
8118:These are literally Roman
8041:"Rome: The Roman Republic"
7088:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
6986:
6914:Legacy of the Roman Empire
6911:
6625:
6493:
6413:
6409:
6326:, and tomatoes, potatoes,
6174:
6170:
6149:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
6069:between fights and in the
5916:
5890:
5823:, with the signing of the
5672:
5658:
5556:
5437:
5433:
5309:
5260:client-patron relationship
5146:portrait of a family from
5131:
5074:began debasing the silver
5066:) had a face value of one
4913:
4909:
4032:
3971:The Republic had no fixed
3833:
3823:
3727:
3526:
3443:
3403:
3124:(364–378); the victorious
3078:
2983:built during the reign of
2888:
2739:
2451:Provincia Syria Palaestina
2393:, organised a province of
2330:, son of Marcus Aurelius.
2316:Colonia Agusta Nemausensis
1658:
1544:In 42 BC, the Senate
1290:) and equestrian classes (
1255:in the new provinces, and
998:
992:
774:
698:
694:
677:, where the Trojan prince
657:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
516:
507:
66:Senatus Populusque Romanus
29:
23239:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
23219:
23137:
22974:
22809:
22680:Standard Average European
22548:
22377:
22297:
22240:Free Territory of Trieste
22100:
22030:
21969:
21952:
21876:
21813:
21776:
21758:Principality of Benevento
21750:
21727:
21672:
21661:
21603:
21573:
21325:
21275:
21229:
21160:
21147:
21110:
21025:
20956:
20754:
20600:
20591:
20455:
20446:
20434:Security and intelligence
20307:
20298:
20160:
20151:
20094:
20021:Third War of Independence
19996:First War of Independence
19983:
19876:
19785:
19666:
19603:
19522:
19506:
19497:
19433:
19400:
19347:
19304:
19274:
19227:
19218:
19177:
19086:
19055:
19046:
19028:
19008:
18970:
18952:
18929:
18911:
18893:
18875:
18857:
18829:
18822:
18815:
18760:
18705:Roman conquest of Britain
18676:
18390:
18343:
18275:
18240:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
18208:Andronikos II Palaiologos
18033:Constantine IX Monomachos
17721:
17618:
17501:
17328:
17166:
17014:
16939:
16891:
16836:
16798:
16738:
16650:
16612:
16586:
16555:
16514:
16442:
16358:
16337:
16314:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
16271:
16135:
15860:
15843:
15786:External wars and battles
15653:
15547:
15360:
14952:
14945:
14867:
14779:
14684:
14559:
14511:
14389:
14339:
14278:
14269:
14151:
14103:
14023:
13940:
13910:
13901:
13883:
13809:Resources in your library
13698:Stewart, Roberta (1998).
13578:. Yale University Press.
13572:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith
13550:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith
13357:. Yale University Press.
13126:Matyszak, Philip (2003).
13017:Haywood, Richard (1971).
12977:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith
12955:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith
12896:The Story of Civilization
12689:. Yale University Press.
12439:. University of Chicago.
12437:"Lead Poisoning and Rome"
12304:. Prentice Hall. p.
12082:. John Wiley & Sons.
12076:Civitello, Linda (2011).
11431:Theodosius I (379–395 AD)
10408:(Cambridge, 1996) 174–183
10406:Metropolis and Hinterland
8805:. A. Constable. pp.
8480:Julius Caesar (100–44 BC)
8452:. Werner Co. p. 760.
7806:. NYU Press. p. 90.
7394:Timeline of Roman history
6907:
6472:. At the Late Empire the
6369:raised in the fishery at
5887:Art, music and literature
5817:persecution of Christians
5127:
3730:Education in ancient Rome
3120:cost the life of emperor
3035:("City of Constantine").
3011:. He was defeated by the
2908:depicting the profile of
2562:Year of the Five Emperors
2401:and the Parthian capital
2180:Year of the Four Emperors
2116:Titus Flavius Vespasianus
2112:Year of the Four Emperors
2079:("parent of all lands").
1908:(from 31 to 37 AD).
1388:Landing of the Romans in
488:. It achieved impressive
379:Ancient Rome began as an
311:
307:
294:
281:
264:
251:
247:
237:
191:
181:
162:
121:
73:
59:
54:
45:
23379:Lancaster House Treaties
22869:Christian existentialism
22829:Ancient Roman philosophy
22819:Ancient Greek philosophy
22146:Italian United Provinces
21498:Principality of Piombino
21287:Patrimony of Saint Peter
20112:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
20107:Institutional referendum
18203:Michael VIII Palaiologos
16573:Rape of the Sabine Women
13834:University of Notre Dame
13832:OpenCourseWare from the
13671:From the Gracchi to Nero
13231:Rochette, Bruno (2018).
13190:Rochette, Bruno (2011).
12685:Levick, Barbara (1993).
12358:. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
11694:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11682:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11670:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11609:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11345:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11167:Adkins & Adkins 1998
11089:Routledge, 2007, p. 72.
11004:Fondazione Brescia Musei
10948:Heseltine, John (2005).
10544:Adkins & Adkins 1998
10468:Adkins & Adkins 1998
10202:Durant & Durant 1944
9951:De Mortibus Persecutorum
9897:De Mortibus Persecutorum
9410:Titus Flavius Domitianus
8590:Augustus (63 BC – AD 14)
8507:De Imperatoribus Romanis
8503:Augustus (31 BC – 14 AD)
8412:Adkins & Adkins 1998
8107:Adkins & Adkins 1998
8027:Adkins & Adkins 1998
7436:
7241:Roman constitutional law
6794:'s campaigns in Greece.
6663:guarded technologies as
6628:Ancient Roman technology
6416:Clothing in ancient Rome
6157:Temple of Divus Augustus
6155:in the Roman Forum, the
6108:Literature and Libraries
6047:(a long trumpet) or the
5661:Religion in ancient Rome
5615:of the Roman Empire was
4954:and trade. Agricultural
4857:Less is known about the
4422:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
4407:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
4077:Military of ancient Rome
4039:Military of ancient Rome
4007:was portrayed as only a
3901:, home to Italy's Senate
3462:around 530 AD (see
3456:Law of the Twelve Tables
3398:conquered Constantinople
3343:threat to Constantinople
3313:, and southern Hispania
2841:. In that same year the
1769:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1692:reform of the government
1525:Roman naming conventions
1109:in October 202 BC.
23515:Classical civilizations
23157:Equality before the law
22364:Romano-Germanic culture
22234:Italian Social Republic
21909:Principality of Taranto
21801:Principality of Taranto
21763:Principality of Salerno
21518:Bishopric of Tarantasia
21341:Bishopric of Bressanone
21258:Duchy of the Pentapolis
20635:Emigration and diaspora
19844:Guelphs and Ghibellines
19829:the Sardinian Judicates
19440:; Proposed; in Danger
19234:Palestinian territories
18402:Roman conquest of Italy
18058:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
17692:Tiberius II Constantine
16578:Battle of Lacus Curtius
15781:Roman–Iranian relations
14256:Optimates and populares
13830:History of ancient Rome
13763:Rome: An Empire's Story
13554:The Complete Roman Army
13508:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
13441:10.1126/science.aay6826
13039:Oxford University Press
12998:Grant, Michael (2005).
12814:Casson, Lionel (1998).
12660:Grant, Michael (1987).
12591:Handford, S.A. (1951).
12516:Michael Burger (2008).
11941:2027/njp.32101076187390
11727:Libraries & Culture
10883:. NIS, Rome, pp. 35–84.
10646:The Roman Army and Navy
10347:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
10340:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
10040:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
10033:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
9985:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
9978:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
9921:Diocletian (284–305 AD)
9830:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
9823:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
9621:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.).
9617:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
9585:"Epitome of Book LXXII"
8699:Encyclopædia Britannica
8424:Tuma, Elias H. (1965).
8286:Encyclopædia Britannica
7888:The Ancient Roman World
7657:Encyclopædia Britannica
7594:13 October 2013 at the
7523:Roman Empire Population
7389:Outline of ancient Rome
6900:, which contributed to
6810:in present-day France.
6671:Roman civil engineering
6544:Villa Romana del Casale
5957:, Italy, circa 40–30 BC
5919:Ancient Rome (painting)
5909:Theatre of ancient Rome
5807:Beginning with Emperor
5440:Culture of ancient Rome
5177:, late 1st century BC,
5027:Apollodorus of Damascus
4838:), which was built
4505:Ancient Rome portal
3381:by participants of the
2558:Quintus Aemilius Laetus
2363:Apollodorus of Damascus
2045:Servius Sulpicius Galba
1958:, to invade modern-day
1954:Nero sent his general,
1904:(until 31 AD) and
1671:Augustus of Prima Porta
1655:Empire – the Principate
1629:Donations of Alexandria
1554:; Octavian thus became
1529:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1440:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1426:Catilinarian conspiracy
1116:kingdoms of Greece and
1037:The Roman siege of the
314:
213:constitutional republic
23319:Eastern European Group
22908:Continental philosophy
22839:Judeo-Christian ethics
22824:Hellenistic philosophy
22305:Cradle of civilization
22140:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
21914:Terra Sancti Benedicti
21818:(from the 9th century)
21528:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
20517:Science and technology
20465:Italian regions by GDP
20266:Marine protected areas
19938:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
18980:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
18213:Michael IX Palaiologos
16949:Conflict of the Orders
16265:
15833:Ancient Roman religion
15791:Civil wars and revolts
15057:Sextus Pompeius Festus
14704:Conflict of the Orders
14063:Legislative assemblies
13526:Gabba, Emilio (1991).
13300:Scarre, Chris (1995).
12255:. 1998. Archived from
12164:The Ancient Roman City
11721:Dix, T. Keith (1994).
11381:Edward Gibbon (1787).
11323:, p. 114-115,118.
11179:Rawson, Beryl (1987).
10644:Potter, David (2004).
10418:Gawande, Atul (2014).
10389:The Population of Rome
10328:Basil II (AD 976–1025)
10237:"The Byzantine Empire"
10169:www.roman-emperors.org
10076:Lapham, Lewis (1997).
9565:Life of Antoninus Pius
9188:. London: Bloomsbury.
9180:Omnium Terrarum Parens
8310:"Rome: The Punic Wars"
8005:, pp. 215 et seq.
7904:
7685:Social Science History
7529:McLynn, Frank (2011).
7411:List of Roman emperors
7406:List of ancient Romans
7297:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
7206:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
6826:
6792:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
6776:
6766:, and soon supplanted
6722:Classical architecture
6648:
6551:
6527:
6439:
6229:modern Italian cooking
6209:
5958:
5940:
5929:Villa of the Mysteries
5732:
5545:among the upper class
5505:, from which the word
5452:
5181:
5161:
5134:Family in ancient Rome
5029:
4947:
4854:
4719:
4689:
4583:
4559:
3902:
3753:
3562:
3513:sg. Praetor Peregrinus
3468:Byzantine Roman Empire
3439:
3424:
3379:Sack of Constantinople
3327:conquest of the Levant
2988:
2912:
2885:Empire – The Tetrarchy
2758:
2660:
2621:
2498:
2433:
2284:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
2278:
2261:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
2176:First Jewish-Roman War
2099:
2076:omnium terrarum parens
2075:
2069:
2056:
1868:
1708:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1702:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1681:
1619:, ruled by his lover,
1570:Gaius Cassius Longinus
1458:and was killed in the
1444:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
1405:
1358:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
1338:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1207:, leader of the rival
1089:, who marched through
1046:
1030:
761:
723:
653:Marcus Terentius Varro
473:
64:
34:. For other uses, see
23439:Three Seas Initiative
23414:Pacific Islands Forum
23279:British–Irish Council
23027:Greek Orthodox Church
22486:Industrial Revolution
22456:Scientific Revolution
22158:Republic of San Marco
21940:Crown Colony of Malta
21768:Principality of Capua
21508:Marquisate of Saluzzo
21371:County of Santa Fiora
21033:Etruscan civilization
20716:Public administration
19824:the Holy Roman Empire
18732:Domitian's Dacian War
18651:Liberators' civil war
18307:Thessalonian emperors
18301:Trapezuntine emperors
18262:John VIII Palaiologos
18257:Manuel II Palaiologos
18228:John VI Kantakouzenos
18144:Andronikos I Komnenos
17981:Constantine Lekapenos
17009:and empresses regnant
16264:
15500:Simplicius of Cilicia
15252:Quintus Curtius Rufus
14481:Siege in Ancient Rome
14090:Executive magistrates
13638:Potter, T.W. (1987).
13556:. Thames and Hudson.
13517:Fox, Matthew (1996).
13372:Werner, Paul (1978).
13064:Keegan, John (1993).
12722:Syme, Ronald (2002).
12543:Finley, M.I. (2008).
12506:Kuno Fischer (1887).
12494:Value of the classics
12296:Zeidman, Bob (2011).
11896:10.1163/9789004473508
11790:www.perseus.tufts.edu
11765:www.perseus.tufts.edu
11248:29 April 2015 at the
10975:Temin, Peter (2001).
10351:. Fred de Fau and Co.
10131:University of Calgary
10078:The End of the World.
10044:. Fred de Fau and Co.
10005:Honorius (395–423 AD)
9989:. Fred de Fau and Co.
9967:. Fred de Fau and Co.
9834:. Fred de Fau and Co.
9703:The Life of Caracalla
9625:. Fred de Fau and Co.
8873:. J. Murray. p.
8684:Pelham, Henry Francis
8538:19 March 2009 at the
8505:by Garrett G. Fagan.
8398:7 August 2014 at the
8238:penelope.uchicago.edu
8183:Pyrrhus of Epirus (3)
8177:14 April 2016 at the
8172:Pyrrhus of Epirus (2)
7738:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369
7557:. New York: Penguin.
7307:Howard Hayes Scullard
7254:, became milestones.
7222:The History of Romans
6816:
6758:widely. Concrete was
6635:
6533:
6503:
6431:from the basilica of
6423:
6192:
6181:Ancient Rome and wine
6177:Ancient Roman cuisine
6033:was largely based on
5946:
5926:
5901:Music of ancient Rome
5686:
5673:Further information:
5599:. Although surviving
5537:, and entertained by
5447:
5281:) of their husbands'
5167:
5152:The Greek inscription
5141:
5020:
4939:
4821:
4565:
4544:
4388:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
4203:Technological history
3880:
3846:Senate and the people
3834:Further information:
3737:
3660:Women in ancient Rome
3540:
3454:may be traced to the
3411:
3400:on 29 May 1453.
3277:and beginning of the
3201:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
3095:Valentinianic dynasty
3091:Constantinian dynasty
3046:attempted to restore
2959:
2903:
2749:
2650:
2615:
2484:
2423:
2377:appointed a king for
2361:, with the architect
2268:
2127:siege and destruction
2121:The most significant
2090:
1941:Agrippina the Younger
1937:conquest of Britannia
1919:and his grand-nephew
1857:
1668:
1580:of many senators and
1430:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1387:
1036:
1008:
708:
601:on the bottom of the
517:Further information:
453:military dictatorship
372:(509–27 BC), and the
216:(509 BC–476 AD, only
182:Common languages
23434:Special Relationship
22844:Christian philosophy
22789:Western Christianity
22451:Age of Enlightenment
22325:Hellenistic Kingdoms
21954:French Revolutionary
21894:State of the Presidi
21618:Republic of Florence
21590:Domini di Terraferma
21240:Exarchate of Ravenna
21138:Western Roman Empire
21082:Nuragic civilization
20944:World Heritage Sites
20399:Council of Ministers
20137:Coronavirus pandemic
19535:Currency and coinage
18737:Trajan's Dacian Wars
18422:Roman–Hernician wars
18245:John VII Palaiologos
18193:Theodore II Laskaris
18053:Constantine X Doukas
17993:Nikephoros II Phokas
16458:Interpretatio graeca
15510:Stephanus Byzantinus
15415:Eusebius of Caesaria
15277:Sidonius Apollinaris
14967:Ammianus Marcellinus
14306:Tribune of the plebs
13627:Mitchell, Richard E.
13381:Willis, Roy (2000).
13067:A History of Warfare
12914:Elton, Hugh (1996).
12724:The Roman Revolution
12410:Hodge, A.T. (1992).
12136:Phyllis Pray Bober,
12102:Phyllis Pray Bober,
11961:Boyd, C. E. (1915).
11268:University of Denver
11264:"The Latin Alphabet"
10759:period (200–235 AD).
10500:Frank Frost Abbott,
10443:Rossi, Lino (1981).
10261:Armies of Pestilence
10247:on 24 February 1999.
9879:The Life of Claudius
9869:The Life of Aurelian
9107:, Feltrinelli, p.363
8987:. 2013. p. 162.
8803:Tiberius, the tyrant
8188:3 March 2016 at the
7362:Civilizations portal
7320:The Roman Revolution
7182:Ammianus Marcellinus
6989:Roman historiography
6972:Age of Enlightenment
6924:Western civilisation
6675:military engineering
6490:Games and recreation
6454:Western Roman Empire
6239:, 40 kinds of pear,
6133:Gaius Asinius Pollio
5792:As contact with the
5641:Eastern Roman Empire
5535:free supply of grain
5362:) and water clocks (
5099:Roman maritime trade
4847:Museo Pio-Clementino
4655:), and the cavalry (
4378:Lower Germanic Limes
4277:Strategy and tactics
4212:Military engineering
4114:Unit types and ranks
3798:) taught them about
3464:Corpus Juris Civilis
3430:military settlements
3395:Mehmed the Conqueror
3142:Western Roman Empire
3134:Eastern Roman Empire
3118:Battle of Adrianople
3052:Hellenistic religion
2365:. He remodelled the
2243:gladiatorial combats
1773:Nero Claudius Drusus
1566:Marcus Junius Brutus
1493:, and Pompey's son,
1422:tribune of the plebs
1370:second march on Rome
1334:Lucius Julius Caesar
1322:Marcus Livius Drusus
1281:brothers, a pair of
1217:massacring opponents
1144:After defeating the
1063:Hiero II of Syracuse
867:separation of powers
717:Tomb of the Leopards
599:clay and timber wall
395:culture of southern
362:Western Roman Empire
114:Eastern Roman Empire
105:Western Roman Empire
23459:West Nordic Council
23324:Eastern Partnership
22913:Analytic philosophy
22614:Classical tradition
22436:Early modern period
22392:Classical antiquity
22387:European Bronze Age
22228:Free State of Fiume
22176:Kingdom of Sardinia
21919:Neapolitan Republic
21867:Kingdom of Sardinia
21862:Republic of Sassari
21690:Catepanate of Italy
21613:Republic of Cospaia
21436:Duchy of Montferrat
21431:March of Montferrat
21366:County of Guastalla
21266:Exarchate of Africa
20475:Automotive industry
20414:Metropolitan cities
19960:Early Modern period
19933:Kingdom of Sardinia
19884:Italian city-states
18636:Roman–Parthian Wars
18427:Roman–Volscian wars
18407:Roman–Etruscan Wars
18176:Theodore I Laskaris
18161:Alexios III Angelos
18139:Alexios II Komnenos
18063:Romanos IV Diogenes
18018:Romanos III Argyros
17964:Romanos I Lekapenos
16866:reforms of Augustus
16658:Classical mythology
16479:Theology of victory
16324:Kings of Alba Longa
15686:Distinguished women
15337:Velleius Paterculus
15177:Nicolaus Damascenus
15157:Marcellus Empiricus
14546:Republican currency
13727:2019Sci...366..673W
13433:2019Sci...366..708A
13239:(1/2018): 107–128.
