Anti-clericalism - Knowledge

2583: 2662:) over individual opinions, and limits the role of jurist to provide religious guidance in personal affairs of a believer. He defines democracy as a system of governance that enforces a set of "limitations and conditions" on the head of state and government employees so that they work within "boundaries that the laws and religion of every nation determines". Akhund believes that modern secular laws complement traditional religion. He asserts that both religious rulings and the laws outside the scope of religion confront "state despotism". Constitutionalism is based on the idea of defending the "nation's inherent and natural liberties", and as absolute power corrupts, a democratic distribution of power would make it possible for the nation to live up to its full potential. 2610:, democracy was the best available option. He considers opposition to constitutional democracy as hostility towards the twelfth Imam. He declared his full support for constitutional democracy and announced that objection to "foundations of constitutionalism" was un-Islamic. According to Akhund, "a rightful religion imposes conditions on the actions and behavior of human beings", which stem from either holy text or logical reasoning, and these constraints are essentially meant to prevent despotism. He believes that an Islamic system of governance can not be established without the infallible Imam leading it. Thus the clergy and modern scholars have concluded that a proper legislation can help reduce the state tyranny and maintain peace and security. He said: 2619:سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان‌ کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق‌ العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی‌ های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر می‌شود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است. 2139: 2631:. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil." 7643: 1391: 3790: 2214:

18th-century benevolent despots in restricting or prohibiting the religious orders. As a result, a number of these liberal regimes expropriated Church property and tried to bring education, marriage and burial under secular authority. The confiscation of Church properties and changes in the scope of religious liberties (in general, increasing the rights of non-Catholics and non-observant Catholics, while licensing or prohibiting the orders) generally accompanied secularist and governmental reforms.

1501:, were known to be hostile to the temporal and political power of the Church. Throughout the history of Liberal Italy, relations between the Italian government and the Church remained acrimonious, and anti-clericals maintained a prominent position in the ideological and political debates of the era. Tensions eased between church and state in the 1890s and early 1900s as a result of both sides' mutual hostility toward the burgeoning Socialist movement. Initially also anticlerical, 1266: 2451: 1685: 2784: 7655: 5493:"From the official documents of French Masonry contained principally in the official 'Bulletin' and 'Compte-rendu' of the Grand Orient it has been proved that all the anti-clerical measures passed in the French Parliament were decreed beforehand in the Masonic lodges and executed under the direction of the Grand Orient, whose avowed aim is to control everything and everybody in France" ( 1124: 2400:

definers of national values and morality, responded in part by joining in the rightist religio-political movement known as Catholic Nationalism which formed successive opposition parties. This began a prolonged period of conflict between church and state that persisted until the 1940s when the Church enjoyed a restoration of its former status under the presidency of Colonel

2627:"According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the 2043:

settlers. French Canadian identity was almost entirely centred around Catholicism, and to a much lesser extent the French language. However, there was a small anti-clerical movement in French Canada in the early nineteenth drawing inspiration from American and French liberal revolutions. This group was one current (but by no means the dominant) one in the

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departmental and national governments ended contracts with religious communities who operated schools in government-owned buildings, and set up secular schools in their place. These actions were sometimes violent, and were met by a strong opposition from clerics, Conservatives, and even a good number of more moderate Liberals.

4833:: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state." 4687:: "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era." 1452:

were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of anti-Catholic measures, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests

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When their party came to power in 1930, anti-clerical Liberals pushed for legislation to end Church influence in public schools. These Liberals held that the Church and its intellectual backwardness were responsible for a lack of spiritual and material progress in Colombia. Liberal-controlled local,

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By law, they were now property of the Spanish State, to which the Church had to pay rent and taxes continuously in order to use these properties. "Thus the Catholic Church is compelled to pay taxes on what was violently taken from her". Religious vestments, liturgical instruments, statues, pictures,

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In recent years, the Italian society has got increasingly secularized and many contest the intervention of the Catholic Church in Italian politics, usually through voting instructions to the faithful and to Catholic parliamentarians on the legislative and regulatory action of the State. For example,

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In 1871, the Catholic Church comprised 36.5% of the population of the German Empire, including millions of Germans in the west and South, as well as the vast majority of Poles. In this newly founded Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants (62% of the population) by reducing the

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Iran, although an Islamic state, imbued with religion and religious symbolism, is an increasingly anti-clerical country. In a sense it resembles some Catholic countries where religion is taken for granted, without public display, and with ambiguous feelings towards the clergy. Iranians tend to mock

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of 1910, the new Mexican Constitution of 1917 contained further anti-clerical provisions. Article 3 called for secular education in the schools and prohibited the Church from engaging in primary education; Article 5 outlawed monastic orders; Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of

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in communist Eastern Europe. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the church; abolished the Catholic monarchy; nationalized church property; exiled 30,000 priests and killed hundreds more. Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which atheistical services were held. There

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Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the "War of the Thousand Days," a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that

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Liberal anti-clericalists of the 1880s established a new pattern of church-state relations in which the official constitutional status of the Church was preserved while the state assumed control of many functions formerly the province of the Church. Conservative Catholics, asserting their role as

