49:
161:
616:, "The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP–Partido Comunista Português), which had courted and infiltrated the MFA from the very first days of the revolution, decided that the time was now right for it to seize the initiative. Much of the radical fervour that was unleashed following Spínola's coup attempt was encouraged by the PCP as part of their own agenda to infiltrate the MFA and steer the revolution in their direction.", Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril,
272:. In addition, academics have published works theorizing that the efforts made by the MFA were not in the strict interest of the people of Portugal or its overseas provinces, since the movement was initiated not as an attempt to liberate Portugal from the Estado Novo, but as an attempt of rebellion against the new military laws that were to be presented the next year (
422:("Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Portugal") an anti-communist network of terrorist bombers, responsible for the death of a priest, and whose operatives included Carlos Paixão, Alfredo Vitorino, Valter dos Santos and Alcides Pereira. As their leader, Spínola had met with Wallraff to negotiate the purchase of arms and had supporters in the
480:. Furthermore, the constitution declared the extensive nationalizations and land seizures of 1975 irreversible (many would be ruled illegal some years later). The military supported these commitments through a pact with the main political parties that guaranteed its guardian rights over the new democracy for four more years.
325:. What motivated the "captains" was, essentially, a desire for back wages and the freedom until then denied to the Portuguese people and the dissatisfaction with the policies followed by the government in relation to the Colonial War and military law. The principal aims of the MFA were the immediate completion of the
395:
of 28 September 1974, and his tentative involvement in the rightist counter-revolution on 11 March 1975 (wherein he fled to Brazil) were clear examples that Spínola had changed his allegiances. Between 1976 and 1980, he presided over the Exército de
Libertação de Portugal (ELP), the Liberation Army
408:, Spínola was always interested in returning to power and eliminating his political adversaries. During Spínola's exile to Brazil, he was approached by Wallraff who had infiltrated Spínola's group, pretending to be an arms dealer working for
276:). The revolution and the whole movement were a way to work against laws that would reduce military costs and would reformulate the whole Portuguese military. Younger military academy graduates resented a program introduced by
457:), where leftist and rightist factions struggled for supremacy within the Portuguese society and political institutions. The moderates eventually won and this prevented post-revolutionary Portugal from becoming a left or
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who awaited the word to regain power (which
Wallraff submitted as proof in order to detain Spínola by Swiss authorities). But there was never enough proof at that time to charge him or his conspirators in court.
280:
whereby militia officers who completed a brief training program and had served in the overseas territories' defensive campaigns, could be commissioned at the same rank as military academy graduates. Caetano's
541:, Projecto CRiPE- Centro de Estudos em Relações Internacionais, Ciência Política e Estratégia. © José Adelino Maltez. Cópias autorizadas, desde que indicada a origem. Última revisão em: 02-10-2008
476:. These elections could be said to be the definitive end of a period of revolution. Moderate democratic parties received most of the vote. However, the constitution pledged the country to realize
357:. After a failed initial attempt in March 1974 the coup took place on the morning of 25 April. Within a few hours Lisbon was completely occupied by troops loyal to the MFA. Prime Minister
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Government, in order to increase the number of officials employed against the
African insurgencies, and at the same time cut down military costs to alleviate an already overburdened
418:
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was becoming increasingly evident, and far-left factions were taking the leading edge of the revolution, the process was halted by the failed
17:
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The military-led coup can be described as the necessary means of bringing back democracy to
Portugal, ending the unpopular
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453:. This period of social and political unrest which ensued after the 25 April military coup, is known as PREC (
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329:, retreat from Portuguese Africa, establish free elections and the abolition of the secret police, the
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648:- article by Raquel Varela, Instituto de História Contemporânea, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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where thousands of
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Emblem of the MFA as used in government propaganda during the
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took place on 25 April, exactly one year after the previous election, and two years after the
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A mural dedicated to the MFA, it reads: "Towards freedom. Long live the 25th of April!"
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646:"One, two, three MFA": the rise and fall of Portugal's Armed Forces Movement (MFA)
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The systematic demolition of the old order was inaugurated by the MFA-led
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against the separatist movements in the
African overseas provinces of
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Decretos-Leis n.os 353, de 13 de Julho de 1973, e 409, de 20 de Agosto
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http://www.infopedia.pt/$ movimento-das-forcas-armadas-(mfa)
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Movimento das Forças
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1974 to 1976, following a communiqué of its president,
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The MFA developed in the early 1970s as a movement of
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333:. The revolution was planned by Vasco Lourenço,
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416:in Bavaria. Spínola's group was the MDLP –
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539:Movimento das Forças Armadas (1974-1975)
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192:of 1974, a
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459:right wing
319:Mozambique
217:) and the
174:Portuguese
478:socialism
443:communist
287:Rhodesian
231:) as the
139:Opponents
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463:centrist
424:Alentejo
351:Santarém
331:PIDE/DGS
303:captains
202:Portugal
119:far-left
90:Ideology
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363:General
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398:Brazil
321:, and
315:Angola
297:Events
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610:ISCTE
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