13237:Lingue e Linguaggio
13070:. Alfred A. Knopf.
12862:Spielvogel, Jackson
12490:Andrew Fleming West
12369:"Roman road system"
12162:John E. Stambaugh,
12058:J. Carson Webster,
11708:, pp. 130–134.
11684:, pp. 349–350.
11611:, pp. 350–352.
11409:, pp. 166–168.
11319:, p. 263,268;
11028:(most likely by an
11026:gold glass portrait
10833:, pp. 245–252.
10821:, pp. 121–125.
10393:Classical Philology
10258:Bray, R.S. (2004).
9695:, LXXVIII, 22–23.;
8850:Compendium (1858).
8672:The Age of Augustus
8633:Orr, James (1915).
8524:25 May 2009 at the
8343:. MacMillan and Co.
8223:, pp. 175–176.
7376:Ancient Rome portal
7302:Michael Rostovtzeff
7193:Italian Renaissance
6645:World Heritage Site
6067:Roman amphitheatres
5835:Ethics and morality
5796:increased, the old
5721:House of the Vettii
5691:: in the center is
5541:, were enrolled as
5450:seven hills of Rome
4902:) were part of the
4876:As compared with a
4373:Lauter Valley Limes
3508:praetores peregrini
3499:sg. Praetor Urbanus
3363:Battle of Manzikert
3339:Arab–Byzantine wars
3331:conquest of Armenia
3323:Plague of Justinian
3307:from the Ostrogoths
3295:Western counterpart
3275:Classical antiquity
3219:Visigoths sack Rome
3110:Julian the Apostate
2929:Flavius Constantius
2775:economic depression
2769:, political chaos,
2021:crushed by Paulinus
1981:attacked the island
1710:was established by
1479:Battle of Pharsalus
1475:crossed the Rubicon
1436:Gaius Julius Caesar
1118:revolts in Hispania
1026:Carthaginian Empire
969:in Italy came when
947:Battle of the Allia
863:checks and balances
584: 1000 BC
550:'s imprisonment in
460:classical antiquity
455:during the Empire.
22918:Post-structuralism
22881:Christian humanism
22511:Universal suffrage
22058:Lucca and Piombino
21935:Malta Protectorate
21899:Duke of San Donato
21653:Republic of Ancona
21575:Republic of Venice
21488:Duchy of Mirandola
21376:Duchy of Guastalla
21214:Duchy of Tridentum
21194:Duchy of Benevento
21161:Barbarian kingdoms
20537:Telecommunications
19904:Maritime republics
19261:: Emmaus Nicopolis
19244:: Aelia Capitolina
19056:Of legion veterans
18913:Gallia Narbonensis
18895:Gallia Lugdunensis
18859:Britannia Inferior
18831:Britannia Superior
18742:Roman–Persian Wars
18641:Caesar's civil war
18513:Roman–Seleucid war
18412:Roman-Aequian wars
18384:Ancient Roman wars
18295:Britannic emperors
18289:Palmyrene emperors
18223:John V Palaiologos
18166:Alexios IV Angelos
18115:Constantine Doukas
18110:Alexios I Komnenos
18098:Constantine Doukas
18081:Michael VII Doukas
18043:Michael VI Bringas
17609:Romulus Augustulus
17232:Trebonianus Gallus
17225:Herennius Etruscus
17007:Byzantine emperors
16732:Roman Constitution
16266:
15460:Phlegon of Tralles
15267:Seneca the Younger
14741:Naming conventions
14471:Personal equipment
14004:Later Roman Empire
13031:Kaldellis, Anthony
12805:Cary, Max (1967).
12649:on 24 August 2014.
12633:Liukkonen, Petri.
12478:. University Press
11986:Cartwright, Mark.
11853:10.1353/lac.0.0032
11815:www.britannica.com
11010:on 19 October 2021
10911:, pp. 99–101.
10732:The Early Republic
9636:Five Good Emperors
9607:. 7 November 2005.
9603:by Verity Murphy.
9545:Historia Augusta,
9394:The Twelve Caesars
9375:The Twelve Caesars
9174:"The Roman Italy:
9001:The Twelve Caesars
8891:The Twelve Caesars
8770:The Twelve Caesars
8735:The Twelve Caesars
8716:The Twelve Caesars
8555:The Twelve Caesars
8352:1 May 2011 at the
8335:Bury, John Bagnell
8219:, pp. 25–26;
7325:Adrian Goldsworthy
7124:The Twelve Caesars
7102:Naturalis Historia
7054:Bellum Jugurthinum
7018:The Twelve Caesars
6827:
6726:Greek architecture
6649:
6587:meant patronising
6552:
6528:
6440:
6340:Columbian Exchange
6210:
5959:
5941:
5927:Frescoes from the
5733:
5645:Hellenistic period
5567:of the Romans was
5543:clients of patrons
5539:gladiatorial games
5453:
5182:
5162:
5030:
4948:
4855:
4742:. By 400 AD,
4695:cohortes equitatae
4614:comitia centuriata
4595: 500 BC
4584:
4560:
4474:Limes Tripolitanus
4095:Structural history
3903:
3826:Roman Constitution
3754:
3563:
3425:
3371:Alexios I Komnenos
3315:from the Visigoths
3215:Theodosian dynasty
3112:was killed in the
3108:: in 363, emperor
2989:
2927:(in the East) and
2913:
2759:
2679:Edict of Caracalla
2661:
2657:Capitoline Museums
2622:
2522:. His co-emperor,
2506:Five Good Emperors
2499:
2434:
2320:Gallia Narbonensis
2279:
2227:Naturalis Historia
2206:Great Fire of Rome
2198:and the temple of
2100:
2033:Great Fire of Rome
1956:Suetonius Paulinus
1899:praetorian prefect
1869:
1682:
1574:Battle of Philippi
1533:Second Triumvirate
1519:. Soon afterward,
1406:
1245:and the growth of
1205:L. Cornelius Sulla
1047:
1045:in Spain in 133 BC
1031:
921:comitia centuriata
843: 509 BC
743: 625 BC
738:, was constructed
724:
610: 650 BC
591: 800 BC
571:its fortifications
446:classical republic
368:(753–509 BC), the
320:Romulus Augustulus
224:absolute monarchy
23482:
23481:
23309:Council of Europe
23211:International law
23164:Constitutionalism
23022:Eastern Orthodoxy
22528:Post–Cold War era
22461:Age of Revolution
22315:Greco-Roman world
22253:
22252:
22249:
22248:
22096:
22095:
22063:Massa and Carrara
21948:
21947:
21925:Hospitaller Malta
21884:Kingdom of Naples
21878:Kingdom of Sicily
21809:
21808:
21719:Duchy of Sorrento
21638:Republic of Genoa
21633:Republic of Siena
21628:Republic of Massa
21623:Republic of Lucca
21356:County of Gorizia
21346:Corsican Republic
21327:Holy Roman Empire
20985:
20984:
20952:
20951:
20587:
20586:
20522:Southern question
20442:
20441:
20374:Political parties
20322:Foreign relations
20294:
20293:
20147:
20146:
19868:Kingdom of Naples
19856:Kingdom of Sicily
19453:
19452:
19429:
19428:
19425:
19424:
19254:Caesarea Maritima
19178:Possible colonies
19068:Caesarea Maritima
19026:
19025:
18985:Castra Taurinorum
18931:Germania Inferior
18771:
18770:
18727:Jewish–Roman wars
18599:Sulla's civil war
18593:Bellum Octavianum
18481:Illyro-Roman Wars
18454:Roman–Gallic wars
18432:Roman–Sabine wars
18350:
18349:
18188:John III Vatatzes
18134:Manuel I Komnenos
17873:Michael I Rangabe
17717:
17716:
17559:Petronius Maximus
17158:Severus Alexander
17126:Septimius Severus
16969:
16968:
16916:(post Diocletian)
16906:(post Diocletian)
16861:reforms of Caesar
16698:
16697:
16675:Etruscan religion
16289:Romulus and Remus
16272:Legendary figures
16256:
16255:
15905:Castor and Pollux
15799:
15798:
15761:Pontifices maximi
15543:
15542:
15400:Diogenes Laërtius
15222:Pliny the Younger
14977:Asconius Pedianus
14937:Romance languages
14809:Civil engineering
14551:Imperial currency
14424:Political control
14385:
14384:
14019:
14018:
13790:Library resources
13681:978-0-4150-2527-0
13594:Holloway, R. Ross
13585:978-0-3001-2689-1
13563:978-0-5000-5124-5
13488:Coarelli, Filippo
13392:978-1-8645-8089-1
13385:. Ken Fin Books.
13364:978-0-3000-5292-3
13333:978-0-5217-8053-7
13311:978-0-1405-1329-5
13304:. Penguin Books.
13285:978-0-1988-8729-4
13223:978-1-4051-8605-6
13182:978-0-1950-5359-3
13159:978-0-1410-1809-6
13137:978-0-5000-5121-4
13118:978-0-5218-0918-4
13077:978-0-3945-8801-8
13056:978-0-1975-4932-2
13021:The Ancient World
13009:978-1-8988-0045-3
13002:. Phoenix Press.
12990:978-0-3043-6642-2
12968:978-0-1981-5057-2
12946:978-0-5210-0390-2
12925:978-0-1981-5241-5
12906:978-1-5673-1023-8
12877:978-0-5345-7168-9
12829:978-0-8018-5992-2
12789:978-0-1997-3057-5
12770:978-0-1951-2332-6
12733:978-0-1928-0320-7
12696:978-0-3000-5831-4
12662:The World of Rome
12635:"Theodor Mommsen"
12619:978-1-8476-5441-0
12554:978-1-5974-0534-8
12529:978-1-5511-1432-3
12356:InsideScience.org
12315:978-0-1370-3533-5
12259:on 30 April 2007.
12151:A History of Food
12089:978-0-4704-0371-6
11972:978-1-1648-3397-0
11905:978-9-0044-7350-8
11649:978-0-3939-5627-6
11588:978-0-4152-2459-8
11557:978-0-5218-5943-1
11530:978-1-5851-0796-4
11500:978-1-5597-0727-5
11446:Astore, William.
11306:978-0-2710-2001-3
11232:978-0-6910-5890-0
11192:978-0-8014-9460-4
11169:, pp. 39–40.
11095:978-0-4154-2675-6
11074:978-1-4051-2071-5
11030:Alexandrian Greek
10981:Abstract Archives
10961:978-0-7112-2552-7
10934:978-0-5217-8274-6
10866:978-1-4051-2153-8
10786:, pp. 89–96.
10771:, pp. 36–37.
10606:, pp. 16–42.
10454:978-8-8164-0071-9
10429:978-1-8466-8582-8
10298:978-0-8122-1587-8
10271:978-0-2271-7240-7
10137:on 12 August 2013
9933:Ward-Perkins 1994
9908:Joannes Zonaras,
9740:978-1-8476-5441-0
9530:978-0-8028-2416-5
9298:The History Guide
9066:Arthur Keaveney:
8871:Abaeus-Dysponteus
8378:Purdue University
8093:978-0-1928-2296-3
8029:, pp. 41–42.
8017:, pp. 43–44.
7865:, pp. 31–32.
7813:978-0-8147-8005-3
7793:978-0-7190-4942-2
7773:978-0-6741-7728-4
7542:978-1-4464-4933-2
7514:978-0-1992-2721-1
7270:John Bagnall Bury
7210:The Roman History
7092:Roman Antiquities
6854:their agriculture
6657:insulated glazing
6469:pileus pannonicus
6137:Atrium Libertatis
6025:relief sculptures
5699:and on the right
5649:Romance languages
5609:literary language
5593:Etruscan alphabet
5591:was based on the
5509:derives. The low
5312:Roman timekeeping
5256:be lawfully freed
5014:slave ownership.
4916:Roman agriculture
4723:for infantry and
4539:
4538:
4490:
4489:
4481:Limes Mauretaniae
4336:Limes Britannicus
4297:
4296:
4261:Political history
4251:
4250:
4171:
4170:
3739:Roman portraiture
3710:Roman citizenship
3617:, was known as a
3577:) at the bottom,
3560:Etruscan language
3554:while engaged in
3335:conquest of Egypt
3241:was taken by the
3114:Battle of Samarra
2863:Claudius Gothicus
2833:, ruled by Queen
2815:Plague of Cyprian
2763:Alexander Severus
2722:Severus Alexander
2591:Pannonia Superior
2582:Septimius Severus
2446:Bar Kokhba revolt
2369:and extended the
2216:. The historians
2123:military campaign
2095:, founder of the
2023:. Boadicea, like
1917:Tiberius Gemellus
1633:gave to Cleopatra
1460:Battle of Carrhae
1452:First Triumvirate
1158:Mediterranean Sea
1130:Scipio Aemilianus
1028:and close allies
979:Pyrrhus of Epirus
959:gradually subdued
847:Tarquin the Proud
794:Capitoline Brutus
641:Romulus and Remus
544:Romulus and Remus
468:Greco-Roman world
389:Italian Peninsula
338:
337:
272:Tarquin the Proud
201:absolute monarchy
55:753 BC–476/480 AD
16:(Redirected from
23532:
23354:EU Customs Union
22886:Secular humanism
22834:Christian ethics
22784:East–West Schism
22767:Physical culture
22491:Great Divergence
22441:Age of Discovery
22280:
22273:
22266:
22257:
22256:
22214:Kingdom of Italy
22201:
22200:
21967:
21966:
21796:County of Sicily
21791:County of Aversa
21714:Byzantine Sicily
21700:Theme of Lucania
21670:
21669:
21648:Republic of Pisa
21643:Republic of Noli
21513:Duchy of Spoleto
21483:Duchy of Merania
21381:Kingdom of Italy
21307:Duchy of Ferrara
21252:Duchy of Perugia
21231:Byzantine Empire
21209:Duchy of Spoleto
21176:Ostrogothic rule
21158:
21157:
21026:Pre-Roman period
21012:
21005:
20998:
20989:
20988:
20975:
20974:
20967:Italy portal
20964:
20963:
20904:National symbols
20598:
20597:
20453:
20452:
20305:
20304:
20158:
20157:
20038:Kingdom of Italy
19965:Napoleonic Italy
19504:
19503:
19480:
19473:
19466:
19457:
19456:
19225:
19224:
19205:Emmaus Nicopolis
19073:Aelia Capitolina
19053:
19052:
19041:
19034:
18827:
18826:
18798:
18791:
18784:
18775:
18774:
18693:Marcomannic Wars
18604:Mithridatic Wars
18528:Celtiberian Wars
18417:Roman–Latin wars
18377:
18370:
18363:
18354:
18353:
18198:John IV Laskaris
18171:Alexios V Doukas
18156:Isaac II Angelos
18122:John II Komnenos
18048:Isaac I Komnenos
18008:Constantine VIII
17998:John I Tzimiskes
17725:Byzantine Empire
17499:
17498:
16996:
16989:
16982:
16973:
16972:
16856:reforms of Sulla
16725:
16718:
16711:
16702:
16701:
16568:Founding of Rome
16338:Legendary beings
16299:Tullus Hostilius
16136:Abstract deities
15995:Lares Familiares
15858:
15857:
15826:
15819:
15812:
15803:
15802:
15751:Magistri equitum
15666:Cities and towns
15659:
15585:Constantinopolis
15395:Diodorus Siculus
15327:Valerius Maximus
15262:Seneca the Elder
15182:Nonius Marcellus
14950:
14949:
14503:Hippika gymnasia
14466:Infantry tactics
14372:Consular tribune
14362:Magister equitum
14311:Military tribune
14276:
14275:
14236:Pontifex maximus
14231:Princeps senatus
14221:Magister militum
13987:Byzantine Empire
13908:
13907:
13869:
13862:
13855:
13846:
13845:
13778:
13766:
13754:
13703:
13694:
13685:
13661:
13652:
13643:
13634:
13622:
13619:Latin historians
13613:
13606:Keaveney, Arthur
13601:
13589:
13567:
13545:
13531:
13522:
13513:
13504:
13495:
13483:
13481:
13479:
13469:(January 2004).
13462:
13452:
13396:
13377:
13368:
13356:
13345:
13320:Scheidel, Walter
13315:
13296:
13294:
13292:
13277:
13256:
13227:
13215:
13186:
13174:
13163:
13141:
13122:
13091:translated from
13081:
13060:
13026:
13024:
13013:
12994:
12972:
12950:
12929:
12910:
12889:
12853:
12833:
12821:
12810:
12801:
12774:
12738:
12737:
12719:
12713:
12707:
12701:
12700:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12630:
12624:
12623:
12603:
12597:
12596:
12588:
12582:
12569:
12563:
12562:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12513:
12503:
12497:
12487:
12485:
12483:
12469:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12448:
12432:
12426:
12425:
12407:
12401:
12391:
12385:
12384:
12382:
12380:
12365:
12359:
12349:
12343:
12342:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12303:
12292:
12286:
12279:
12273:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12245:
12236:
12226:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12199:
12193:
12190:
12181:
12178:
12167:
12160:
12154:
12147:
12141:
12134:
12123:
12116:
12107:
12100:
12094:
12093:
12073:
12067:
12064:Hermitage Museum
12056:
12050:
12049:
12009:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11983:
11977:
11976:
11958:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11925:
11916:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11832:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11798:
11796:
11782:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11771:
11757:
11751:
11750:
11718:
11709:
11703:
11697:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11673:
11667:
11661:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11633:
11624:
11618:
11612:
11606:
11593:
11592:
11568:
11562:
11561:
11541:
11535:
11534:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11465:
11459:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11443:
11434:
11428:
11422:
11416:
11410:
11404:
11398:
11397:
11388:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11314:
11308:
11294:
11288:
11282:
11276:
11275:
11274:on 3 April 2007.
11270:. Archived from
11259:
11253:
11240:
11234:
11216:
11210:
11203:
11197:
11196:
11176:
11170:
11164:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11136:
11130:
11120:
11114:
11103:
11097:
11083:
11077:
11019:
11017:
11015:
11006:. Archived from
10995:
10989:
10988:
10987:on 15 June 2010.