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became party leader, however, the party dropped its anti-clerical stance and went on to dominate Canadian politics throughout most of the 20th century. Since that time, Liberal prime ministers have been overwhelmingly Catholic (St. Laurent, both Pierre and Justin Trudeau, Chrétien, Martin), but

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The Cristero rebels committed their share of violence, which continued even after formal hostilities had ended. In some of the worst cases, public school teachers were tortured and murdered by the former Cristero rebels. It is calculated that almost 300 rural teachers were murdered in this way

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In French Canada following the Conquest, much like in Ireland or Poland under foreign rule, the Catholic Church was the sole national institution not under the direct control of the British colonial government. It was also a major marker of social difference from the incoming Anglo-Protestant

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joining Francisco Franco's unified alliance of right-wing parties, the party exhibited anti-clerical tendencies, and saw the Catholic Church as an elite institution that presented an obstacle to the Falangist's full control the state. Despite this, the Falangists had not been involved in any

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Beginning in the 1820s, a succession of liberal regimes came to power in Latin America. Some members of these liberal regimes sought to imitate the Spain of the 1830s (and revolutionary France of a half-century earlier) in expropriating the wealth of the Catholic Church, and in imitating the

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Where 4,500 priests served the people before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination. It appears that ten states were left without any priests.

2034:'s fault and not the pope's. In 2019, he predicted the Church's temporal demise in 25 years. Duterte, however, has underscored that his animosity toward the Church was purely personal and warned the otherwise uninvolved public against taking unethical action against the clergy. 2378:

Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, since the conspiracy theory maintained that the religious had guns, and this despite the fact that not a single serviceable weapon was located in the raids.

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ended about 1880 with a new pope Leo XIII willing to negotiate with Bismarck. Bismarck broke with the Liberals over religion and over their opposition to tariffs; He won Centre party support on most of his conservative policy positions, especially his attacks against

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Demonstrators using slogans such as "The clerics live like kings while we live in poverty!" One report claims "Working-class Iranian lamented clerical wealth in the face of their own poverty," and "stories about Swiss bank accounts of leading clerics circulated on

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were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again). Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school. Religious oaths and church taxes were also abolished.

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in Latin America. This anti-clericalism was often purportedly based on the idea that the clergy (especially the prelates who ran the administrative offices of the Church) were hindering social progress in areas such as public education and economic development.

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provided that all Argentine presidents must be Catholic and stated that the duty of the Argentine congress was to convert the Indians to Catholicism. All of these provisions have been eliminated with the exception of the mandate to "sustain" Catholicism.

1060:, because revolutionaries claimed the church played a pivotal role in the systems of oppression which led to it. Many clerics were killed, and French revolutionary governments tried to put priests under the control of the state by making them employees. 2426:(in office from 1870 to 1877, from 1879 to 1884, and from 1886 to 1887) virtually crushed the institutional life of the church, even attempting to legalize the marriage of priests. These anti-clerical policies remained in force for decades afterward. 2101:

in Canada (1840–1867). By 1861, however, the two groups fused to create a united Liberal block. After 1867, this party added like-minded reformers from the Maritime provinces, but struggled to win power, especially in still strongly-Catholic Quebec.

2704:, where clerics serve as heads of state and judges, veto legislation they consider un-Islamic and control who may run for president or parliament. However, by the late 1990s and 2000s, anti-clericalism was reported to be significant in the 1168:, in October 1793 the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoning from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic 1182:, with all churches not devoted to these being closed. In April and May 1794, the government mandated the observance of a festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being. When anti-clericalism became a clear goal of French revolutionaries, 1358:(emperor 1765–1790) opposed what he called "contemplative" religious institutions – reclusive Catholic institutions that he perceived as doing nothing positive for the community. His policy towards them is included in what is called 1429:(where Catholics were in a majority). As one scholar put it, "the attack on the church included a series of Prussian, discriminatory laws that made Catholics feel understandably persecuted within a predominantly Protestant nation." 2246:

issued decrees nationalizing church property, separating church and state, and suppressing religious orders. Church properties were confiscated and basic civil and political rights were denied to religious orders and the clergy.

1369:. More than 500 of 1,188 monasteries in Austro-Slav lands (and a hundred more in Hungary) were dissolved, and 60 million florins taken by the state. This wealth was used to create 1,700 new parishes and welfare institutions. 1245:

minority religions, but in practice with much more influence than those). During the 19th century, public schools employed primarily priests as teachers, and religion was taught in schools (teachers also lead the class to

2438:, succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, by discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and by refusing to accept them as members of the 1372:

The education of priests was taken from the Church as well. Joseph established six state-run "General Seminaries". In 1783, a Marriage Patent treated marriage as a civil contract rather than a religious institution.

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churches; and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 deprived clergy members of basic political rights. Many of these laws were resisted, leading to the

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ideas, and the state intervened in fields once dominated by the church, especially health and education, which were taken over by the provincial government. Quebec is now considered Canada's most secular province.

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Of the population of Latin America, about 71% acknowledge allegiance to the Catholic Church. Consequently, about 43% of the world's Catholics inhabit the 'Latin' countries of South, Central and North America.

5510:"But in spite of the failure of the official transactions, there are a great many German and not a few American Masons, who evidently favour at least the chief anti-clerical aims of the Grand Orient party" ( 1327:

In the years following their relocations, boarding schools of congregants were accused by some senators of trying to "recruit" French youth from abroad, supposedly placing the French Republic "in jeopardy".

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There are accounts of Catholic faithful being forced to swallow rosary beads, thrown down mine shafts and priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive. The Catholic Church has

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which came to power in Spain in 1931 was based on secular principles. In the first years some laws were passed secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the

1334:' anti-clericalism softened after the First World War as the Catholic right-wing began to accept the Republic and secularism, which aimed to prevent socialist parties. However, the issue of subsidized 1217:(1796). French troops imprisoned the Pope in 1797, and he died after six weeks of captivity. After a change of heart, Napoleon then re-established the Catholic Church in France with the signing of the 2948: 4669: 4045:

Sigmund, Paul E. (1996). "Religious Human Rights in the World Today: A Report on the 1994 Atlanta Conference: Legal Perspectives on Religious Human Rights: Religious Human Rights in Latin America".

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led to another wave of anti-clerical activity. Most church property was put under State control, and the church was not allowed to inherit property. The revolution and the republic allegedly took a

3795: 3793: 2098: 4929:: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." 3226:

The cult was a deliberate attempt to counter the unsuccessful efforts at dechristianization, and the atheistic Cult of Reason, which reached its high point in the winter of the previous year.

1221:, and banned the Cult of the Supreme Being. Many anti-clerical policies continued. When Napoleonic armies entered a territory, monasteries were often sacked, and church property secularized. 6130: 2407:

In 1954, Argentina saw extensive destruction of churches, denunciations of clergy and confiscation of Catholic schools as Perón attempted to extend state control over national institutions.

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Although anti-clericalism is more often spoken of regarding the history or current politics of Latin countries where the Catholic Church was established and where the clergy had privileges,

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law was abolished, and men and women were desegregated in educational and religious environments. All this infuriated the ultraconservative clergy as a class. Rezā Khan's son and heir

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cultures made substantial use of religious leaders to ideologically support governing authority and power. This pre-existing role of religion as ideological adjunct to the state in

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of the country. As part of his Westernization program, the traditional role of the ruling clergy was minimized; Islamic schools were secularized, women were forbidden to wear the

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culture made it relatively easy for the Spanish conquistadors to replace native religious structures with those of a Catholicism that was closely linked to the Spanish throne.

1410:(literally "culture struggle") refers to German policies in reducing the role and power of the Catholic Church in Prussia, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of 1148:

was the first trigger of the rebellion; the second being conscription. Nonjuring priests were exiled or imprisoned and women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets.

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in Iran—the one Muslim country where Shia form an overwhelming majority—even more systematic power was given to clerics. Under the doctrine of rule by Islamic jurists, or

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The war had a profound effect on the Church. Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed. Between 1926 and 1934, over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated.

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were closed and all but five major seminaries. A law of February 22, 1918, permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back.

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The anti-clericalism during the French Revolution initially began with attacks on church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many

5866: 4765: 1934: 4768:: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion." 7320: 2848: 2772:

was historically viewed by the Catholic Church as being a principal source of anti-Clericalism – especially in, but not limited to, historically Catholic countries.

1638: 1165: 1145: 6417: 4531:: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." 2651: 2289:

of 1927–1929. The suppression of the Church included the closing of many churches and the killing of priests. The persecution was most severe in Tabasco under the

2404:. Perón claimed that Peronism was the "true embodiment of Catholic social teaching" – indeed, more the embodiment of Catholicism than the Catholic Church itself. 2097:

The vastly different religious backgrounds of the Reformers and rouges was one of the factors which prevented them from working together well during the era of

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since the 1960s Liberals have again had a strained relationship with the Catholic church, and have increasingly parted with the Catholic church's teachings on

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and the church, and the Liberals, who represented those of the Costa and anti-clericalism. Tensions came to a head in 1875 when the conservative President

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de la Cueva, Julio (1998), "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War",

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On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called

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against alleged sorcerers spiraled into widespread riots and violence. In addition to alleged sorcerers, Islamic clerics were also targeted and killed,

200: 4028: 1649:. As part of the anti-clerical revolution, the bishops were driven from their dioceses, the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the 6971: 6451: 3434: 2114:, as when Pierre Trudeau legalized homosexuality and streamlined divorce (as justice minister under Pearson), and Martin legalized same-sex marriage. 7346: 2574:, Islamic clerics must rule or Islam will whither away. A cleric is head of state in Iran, and clerics control many powerful governmental positions. 1140:

was passed on July 12, 1790, requiring all clerics to swear allegiance to the French government and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical

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Some have opposed clergy on the basis of moral corruption, institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the

3903: 1190:(1793 to 1796). Local people often resisted dechristianization and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Eventually, 7421: 5139: 3374: 3306: 215: 6137: 4862: 7692: 2646:

also quoted Akhund Khurasani saying that if there was a possibility of establishment of a truly legitimate Islamic rule in any age, God must end

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1793 Establishment of the Cult of Reason, an atheistic alternative to Christianity, during the French Revolution. First state-sponsored atheism.

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The Kulturkampf backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party and revitalized Polish resistance. The

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Grand Orient's card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and who attended Mass, with a view to preventing their promotions.