10972:
10966:
10965:
10945:
10939:
10938:
10918:
10912:
10906:
10900:
10899:, pp. 76–78
10893:
10884:
10877:
10871:
10870:
10852:
10846:
10840:
10834:
10828:
10822:
10819:Goldsworthy 1996
10816:
10810:
10805:
10793:
10787:
10781:
10772:
10769:Goldsworthy 1996
10766:
10760:
10750:
10744:
10739:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10702:
10696:
10693:Goldsworthy 1996
10690:
10684:
10683:
10664:
10658:
10653:
10641:
10630:
10620:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10589:
10578:
10568:
10562:
10556:
10547:
10541:
10520:
10514:
10505:
10498:
10492:
10482:
10471:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10415:
10409:
10402:
10396:
10371:
10365:
10359:
10353:
10352:
10346:
10345:(Online version)
10337:
10331:
10325:
10319:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10282:
10276:
10275:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10243:. Archived from
10232:
10221:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10184:
10178:
10172:
10161:
10155:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10095:
10089:
10074:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10039:
10038:(Online version)
10030:
10024:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9990:
9984:
9983:(Online version)
9975:
9969:
9968:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9912:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9888:
9882:
9875:Historia Augusta
9865:Historia Augusta
9860:
9854:
9847:Historia Augusta
9842:
9836:
9835:
9829:
9828:(Online version)
9820:
9811:
9801:
9788:Skip Knox, E.L.
9785:
9779:
9772:Historia Augusta
9767:
9761:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9724:
9718:
9715:
9706:
9699:Historia Augusta
9687:
9681:
9672:
9666:
9657:
9651:
9645:
9639:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9614:
9608:
9598:
9592:
9591:
9577:
9568:
9561:Historia Augusta
9556:
9550:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9497:
9491:
9490:, LXVIII, 17–30.
9482:
9476:
9467:
9461:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9388:
9382:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9342:
9333:
9330:
9324:
9318:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9292:Kreis, Stephen.
9281:
9275:
9272:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9213:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9135:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9033:
9027:
9021:
9015:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8981:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8898:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8829:
8817:
8811:
8810:
8798:
8792:
8783:
8777:
8764:
8758:
8748:
8742:
8729:
8723:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8691:
8689:"Augustus"
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8661:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8630:
8624:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8587:
8581:
8568:
8562:
8549:
8543:
8533:by Juliette Reid
8516:
8510:
8500:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8443:
8432:
8431:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8390:
8381:
8363:
8357:
8344:
8331:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8278:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8230:
8224:
8217:Goldsworthy 2006
8214:
8208:
8207:
8199:
8193:
8169:
8163:
8153:
8142:
8139:Life of Camillus
8129:
8123:
8116:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8085:
8071:
8065:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7917:
7907:
7897:
7891:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7797:
7777:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7740:
7716:
7677:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7649:
7632:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7607:108(3): 681–716.
7584:
7549:
7518:
7495:
7485:
7456:
7450:
7447:
7421:Byzantine Empire
7378:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7228:highlighted the
7129:De Vita Caesarum
7065:De Bello Gallico
7048:Bellum Catilinae
6997:Historia Augusta
6948:political system
6882:, and a complex
6781:
6550:, 4th century AD
6526:–3rd century AD.
6525:
6522:
6433:Santa Pudenziana
6199:Hermitage Museum
6113:Latin literature
5955:Villa Boscoreale
5947:Woman playing a
5897:Latin literature
5861:), and loyalty (
5766:Pontifex Maximus
5601:Latin literature
5577:grammar of which
4932:Roman metallurgy
4882:boarding tactics
4863:duumviri navales
4844:
4841:
4794:legatus legionis
4722:
4692:
4596:
4593:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4362:Limes Germanicus
4312:
4311:
4289:Infantry tactics
4282:
4281:
4238:Triumphal arches
4208:
4207:
4189:Wars and battles
4181:Campaign history
4100:
4099:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
3804:Roman literature
3772:political figure
3768:Roman traditions
3752:, 1st century AD
3494:praetores urbani
3387:Empire of Nicaea
3311:from the Vandals
3271:Romulus Augustus
3177:
3168:
3159:
2837:and centered on
2831:Palmyrene Empire
2819:Syria Palaestina
2752:Palmyrene Empire
2730:Germanic peoples
2717:Historia Augusta
2574:Pescennius Niger
2566:Helvius Pertinax
2516:Marcomannic Wars
2312:Hispania Baetica
2078:
2072:
2062:
1756:Praetorian Guard
1752:equestrian class
1750:by boosting the
1748:senatorial class
1739:
1737:
1645:Battle of Actium
1491:Cato the Younger
1201:
1171:
1150:Seleucid Empires
1083:Second Punic War
1023:
1017:
861:set a series of
844:
841:
838:was established
809:
798:L. Junius Brutus
789:
766:
744:
741:
611:
608:
592:
589:
585:
582:
567:early settlement
562:
531:
519:Founding of Rome
478:
331:
255:Founding of Rome
231:
221:
205:
155:
145:
135:
111:
102:
93:
84:
78:
69:
43:
42:
21:
23540:
23539:
23535:
23534:
23533:
23531:
23530:
23529:
23500:Ancient history
23485:
23484:
23483:
23478:
23444:UKUSA Agreement
23384:Lublin Triangle
23269:Baltic Assembly
23221:
23215:
23133:
22970:
22805:
22675:Eurolinguistics
22544:
22533:Information age
22506:Interwar period
22373:
22293:
22284:
22254:
22245:
22199:
22102:
22101:Post-Napoleonic
22092:
22026:
21962:
21956:
21944:
21886:
21882:
21881:(1130–1816) and
21880:
21872:
21817:
21805:
21772:
21746:
21737:Emirate of Bari
21723:
21710:Theme of Sicily
21705:Duchy of Naples
21680:Duchy of Amalfi
21665:
21657:
21605:
21604:Other Republics
21599:
21577:
21569:
21563:County of Tenda
21543:County of Savoy
21503:Duchy of Reggio
21473:Duchy of Mantua
21401:March of Friuli
21333:
21331:
21329:
21321:
21317:Duchy of Urbino
21302:Duchy of Castro
21279:
21271:
21225:
21219:Duchy of Tuscia
21199:Duchy of Friuli
21162:
21153:
21151:
21149:
21143:
21122:(753 BC–509 BC)
21106:
21021:
21016:
20986:
20981:
20961:
20948:
20919:Public holidays
20750:
20696:Life expectancy
20583:
20438:
20354:Law enforcement
20290:
20143:
20090:
20079:Social Republic
20043:Colonial Empire
20026:Capture of Rome
19979:
19872:
19781:
19674:Ancient peoples
19662:
19599:
19560:Historic states
19518:
19493:
19484:
19454:
19449:
19421:
19396:
19387:: Philippopolis
19343:
19316:: Arca Caesarea
19300:
19270:
19232:
19220:
19214:
19173:
19082:
19042:
19036:
19035:
19022:
19004:
18966:
18962:Augusta Emerita
18948:
18925:
18907:
18889:
18871:
18853:
18818:
18811:
18802:
18772:
18767:
18756:
18722:Civil war of 69
18710:Boudican revolt
18679:
18672:
18548:Cantabrian Wars
18486:Macedonian Wars
18393:
18386:
18381:
18351:
18346:
18339:
18283:Gallic emperors
18271:
17959:Constantine VII
17740:Constantine III
17727:
17724:
17713:
17622:
17614:
17553:Valentinian III
17541:Constantius III
17535:Priscus Attalus
17519:Constantine III
17505:
17497:
17387:Valerius Valens
17332:
17324:
17170:
17162:
17121:Didius Julianus
17101:Marcus Aurelius
17018:
17010:
17000:
16970:
16965:
16935:
16887:
16832:
16794:
16734:
16729:
16699:
16694:
16690:Myth and ritual
16685:Greek mythology
16646:
16608:
16604:Pignora imperii
16599:Parabiago Plate
16582:
16551:
16510:
16444:
16438:
16420:Sibylline Books
16354:
16333:
16304:Servius Tullius
16267:
16252:
16131:
15847:
15839:
15830:
15800:
15795:
15657:
15655:
15649:
15539:
15375:Aëtius of Amida
15356:
15342:Verrius Flaccus
15322:Valerius Antias
15282:Silius Italicus
15217:Pliny the Elder
15162:Marcus Aurelius
15037:Cornelius Nepos
14987:Aurelius Victor
14941:
14863:
14775:
14709:Secessio plebis
14680:
14555:
14507:
14381:
14335:
14265:
14147:
14099:
14015:
13936:
13897:
13879:
13873:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13798:
13797:
13793:
13786:
13781:
13682:
13586:
13564:
13477:
13475:
13404:
13402:Further reading
13399:
13393:
13365:
13334:
13312:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13224:
13183:
13160:
13138:
13119:
13078:
13057:
13010:
12991:
12969:
12947:
12926:
12907:
12878:
12858:Duiker, William
12838:Cornell, Tim J.
12830:
12790:
12771:
12747:
12742:
12741:
12734:
12720:
12716:
12708:
12704:
12697:
12683:
12679:
12672:
12658:
12654:
12631:
12627:
12620:
12604:
12600:
12589:
12585:
12570:
12566:
12555:
12541:
12537:
12530:
12504:
12500:
12481:
12479:
12460:
12456:
12446:
12444:
12433:
12429:
12422:
12408:
12404:
12392:
12388:
12378:
12376:
12367:
12366:
12362:
12350:
12346:
12327:
12323:
12316:
12293:
12289:
12281:John Humphrey,
12280:
12276:
12268:
12264:
12247:
12246:
12239:
12227:
12218:
12208:
12206:
12201:
12200:
12196:
12191:
12184:
12179:
12170:
12161:
12157:
12148:
12144:
12135:
12126:
12117:
12110:
12101:
12097:
12090:
12074:
12070:
12057:
12053:
12030:10.2307/4238558
12010:
12006:
11996:
11994:
11984:
11980:
11973:
11959:
11955:
11945:
11943:
11927:
11926:
11919:
11910:
11908:
11906:
11880:
11876:
11833:
11829:
11819:
11817:
11809:
11808:
11804:
11794:
11792:
11784:
11783:
11779:
11769:
11767:
11759:
11758:
11754:
11719:
11712:
11704:
11700:
11692:
11688:
11680:
11676:
11668:
11664:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11634:
11627:
11619:
11615:
11607:
11596:
11589:
11571:Mathew Dillon;
11569:
11565:
11558:
11542:
11538:
11531:
11515:
11511:
11501:
11485:
11481:
11467:
11466:
11462:
11452:
11450:
11444:
11437:
11429:
11425:
11417:
11413:
11405:
11401:
11390:
11379:
11375:
11367:
11363:
11355:, p. 562;
11351:, p. 289;
11347:, p. 203;
11343:
11339:
11335:, pp. 108.
11331:
11327:
11315:
11311:
11296:József Herman,
11295:
11291:
11283:
11279:
11260:
11256:
11250:Wayback Machine
11241:
11237:
11217:
11213:
11204:
11200:
11193:
11177:
11173:
11165:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11137:
11133:
11121:
11117:
11104:
11100:
11084:
11080:
11013:
11011:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10973:
10969:
10962:
10946:
10942:
10935:
10919:
10915:
10907:
10903:
10894:
10887:
10878:
10874:
10867:
10853:
10849:
10841:
10837:
10829:
10825:
10817:
10813:
10794:
10790:
10782:
10775:
10767:
10763:
10751:
10747:
10728:
10724:
10717:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10687:
10680:
10665:
10661:
10642:
10633:
10621:
10610:
10602:
10598:
10592:Roman Education
10590:
10581:
10569:
10565:
10557:
10550:
10542:
10523:
10515:
10508:
10499:
10495:
10483:
10474:
10466:
10462:
10455:
10441:
10437:
10430:
10416:
10412:
10403:
10399:
10372:
10368:
10360:
10356:
10344:
10338:
10334:
10326:
10322:
10310:
10306:
10299:
10283:
10279:
10272:
10256:
10252:
10233:
10224:
10212:
10208:
10200:
10196:
10185:
10181:
10171:. 23 July 2022.
10163:
10162:
10158:
10140:
10138:
10125:
10096:
10092:
10075:
10071:
10061:
10059:
10054:
10053:
10049:
10037:
10031:
10027:
10015:
10011:
10003:
9999:
9982:
9976:
9972:
9961:
9957:
9943:
9939:
9931:
9927:
9919:
9915:
9907:
9903:
9889:
9885:
9861:
9857:
9843:
9839:
9827:
9821:
9814:
9786:
9782:
9768:
9764:
9752:
9748:
9741:
9725:
9721:
9716:
9709:
9688:
9684:
9673:
9669:
9658:
9654:
9646:
9642:
9634:
9630:
9615:
9611:
9599:
9595:
9578:
9571:
9557:
9553:
9547:Life of Hadrian
9542:
9538:
9531:
9513:
9512:
9508:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9483:
9479:
9468:
9464:
9453:
9449:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9427:; Cassius Dio,
9421:
9420:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9389:
9385:
9363:
9359:
9343:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9319:
9312:
9302:
9300:
9282:
9278:
9273:
9269:
9259:
9257:
9248:
9247:
9243:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9170:
9166:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9136:
9132:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9098:
9094:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9045:
9034:
9030:
9024:Nero (54–68 AD)
9022:
9018:
8996:
8992:
8983:
8982:
8978:
8968:
8966:
8965:on 13 July 2021
8957:
8956:
8952:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8931:England Invaded
8929:
8928:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8886:
8882:
8867:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8833:The Chautauquan
8831:
8818:
8814:
8799:
8795:
8784:
8780:
8765:
8761:
8749:
8745:
8730:
8726:
8711:
8707:
8681:
8677:
8669:
8665:
8650:
8646:
8631:
8627:
8611:
8607:
8600:The Roman Times
8588:
8584:
8569:
8565:
8550:
8546:
8540:Wayback Machine
8526:Wayback Machine
8517:
8513:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8486:
8478:
8474:
8461:
8457:
8444:
8435:
8422:
8418:
8410:
8406:
8400:Wayback Machine
8391:
8384:
8364:
8360:
8354:Wayback Machine
8332:
8328:
8318:
8316:
8298:
8294:
8271:
8267:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8240:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8215:
8211:
8200:
8196:
8190:Wayback Machine
8179:Wayback Machine
8170:
8166:
8154:
8145:
8130:
8126:
8117:
8113:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8072:
8068:
8056:
8052:
8047:on 14 May 2011.
8037:
8033:
8025:
8021:
8013:
8009:
8001:
7997:
7991:Boatwright 2012
7989:
7985:
7979:Boatwright 2012
7977:
7973:
7967:Boatwright 2012
7965:
7961:
7955:Boatwright 2012
7953:
7949:
7943:Boatwright 2012
7941:
7937:
7931:Boatwright 2012
7929:
7920:
7902:, p. 35. "
7900:Boatwright 2012
7898:
7894:
7885:
7881:
7875:Boatwright 2012
7873:
7869:
7863:Boatwright 2012
7861:
7857:
7851:Boatwright 2012
7849:
7845:
7839:Boatwright 2012
7837:
7833:
7827:Boatwright 2012
7825:
7821:
7814:
7794:
7774:
7758:
7754:
7717:
7697:10.2307/1170959
7681:Taagepera, Rein
7678:
7671:
7661:
7659:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7626:
7622:
7617:
7613:
7601:Kremer, Michael
7596:Wayback Machine
7565:
7552:
7543:
7528:
7515:
7501:Maddison, Angus
7499:
7489:
7467:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7360:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7283:The Roman World
7252:Theodor Mommsen
7235:History of Rome
7214:First Punic war
7197:Edward Gibbon's
7168:Historia Romana
7097:Pliny the Elder
7082:Ab urbe condita
7071:De Bello Civili
7008:and during the
6991:
6985:
6980:
6920:
6912:Main articles:
6910:
6880:indoor plumbing
6842:cursus publicus
6778:De architectura
6740:, and from the
6639:in France is a
6630:
6624:
6523:
6498:
6492:
6418:
6412:
6247:, garlic, some
6233:Pliny the Elder
6187:
6175:Main articles:
6173:
6153:Temple of Peace
6110:
5921:
5915:
5905:Roman sculpture
5891:Main articles:
5889:
5837:
5741:Greek mythology
5681:
5671:
5665:Roman mythology
5659:Main articles:
5657:
5613:spoken language
5605:Classical Latin
5573:Italic language
5561:
5555:
5501:on the elegant
5442:
5436:
5427:ab urbe condita
5412:consular dating
5405:Augustus Caesar
5385:named week days
5322:
5308:
5248:slavery called
5237:infant exposure
5212:patria potestas
5179:Vatican Museums
5136:
5130:
5056:. The original
5023:Trajan's Market
4934:
4914:Main articles:
4912:
4867:First Punic War
4851:Vatican Museums
4842:
4816:
4607:that practised
4594:
4535:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4458:Limes Sarmatiae
4452:Anastasian Wall
4430:Pannonian Limes
4309:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4233:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4142:
4128:
4097:
4087:
4059:
4053:
4033:Main articles:
4031:
3929:Comitia Tributa
3907:class struggles
3864:Comitia Curiata
3838:
3832:
3824:Main articles:
3822:
3732:
3726:
3698:comitia tributa
3535:
3527:Main articles:
3525:
3523:Class structure
3448:
3442:
3406:
3309:, North Africa
3253:, chief of the
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3144:, commanded by
3099:Sasanian Empire
3083:
3077:
3048:Classical Roman
2994:
2987:(r. 306–337 AD)
2898:
2893:
2887:
2865:(268–270), who
2845:was created by
2787:Maximinus Thrax
2744:
2738:
2626:Didius Julianus
2578:Clodius Albinus
2570:Didius Julianus
2564:, during which
2554:
2552:Severan dynasty
2528:Antonine Plague
2520:Parthian Empire
2518:as well as the
2502:Marcus Aurelius
2359:Trajan's Column
2355:Trajan's Market
2304:Marcus Aurelius
2263:
2222:Pliny the Elder
2161:John of Giscala
2157:Simon bar Giora
2097:Flavian dynasty
2085:
2083:Flavian dynasty
2052:Roman provinces
2037:Calpurnius Piso
1979:. His soldiers
1915:, his grandson
1734:
1704:
1663:
1657:
1647:in 31 BC.