1251: 4429: 1634: 1611: 8017: 6731: 6458: 4098: 701: 1720: 1250:). This changed during the 1880s as several anti-clerical international gatherings took place in Paris, leading to the establishment of the 6410: 805: 2975: 7004: 6497: 2528:

or "imitation” and is meant for experts in a broad range of matters. In practice this means asking a cleric trained in Islamic law for a

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of 1837. In the more democratic politics that followed the rebellions, the more radical and anti-clerical tendency eventually formed the

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or ‘legal opinion’ on the issue the Muslim is concerned about. This ties into the significance of local customs and practices, known as

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Supporting sources listed as of January 22, 2018, for the world map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism:

2079: 1978: 1954: 1576:. From the side of the Church, a right to express its opinions and a moral duty in guiding Christians on ethical questions is claimed. 967: 864: 3952: 1675: 2186:

The slowness to embrace religious freedom in Latin America is related to its colonial heritage and to its post-colonial history. The

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During the Protestant Reformation, anti-clericalism resulted from opposition to the political and economic privileges of the clergy.

770: 735: 647: 638: 1786:, in which he described the expropriation of all Church buildings, episcopal residences, parish houses, seminaries and monasteries. 7139: 3889: 2228:

The Mexican Constitution of 1824 had required the Republic to prohibit the exercise of any religion other than the Catholic faith.

1708:, 20 clergymen were killed by members of the liberal movement in retaliation for the Church's siding with absolutist supporters of 1155:

could identify, since the Catholic Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a two-year period known as the

568: 499: 370: 302: 151: 3407: 8966: 8264: 6403: 3467: 2546:. Thus, by extension, the practice of taqlid has historically been more systematic. For example, as of the 19th century the Shia 1573: 4196: 2642:

As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.

6833: 6775: 1782:. He asked the Catholics of Spain to fight with all legal means against the injustices. June 3, 1933, he issued the encyclical 1569: 1198:

denounced the dechristianization campaign and tried to establish their own religion, without the superstitions of Catholicism.

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This issue was one of the bases for the lasting dispute between Conservatives, who represented primarily the interests of the

8382: 6386: 5974: 4351: 4281: 4254: 4227: 4204: 3734: 3091: 3066: 3011: 859: 1144:. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests. Persecution of the clergy and 7901: 6643: 6539: 4402: 4341: 3923: 2414:. However, in 1955, he was overthrown by a military general who was a leading member of the Catholic Nationalist movement. 1599: 4376: 4217: 8056: 7685: 7505: 7403: 7290: 6075: 4815: 711: 480: 405: 235: 180: 7543: 6845: 6596: 5636: 4700: 2087: 2002: 1870: 1592: 450: 425: 320: 210: 8726: 4364:

Both Livingstone and Stokes quote a figure of 200,000 dead between 1948–1953 (Livingstone) and "a decade war" (Stokes)

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Prosperity and Plunder: European Catholic Monasteries in the Age of ... - Derek Edward Dawson Beales - Google Books

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took power a month after the revolution, the Shah's anti-clerical measures were largely overturned, replaced by an

2005: 1958: 1914: 1898: 1761: 1137: 847: 744: 455: 445: 380: 7881: 6941: 6865: 6485: 6463: 4298: 2757: 2654:. Therefore, according to Akhund, Shia jurists must support the democratic reform. He prefers collective wisdom ( 1700:

The first instance of anti-clerical violence due to political conflict in 19th-century Spain occurred during the

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by Nationalists, included sacking and burning monasteries and churches and killing 6,832 members of the clergy.

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of 1936–1939, Catholics largely supported Franco and the Nationalist forces. Anti-clerical assaults called the

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that had invaded the Papal States to complete the unification of Italy, prompting the pope to declare himself a

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several communist and post-communist states are current practitioners of political anti-clericalism, including

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throughout the 19th century, in various forms, and later in Canada, Cuba, and Latin America. According to the

815: 7475: 7054: 7029: 6638: 4403:"Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots;For Generations, Violence Has Defined Colombia's Turbulent Political History" 4246:

Setting the Virgin on fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán peasants, and the redemption of the Mexican Revolution

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Latreille, A. FRENCH REVOLUTION, New Catholic Encyclopedia v. 5, pp. 972–973 (Second Ed. 2002 Thompson/Gale)

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and other orders were expelled in the culmination of twenty years of anti-Jesuit and antimonastic hysteria.

8885: 8253: 8076: 8062: 7515: 7034: 7024: 6480: 3870:"In the fight for gay marriage in the Philippines, Duterte could be an unlikely ally - The Washington Post" 2372: 2015: 1998: 1732: 1646: 1642: 1508:

tempered such rhetoric to win support from Catholics and later as dictator, official hostility between the

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State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance

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the Catholic Church enjoyed preferential treatment from the French state (formally along with the Jewish,

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Colombia enacted anti-clerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84).

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Catholic historians have claimed that there was an alliance between Joseph and anti-clerical Freemasons.

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Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences".

1553:" of the Catholic Church, but still granted a series of provisions in favour of the Church, such as the 1346:, now commonly associated with the anti-clerical far-left, maintains its strongly anti-clerical stance. 8580: 8320: 8277: 7868: 7761: 7489: 6514: 6155:

Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland".

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The War Against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany

3621:

The war against Catholicism: liberalism and the anti-Catholic imagination in nineteenth-century Germany

2903: 2731: 2606:

in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries. In absence of the ideal ruler, that is

2223: 1974: 1562: 1262:, establishing free education (1881) and excluded clerics and religious education from schools (1882). 1195: 999: 98: 5985: 4544: 1987: 8956: 8731: 7991: 7548: 7250: 6561: 6269: 6197: 4437: 4167: 2083: 1630: 1169: 881: 825: 8661: 6092:

State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance

5476: 3543:"Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Sénat: compte rendu in-extenso" 2442:. The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there. 1284:

A law of 7 July 1904 preventing religious congregations from teaching any longer, and the so-called

8909: 8891: 8880: 8143: 8051: 8023: 7381: 6956: 6473: 6329: 6302: 4455:(the violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958. 4273:

Performing the community: representation, ritual and reciprocity in the Totonac Highlands of Mexico

2595: 2164: 1940: 1739: 972: 830: 820: 53: 7832: 5566: 5149: 4942: 4102: 2423: 2336: 2294: 2266: 2138: 8875: 8097: 6999: 6855: 6582: 6033: 2558: 2439: 2368: 2339:, after being elected to his third term, was allegedly assassinated by anti-clerical Freemasons. 2309: 1767: 1543: 1524: 1520: 1490: 1331: 1183: 1164:

has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated. As part of the

6256: 5741: 1973:

after Rizal's execution, was also noted for its anti-clericalism. After Philippine independence

1535:

turned centre-left. In 1978, with support of the PSI, the DC-led coalition government legalized

1390: 1254:, a strongly anti-clerical society regrouping socialists, anarchists and liberals. In 1881–1882 8552: 8517: 8282: 7837: 7470: 7356: 7069: 4892: 3956: 2052: 1453:

were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.

1289: 1191: 1053: 948: 911: 896: 5219: 4926: 4877: 4830: 4750: 4684: 4654: 3683: 2949:"God and Revolution: Religion and Power from PreRevolutionary France to the Napoleonic Empire" 1917:, and it went on to support the Church as a result of their alliance to monarchists and other 8919: 8435: 8389: 8148: 8090: 7886: 7857: 7366: 7351: 7064: 6921: 6828: 6628: 6611: 6524: 6468: 6310: 5747: 5002: 4910: 4602: 4510: 3564: 3291: 3001: 2764: 2682: 1970: 1230: 1159:, the episodes of anti-clericalism grew more violent than Europe would see until the rise of 886: 797: 7416: 5711: 3841: 3345: 2498:, anti-clericalism was expressed through the state; in the first five years alone after the 8626: 8496: 8083: 7817: 7776: 7701: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7525: 7452: 7295: 7255: 7074: 6976: 6951: 6890: 6695: 6670: 6606: 6217:

Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930–1945

5788: 5253: 3603: 2798: 2599: 2477: 2168:

that the U.S., despite the lack of Catholic establishments, has always had anti-clericals.

2122: 1679: 921: 890: 58: 5887:

Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History

5499:"Que personne ne bougera plus en France en dehors de nous", "Bull. Gr. Or.", 1890, 500 sq. 4655:

Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History

1187: 8: 8842: 8784: 8523: 8331: 8226: 8182: 8046: 8036: 8012: 8007: 7896: 7842: 7827: 7802: 7647: 7371: 7361: 7310: 7168: 7154: 7014: 6756: 6519: 5529: 5457: 4628: 3874: 2838: 2647: 2643: 1735:, prime minister of the new regime abolished the major Spanish Convents and Monasteries. 1335: 1068: 933: 68: 33: 5792: 8904: 8832: 8799: 8756: 8751: 8458: 8298: 8272: 8172: 8153: 8119: 8105: 7911: 7862: 7847: 7822: 7659: 7436: 7205: 7129: 7097: 6916: 6885: 6722: 6710: 6571: 6509: 6365: 6357: 6180: 5930: 5812: 5625: 5281: 4982: 3757: 3745: 3657: 3489: 2893: 2873: 2693: 2686: 2586:

Akhund Khurasani is known to be the greatest theorist of Usuli Shi'ism in modern times.

2567: 2510:

In various traditions of Islam, Muslims who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (

2499: 2281: 2091: 1798: 1783: 1755: 1572:

attracted criticism, and so did his opposition to a 2007 bill that would have provided

1554: 1494: 1339: 1308: 1210: 955: 874: 123: 8159: 8041: 7225: 3475: 3411: 2066:

At the same time in English Canada, a related phenomenon occurred where the primarily

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Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

5970: 5949: 5922: 5891: 5834: 5804: 5765: 5758: 5719: 5685: 5672: 5662: 5602: 5581: 5285: 5273: 5225: 4784: 4751:

Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia

4347: 4277: 4250: 4223: 4200: 4129: 4065: 3855: 3730: 3687: 3440: 3408:"Notes On Monastero San Paolo: Reentering The Vestibule of Paradise - Gordon College" 3380: 3312: 3248: 3215: 3187: 3128: 3107: 3087: 3062: 3040: 3007: 2823: 2304:

was brought in to mediate the conflict. But 1928 saw the assassination of President