1617:Ptolemaic Egypt
1603:and controlled
1586:Lucius Antonius
1517:Marcus Antonius
1513:
1495:Gnaeus Pompeius
1487:Metellus Scipio
1398:English Channel
1382:
1362:Gnaeus Octavius
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1172:
1142:
1126:Third Punic War
1093:to the Italian
1055:First Punic War
1029:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1003:
997:
991:
927:comitia tributa
842:
827:
826:
825:
824:
823:
810:
802:
801:
790:
779:
773:
742:
703:
697:
692:
690:
609:
590:
583:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
563:
555:
554:
536:Capitoline Wolf
532:
521:
515:
510:
441:largest empires
431:, and parts of
334:
300:
287:
274:
257:
242:Ancient history
226:(27 BC–476 AD,
225:
215:
203:
158:
153:
151:
143:
141:
133:
131:
117:
116:
109:
107:
100:
98:
91:
89:
82:
50:
39:
32:History of Rome
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23538:
23528:
23527:
23525:Former empires
23522:
23517:
23512:
23507:
23502:
23497:
23480:
23479:
23477:
23476:
23474:Westernization
23471:
23466:
23461:
23456:
23454:Visegrád Group
23451:
23446:
23441:
23436:
23431:
23426:
23421:
23416:
23411:
23406:
23401:
23396:
23394:Nordic Council
23391:
23386:
23381:
23376:
23371:
23366:
23361:
23356:
23351:
23346:
23341:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23321:
23316:
23311:
23306:
23301:
23296:
23291:
23289:Bucharest Nine
23286:
23281:
23276:
23271:
23266:
23261:
23256:
23254:Arctic Council
23251:
23246:
23241:
23236:
23231:
23225:
23223:
23217:
23216:
23214:
23213:
23208:
23203:
23202:
23201:
23196:
23191:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23166:
23161:
23160:
23159:
23149:
23143:
23141:
23135:
23134:
23132:
23131:
23126:
23121:
23120:
23119:
23114:
23109:
23104:
23099:
23098:
23097:
23092:
23087:
23082:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23052:
23051:
23050:
23049:
23048:
23038:
23037:
23036:
23031:
23030:
23029:
23019:
23018:
23017:
23007:
23006:
23005:
22980:
22978:
22972:
22971:
22969:
22968:
22967:
22966:
22956:
22951:
22946:
22945:
22944:
22932:
22931:
22930:
22920:
22915:
22910:
22905:
22900:
22895:
22890:
22889:
22888:
22883:
22873:
22872:
22871:
22864:Existentialism
22861:
22856:
22851:
22846:
22841:
22836:
22831:
22826:
22821:
22815:
22813:
22807:
22806:
22804:
22803:
22802:
22801:
22796:
22791:
22786:
22776:
22775:
22774:
22764:
22763:
22762:
22757:
22747:
22746:
22745:
22735:
22730:
22729:
22728:
22723:
22718:
22708:
22707:
22706:
22696:
22695:
22694:
22684:
22683:
22682:
22677:
22667:
22662:
22657:
22652:
22651:
22650:
22640:
22635:
22634:
22633:
22623:
22622:
22621:
22611:
22610:
22609:
22599:
22594:
22593:
22592:
22582:
22577:
22576:
22575:
22570:
22565:
22554:
22552:
22546:
22545:
22543:
22542:
22541:
22540:
22535:
22525:
22524:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22473:
22468:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22448:
22443:
22438:
22428:
22423:
22422:
22421:
22416:
22411:
22401:
22400:
22399:
22397:Late antiquity
22389:
22383:
22381:
22375:
22374:
22372:
22371:
22366:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22350:
22349:
22348:
22347:
22342:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22312:
22307:
22301:
22299:
22295:
22294:
22283:
22282:
22275:
22268:
22260:
22251:
22250:
22247:
22246:
22244:
22243:
22237:
22231:
22225:
22224:
22223:
22220:Italian Empire
22210:
22208:
22198:
22197:
22191:
22185:
22179:
22173:
22167:
22164:Roman Republic
22161:
22155:
22149:
22143:
22137:
22131:
22125:
22119:
22116:Duchy of Lucca
22113:
22110:Duchy of Genoa
22106:
22104:
22098:
22097:
22094:
22093:
22091:
22090:
22085:
22080:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22060:
22055:
22050:
22045:
22040:
22034:
22032:
22028:
22027:
22025:
22024:
22019:
22014:
22009:
22004:
21999:
21994:
21989:
21984:
21979:
21973:
21971:
21964:
21950:
21949:
21946:
21945:
21943:
21942:
21937:
21932:
21927:
21922:
21916:
21911:
21906:
21901:
21896:
21890:
21888:
21874:
21873:
21871:
21870:
21864:
21859:
21854:
21853:
21852:
21847:
21842:
21837:
21832:
21821:
21819:
21811:
21810:
21807:
21806:
21804:
21803:
21798:
21793:
21788:
21782:
21780:
21774:
21773:
21771:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21754:
21752:
21748:
21747:
21745:
21744:
21739:
21733:
21731:
21725:
21724:
21722:
21721:
21716:
21707:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21687:
21685:Duchy of Gaeta
21682:
21676:
21674:
21667:
21663:Southern Italy
21659:
21658:
21656:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21609:
21607:
21606:(c. 1000–1797)
21601:
21600:
21598:
21597:
21592:
21587:
21581:
21579:
21571:
21570:
21568:
21567:
21566:
21565:
21560:
21558:County of Nice
21555:
21553:Duchy of Aosta
21550:
21545:
21540:
21533:Savoyard state
21530:
21525:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21475:
21470:
21468:Duchy of Milan
21465:
21463:Duchy of Ivrea
21460:
21459:
21458:
21453:
21448:
21443:
21438:
21433:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21408:
21403:
21398:
21393:
21388:
21378:
21373:
21368:
21363:
21358:
21353:
21348:
21343:
21337:
21335:
21323:
21322:
21320:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21283:
21281:
21273:
21272:
21270:
21269:
21263:
21262:
21261:
21255:
21249:
21236:
21234:
21227:
21226:
21224:
21223:
21222:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21206:
21204:Duchy of Ivrea
21201:
21196:
21185:
21179:
21173:
21170:Odoacer's rule
21166:
21164:
21155:
21145:
21144:
21142:
21141:
21135:
21134:(27 BC–395 AD)
21129:
21128:(509 BC–27 BC)
21126:Roman Republic
21123:
21116:
21114:
21108:
21107:
21105:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21079:
21074:
21069:
21068:
21067:
21065:Cisalpine Gaul
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21041:
21040:
21029:
21027:
21023:
21022:
21015:
21014:
21007:
21000:
20992:
20983:
20982:
20980:
20979:
20969:
20957:
20954:
20953:
20950:
20949:
20947:
20946:
20941:
20936:
20931:
20926:
20921:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20866:
20861:
20856:
20851:
20846:
20841:
20836:
20831:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20811:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20786:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20760:
20758:
20752:
20751:
20749:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20733:
20728:
20723:
20718:
20713:
20708:
20703:
20698:
20693:
20692:
20691:
20690:
20689:
20674:
20673:
20672:
20662:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20617:
20612:
20607:
20601:
20595:
20589:
20588:
20585:
20584:
20582:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20570:
20569:
20564:
20559:
20549:
20544:
20539:
20534:
20529:
20527:Stock exchange
20524:
20519:
20514:
20509:
20504:
20499:
20494:
20493:
20492:
20487:
20477:
20472:
20467:
20462:
20456:
20450:
20444:
20443:
20440:
20439:
20437:
20436:
20431:
20429:Municipalities
20426:
20421:
20416:
20411:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20389:Prime Minister
20386:
20376:
20371:
20366:
20361:
20356:
20351:
20346:
20341:
20340:
20339:
20329:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20308:
20302:
20296:
20295:
20292:
20291:
20289:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20276:Regional parks
20273:
20271:National parks
20268:
20263:
20258:
20253:
20248:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20232:
20231:
20221:
20220:
20219:
20214:
20209:
20199:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20183:
20182:
20180:Climate change
20172:
20167:
20161:
20155:
20149:
20148:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20141:
20140:
20139:
20134:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20098:
20096:
20092:
20091:
20089:
20088:
20087:
20086:
20081:
20072:
20067:
20062:
20057:
20056:
20055:
20045:
20040:
20030:
20029:
20028:
20023:
20018:
20013:
20008:
20003:
19998:
19987:
19985:
19981:
19980:
19978:
19977:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19957:
19956:
19955:
19945:
19943:Duchy of Savoy
19940:
19935:
19930:
19929:
19928:
19927:
19926:
19921:
19916:
19911:
19901:
19896:
19891:
19880:
19878:
19874:
19873:
19871:
19870:
19865:
19864:
19863:
19853:
19851:Lombard League
19848:
19847:
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19806:
19801:
19789:
19787:
19783:
19782:
19780:
19779:
19778:
19777:
19776:
19775:
19773:Western Empire
19765:
19760:
19758:Roman conquest
19755:
19750:
19740:
19739:
19738:
19733:
19728:
19723:
19718:
19713:
19712:
19711:
19706:
19701:
19696:
19691:
19686:
19679:Italic peoples
19670:
19668:
19664:
19663:
19661:
19660:
19659:
19658:
19653:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19607:
19605:
19601:
19600:
19598:
19597:
19592:
19587:
19582:
19577:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19532:
19526:
19524:
19520:
19519:
19517:
19516:
19510:
19508:
19501:
19495:
19494:
19483:
19482:
19475:
19468:
19460:
19451:
19450:
19448:
19447:
19441:
19434:
19431:
19430:
19427:
19426:
19423:
19422:
19420:
19419:
19413:
19406:
19404:
19398:
19397:
19395:
19394:
19388:
19382:
19376:
19370:
19365:
19360:
19353:
19351:
19345:
19344:
19342:
19341:
19335:
19329:
19323:
19317:
19310:
19308:
19302:
19301:
19299:
19298:
19292:
19286:
19280:
19278:
19272:
19271:
19269:
19268:
19262:
19256:
19251:
19245:
19238:
19236:
19222:
19219:Locations with
19216:
19215:
19213:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19197:
19192:
19187:
19181:
19179:
19175:
19174:
19172:
19171:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19090:
19088:
19087:Of late Empire
19084:
19083:
19081:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19059:
19057:
19050:
19044:
19043:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19023:
19021:
19020:
19014:
19012:
19006:
19005:
19003:
19002:
18997:
18992:
18987:
18982:
18976:
18974:
18968:
18967:
18965:
18964:
18958:
18956:
18950:
18949:
18947:
18946:
18941:
18935:
18933:
18927:
18926:
18924:
18923:
18917:
18915:
18909:
18908:
18906:
18905:
18899:
18897:
18891:
18890:
18888:
18887:
18881:
18879:
18873:
18872:
18870:
18869:
18863:
18861:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18851:
18846:
18844:Lindum Colonia
18841:
18835:
18833:
18824:
18820:
18819:
18816:
18813:
18812:
18801:
18800:
18793:
18786:
18778:
18769:
18768:
18761:
18758:
18757:
18755:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18724:
18719:
18714:
18713:
18712:
18702:
18701:
18700:
18695:
18684:
18682:
18674:
18673:
18671:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18657:Bellum Siculum
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18622:
18621:
18616:
18611:
18601:
18596:
18589:
18588:
18587:
18582:
18577:
18567:
18562:
18560:Jugurthine War
18557:
18552:
18551:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18533:Lusitanian War
18530:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18509:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18483:
18478:
18477:
18476:
18471:
18466:
18456:
18451:
18450:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18398:
18396:
18394:Roman Republic
18388:
18387:
18380:
18379:
18372:
18365:
18357:
18348:
18347:
18344:
18341:
18340:
18338:
18337:
18336:
18335:
18330:
18320:
18315:
18310:
18304:
18298:
18292:
18286:
18279:
18277:
18273:
18272:
18270:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18242:
18237:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18173:
18168:
18163:
18158:
18153:
18141:
18136:
18131:
18119:
18107:
18102:
18078:
18060:
18055:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18038:Theodora (III)
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17934:
17929:
17917:
17905:
17900:
17888:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17853:Constantine VI
17850:
17845:
17829:
17824:
17819:
17817:Theodosius III
17814:
17809:
17804:
17792:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17762:Constantine IV
17759:
17754:
17742:
17737:
17731:
17729:
17719:
17718:
17715:
17714:
17712:
17711:
17706:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17657:
17652:
17647:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17626:
17624:
17620:Eastern Empire
17616:
17615:
17613:
17612:
17605:
17600:
17593:
17586:
17581:
17574:
17569:
17562:
17555:
17550:
17543:
17538:
17531:
17515:
17509:
17507:
17503:Western Empire
17496:
17495:
17488:
17476:Magnus Maximus
17472:
17470:Valentinian II
17467:
17462:
17457:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17423:
17416:
17409:
17404:
17402:Constantius II
17399:
17397:Constantine II
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17336:
17334:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17265:
17260:
17252:
17247:
17229:
17217:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17174:
17172:
17164:
17163:
17161:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17138:
17133:
17128:
17123:
17118:
17113:
17108:
17103:
17098:
17096:Antoninus Pius
17093:
17088:
17083:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17033:
17028:
17022:
17020:
17019:27 BC – AD 235
17012:
17011:
16999:
16998:
16991:
16984:
16976:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16963:
16962:
16961:
16951:
16945:
16943:
16937:
16936:
16934:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16897:
16895:
16889:
16888:
16886:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16848:
16842:
16840:
16838:Roman Republic
16834:
16833:
16831:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16804:
16802:
16796:
16795:
16793:
16792:
16787:
16786:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16744:
16742:
16736:
16735:
16728:
16727:
16720:
16713:
16705:
16696:
16695:
16693:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16671:
16670:
16660:
16654:
16652:
16648:
16647:
16645:
16644:
16643:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16622:
16616:
16614:
16610:
16609:
16607:
16606:
16601:
16596:
16590:
16588:
16584:
16583:
16581:
16580:
16575:
16570:
16565:
16559:
16557:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16549:
16544:
16542:Pythagoreanism
16539:
16537:Peripateticism
16534:
16529:
16524:
16518:
16516:
16512:
16511:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16506:
16501:
16496:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16454:
16448:
16446:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16436:
16435:
16434:
16431:The Golden Ass
16422:
16417:
16416:
16415:
16403:
16398:
16397:
16396:
16389:
16377:
16376:
16375:
16362:
16360:
16356:
16355:
16353:
16352:
16350:Barnacle goose
16347:
16341:
16339:
16335:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16296:
16294:Numa Pompilius
16291:
16286:
16281:
16275:
16273:
16269:
16268:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16253:
16251:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16230:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16185:
16180:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16139:
16137:
16133:
16132:
16130:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15998:
15997:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15947:
15942:
15937:
15932:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15861:
15855:
15841:
15840:
15829:
15828:
15821:
15814:
15806:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15662:
15660:
15651:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15642:
15637:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15551:
15549:
15545:
15544:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15366:
15364:
15358:
15357:
15355:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15227:Pomponius Mela
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15144:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14962:Aelius Donatus
14958:
14956:
14947:
14943:
14942:
14940:
14939:
14934:
14933:
14932:
14930:Ecclesiastical
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14884:
14879:
14873:
14871:
14865:
14864:
14862:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14785:
14783:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14732:
14731:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14690:
14688:
14682:
14681:
14679:
14678:
14673:
14671:Toys and games
14668:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14643:
14642:
14641:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14565:
14563:
14557:
14556:
14554:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14517:
14515:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14484:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14453:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14395:
14393:
14387:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14343:
14341:
14337:
14336:
14334:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14282:
14280:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14211:Vigintisexviri
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14171:Cursus honorum
14168:
14163:
14157:
14155:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14109:
14107:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14029:
14027:
14021:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14013:
14012:
14011:
14001:
14000:
13999:
13994:
13984:
13983:
13982:
13977:
13970:Western Empire
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13946:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13928:
13927:
13917:
13911:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13884:
13881:
13880:
13872:
13871:
13864:
13857:
13849:
13843:
13842:
13837:
13827:
13817:
13816:
13811:
13806:
13800:
13799:
13788:
13787:
13785:
13784:External links
13782:
13780:
13779:
13767:
13755:
13704:
13695:
13686:
13680:
13666:Scullard, H.H.
13662:
13653:
13644:
13635:
13623:
13614:
13602:
13590:
13584:
13568:
13562:
13546:
13536:Gibbon, Edward
13532:
13523:
13514:
13505:
13496:
13484:
13463:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13397:
13391:
13378:
13369:
13363:
13346:
13332:
13316:
13310:
13297:
13284:
13257:
13228:
13222:
13187:
13181:
13164:
13158:
13146:Miles, Richard
13142:
13136:
13123:
13117:
13104:
13082:
13076:
13061:
13055:
13027:
13014:
13008:
12995:
12989:
12973:
12967:
12951:
12945:
12930:
12924:
12911:
12905:
12890:
12876:
12854:
12834:
12828:
12811:
12802:
12788:
12775:
12769:
12757:Adkins, Roy A.
12753:Adkins, Lesley
12748:
12746:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12732:
12714:
12711:online edition
12702:
12695:
12677:
12670:
12652:
12625:
12618:
12598:
12583:
12579:Life of Marius
12575:Parallel Lives
12564:
12553:
12535:
12528:
12498:
12496:. 1917. p. 185
12454:
12435:Grout, James.
12427:
12420:
12402:
12386:
12373:Britannica.com
12360:
12344:
12321:
12314:
12287:
12274:
12270:Circus Maximus
12262:
12237:
12216:
12194:
12182:
12168:
12155:
12142:
12124:
12118:Patrick Faas,
12108:
12095:
12088:
12068:
12051:
12004:
11978:
11971:
11953:
11917:
11904:
11874:
11847:(3): 247–269.
11827:
11802:
11777:
11752:
11733:(3): 282–296.
11710:
11698:
11696:, p. 300.
11686:
11674:
11662:
11648:
11625:
11621:Roman Painting
11613:
11594:
11587:
11563:
11556:
11536:
11529:
11509:
11499:
11479:
11460:
11435:
11423:
11411:
11399:
11373:
11361:
11359:, p. 283.
11349:Kaldellis 2023
11337:
11325:
11309:
11289:
11277:
11254:
11235:
11211:
11198:
11191:
11171:
11159:
11147:
11131:
11115:
11098:
11078:
10990:
10967:
10960:
10940:
10933:
10913:
10901:
10885:
10872:
10865:
10847:
10835:
10823:
10811:
10788:
10773:
10761:
10745:
10722:
10715:
10697:
10685:
10678:
10659:
10631:
10608:
10596:
10579:
10563:
10548:
10546:, p. 211.
10521:
10506:
10493:
10472:
10460:
10453:
10435:
10428:
10410:
10397:
10366:
10354:
10332:
10320:
10304:
10297:
10277:
10270:
10250:
10222:
10206:
10204:, p. 670.
10194:
10179:
10156:
10090:
10069:
10047:
10035:"Chapter XXVI"
10025:
10009:
9997:
9980:"Chapter XVII"
9970:
9955:
9937:
9925:
9913:
9901:
9883:
9855:
9837:
9812:
9800:on 3 May 2007.
9780:
9762:
9746:
9739:
9719:
9707:
9682:
9680:, LXXVI, 9–12.
9667:
9652:
9650:, p. 704.
9640:
9628:
9609:
9593:
9569:
9551:
9536:
9529:
9506:
9492:
9477:
9462:
9447:
9433:
9414:
9402:
9383:
9357:
9334:
9325:
9310:
9284:O'Connell 1989
9276:
9267:
9241:
9227:
9208:
9194:
9164:
9150:
9144:. Penguin UK.
9130:
9116:
9092:
9078:
9072:. Croom Helm.
9055:
9028:
9016:
8990:
8976:
8950:
8936:
8922:
8908:
8899:
8880:
8861:
8842:
8812:
8793:
8778:
8759:
8743:
8724:
8705:
8694:Chisholm, Hugh
8675:
8663:
8644:
8625:
8605:
8582:
8578:Life of Antony
8574:Parallel Lives
8563:
8544:
8511:
8495:
8484:
8472:
8469:. p. 305.
8455:
8433:
8416:
8404:
8393:Eques (Knight)
8382:
8358:
8326:
8292:
8281:Chisholm, Hugh
8265:
8250:
8225:
8209:
8194:
8164:
8143:
8135:Parallel Lives
8124:
8111:
8099:
8092:
8066:
8050:
8031:
8019:
8007:
7995:
7983:
7971:
7959:
7947:
7935:
7918:
7892:
7879:
7867:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7829:, p. 519.