2199: 2191: 2126: 1993: 1918: 1794: 1743: 1716: 1536: 1415: 1270: 1234: 1218: 1186:

seeking to restore tradition and the Ancien Régime took up arms, particularly in the

1057: 63: 3558: 2305: 8926: 8847: 8837: 8721: 8716: 8595: 8512: 8409: 8371: 8135: 8002: 7937: 7906: 7876: 7753: 7495: 7280: 7200: 7185: 7084: 6986: 6860: 6700: 6658: 6653: 6633: 6616: 6529: 6341: 6306: 6164: 5914: 5796: 5265: 4384: 3356: 3212:

Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815: A-L

2940: 2888: 2818: 2697: 2655: 2614: 2118: 1724: 1658: 1505: 1259: 842: 8356: 5553: 3339: 2243: 8560: 8366: 8196: 8177: 8111: 7891: 7553: 7520: 7464: 7458: 7315: 7220: 7124: 6936: 6430: 6395: 6345: 6225: 6090: 6054: 6003: 5964: 5943: 5885: 5828: 5656: 5596: 5575: 5144: 5078: 4846: 4799: 4731: 4715: 4327: 4314: 4032: 3996: 3908: 3677: 3633: 3620: 3542: 3242: 3160: 3036: 2789: 2745: 2737: 2491: 2411: 2274: 2111: 2106: 2011: 1878: 1701: 1616: 1539:

despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church and DC conservative factions.

1513: 1502: 1438: 1296: 1206: 1156: 1064: 989: 906: 6168: 4410: 4357: 4328:

Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the year 1875

1394:"Between Berlin and Rome", with Bismarck on the left and the Pope on the right. 1313: 1292: 8746: 8645: 8507: 8469: 8292: 8129: 7962: 7952: 7931: 7742: 7616: 7441: 7235: 7210: 7174: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7092: 6946: 6931: 6870: 6746: 6736: 6492: 5867:"25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany" 5010: 2898: 2666: 2300:

The church-supported armed rebellion only escalated the violence. US Diplomat

2159: 2046: 1603: 1588: 1550: 1396: 1247: 1179: 1173: 854: 113: 8899: 6809: 5858:"The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria" 3308:

Napoleon's Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe - Google Books

2552:

taught believers to turn to the highest ranking clerics, known as "sources of

2455:

World map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism.

1939:

Philippine anti-clericalism is rooted in the anti-clericalism of 19th-century

1828: 1317: 1033:, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in 8950: 8701: 8694: 8656: 8419: 8287: 8248: 8236: 8124: 7957: 7916: 7852: 7737: 7500: 7426: 7392: 7376: 7336: 7019: 6994: 6770: 6680: 6665: 6587: 6353: 6287: 6245: 6176: 5926: 5808: 5702: 5676: 5540: 5277: 5269: 4766:

25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany

4670:

The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria

2853: 2607: 2487: 2473: 2301: 2019: 1902: 1817: 1709: 1584: 1565: 1546: 1365:

Joseph decreed that Austrian bishops could not communicate directly with the

1300: 1160: 765: 128: 118: 88: 8666: 5945:

Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947-65

5740: 5221:

An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism

4588:- Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences 3825: 2401: 2018:, has adopted a combative verbal stance toward the Church hierarchy and its 1944: 1493:. Some politicians that had played important roles in this process, such as 8931: 8810: 8794: 8585: 8575: 8443: 8216: 7610: 7485: 7341: 7305: 7044: 6966: 6810: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6534: 6035:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia L.

5824: 5215: 5106: 5014: 2908: 2878: 2868: 2495: 2435: 2410:

The renewed rupture in church-state relations was completed when Perón was

2360: 2348: 2286: 2270: 2256: 2151: 2027: 2023: 1874: 1478: 1281:

teaching monks were effectively exiled. This was not completed until 1901.

1265: 1202: 1092: 943: 938: 926: 901: 6265:

Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani

4296: 3294:

in association with S4C. Library of Congress Catalog card number 97-60897.

3084:

An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures

1312:(1904-1905), it was discovered that the anti-clerical War Minister of the 8817: 8676: 8570: 8453: 8243: 8221: 8206: 7771: 7747: 7411: 7240: 7215: 7190: 7163: 7150: 7059: 6961: 6648: 6263: 5126: 5074: 4954: 2863: 2828: 2803: 2769: 2195: 2143: 2058: 1832: 1779: 1434: 1406: 1385: 1366: 1359: 1278: 1255: 1104: 1038: 6361: 4511:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

3661: 1809: 1684: 8708: 8609: 8565: 7926: 7921: 7670: 7195: 6780: 5816: 5697: 5114: 5102: 5070: 5066: 5038: 5034: 4970: 4525: 4313:

Berthe, P. Augustine, translated from French by Mary Elizabeth Herbert

2741: 2603: 2542:, on the other hand, has had a doctrine of a centralized clergy in the 2539: 2536:, in the context of Sunni Islam, which does not have a formal clergy. 2450: 2262: 2237: 2206: 2121:

of the 1960s broke the hold of the church on provincial politics. The

1862: 1861:

2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 Clarentians, 226

1654: 1512:

and the Italian state was finally settled by Pope Pius XI and him: the

1152: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1042: 73: 8741: 5934: 5629: 5197: 1836: 1531:(DC). Since the PSI joined DC-led coalition governments, the DC under 8671: 7967: 5760:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations

5050: 4831:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations

2833: 2813: 2147: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1949: 1930: 1852: 1844: 1821: 1775: 1532: 1462: 1242: 1034: 103: 5800: 5530:"Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia" 4010:

In Latin America, Catholics down, church's credibility up, poll says

3941:. Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 51–53. 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 1888:

283 nuns, according to one source, some of whom were badly tortured.