7819:
7812:
7792:
7772:
7752:
7669:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7620:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7598:
7585:
7563:
7550:
7541:
7526:
7520:
7513:
7497:
7487:
7465:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7380:
7379:
7365:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7335:
7322:
7313:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:Barbara Levick
7285:
7276:
7267:
7189:
7188:
7179:
7170:
7161:
7157:Parallel Lives
7149:
7132:
7116:
7113:The Jewish War
7105:
7094:
7085:
7074:
7057:
7040:
7024:Parallel Lives
6987:Main article:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6978:Historiography
6976:
6909:
6906:
6898:lead poisoning
6756:Roman concrete
6641:Roman aqueduct
6626:Main article:
6623:
6620:
6616:Circus Maximus
6612:Chariot racing
6491:
6488:
6426:Paleochristian
6411:
6408:
6359:oyster farming
6307:, olives, and
6172:
6169:
6145:Ulpian Library
6109:
6106:
6039:Roman military
5971:country villas
5888:
5885:
5836:
5833:
5825:Edict of Milan
5761:Roman religion
5757:Roman Republic
5737:Roman religion
5687:Punishment of
5656:
5653:
5597:Greek alphabet
5557:Main article:
5554:
5551:
5489:country villas
5481:bath complexes
5465:Trajan's Forum
5438:Main article:
5435:
5432:
5397:Numa Pompilius
5377:seven-day week
5316:Roman calendar
5307:
5306:Time and dates
5304:
5283:pater familias
5275:pater familias
5267:pater familias
5241:pater familias
5224:pater familias
5220:pater familias
5207:pater familias
5201:Gentes Maiores
5196:Roman Republic
5157:pater familias
5132:Main article:
5129:
5126:
5122:market economy
5050:precious metal
4928:Roman currency
4920:Roman commerce
4911:
4908:
4822:A Roman naval
4815:
4812:
4758:cursus honorum
4572:reconstruction
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4467:Limes Arabicus
4462:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Limes Alutanus
4433:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:Wetterau Limes
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4347:Hadrian's Wall
4344:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4030:
4027:
3958:Cato the Elder
3911:Roman Republic
3899:Palazzo Madama
3895:Cesare Maccari
3868:Comitia Calata
3856:state religion
3821:
3818:
3728:Main article:
3725:
3722:
3702:sine suffragio
3670:pater familias
3628:class division
3524:
3521:
3452:ancient Romans
3444:Main article:
3441:
3438:
3405:
3402:
3383:Fourth Crusade
3269:and dethroned
3182:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3079:Main article:
3076:
3073:
3033:Constantinople
3005:Edict of Milan
2993:
2990:
2974:Gallia Belgica
2970:Roman province
2897:
2894:
2889:Main article:
2886:
2883:
2873:invaders, and
2811:Hyperinflation
2740:Main article:
2737:
2734:
2553:
2550:
2487:Pantheon, Rome
2464:Antoninus Pius
2455:Hadrian's Wall
2426:Hadrian's Wall
2383:war on Parthia
2371:Circus Maximus
2351:Trajan's Forum
2300:Antoninus Pius
2277:in AD 117
2262:
2259:
2255:Roman religion
2201:Divus Claudius
2108:Roman Republic
2084:
2081:
1873:Livia Drusilla
1703:
1700:
1659:Main article:
1656:
1653:
1637:Queen of Kings
1635:the title of "
1512:
1509:
1464:conquered Gaul
1381:
1378:
1346:Mithridates VI
1209:optimate party
1203:
1196:
1195:
1179:Roman military
1173:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1141:
1138:
1107:Battle of Zama
1079:Roman Republic
1041:stronghold of
1020:
1014:
993:Main article:
990:
987:
983:Roman colonies
836:Roman Republic
811:
804:
803:
791:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:
777:Roman Republic
775:Main article:
772:
769:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
683:
630:Aventine Hills
595:Esquiline Hill
564:
557:
556:
533:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
514:
511:
509:
506:
464:ancient Greece
462:together with
370:Roman Republic
342:historiography
336:
335:
333:
332:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
279:
278:
275:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
238:Historical era
235:
234:
233:
232:
222:
206:
195:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
171:Constantinople
164:
160:
159:
157:
156:
154:(27 BC–476 AD)
146:
136:
125:
123:
119:
118:
108:
99:
90:
87:Roman Republic
81:
79:
71:
70:
57:
56:
52:
51:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23537:
23526:
23523:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23513:
23511:
23508:
23506:
23503:
23501:
23498:
23496:
23493:
23492:
23490:
23475:
23472:
23470:
23467:
23465:
23462:
23460:
23457:
23455:
23452:
23450:
23447:
23445:
23442:
23440:
23437:
23435:
23432:
23430:
23427:
23425:
23422:
23420:
23419:PROSUR/PROSUL
23417:
23415:
23412:
23410:
23407:
23405:
23402:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23382:
23380:
23377:
23375:
23372:
23370:
23367:
23365:
23362:
23360:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23345:
23342:
23340:
23337:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23320:
23317:
23315:
23314:Craiova Group
23312:
23310:
23307:
23305:
23302:
23300:
23297:
23295:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23285:
23282:
23280:
23277:
23275:
23272:
23270:
23267:
23265:
23262:
23260:
23257:
23255:
23252:
23250:
23247:
23245:
23242:
23240:
23237:
23235:
23232:
23230:
23229:ABCANZ Armies
23227:
23226:
23224:
23218:
23212:
23209:
23207:
23204:
23200:
23197:
23195:
23192:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23175:
23172:
23171:
23170:
23167:
23165:
23162:
23158:
23155:
23154:
23153:
23150:
23148:
23145:
23144:
23142:
23140:
23136:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23118:
23115:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23105:
23103:
23100:
23096:
23093:
23091:
23088:
23086:
23083:
23081:
23078:
23077:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23057:
23056:
23053:
23047:
23044:
23043:
23042:
23039:
23035:
23034:Protestantism
23032:
23028:
23025:
23024:
23023:
23020:
23016:
23013:
23012:
23011:
23008:
23004:
23000:
22997:
22996:
22995:
22992:
22991:
22990:
22987:
22986:
22985:
22982:
22981:
22979:
22977:
22973:
22965:
22962:
22961:
22960:
22957:
22955:
22954:Sovereigntism
22952:
22950:
22947:
22943:
22942:
22938:
22937:
22936:
22933:
22929:
22926:
22925:
22924:
22921:
22919:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22909:
22906:
22904:
22901:
22899:
22896:
22894:
22891:
22887:
22884:
22882:
22879:
22878:
22877:
22874:
22870:
22867:
22866:
22865:
22862:
22860:
22857:
22855:
22852:
22850:
22849:Scholasticism
22847:
22845:
22842:
22840:
22837:
22835:
22832:
22830:
22827:
22825:
22822:
22820:
22817:
22816:
22814:
22812:
22808:
22800:
22797:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22781:
22780:
22777:
22773:
22770:
22769:
22768:
22765:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22753:
22752:
22751:
22748:
22744:
22741:
22740:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22731:
22727:
22724:
22722:
22719:
22717:
22714:
22713:
22712:
22709:
22705:
22702:
22701:
22700:
22697:
22693:
22690:
22689:
22688:
22685:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22673:
22672:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22656:
22653:
22649:
22646:
22645:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22632:
22629:
22628:
22627:
22624:
22620:
22617:
22616:
22615:
22612:
22608:
22605:
22604:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22591:
22588:
22587:
22586:
22583:
22581:
22578:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22560:
22559:
22556:
22555:
22553:
22551:
22547:
22539:
22538:War on terror
22536:
22534:
22531:
22530:
22529:
22526:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22464:
22462:
22459:
22457:
22454:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22433:
22432:
22431:Modern period
22429:
22427:
22424:
22420:
22417:
22415:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22406:
22405:
22402:
22398:
22395:
22394:
22393:
22390:
22388:
22385:
22384:
22382:
22380:
22376:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22337:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22317:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22302:
22300:
22296:
22292:
22288:
22287:Western world
22281:
22276:
22274:
22269:
22267:
22262:
22261:
22258:
22241:
22238:
22235:
22232:
22229:
22226:
22221:
22218:
22217:
22215:
22212:
22211:
22209:
22207:
22202:
22195:
22192:
22189:
22186:
22183:
22180:
22177:
22174:
22171:
22168:
22165:
22162:
22159:
22156:
22153:
22150:
22147:
22144:
22141:
22138:
22135:
22132:
22129:
22126:
22123:
22120:
22117:
22114:
22111:
22108:
22107:
22105:
22099:
22089:
22086:
22084:
22081:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22049:
22046:
22044:
22041:
22039:
22036:
22035:
22033:
22029:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21975:
21974:
21972:
21968:
21965:
21960:
21955:
21951:
21941:
21938:
21936:
21933:
21931:
21928:
21926:
21923:
21920:
21917:
21915:
21912:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21904:Duchy of Sora
21902:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21891:
21889:
21885:
21879:
21875:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21851:
21848:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21827:
21826:
21823:
21822:
21820:
21816:
21812:
21802:
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21783:
21781:
21779:
21775:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21755:
21753:
21749:
21743:
21742:Muslim Sicily
21740:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21732:
21730:
21726:
21720:
21717:
21715:
21711:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21677:
21675:
21671:
21668:
21664:
21660:
21654:
21651:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21610:
21608:
21602:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21582:
21580:
21576:
21572:
21564:
21561:
21559:
21556:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21535:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
21479:
21476:
21474:
21471:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21384:
21383:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21338:
21336:
21328:
21324:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21284:
21282:
21278:
21274:
21267:
21264:
21259:
21256:
21253:
21250:
21247:
21246:Duchy of Rome
21244:
21243:
21241:
21238:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21228:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21191:
21189:
21186:
21183:
21180:
21177:
21174:
21171:
21168:
21167:
21165:
21159:
21156:
21146:
21139:
21136:
21133:
21130:
21127:
21124:
21121:
21120:Roman Kingdom
21118:
21117:
21115:
21113:
21109:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21092:Magna Graecia
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21066:
21063:
21062:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21039:
21036:
21035:
21034:
21031:
21030:
21028:
21024:
21020:
21013:
21008:
21006:
21001:
20999:
20994:
20993:
20990:
20978:
20970:
20968:
20959:
20958:
20955:
20945:
20942:
20940:
20937:
20935:
20932:
20930:
20927:
20925:
20922:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
20865:
20862:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20852:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20790:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20761:
20759:
20757:
20753:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20702:
20699:
20697:
20694:
20688:
20685:
20684:
20683:
20680:
20679:
20678:
20675:
20671:
20668:
20667:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20602:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20590:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20554:
20553:
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20523:
20520:
20518:
20515:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20491:
20488:
20486:
20483:
20482:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20457:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20445:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20415:
20412:
20410:
20407:
20405:
20402:
20400:
20397:
20394:
20390:
20387:
20384:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20372:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20338:
20335:
20334:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20309:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20297:
20287:
20284:
20282:
20279:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20230:
20227:
20226:
20225:
20222:
20218:
20215:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20205:
20204:
20203:
20200:
20198:
20195:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20181:
20178:
20177:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20162:
20159:
20156:
20154:
20150:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20122:Years of Lead
20120:
20118:
20117:Economic Boom
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20104:
20103:
20100:
20099:
20097:
20093:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20076:
20073:
20071:
20068:
20066:
20063:
20061:
20060:Fascist Italy
20058:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20039:
20036:
20035:
20034:
20031:
20027:
20024:
20022:
20019:
20017:
20014:
20012:
20009:
20007:
20006:Niçard exodus
20004:
20002:
19999:
19997:
19994:
19993:
19992:
19989:
19988:
19986:
19982:
19976:
19973:
19971:
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19954:
19951:
19950:
19949:
19946:
19944:
19941:
19939:
19936:
19934:
19931:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19915:
19912:
19910:
19907:
19906:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19897:
19895:
19892:
19890:
19887:
19886:
19885:
19882:
19881:
19879:
19875:
19869:
19866:
19862:
19859:
19858:
19857:
19854:
19852:
19849:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19796:
19795:
19794:
19791:
19790:
19788:
19784:
19774:
19771:
19770:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19745:
19744:
19741:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19726:Magna Graecia
19724:
19722:
19719:
19717:
19714:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19681:
19680:
19677:
19676:
19675:
19672:
19671:
19669:
19665:
19657:
19654:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19613:
19612:
19609:
19608:
19606:
19602:
19596:
19593:
19591:
19588:
19586:
19583:
19581:
19578:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19527:
19525:
19521:
19515:
19512:
19511:
19509:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19496:
19492:
19488:
19481:
19476:
19474:
19469:
19467:
19462:
19461:
19458:
19446:
19442:
19439:
19436:
19435:
19432:
19417:
19414:
19411:
19408:
19407:
19405:
19403:
19399:
19392:
19389:
19386:
19383:
19380:
19377:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19358:
19355:
19354:
19352:
19350:
19346:
19339:
19336:
19333:
19330:
19327:
19324:
19321:
19318:
19315:
19312:
19311:
19309:
19307:
19303:
19296:
19293:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19281:
19279:
19277:
19273:
19266:
19263:
19260:
19257:
19255:
19252:
19249:
19246:
19243:
19240:
19239:
19237:
19235:
19230:
19226:
19223:
19217:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19196:
19193:
19191:
19188:
19186:
19183:
19182:
19180:
19176:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19164:Philippopolis
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19129:Arca Caesarea
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19091:
19089:
19085:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19060:
19058:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19045:
19040:
19033:
19019:
19016:
19015:
19013:
19011:
19007:
19001:
18998:
18996:
18993:
18991:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18978:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18969:
18963:
18960:
18959:
18957:
18955:
18951:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18932:
18928:
18922:
18921:Narbo Martius
18919:
18918:
18916:
18914:
18910:
18904:
18901:
18900:
18898:
18896:
18892:
18886:
18883:
18882:
18880:
18878:
18874:
18868:
18865:
18864:
18862:
18860:
18856:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18836:
18834:
18832:
18828:
18825:
18821:
18814:
18810:
18806:
18799:
18794:
18792:
18787:
18785:
18780:
18779:
18776:
18766:
18765:
18759:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18715:
18711:
18708:
18707:
18706:
18703:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18690:
18689:
18688:Germanic wars
18686:
18685:
18683:
18681:
18675:
18669:
18668:War of Actium
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18658:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18646:War of Mutina
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18606:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18594:
18590:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18572:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18543:Sertorian War
18541:
18539:
18538:Numantine War
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18525:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18488:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18461:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18404:
18403:
18400:
18399:
18397:
18395:
18389:
18385:
18378:
18373:
18371:
18366:
18364:
18359:
18358:
18355:
18342:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18325:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18308:
18305:
18302:
18299:
18296:
18293:
18290:
18287:
18284:
18281:
18280:
18278:
18274:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18252:
18251:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18235:
18234:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18183:
18182:
18177:
18174:
18172:
18169:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18151:
18150:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18129:
18128:
18123:
18120:
18117:
18116:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18100:
18099:
18094:
18093:
18088:
18087:
18082:
18079:
18076:
18075:
18070:
18069:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17983:
17982:
17977:
17976:
17971:
17970:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17944:
17943:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17927:
17926:
17921:
17920:Theodora (II)
17918:
17915:
17914:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17898:
17897:
17892:
17889:
17886:
17885:
17880:
17879:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17843:
17842:
17841:
17835:
17834:
17830:
17828:
17827:Constantine V
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17812:Anastasius II
17810:
17808:
17805:
17802:
17801:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17781:
17778:
17775:
17774:
17769:
17768:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17726:
17720:
17710:
17707:
17704:
17703:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17667:
17666:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17635:Theodosius II
17633:
17631:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17621:
17617:
17611:
17610:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17598:
17594:
17592:
17591:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17579:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17567:
17563:
17561:
17560:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17548:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17536:
17532:
17529:
17528:
17527:
17521:
17520:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17510:
17508:
17504:
17500:
17494:
17493:
17489:
17486:
17485:
17484:
17478:
17477:
17473:
17471:
17468:
17466:
17463:
17461:
17458:
17456:
17455:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17443:Valentinian I
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17428:
17424:
17422:
17421:
17417:
17415:
17414:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17393:
17390:
17388:
17385:
17383:
17380:
17378:
17375:
17373:
17372:
17368:
17366:
17365:Constantine I
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17355:Constantius I
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17337:
17335:
17331:
17327:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17275:
17274:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17258:
17257:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17244:
17239:
17238:
17233:
17230:
17227:
17226:
17221:
17218:
17215:
17214:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17175:
17173:
17169:
17165:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17148:
17147:
17142:
17139:
17137:
17134:
17132:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17017:
17013:
17008:
17004:
16997:
16992:
16990:
16985:
16983:
16978:
16977:
16974:
16960:
16957:
16956:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16946:
16944:
16942:
16941:Miscellaneous
16938:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16898:
16896:
16894:
16890:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16839:
16835:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16803:
16801:
16800:Roman Kingdom
16797:
16791:
16788:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16765:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16745:
16743:
16741:
16737:
16733:
16726:
16721:
16719:
16714:
16712:
16707:
16706:
16703:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16649:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16617:
16615:
16611:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16591:
16589:
16585:
16579:
16576:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16558:
16554:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16517:
16513:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16491:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16464:Imperial cult
16462:
16460:
16459:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16449:
16447:
16445:and practices
16441:
16433:
16432:
16428:
16427:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16414:
16413:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16395:
16394:
16393:Metamorphoses
16390:
16388:
16387:
16383:
16382:
16381:
16378:
16374:
16373:
16369:
16368:
16367:
16364:
16363:
16361:
16357:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16336:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16309:Ancus Marcius
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16276:
16274:
16270:
16263:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16239:
16238:Tranquillitas
16236:
16234:
16231:
16229:
16226:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16174:
16171:
16169:
16166:
16164:
16161:
16159:
16156:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16134:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15996:
15993:
15992:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15862:
15859:
15856:
15853:
15852:
15851:Dii Consentes
15846:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15827:
15822:
15820:
15815:
15813:
15808:
15807:
15804:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15663:
15661:
15652:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15546:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15365:
15363:
15359:
15353:
15350:
15348:
15345:
15343:
15340:
15338:
15335:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15117:Julius Paulus
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15052:Fabius Pictor
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14959:
14957:
14955:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14938:
14935:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14887:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14870:
14866:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14789:Amphitheatres
14787:
14786:
14784:
14782:
14778:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14730:
14727:
14726:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14687:
14683:
14677:
14674:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14640:
14637:
14636:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14566:
14564:
14562:
14558:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14526:Deforestation
14524:
14522:
14519:
14518:
14516:
14514:
14510:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14476:Siege engines
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14458:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14445:
14442:
14441:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14409:Establishment
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14394:
14392:
14388:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14344:
14342:
14340:Extraordinary
14338:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14326:Promagistrate
14324:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14283:
14281:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14268:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14158:
14156:
14154:
14150:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14113:Twelve Tables
14111:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14102:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14026:
14022:
14010:
14007:
14006:
14005:
14002:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13988:
13985:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13912:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13900:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13885:
13882:
13877:
13870:
13865:
13863:
13858:
13856:
13851:
13850:
13847:
13841:
13838:
13835:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13822:
13821:
13815:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13736:
13732:
13728:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13712:
13711:
13705:
13701:
13696:
13692:
13687:
13683:
13677:
13673:
13672:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13654:
13650:
13645:
13641:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13615:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13565:
13559:
13555:
13551:
13547:
13543:
13542:
13538:(1776–1789).
13537:
13533:
13529:
13524:
13520:
13515:
13511:
13506:
13502:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13485:
13474:
13473:
13468:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13430:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13406:
13394:
13388:
13384:
13379:
13375:
13370:
13366:
13360:
13355:
13354:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13329:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13303:
13298:
13287:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13258:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13245:10.1418/90426
13242:
13238:
13234:
13229:
13225:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13205:
13201:
13197:
13193:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13173:
13172:
13165:
13161:
13155:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13139:
13133:
13129:
13124:
13120:
13114:
13110:
13105:
13102:
13101:0-1928-2296-9
13098:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13083:
13079:
13073:
13069:
13068:
13062:
13058:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13023:
13022:
13015:
13011:
13005:
13001:
12996:
12992:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12970:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12942:
12938:
12937:
12931:
12927:
12921:
12917:
12912:
12908:
12902:
12898:
12897:
12891:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12873:
12869:
12868:
12867:World History
12863:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12844:. Routledge.
12843:
12839:
12835:
12831:
12825:
12820:
12819:
12812:
12808:
12803:
12799:
12795:
12791:
12785:
12781:
12776:
12772:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12749:
12735:
12729:
12725:
12718:
12712:
12706:
12698:
12692:
12688:
12681:
12673:
12671:9780452008496
12667:
12663:
12656:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12629:
12621:
12615:
12611:
12610:
12602:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12561:
12556:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12531:
12525:
12521:
12520:
12511:
12510:
12502:
12495:
12491:
12477:
12476:
12467:
12466:
12458:
12442:
12438:
12431:
12423:
12421:9780715621943
12417:
12414:. Duckworth.
12413:
12406:
12399:
12395:
12390:
12374:
12370:
12364:
12357:
12354:
12348:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12311:
12307:
12302:
12301:
12291:
12284:
12278:
12271:
12266:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12244:
12242:
12234:
12230:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12204:
12198:
12189:
12187:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12165:
12159:
12152:
12146:
12139:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12121:
12115:
12113:
12105:
12099:
12091:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12072:
12065:
12061:
12055:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12008:
11993:
11989:
11982:
11974:
11968:
11964:
11957:
11942:
11938:
11934:
11930:
11924:
11922:
11907:
11901:
11897:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11878:
11870:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11831:
11816:
11812:
11806:
11791:
11787:
11781:
11766:
11762:
11756:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11717:
11715:
11707:
11702:
11695:
11690:
11683:
11678:
11672:, p. 89.
11671:
11666:
11651:
11645:
11641:
11640:
11632:
11630:
11622:
11617:
11610:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11599:
11590:
11584:
11580:
11579:
11574:
11573:Lynda Garland
11567:
11559:
11553:
11549:
11548:
11540:
11532:
11526:
11522:
11521:
11513:
11506:
11502:
11496:
11492:
11491:
11483:
11476:
11472:
11471:
11464:
11449:
11442:
11440:
11432:
11427:
11420:
11415:
11408:
11403:
11395:
11394:
11386:
11385:
11377:
11371:, p. 24.
11370:
11369:Matyszak 2003
11365:
11358:
11357:Rochette 2023
11354:
11353:Rochette 2011
11350:
11346:
11341:
11334:
11333:Rochette 2018
11329:
11322:
11321:Rochette 2018
11318:
11317:Rochette 2023
11313:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11293:
11286:
11281:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11258:
11251:
11247:
11244:
11239:
11233:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11215:
11208:
11202:
11194:
11188:
11184:
11183:
11175:
11168:
11163:
11156:
11151:
11144:
11140:
11135:
11128:
11124:
11119:
11113:, 1984, p. 12
11112:
11108:
11102:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11082:
11075:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11050:0-1981-4386-9
11047:
11043:
11042:0-1405-6033-5
11039:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10994:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10971:
10963:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10951:Roads to Rome
10944:
10936:
10930:
10926:
10925:
10917:
10910:
10905:
10898:
10892:
10890:
10882:
10876:
10868:
10862:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10839:
10832:
10827:
10820:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10780:
10778:
10770:
10765:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10743:
10737:
10733:
10726:
10718:
10716:0-1950-8974-X
10712:
10708:
10701:
10695:, p. 33.
10694:
10689:
10681:
10679:0-3945-7188-6
10675:
10671:
10663:
10657:
10651:
10647:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10628:
10624:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10605:
10604:Matyszak 2003
10600:
10593:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10576:
10572:
10567:
10561:, p. 31.
10560:
10555:
10553:
10545:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10518:
10513:
10511:
10503:
10497:
10490:
10486:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10470:, p. 46.
10469:
10464:
10456:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10401:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10384:
10379:
10375:
10370:
10363:
10358:
10350:
10343:
10342:"Chapter LXI"
10336:
10329:
10324:
10317:
10313:
10308:
10300:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10281:
10273:
10267:
10263:
10262:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10231:
10229:
10227:
10219:
10215:
10210:
10203:
10198:
10190:
10183:
10176:
10170:
10166:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10123:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10109:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10086:0-3122-5264-1
10083:
10079:
10073:
10057:
10051:
10043:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10018:
10013:
10006:
10001:
9994:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9966:
9959:
9952:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9929:
9922:
9917:
9911:
9905:
9898:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9853:, III et XXX.
9852:
9848:
9845:
9841:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9777:
9773:
9770:
9766:
9759:
9755:
9750:
9742:
9736:
9732:
9731:
9723:
9714:
9712:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9693:Roman History
9691:Cassius Dio,
9690:
9686:
9679:
9678:Roman History
9676:Cassius Dio,
9675:
9671:
9664:
9663:Roman History
9661:Cassius Dio,
9660:
9656:
9649:
9644:
9637:
9632:
9624:
9620:
9613:
9606:
9602:
9597:
9590:
9589:Roman History
9586:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9566:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9532:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9517:
9510:
9502:
9496:
9489:
9488:Roman History
9486:Cassius Dio,
9485:
9481:
9475:, LXVIII, 13.
9474:
9473:Roman History
9471:Cassius Dio,
9470:
9466:
9459:
9458:Roman History
9456:Cassius Dio,
9455:
9451:
9443:
9437:
9430:
9429:Roman History
9424:
9418:
9411:
9406:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9368:Roman History
9366:Cassius Dio,
9365:
9361:
9353:
9352:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9329:
9322:
9317:
9315:
9299:
9295:
9289:
9285:
9280:
9271:
9255:
9253:
9245:
9230:
9228:9781472519801
9224:
9220:
9219:
9212:
9197:
9195:9781472519801
9191:
9187:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9176:Rectrix Mundi
9168:
9153:
9151:9780241003909
9147:
9143:
9142:
9134:
9119:
9117:9788896543092
9113:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9096:
9081:
9079:9780709931218
9075:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9059:
9043:
9039:
9032:
9025:
9020:
9013:
9009:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8986:
8980:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8946:
8940:
8932:
8926:
8918:
8912:
8903:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8838:
8834:
8827:
8823:
8816:
8808:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8789:Roman History
8787:Cassius Dio,
8786:
8782:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8756:
8752:
8747:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8629:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8601:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8515:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8492:
8488:
8481:
8476:
8468:
8467:
8459:
8451:
8450:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8429:
8428:
8420:
8414:, p. 38.
8413:
8408:
8401:
8397:
8394:
8389:
8387:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8330:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8288:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8269:
8262:. p. 35.
8261:
8254:
8239:
8235:
8229:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8206:. p. 61.
8205:
8198:
8191:
8187:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8157:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8115:
8109:, p. 39.
8108:
8103:
8095:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8077:
8070:
8063:
8059:
8054:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8023:
8016:
8015:Matyszak 2003
8011:
8004:
7999:
7993:, p. 43.
7992:
7987:
7981:, p. 42.
7980:
7975:
7969:, p. 40.
7968:
7963:
7957:, p. 39.
7956:
7951:
7945:, p. 37.
7944:
7939:
7933:, p. 36.
7932:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7889:
7883:
7877:, p. 32.
7876:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7853:, p. 31.
7852:
7847:
7841:, p. 29.
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7795:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7674:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7644:
7630:
7624:
7615:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7564:0-1405-1076-1
7560:
7556:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7519:estimates 48.
7516:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7496:estimates 54.
7493:
7488:
7486:estimates 55.
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7446:
7442:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7366:
7363:
7352:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7333:How Rome fell
7330:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:Michael Grant
7277:
7275:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7259:Edward Gibbon
7257:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7216:. During the
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7060:Julius Caesar
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7037:The Histories
7033:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6889:Cloaca Maxima
6885:
6881:
6877:
6876:flush toilets
6873:
6872:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6836:Roman legions
6832:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6665:trade secrets
6662:
6658:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6363:snail farming
6360:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6208:
6204:
6203:St Petersburg
6200:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6015:. During the
6014:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5945:
5938:
5937:Roman artwork
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5857:), fairness (
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5821:Constantine I
5818:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5787:imperial cult
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5503:Palatine Hill
5500:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5401:Julius Caesar
5398:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5344:post meridiem
5341:
5337:
5336:ante meridiem
5333:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5194:. During the
5193:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5115:Mediterranean
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5054:central Italy
5051:
5047:
5043:
5040:system, with
5039:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4988:crop rotation
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:, Sicily and
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:Roman finance
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
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4893:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4843: 120 BC
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4811:
4809:
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4803:
4798:
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4790:
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4759:
4754:
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4726:vexillationes
4721:
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4706:
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4459:
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4447:Trajan's Wall
4445:
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4442:Limes Moesiae
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4434:
4431:
4428:
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4424:
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4342:Antonine Wall
4340:
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4229:Siege engines
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4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4005:Roman Emperor
4001:
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3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
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3788:magister ludi
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3690:cum suffragio
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3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3069:ancient world
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:The reign of
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2986:
2985:Constantine I
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2962:Aula Palatina
2958:
2954:
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2948:
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2926:
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2882:
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2876:
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2848:
2844:
2843:Gallic Empire
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2756:Gallic Empire
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2728:and also the
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
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2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2618:Severan Tondo
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
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2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:Antonine Wall
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2430:Antonine Wall
2427:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:Jewish revolt
2408:
2405:(near modern
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
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2325:
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2317:
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2309:
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2297:
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2267:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:rectrix mundi
2066:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:Julius Vindex
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:, London and
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:sacred groves
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1886:Pater patriae
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1861:client states
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:. Poets like
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:standing army
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:Roman emperor
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Cleopatra VII
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:proscriptions
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:Ides of March
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1374:dictatorships
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
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1254:
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1192:
1188:
1184:
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1176:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:Late Republic
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1012:
1007:
1002:
996:
986:
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976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
928:
923:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
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893:
888:
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882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
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860:
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852:
848:
837:
833:
822:
818:
815:
808:
799:
795:
788:
778:
768:
765:
764:
758:
754:
753:
748:
737:
731:
729:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
702:
701:Roman Kingdom
682:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Roma Quadrata
646:
642:
638:
637:founding myth
633:
631:
627:
626:Forum Boarium
623:
619:
615:
604:
603:Palatine Hill
600:
596:
572:
568:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
520:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:architectural
491:
490:technological
487:
483:
482:United States
479:
477:
476:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:North African
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:Roman Kingdom
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
299:
293:
289:
286:
280:
276:
273:
269:
263:
259:
256:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
229:
223:
219:
214:
210:
207:
202:
198:
197:
196:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
150:
147:
140:
137:
130:
127:
126:
124:
120:
115:
106:
97:
88:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:State of Rome
23495:Ancient Rome
23464:Western Bloc
23264:AUSCANNZUKUS
23220:Contemporary
23169:Human rights
23015:Latin Church
22989:Christianity
22939:
22898:Conservatism
22743:contemporary
22580:Architecture
22516:World War II
22476:Emancipation
22471:Abolitionism
22359:Romanization
22354:Roman legacy
22335:Roman Empire
22329:
22216:(1861–1946)
22194:Papal States
22022:Transpadania
21595:Stato da Màr
21277:Papal States
21188:Lombard rule
21152:Early Modern
21140:(395–476 AD)
21132:Roman Empire
21112:Ancient Rome
21111:
20804:Architecture
20774:Quattrocento
20731:Social class
20711:Prostitution
20625:Demographics
20547:Trade unions
20490:Central Bank
20332:Human rights
20312:Constitution
20095:Contemporary
20065:World War II
19953:Italian Wars
19877:Early modern
19819:Papal States
19797:Italy under
19743:Ancient Rome
19742:
19368:Dura-Europos
19328:: Heliopolis
19221:modern names
19169:Dura-Europos
18809:Ancient Rome
18808:
18762:
18717:Armenian War
18680:Roman Empire
18663:Perusine War
18655:
18591:
18570:Servile Wars
18565:Cimbrian War
18518:Galatian War
18437:Samnite Wars
18250:Andronikos V
18248:
18231:
18179:
18147:
18125:
18113:
18096:
18090:
18084:
18072:
18066:
17979:
17973:
17967:
17940:
17923:
17911:
17894:
17882:
17876:
17863:Nikephoros I
17838:
17837:
17831:
17798:
17795:Justinian II
17790:Tiberius III
17780:Justinian II
17771:
17765:
17748:
17700:
17672:Anastasius I
17663:
17607:
17603:Julius Nepos
17595:
17588:
17576:
17564:
17557:
17545:
17533:
17524:
17523:
17517:
17490:
17481:
17480:
17474:
17465:Theodosius I
17452:
17425:
17418:
17411:
17382:Maximinus II
17369:
17271:
17254:
17241:
17235:
17223:
17211:
17144:
17106:Lucius Verus
16911:Constitution
16893:Roman Empire
16851:Constitution
16813:Constitution
16753:Constitution
16740:Ancient Rome
16739:
16594:Gubernaculum
16563:Golden Bough
16532:Neoplatonism
16527:Epicureanism
16456:
16429:
16410:
16391:
16384:
16370:
15875:Anna Perenna
15849:
15731:Institutions
15595:Leptis Magna
15548:Major cities
15455:Philostratus
15242:Quadrigarius
15062:Rufus Festus
14925:Contemporary
14646:Romanization
14569:Architecture
14176:Collegiality
14025:Constitution
13876:Ancient Rome
13875:
13824:Ancient Rome
13804:Online books
13795:Ancient Rome
13794:
13777:. Routledge.
13774:
13762:
13714:
13708:
13699:
13690:
13670:
13660:. Blackwell.
13657:
13648:
13639:
13630:
13618:
13609:
13600:. Routledge.
13597:
13575:
13553:
13539:
13527:
13518:
13509:
13500:
13491:
13476:. Retrieved
13471:
13420:
13414:
13382:
13373:
13352:
13323:
13301:
13289:. Retrieved
13265:
13236:
13195:
13170:
13149:
13127:
13108:
13088:
13066:
13037:. New York:
13034:
13020:
12999:
12980:
12958:
12935:
12915:
12895:
12866:
12841:
12817:
12806:
12779:
12760:
12723:
12717:
12705:
12686:
12680:
12661:
12655:
12647:the original
12638:
12628:
12608:
12601:
12592:
12586:
12578:
12574:
12567:
12558:
12544:
12538:
12518:
12508:
12501:
12493:
12480:. Retrieved
12474:
12464:
12457:
12445:. Retrieved
12430:
12411:
12405:
12389:
12377:. Retrieved
12372:
12363:
12355:
12347:
12338:
12334:
12324:
12299:
12290:
12282:
12277:
12265:
12257:the original
12252:
12207:. Retrieved
12205:(in Italian)
12197:
12163:
12158:
12150:
12145:
12137:
12119:
12103:
12098:
12078:
12071:
12059:
12054:
12021:
12017:
12007:
11995:. Retrieved
11991:
11981:
11962:
11956:
11944:. Retrieved
11932:
11909:, retrieved
11887:
11877:
11844:
11840:
11830:
11818:. Retrieved
11814:
11805:
11793:. Retrieved
11789:
11780:
11768:. Retrieved
11764:
11755:
11730:
11726:
11701:
11689:
11677:
11665:
11653:. Retrieved
11638:
11616:
11577:
11566:
11546:
11539:
11519:
11512:
11504:
11489:
11482:
11474:
11469:
11463:
11451:. Retrieved
11426:
11414:
11402:
11392:
11383:
11376:
11364:
11340:
11328:
11312:
11298:Vulgar Latin
11297:
11292:
11280:
11272:the original
11267:
11257:
11238:
11223:
11219:
11214:
11206:
11201:
11181:
11174:
11162:
11150:
11143:10–11, 24–32
11134:
11118:
11110:
11106:
11101:
11086:
11081:
11065:
11053:
11012:. Retrieved
11008:the original
11003:
10993:
10985:the original
10980:
10970:
10950:
10943:
10923:
10916:
10904:
10880:
10875:
10856:
10850:
10838:
10826:
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10797:
10791:
10764:
10748:
10731:
10725:
10706:
10700:
10688:
10669:
10662:
10645:
10599:
10566:
10501:
10496:
10463:
10444:
10438:
10420:Being Mortal
10419:
10413:
10405:
10400:
10392:
10382:
10369:
10357:
10348:
10335:
10323:
10307:
10287:
10280:
10260:
10253:
10245:the original
10240:
10209:
10197:
10182:
10168:
10159:
10139:. Retrieved
10135:the original
10130:
10121:
10120:Bury, J.B.:
10114:
10113:Bury, J.B.:
10107:
10106:Bury, J.B.:
10100:
10099:Bury, J.B.:
10093:
10088:. pp. 47–50.
10077:
10072:
10060:. Retrieved
10058:(in Italian)
10050:
10041:
10028:
10012:
10000:
9986:
9973:
9964:
9958:
9950:
9945:Lactantius,
9940:
9928:
9916:
9909:
9904:
9896:
9891:Lactantius,
9886:
9878:
9874:
9868:
9864:
9858:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9831:
9804:Haywood 1971
9798:the original
9793:
9783:
9775:
9771:
9765:
9754:Haywood 1971
9749:
9729:
9722:
9702:
9698:
9692:
9685:
9677:
9670:
9662:
9655:
9643:
9631:
9622:
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9596:
9588:
9564:
9560:
9554:
9546:
9539:
9515:
9509:
9500:
9495:
9487:
9480:
9472:
9465:
9460:, LXVIII, 6.
9457:
9450:
9441:
9436:
9431:, LXVIII, 1.