8687: 8545: 8448: 8429: 7972: 7807: 7787: 7654: 7009: 6763: 6751: 6080: 5918: 5098: 5094: 5062: 5026: 4990: 4986: 4911:

Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania

4020: 4018: 2913: 2783: 2517: 2364: 1961:

held anti-clerical views until his eventual recantation before his

1894: 1866: 1689: 1509: 1238: 1229:

A further phase of anti-clericalism occurred in the context of the

6157:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4629:

Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia

3780: 3778: 3436:

A History of the Popes: 1830 - 1914 - Owen Chadwick - Google Books

3037:

Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency

1790:

vases, gems and other valuable objects were expropriated as well.

8614: 8601: 8463: 8341: 7266: 6880: 6502: 5118: 5110: 5086: 5058: 5030: 5022: 5018: 4998: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4896:- An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland 3700: 2808: 2543: 2290: 1824: 1778:

1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded

1771: 1746:

would distinguish himself by his inflammatory pieces of opinion.

1650: 1542:

The revision of the Lateran treaties during the 1980s by the PSI

1430: 1426: 1411: 1176: 1096: 48: 5254:"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam" 4015: 3939:

Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada 1800-1850

3557: 3003:

Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

1557:

law, the teaching of religion in schools, and other privileges.

1485:

required Catholics not to participate in the public life of the

8376: 7432:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

6875: 6785: 6690: 5090: 5082: 5054: 5046: 4962: 4427: 3890:"Duterte denies slur on Pope: I was cursing gov't incompetence" 3775: 2719: 2678: 2525: 1882: 1848: 1840: 1813: 1676:

Anti-clerical riots of 1835 § Exclaustion and confiscation

1030: 5966:

Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator

4913:: "was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society." 4732:

Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator

3269:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution

1635:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation 5122: 4994: 4978: 4219:

The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929–1940

3082:

Horne, Thomas Hartwell; Davidson, Samuel (21 November 2013).

2843: 2685:

continued such practices. They ultimately contributed to the

2674: 2628: 2548: 2529: 2516:) are ought to follow the instructions of an expert, i.e., a 2187: 1486: 1474: 1214: 1100: 5779:

Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania".

5425: 5359: 4576: 4574: 4572: 3648:

Delzell, Charles F. (Spring 1988). "Remembering Mussolini".

2935:

The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies

5042: 5006: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4197:

M1 Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899

4191: 4189: 3545:. Journal officiel. 4 July 1911 – via gallica.bnf.fr. 2705: 2670: 2512: 2363:

refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the

1693: 1482: 6330:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 6194:

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

5849:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

5847:

Jedin, Hubert; Repgen, Konrad; Dolan, John, eds. (1999) ,

5830:

History of the Church: The Church in the Twentieth Century

4852: 4685:

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

4390:

Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959

4099:"Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)" 1935:

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

1425:, which did not extend to the other German states such as 1123: 7321:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

5833:, vol. X, Continuum International Publishing Group, 4377:"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia" 3373:

Beales, Derek; Beales, Derek Edward Dawson (2003-07-24).

3184:

Voices of Unbelief: Documents from Atheists and Agnostics

2849:

Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

2533: 2375:, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958. 1591:. Palikot's Movement won 10% of the national vote at the 1527:(PSI) parties, in opposition to the Vatican-backed party 1519:

After World War II, anti-clericalism was embodied by the

1477:

is connected with reaction against the absolutism of the

5413: 5401: 5377: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4549: 4459: 4186: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3061:. Mathew A Price. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 176–177. 2980:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

2505: 1587:

is an anti-clerical party founded in 2011 by politician

1233:

and its dissensions with the Catholic Church. After the

5462:

Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia

5389: 5365: 4867: 3997:

The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice

3584: 1445:

political and social influence of the Catholic Church.

1056:. Anti-clericalism became extremely violent during the 5851:, vol. X, New York & London: Burn & Oates 4882: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4534: 4300:

The reconquest of Mexico: the years of Lázaro Cárdenas

2205:

Anti-clericalism was a common feature of 19th-century

1299:

was not subjected to these laws as it was part of the

7352:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

6298:

Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq

6128: 5545:

The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

4858: 4633: 4155: 3924:"Duterte: Catholic Church will disappear in 25 years" 3805: 2993: 2466: Countries that currently practice state atheism 2460: Countries that formerly practiced state atheism 5598:

Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize

5198:"IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM" 4603:

Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize

4249:. University of California Press. pp. 124–126. 3727:

La desamortización en España: un balance, 1766-1924,

2779: 2689:

of 1978–79, and the Shah's flight from his country.