9428:
9417:
9405:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9360:
9350:
9328:
9301:. Retrieved
9297:
9279:
9270:
9258:. Retrieved
9256:(in Italian)
9251:
9244:
9232:. Retrieved
9217:
9211:
9199:. Retrieved
9185:
9179:
9175:
9167:
9155:. Retrieved
9140:
9133:
9121:. Retrieved
9106:
9102:
9095:
9083:. Retrieved
9069:
9065:
9058:
9046:. Retrieved
9041:
9031:
9019:
9011:
9004:
9000:
8993:
8984:
8979:
8967:. Retrieved
8963:the original
8953:
8944:
8939:
8930:
8925:
8916:
8911:
8902:
8894:
8890:
8883:
8870:
8864:
8851:
8845:
8832:
8821:
8815:
8802:
8796:
8788:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8762:
8746:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8708:
8697:
8678:
8671:
8670:Werner Eck,
8666:
8653:
8647:
8634:
8628:
8608:
8599:
8585:
8580:, LXXI, 3–5.
8577:
8573:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8530:
8514:
8506:
8498:
8487:
8475:
8465:
8458:
8448:
8426:
8419:
8407:
8361:
8339:
8329:
8317:. Retrieved
8313:
8300:Haywood 1971
8295:
8284:
8268:
8259:
8253:
8241:. Retrieved
8237:
8228:
8212:
8203:
8197:
8167:
8156:Haywood 1971
8138:
8134:
8127:
8119:
8114:
8102:
8081:
8069:
8061:
8053:
8045:the original
8034:
8022:
8010:
8003:Cornell 1995
7998:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7895:
7887:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7802:
7782:
7762:
7755:
7728:
7724:
7691:(3/4): 125.
7688:
7684:
7660:. Retrieved
7656:
7647:
7623:
7614:
7604:
7554:
7546:
7531:
7504:
7491:
7473:
7469:
7454:
7445:
7332:
7328:
7319:
7310:
7291:
7282:
7273:
7262:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7226:Victor Duruy
7221:
7209:
7199:
7190:
7185:
7176:
7167:
7155:
7144:
7138:
7128:
7122:
7111:
7100:
7091:
7080:
7069:
7063:
7052:
7046:
7035:
7022:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6992:
6944:architecture
6921:
6902:fall of Rome
6887:
6886:system, the
6869:
6858:11 aqueducts
6847:
6840:
6828:
6822:
6796:
6784:glassblowing
6753:
6732:of columns,
6718:architecture
6715:
6707:Pont du Gard
6691:public baths
6669:
6650:
6637:Pont du Gard
6610:
6605:gladiatorial
6597:
6584:gamble games
6553:
6475:paludamentum
6473:
6468:
6457:
6447:
6441:
6429:Roman mosaic
6424:Detail of a
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6348:
6313:
6267:), lettuce,
6249:flower bulbs
6226:
6211:
6165:
6129:
6125:
6111:
6087:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6029:
6010:
5987:
5983:four periods
5960:
5948:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5838:
5829:Theodosius I
5806:
5791:
5764:
5750:
5744:
5734:
5729:Fourth Style
5695:holding the
5669:Roman temple
5629:
5617:Vulgar Latin
5583:attached to
5562:
5506:
5493:
5454:
5425:
5420:
5409:
5393:
5370:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5185:
5183:
5169:
5155:
5119:
5087:pack animals
5084:
5061:
5058:copper coins
5031:
5011:slave labour
5003:smallholding
5000:
4992:
4949:
4941:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4889:
4875:
4862:
4856:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4724:
4714:
4708:
4704:comitatenses
4702:
4694:
4682:
4673:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4612:
4602:
4585:
4549:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4420:
4360:
4334:
4318:
4221:
4008:
4002:
3998:Roman Empire
3970:
3953:
3939:
3937:
3933:Roman Senate
3918:
3904:
3883:Roman Senate
3849:
3839:
3811:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3717:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3678:Latin Rights
3675:
3668:
3665:emancipation
3658:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3625:
3618:
3606:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3567:hierarchical
3564:
3541:
3517:Jus naturale
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3485:Jus naturale
3484:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3449:
3426:
3357:reconquered
3351:
3291:
3283:Julius Nepos
3227:North Africa
3208:
3196:
3130:Theodosius I
3084:
3037:
2995:
2933:
2914:
2784:
2760:
2715:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2662:
2640:against the
2623:
2555:
2536:
2532:
2524:Lucius Verus
2509:
2500:
2497:in the world
2435:
2332:
2280:
2271:Roman Empire
2240:
2225:
2199:
2165:
2155:, including
2142:
2133:in 70 AD by
2120:
2101:
2060:provinciarum
2049:
2043:in Gaul and
2031:and for the
2011:(modern-day
1969:Menai Strait
1953:
1910:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1848:
1842:
1828:
1763:
1741:
1732:
1705:
1685:
1683:
1677:, the first
1661:Roman Empire
1594:
1589:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1551:Divus Iulius
1549:
1543:
1536:
1514:
1502:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1448:his daughter
1434:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1366:
1342:
1325:
1317:
1298:Gaius Marius
1296:
1276:
1272:land reforms
1264:
1253:mercantilism
1246:
1236:
1175:Gaius Marius
1143:
1122:Roman Senate
1111:
1076:
1048:
956:
932:
925:
919:
889:
874:
859:constitution
828:
750:
732:
728:rex sacrorum
727:
725:
672:
634:
578:
548:their mother
471:
457:
401:Magna Grecia
378:
374:Roman Empire
346:ancient Rome
345:
339:
324:Julius Nepos
316:
227:
220:after 27 BC)
217:
204:(753–509 BC)
134:(753–509 BC)
96:Roman Empire
61:Motto:
60:
47:
40:
23404:Open Balkan
23222:integration
23152:Rule of law
23147:Natural law
23124:Agnosticism
23102:Hellenistic
23080:Anglo-Saxon
23010:Catholicism
22949:Atlanticism
22854:Rationalism
22660:Immigration
22643:Esotericism
22501:World War I
22466:Romanticism
22446:Reformation
22426:Renaissance
22404:Middle Ages
22369:Christendom
22298:Foundations
22242:(1947–1954)
22236:(1943–1945)
22230:(1920–1924)
22222:(1882–1960)
22206:unification
22196:(1814–1870)
22190:(1815–1866)
22184:(1816–1861)
22178:(1814–1860)
22172:(1859–1860)
22166:(1849–1850)
22160:(1848–1849)
22142:(1815–1859)
22136:(1814–1859)
22130:(1814–1859)
22124:(1814–1829)
22118:(1815–1847)
22112:(1815–1848)
22002:Parthenopea
21963:(1792–1815)
21921:(1647–1648)
21887:(1282–1816)
21869:(1324–1861)
21830:Agugliastra
21695:Longobardia
21332:independent
21182:Vandal rule
20869:Italophilia
20829:Coat of arm
20779:Cinquecento
20655:Immigration
20605:Aristocracy
20470:Agriculture
20364:Nationality
20337:LGBT rights
20251:Earthquakes
20132:Mani pulite
20048:World War I
19991:Unification
19984:Late modern
19948:Renaissance
19793:Middle Ages
19786:Middle Ages
19763:Roman Italy
19530:Citizenship
19250:: Ptolemais
18944:Mogontiacum
18877:Roman Dacia
18839:Camulodunum
18678:Wars of the
18626:Gallic Wars
18555:Achaean War
18442:Pyrrhic War
18392:Wars of the
18309:(1224–1242)
18303:(1204–1461)
18092:Konstantios
17969:Christopher
17942:Constantine
17932:Michael III
17913:Constantine
17896:Constantine
17878:Theophylact
17807:Philippicus
17757:Constans II
17682:Justinian I
17578:Severus III
17526:Constans II
17280:Claudius II
17256:Silbannacus
17203:Gordian III
17178:Maximinus I
17146:Diadumenian
16931:Magistrates
16883:Magistrates
16828:Magistrates
16790:Magistrates
16668:Persecution
16620:Gallo-Roman
16412:Res divinae
16284:Rhea Silvia
15726:Geographers
15410:Dioscorides
15390:Cassius Dio
15012:Cassiodorus
14915:Renaissance
14521:Agriculture
14493:Auxiliaries
14434:Engineering
14271:Magistrates
14123:Citizenship
14118:Mos maiorum
14053:Late Empire
13771:Wyke, Maria
13759:Woolf, Greg
13640:Roman Italy
13478:17 December
13467:Cassius Dio
13427:: 708–714.
13291:22 December
13198:: 549–563.
13152:. Penguin.
12983:. Phoenix.
12745:Works cited
12664:. Penguin.
12643:Kuusankoski
12394:Keegan 1993
12253:SPQR Online
12231:, pp.
12229:Casson 1998
12203:"Dalmatica"
12024:: 157–165.
11997:29 November
11946:29 November
11911:29 November
11820:29 November
11795:29 November
11770:29 November
11419:Willis 2000
11407:Willis 2000
11141:, pp.
11139:Casson 1998
11125:, pp.
11123:Casson 1998
10897:Potter 2004
10843:Mackay 2004
10831:Mackay 2004
10808:Flower 2004
10800:. pp.
10753:Mackay 2004
10742:Flower 2004
10656:Flower 2004
10648:. pp.
10625:, pp.
10623:Keegan 1993
10573:, pp.
10559:Werner 1978
10383:Abstract of
10019:, pp.
9825:"Chapter X"
9806:, pp.
9756:, pp.
9665:, LXXVI, 7.
9619:"Chapter I"
9581:Cassius Dio
9392:Suetonius,
9373:Suetonius,
9321:Scarre 1995
9260:20 November
9234:20 November
9201:20 November
9157:20 November
9123:20 November
9085:20 November
9048:20 November
8999:Suetonius,
8969:21 February
8889:Suetonius,
8791:, LVII, 12.
8768:Suetonius,
8733:Suetonius,
8714:Suetonius,
8553:Suetonius,
8368:, pp.
8302:, pp.
8243:6 September
8158:, pp.
8058:Magistratus
7662:5 September
7316:Ronald Syme
7164:Cassius Dio
6968:Renaissance
6831:Roman roads
6653:Middle Ages
6580:board games
6519:, Germany,
6355:aquaculture
6102:Herculaneum
6035:Greek music
6031:Roman music
5953:, from the
5783:sacred king
5731:(60–79 AD).
5563:The native
5513:and middle
5457:seven hills
5381:Constantine
5148:Roman Egypt
5095:commodities
5091:Roman roads
5068:Roman pound
5025:, built by
4871:quinquereme
4683:During the
4599:city-states
4352:Saxon Shore
3989:magistrates
3977:tax farming
3973:bureaucracy
3920:res publica
3796:grammaticus
3750:Herculaneum
3694:Roman tribe
3636:equestrians
3503:Jus gentium
3480:Jus gentium
3460:Justinian I
3414:Roman Forum
3337:during the
3279:Middle Ages
3136:, ruled by
3009:Middle Ages
2997:Constantine
2708:Cassius Dio
2642:Caledonians
2542:Cassius Dio
2511:Meditations
2395:Mesopotamia
2339:Dacian wars
2001:Camulodunum
1989:East Anglia
1949:Britannicus
1891:Civic Crown
1844:Pax Augusta
1625:Hellenistic
1562:Liberatores
1557:Divi filius
1538:Liberatores
1504:Liberatores
1266:lex Claudia
1261:equestrians
1257:tax farming
1114:Hellenistic
1039:Celtiberian
957:The Romans
855:magistrates
665:Tiber River
618:Roman Forum
475:res publica
433:Mesopotamia
385:River Tiber
144:(509–27 BC)
23489:Categories
23424:Rio Treaty
22935:Relativism
22893:Liberalism
22859:Empiricism
22811:Philosophy
22799:Secularism
22750:Philosophy
22687:Literature
22481:Capitalism
22073:Pontecorvo
22031:Monarchies
22017:Subalpinia
21982:Cispadania
21977:Cisalpinia
21959:Napoleonic
21666:(774–1139)
21578:(697–1797)
21280:(754–1870)
21242:(584–751)
21190:(568–774)
20939:Traditions
20929:Television
20914:Philosophy
20879:Literature
20819:Cathedrals
20789:Settecento
20650:Healthcare
20615:Corruption
20610:Censorship
20369:Parliament
20327:Government
20127:Maxi Trial
20075:Resistance
19804:Ostrogoths
19736:Messapians
19621:Villanovan
19611:Prehistory
19604:Prehistory
19443:See also:
19418:: Seleucia
19381:: Laodicea
19267:: Neronias
19114:Heliopolis
19018:Singidunum
18995:Mediolanum
18698:Gothic War
18459:Punic Wars
18447:Social War
18086:Andronikos
18074:Nikephoros
18023:Michael IV
17988:Romanos II
17908:Theophilos
17903:Michael II
17884:Staurakios
17868:Staurakios
17840:Nikephoros
17833:Artabasdos
17745:Heraclonas
17702:Theodosius
17660:Basiliscus
17420:Nepotianus
17413:Magnentius
17407:Constans I
17360:Severus II
17340:Diocletian
17285:Quintillus
17250:Aemilianus
17243:Volusianus
17188:Gordian II
17153:Elagabalus
17016:Principate
16959:Obligation
16926:Assemblies
16878:Assemblies
16823:Assemblies
16773:Centuriate
16763:Assemblies
16613:Variations
16515:Philosophy
16494:Capitolium
16401:Propertius
16168:Averruncus
16153:Aeternitas
16143:Abundantia
16072:Proserpina
15615:Mediolanum
15555:Alexandria
15520:Themistius
15485:Porphyrius
15312:Tertullian
15247:Quintilian
15237:Propertius
15132:Lactantius
15082:Fulgentius
15017:Censorinus
14839:Sanitation
14824:Metallurgy
14781:Technology
14746:Demography
14694:Patricians
14661:Spectacles
14619:Literature
14614:Hairstyles
14451:Technology
14201:Praefectus
14153:Government
14143:Litigation
14128:Auctoritas
14073:Centuriate
13960:Principate
13955:Pax Romana
13915:Foundation
13213:2268/35932
12581:, XI, 5–7.
12573:Plutarch,
12396:, p.
12341:: 137–143.
11933:HathiTrust
11706:Grant 2005
11642:. Norton.
10909:Elton 1996
10784:Elton 1996
10734:. p.
10487:, p.
10404:N.Morley,
10376:, p.
10314:, p.
10216:, p.
10151:, p.
10117:, 6, §3.;
10110:, 6, §4.;
10103:, 8, §2.;
9871:, XXXII.;
9286:, p.
9014:, XXXVIII.
8854:. p.
8753:, p.
8572:Plutarch,
8221:Miles 2011
8141:, XXIX, 2.
8133:Plutarch,
7731:(2): 222.
7639:References
7476:(3): 263.
7426:Roman army
7338:Mary Beard
7218:Napoleonic
7186:Res Gestae
6956:literature
6940:technology
6862:sanitation
6819:Appian Way
6622:Technology
6576:Dice games
6524: 2nd
6494:See also:
6437:Pudentiana
6414:See also:
6378:ientaculum
6324:Arab world
6297:green peas
6255:and other
6006:monochrome
5917:See also:
5842:compassion
5813:Diocletian
5802:Greek gods
5798:Roman gods
5717:triclinium
5637:punic wars
5625:vocabulary
5585:word stems
5547:patricians
5515:equestrian
5499:residences
5477:gymnasiums
5365:clepsydrae
5310:See also:
5265:In law, a
5144:gold glass
5107:Alexandria
4968:annexation
4956:free trade
4859:Roman navy
4836:Palastrina
4814:Roman navy
4802:Diocletian
4776:propraetor
4685:Principate
4674:stipendium
4588:Roman army
4586:The early
4556:chain mail
4383:Main Limes
4051:Roman navy
4047:Roman army
4015:autocratic
3946:patricians
3941:auctoritas
3925:Roman laws
3820:Government
3783:litterator
3706:Social War
3653:proletarii
3646:proletarii
3620:novus homo
3595:patriarchs
3591:patricians
3543:The Orator
3489:Jus civile
3475:Jus civile
3420:and later
3257:. General
3225:conquered
3106:barbarians
3056:Mediolanum
3025:Diocletian
2947:Principate
2910:Diocletian
2896:Diocletian
2879:Diocletian
2823:Asia Minor
2795:Gordian II
2704:Elagabalus
2689:Mary Beard
2674:Alexandria
2472:philosophy
2442:Mauretania
2232:Cappadocia
2029:Christians
2013:Colchester
2009:Verulamium
1889:, and the
1849:Pax Romana
1777:Germanicus
1733:Augustus (
1696:Pax Romana
1548:Caesar as
1330:Social War
1248:latifundia
1225:Patricians
1146:Macedonian
1011:Punic Wars
999:See also:
995:Punic Wars
989:Punic Wars
973:, a major
912:patricians
885:patricians
661:Trojan War
645:Alba Longa
614:Capitoline
552:Alba Longa
450:autocratic
403:) and the
340:In modern
303:476/480 AD
193:Government
23369:Five Eyes
23364:EU–UK TCA
23206:Democracy
23095:Old Norse
22984:Abrahamic
22941:Peritrope
22923:Tolerance
22903:Socialism
22733:Mythology
22721:Classical
22670:Languages
22648:Astrology
22496:Modernism
22310:Old World
22048:Guastalla
22038:Benevento
21970:Republics
21825:Judicates
21673:Byzantine
21330:and other
21268:(585–698)
21260:(554–752)
21254:(554–752)
21248:(533–751)
21233:(584–751)
21184:(435–534)
21178:(493–553)
21172:(476–493)
21163:(476–774)
21097:Iapygians
20899:Mythology
20874:Libraries
20794:Ottocento
20736:Terrorism
20677:Languages
20630:Education
20552:Transport
20502:Companies
20409:Provinces
20379:President
20344:Judiciary
20317:Elections
20229:Volcanoes
20224:Volcanism
20217:Apennines
20202:Mountains
20170:Peninsula
20153:Geography
20084:Civil War
19809:Byzantium
19716:Etruscans
19651:Canegrate
19646:Golasecca
19631:Rinaldone
19626:Terramare
19616:Neolithic
19412:: Antioch
19393:: Palmyra
19322:: Berytus
19242:Jerusalem
19078:Ptolemais
19000:Placentia
18990:Florentia
18849:Londinium
18328:Classical
18313:Empresses
18297:(286–296)
18291:(267–273)
18285:(260–274)
18028:Michael V
17954:Alexander
17767:Heraclius
17735:Heraclius
17687:Justin II
17597:Glycerius
17584:Anthemius
17454:Procopius
17392:Martinian
17371:Maxentius
17300:Florianus
17273:Saloninus
17268:Gallienus
17237:Hostilian
17213:Philip II
17183:Gordian I
17131:Caracalla
17066:Vespasian
17061:Vitellius
16954:Roman law
16640:Mithraism
16625:Mysteries
16474:Palladium
16452:Festivals
16228:Securitas
16178:Concordia
16122:Vertumnus
15940:Dīs Pater
15837:mythology
15771:Quaestors
15701:Empresses
15691:Dynasties
15681:Dictators
15656:and other
15645:Volubilis
15640:Vindobona
15600:Londinium
15525:Theodoret
15495:Procopius
15475:Polyaenus
15450:Pausanias
15352:Vitruvius
15297:Symmachus
15292:Suetonius
15202:Petronius
15187:Obsequens
15152:Macrobius
15147:Lucretius
15072:Frontinus
15047:Eutropius
15032:Columella
14982:Augustine
14972:Appuleius
14920:Neo-Latin
14895:Classical
14886:Versions
14794:Aqueducts
14736:Patronage
14656:Sexuality
14629:Mythology
14604:Education
14594:Cosmetics
14419:Campaigns
14414:Structure
14367:Decemviri
14226:Imperator
13925:overthrow
13751:207965960
13342:16929915W
13253:1720-9331
12798:25033142M
12379:19 August
12209:12 August
12038:0065-6801
11890:, Brill,
11869:161471143
11861:2166-3033
11739:0894-8631
11453:11 August
11014:2 October
10362:Mehmet II
10062:12 August
9648:Cary 1967
9381:, VII, 3.
9370:, LXVI.;
9346:Suetonius
9274:Suetonius
9010:Tacitus,
8722:, XXI, 1.
8617:Roman Art
8594:bbc.co.uk
8076:"Book II"
7747:1076-156X
7705:0145-5532
7250:, all by
7230:Caesarean
7146:Histories
7119:Suetonius
7010:Civil War
6960:languages
6868:, called
6850:aqueducts
6823:Via Appia
6772:Vitruvius
6764:pozzolana
6734:composite
6703:Colosseum
6687:aqueducts
6601:Colisseum
6560:wrestling
6505:Gladiator
6336:New World
6277:asparagus
6271:, onion,
6259:(such as
6257:brassicas
6141:Vespasian
6082:hydraulis
5935:, Italy,
5893:Roman art
5877:pudicitia
5859:severitas
5855:clementia
5851:moderatio
5485:aqueducts
5471:. It had
5461:Colosseum
5383:. Romans
5352:horologia
5032:Although
4998:workers.
4995:quarrying
4980:olive oil
4943:fullonica
4904:limitanei
4849:) in the
4832:Praeneste
4782:proconsul
4744:foederati
4739:foederati
4710:limitanei
4699:Gallienus
4678:Civil War
4639:principes
4582:/ Germany
4368:Alb Limes
3966:quaestors
3915:oligarchy
3763:paedagogi
3760:, called
3724:Education
3718:dediticii
3714:Caracalla
3686:Roman law
3682:peregrini
3599:plebeians
3446:Roman law
3303:Justinian
3247:Britannia
3239:Gallaecia
3231:Visigoths
3191:entering
3189:Visigoths
3185:invasions
3044:Mardonius
3029:Byzantium
3001:Maxentius
2978:Christian
2917:Tetrarchy
2891:Tetrarchy
2855:Sassanids
2803:Hostilian
2791:Gordian I
2779:Mithraism
2771:pandemics
2767:invasions
2683:dediticii
2665:Caracalla
2655:from the
2653:Caracalla
2638:waged war
2587:Britannia
2546:decadence
2403:Ctesiphon
2214:Colosseum
2192:Vitellius
2144:imperator
2131:Jerusalem
2093:Vespasian
2025:Cleopatra
2017:St Albans
2005:Londinium
1797:Illyricum
1785:Aquitania
1781:Cantabria
1572:, in the
1485:leaders:
1483:optimates
1468:optimates
1417:optimates
1411:populares
1292:optimates
1288:populares
1239:provinces
1099:guerrilla
963:Etruscans
939:Po Valley
916:plebeians
896:quaestors
763:Jus Latii
721:Tarquinia
498:aqueducts
328:Justinian
268:Overthrow
211:diarchic
199:Elective
23429:Schengen
23359:Eurozone
23199:Property
23194:Religion
23085:Frankish
23075:Germanic
23055:Paganism
22976:Religion
22964:European
22876:Humanism
22779:Religion
22738:Painting
22704:Internet
22655:Folklore
22626:Clothing
22597:Calendar
22573:Cyrillic
22558:Alphabet
22521:Cold War
22007:Piedmont
21857:Oristano
21850:Logudoro
21840:Cagliari
21815:Sardinia
21548:Piedmont
21297:Holy See
21148:Medieval
21102:Picentes
21045:Samnites
20977:Category
20864:Internet
20854:Folklore
20784:Seicento
20769:Trecento
20764:Duecento
20726:Religion
20687:Regional
20665:Italians
20640:Gambling
20532:Taxation
20359:Military
20300:Politics
20102:Republic
19889:Florence
19814:Lombards
19753:Republic
19699:Samnites
19694:Picentes
19636:Apennine
19595:Railways
19575:Military
19523:By topic
19507:Overview
19491:articles
19416:Samandağ
19363:Damascus
19359:: Bostra
19297:: Gerasa
19291:: Gadara
19289:Umm Qais
19210:Neronias
19159:Neapolis
19124:Damascus
19104:Seleucia
19094:Laodicea
18954:Hispania
18903:Lugdunum
18867:Eboracum
18805:Colonies
18323:Usurpers
18318:Augustae
18276:See also
18181:Nicholas
18003:Basil II
17800:Tiberius
17785:Leontius
17773:Tiberius
17750:Tiberius
17728:610–1453
17723:Eastern/
17677:Justin I
17630:Arcadius
17590:Olybrius
17572:Majorian
17513:Honorius
17492:Eugenius
17427:Vetranio
17377:Licinius
17350:Galerius
17345:Maximian
17330:Dominate
17320:Numerian
17290:Aurelian
17263:Valerian
17208:Philip I
17198:Balbinus
17193:Pupienus
17141:Macrinus
17116:Pertinax
17111:Commodus
17076:Domitian
17041:Claudius
17036:Caligula
17031:Tiberius
17026:Augustus
16783:Plebeian
16680:Glossary
16651:See also
16547:Stoicism
16522:Cynicism
16484:Pomerium
16443:Concepts
16425:Apuleius
16345:She-wolf
16329:Hersilia
16248:Victoria
16148:Aequitas
16102:Summanus
16092:Silvanus
16077:Quirinus
16007:Libertas
15970:Hercules
15915:Cloacina
15900:Carmenta
15895:Bona Dea
15870:Angerona
15865:Agenoria
15776:Tribunes
15766:Praetors
15716:Generals
15696:Emperors
15605:Lugdunum
15590:Eboracum
15580:Carthage
15565:Aquileia
15480:Polybius
15470:Plutarch
15440:Libanius
15430:Josephus
15425:Herodian
15317:Tibullus
15232:Priscian
15207:Phaedrus
15167:Manilius
15112:Jordanes
15097:Hydatius
15027:Claudian
15007:Catullus
14997:Boëthius
14992:Ausonius
14910:Medieval
14882:Alphabet
14854:Theatres
14829:Numerals
14814:Concrete
14804:Circuses
14771:Bagaudae
14761:Adoption
14756:Marriage
14729:Assembly
14634:Religion
14609:Folklore
14589:Clothing
14584:Calendar
14541:Currency
14531:Commerce
14429:Strategy
14391:Military
14377:Triumvir
14357:Dictator
14352:Interrex
14331:Governor
14316:Quaestor
14279:Ordinary
14261:Province
14251:Tetrarch
14241:Augustus
14206:Vicarius
14196:Officium
14133:Imperium
14083:Plebeian
14043:Republic
13965:Dominate
13932:Republic
13893:Timeline
13773:(1997).
13761:(2012).
13743:31699914
13717:(6466).
13668:(1982).
13629:(1990).
13608:(2005).
13596:(1994).
13574:(2008).
13552:(2003).
13490:(2007).
13459:31699931
13423:(6466).
13148:(2011).
13033:(2023).
12979:(2006).
12957:(1996).
12886:6786176M
12864:(2001).
12850:31515793
12840:(1995).
12759:(1998).
12687:Claudius
12441:Archived
11747:25542662
11575:(2005).
11246:Archived
11129:, 24–32.
11062:40311081
10141:22 March
9605:BBC News
9398:Domitian
9303:21 March
9007:, XVI.;
8895:Claudius
8776:, LXIII.
8774:Augustus
8739:Augustus
8720:Augustus
8686:(1911).
8559:Augustus
8536:Archived
8522:Archived
8396:Archived
8350:Archived
8337:(1889).
8319:22 March
8186:Archived
8175:Archived
7592:Archived
7581:4292284M
7503:(2007).
7348:See also
7292:Claudius
7173:Herodian
7152:Plutarch
7108:Josephus
7032:Polybius
6970:and the
6964:alphabet
6952:military
6932:religion
6918:Classics
6760:invented
6746:Etruscan
6711:Pantheon
6695:theatres
6661:Artisans
6593:leapfrog
6572:handball
6484:dalmatic
6480:Augustus
6456:was the
6400:prandium
6396:vesperna
6388:vesperna
6351:sausages
6346:fruits.
6338:and the
6328:capsicum
6320:eggplant
6309:cucumber
6305:cardoons
6289:parsnips
6281:radishes
6265:broccoli
6218:Republic
6094:brothels
6090:graffiti
6079:and the
6017:Antonine
6013:idealism
5998:Augustus
5967:frescoes
5779:auspices
5735:Archaic
5697:caduceus
5655:Religion
5589:alphabet
5565:language
5553:Language
5527:collegia
5511:plebeian
5496:imperial
5473:theatres
5469:Pantheon
5467:and the
5421:indictio
5373:nundinum
5356:sundials
5327:meridies
5299:Augustus
5271:potestas
5245:potestas
5192:adoption
5076:denarius
5021:View of
4764:quaestor
4715:legiones
4666:adsiduus
4623:maniples
4163:Admirals
4138:Generals
4069:a series
4067:Part of
4029:Military
4010:princeps
3993:dictator
3985:praefect
3891:Catilina
3889:attacks
3851:Imperium
3808:rhetoric
3579:freedmen
3556:rhetoric
3418:Republic
3375:Crusades
3359:Bulgaria
3355:Basil II
3333:and the
3319:Lombards
3287:Dalmatia
3217:saw the
3211:Stilicho
3146:Honorius
3140:and the
3138:Arcadius
3103:Germanic
3093:and the
3060:Honorius
3021:Licinius
3017:Alamanni
3015:and the
2981:basilica
2951:princeps
2942:Galerius
2937:Augustus
2925:Galerius
2921:Maximian
2904:A Roman
2875:Aurelian
2867:defeated
2851:Valerian
2847:Postumus
2799:Balbinus
2754:and the
2714:and the
2712:Herodian
2699:Macrinus
2651:Bust of
2599:donative
2538:Commodus
2468:rhetoric
2444:and the
2428:and the
2399:Seleucia
2367:Pantheon
2328:Commodus
2247:Domitian
2236:Scotland
2218:Josephus
2168:Claudius
2153:enslaved
2149:Josephus
2104:Flavians
2091:Bust of
1993:Boadicea
1973:Anglesey
1925:Claudius
1921:Caligula
1913:Claudius
1881:princeps
1877:Tiberius
1865:Germania
1825:Maecenas
1801:Pannonia
1793:Dalmatia
1764:princeps
1743:princeps
1724:Claudius
1720:Caligula
1716:Tiberius
1712:Augustus
1687:Augustus
1675:Augustus
1631:, which
1605:Hispania
1521:Octavius
1402:invasion
1314:Teutones
1312:and the
1306:Jugurtha
1283:tribunes
1213:dictator
1191:Teutones
1091:Hispania
1087:Hannibal
1067:Syracuse
1051:Carthage
1043:Numantia
971:Tarentum
967:hegemony
952:Camillus
904:praetors
892:tribunes
876:imperium
865:, and a
817:invasion
771:Republic
713:painting
710:Etruscan
542:suckled
540:she-wolf
425:Anatolia
405:Etruscan
358:collapse
285:Augustus
228:de facto
139:Republic
23274:Benelux
23179:Thought
23129:Atheism
23070:Finnish
23046:Culture
23041:Judaism
23003:Eastern
22999:Western
22994:Culture
22928:Paradox
22794:Decline
22755:Science
22631:History
22619:Studies
22602:Cuisine
22590:Periods
22550:Culture
22379:History
22345:Eastern
22340:Western
22291:culture
22088:Corsica
22078:Tuscany
22043:Etruria
21992:Liguria
21845:Gallura
21835:Arborea
21751:Lombard
21451:Tuscany
21441:Trieste
21077:Ligures
21038:Etruria
20934:Theatre
20909:Palaces
20889:Museums
20859:Gardens
20844:Fashion
20834:Cuisine
20814:Castles
20756:Culture
20706:Poverty
20682:Italian
20593:Society
20574:Welfare
20542:Tourism
20512:Exports
20480:Banking
20460:Economy
20448:Economy
20404:Regions
20286:Valleys
20256:Islands
20236:Beaches
20207:Prealps
20187:Geology
20175:Climate
19839:Normans
19799:Odoacer
19748:Kingdom
19731:Ligures
19667:Ancient
19641:Nuragic
19590:Postage
19565:Judaism
19555:Genetic
19545:Fashion
19540:Economy
19499:History
19410:Antakya
19379:Latakia
19375:: Emesa
19340:: Tyrus
19334:: Sidon
19326:Baalbek
19306:Lebanon
19231:and the
19190:Ascalon
19144:Sebaste
19119:Palmyra
19099:Antioch
19063:Berytus
18333:Eastern
18233:Matthew
18127:Alexios
17975:Stephen
17937:Basil I
17822:Leo III
17697:Maurice
17640:Marcian
17623:395–610
17547:Joannes
17506:395–480
17460:Gratian
17333:284–610
17315:Carinus
17295:Tacitus
17171:235–285
17091:Hadrian
16901:History
16846:History
16808:History
16768:Curiate
16748:History
16663:Decline
16587:Objects
16489:Temples
16469:Charity
16203:Laverna
16193:Fortuna
16183:Feronia
16112:Veritas
16082:Salacia
16067:Priapus
16052:Penates
16032:Neptune
16027:Minerva
16022:Mercury
15985:Jupiter
15925:Dea Dia
15890:Bellona
15845:Deities
15746:Legions
15706:Fiction
15676:Consuls
15671:Climate
15625:Ravenna
15620:Pompeii
15610:Lutetia
15575:Bononia
15570:Berytus
15560:Antioch
15535:Zosimus
15530:Zonaras
15505:Sozomen
15490:Priscus
15465:Photius
15307:Terence
15302:Tacitus
15287:Statius
15272:Servius
15257:Sallust
15212:Plautus
15192:Orosius
15172:Martial
15127:Juvenal
15102:Hyginus
15087:Gellius
14946:Writers
14877:History
14859:Thermae
14849:Temples
14799:Bridges
14766:Slavery
14714:Equites
14686:Society
14666:Theatre
14639:Deities
14599:Cuisine
14579:Bathing
14561:Culture
14536:Finance
14513:Economy
14404:Borders
14399:History
14301:Tribune
14296:Praetor
14186:Legatus
14181:Emperor
14068:Curiate
14038:Kingdom
14033:History
14009:History
13992:decline
13950:History
13920:Kingdom
13903:History
13888:Outline
13723:Bibcode
13721:: 673.
13710:Science
13450:7093155
13429:Bibcode
13416:Science
12447:22 July
12046:4238558
11032:due to
10757:Severan
10627:263–264
9947:"X–XVI"
9567:, V, 4.
9012:Annales
8897:, XVII.
8807:342–428
8696:(ed.).
8370:136–137
8283:(ed.).
7713:1170959
7573:4150954
7140:Annales
7135:Tacitus
7043:Sallust
6928:customs
6894:marshes
6871:thermae
6788:Mosaics
6683:bridges
6589:taverns
6556:jumping
6548:Sicilia
6538:girls"
6459:pallium
6449:paenula
6410:Fashion
6332:polenta
6316:spinach
6285:turnips
6253:cabbage
6214:Kingdom
6171:Cuisine
6121:tragedy
6098:Pompeii
6056:buccina
6021:Severan
6002:realism
5994:masonry
5979:Pompeii
5950:kithara
5933:Pompeii
5873:univira
5771:Flamens
5725:Pompeii
5719:in the
5713:Nephele
5693:Mercury
5621:grammar
5581:affixes
5531:taberna
5523:ghettos
5519:insulae
5434:Culture
5416:consuls
5389:calends
5360:solaria
5038:coinage
4976:Tunisia
4952:farming
4910:Economy
4900:classes
4891:navarch
4878:trireme
4788:legatus
4770:praetor
4753:consuls
4720:auxilia
4690:auxilia
4670:stipend
4658:equites
4652:velites
4645:triarii
4633:hastati
4609:hoplite
4604:militia
4558:armour.
4133:Auxilia
4124:Legions
3954:Censura
3950:censors
3909:of the
3748:, from
3743:papyrus
3641:equites
3632:censors
3607:nobilis
3583:liberti
3569:, with
3404:Society
3267:Ravenna
3263:Odoacer
3259:Orestes
3223:Vandals
3183:Ending
3064:Ravenna
3062:, when
2853:by the
2839:Palmyra
2835:Zenobia
2630:Parthia
2603:coinage
2491:Hadrian
2459:torture
2407:Baghdad
2387:Nisibis
2379:Armenia
2375:Parthia
2373:. When
2347:Moldova
2343:Romania
2308:Italica
2296:Hadrian
2210:Capitol
1995:of the
1902:Sejanus
1590:equites
1582:equites
1546:deified
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1456:Parthia
1279:Gracchi
1223:of the
1059:Messana
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908:censors
900:aediles
871:consuls
851:deposed
821:Brennus
695:Kingdom
508:History
417:Balkans
411:coast,
387:in the
360:of the
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296:•
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175:Ravenna
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23090:Gothic
23065:Celtic
23060:Baltic
22959:Values
22760:Values
22320:Greece
22154:(1848)
22148:(1831)
22103:states
22068:Naples
21778:Norman
21585:Dogado
21456:Verona
21421:Mantua
21416:Istria
21396:Finale
21386:Ancona
21334:states
21154:states
21072:Veneti
21050:Latins
20965:
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20824:Cinema
20799:Anthem
20721:Racism
20670:People
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20507:Energy
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19768:Empire
19709:Veneti
19684:Latins
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15880:Apollo
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15721:Gentes
15658:topics
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15635:Smyrna
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15380:Appian
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1243:slaves
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546:after
486:France
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429:Levant
421:Crimea
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260:753 BC
152:
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22409:early
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22053:Italy
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19914:Genoa
19899:Milan
19894:Siena
19834:Arabs
19721:Celts
19704:Umbri
19580:Music
19550:Flags
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19357:Bosra
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19154:Petra
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18619:Third
18609:First
18585:Third
18575:First
18501:Third
18491:First
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18464:First
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14819:Domes
14751:Women
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14161:Curia
13747:S2CID
13093:Latin
12042:JSTOR
11865:S2CID
11743:JSTOR
11127:10–11
11058:JSTOR
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10650:67–70
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1997:Iceni
1964:Celts
1960:Wales
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1906:Macro
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1821:Rufus
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1318:socii
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736:Regia
502:roads
413:Egypt
397:Italy
393:Greek
350:Roman
290:27 BC
209:Mixed
186:Latin
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23389:NATO
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23299:CBSS
23284:BSEC
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22726:Folk
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22419:late
22414:high
22330:Rome
22289:and
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22012:Rome
21961:eras
21957:and
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21712:and
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19689:Osci
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15630:Roma
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15137:Livy
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14095:SPQR
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13975:fall
13739:PMID
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