2590:

During the first democratic revolution of Asia, the

2482:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

2030:; he later apologized and clarified that it was the 8259:

Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

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Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789

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Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

2700:based on the principle of rule by Islamic jurists, 2154:, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians 1602:media anti-clericalism is/was promoted by magazine 1286:

Law on the separation of the Churches and the State

6425: 5823: 5757: 3713: 3572: 3203: 2751: 1957:and one of the most prominent of the Philippines' 1047:separate the church from public and political life 5983: 5751:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4659: 4540: 3979:"Canada marching from religion to secularization" 3568:. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1320:, was determining promotions based on the French 8948: 7422:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5846: 5637:"No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres" 5635: 4696: 4479:The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History 4148:Peter Godman, "Graham Greene's Vatican Dossier" 4086:The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History 3784: 3231: 3163:pp. 1-17 1991 Continuum International Publishing 3075: 2713:their mullahs, making mild jokes about them ... 2520:, (with the exception of "matters of belief" or 1037:traditions has been opposed to the influence of 5883: 5695: 5431: 5208: 4916: 4650: 4381:Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution 4242: 4215: 3682:. Translated by Jodi Bruhn. Routledge. p. 3361:napoleon sacked monasteries closed secularized. 1688:Anti-clerical cover of a magazine published in 6095:. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. 3953:"Federal Parties: The Liberal Party of Canada" 3635:Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century 3244:Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century 3209: 2502:, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed. 2273:, an armed peasant rebellion supported by the 1349: 1288:of 1905, were enacted under the government of 7990: 7686: 6411: 5574:Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (2012-08-09). 4742: 4740: 4181:Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo 3153: 3081: 1007: 6129:Van den Bergh-Collier, Edda (January 2007). 5984:Marques de Morais, Rafael (April 27, 2014). 5855: 4836: 4816:Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions 4805: 4755: 4665: 4500: 4339: 3916: 3882: 3372: 2967: 2056: 2044: 5615: 5573: 5558:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700-1918 5251: 4776: 4774: 4721: 4711: 4592: 4484: 4269: 4117: 3769: 3305:Laven, David; Riall, Lucy (February 2000). 3240: 3214:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. 3175: 2999: 1481:, overthrown in 1870. For a long time, the 7693: 7679: 7437:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 7387:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 6418: 6404: 5904: 5189: 4737: 4705: 4580: 4434:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005 3896: 3834: 3623:, p. 1, University of Michigan Press, 2004 3304: 3288:Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes 3122: 3086:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. 1969:, the secret society that spearheaded the 1721:Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal 1014: 1000: 8774: 8644: 6223: 6214: 6191: 6088: 5827:; Dolan, John; Adriányi, Gabriel (1981), 5527: 4873: 4820: 4795: 4680: 4624: 4515: 4471: 4465: 4401:Gutiérrez, Pedro Ruz (October 31, 1999). 4400: 4343:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia 4078: 3999:, p. 10, Oxford University Press US, 2004 3848: 3817: 3517:Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair 3344:. Churchman Company. 1985-12-29. p. 3031: 3029: 2976:"Many Countries Favor Specific Religions" 1704:(Spanish Civil War of 1820–1823). During 1205:took sides against the revolution in the 771:Female genital mutilation laws by country 8495: 7700: 6261: 6154: 5941: 5716:Catholic Values and Australian Realities 5709: 5564: 5552: 5474: 5419: 5407: 5383: 5346: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5131: 4938: 4906: 4888: 4771: 4374: 4123: 4101:. Tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Archived from 3763: 3590: 3510: 3432: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2973: 2581: 2449: 2137: 1683: 1389: 1264: 1122: 6327: 6262:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). 6131:"Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique" 6073: 6052: 6031: 6022: 5884:Kideckel, David; Halpern, Joel (2000). 5864: 5856:Kalkandjieva, Daniela (June 12, 2015). 5395: 5371: 5137: 4842: 4811: 4761: 4506: 4436:. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from 4421: 4303:. Oxford university press. p. 322. 4173: 4044: 3976: 3955:. Canadian-Politics.com. Archived from 3862: 3679:Totalitarianism and Political Religions 3647: 3181: 3056: 3050: 1574:recognition of same-sex unions in Italy 1344:Fédération Nationale de la Libre-Pensée 1252:Fédération nationale de la libre pensée 14: 8949: 8319: 6311:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 6109: 5962: 5738: 5683: 5661:(7th ed.). London: Rough Guides. 5594: 5539: 5511: 5494: 5362:"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء 5224:. Yale University Press. p. 143. 4780: 4727: 4598: 3936: 3811: 3799: 3607: 3606:' (Aufklaerung), and of Josephinism".( 3026: 2937:. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 20 2367:countryside between supporters of the 2312:, gravely damaging the peace process. 1869:, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 1570:2005 Italian fertility laws referendum 1127:"Shall he be allowed to rule America?" 8864: 8773: 8643: 8494: 8318: 7989: 7712: 7674: 6399: 6376: 6294: 6001: 5696:Economist staff (February 17, 2000), 5214: 4863:Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique 4746: 4209: 4059: 3823: 3675: 3555: 3285: 3274: 3247:. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 251. 2506:Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world 2490:. Most of them, though not all, were 2486:A number of countries have practiced 2001:was strongly opposed by the domestic 1448:Priests and bishops who resisted the 7902:Religious views on same-sex marriage 7713: 5992: 5778: 5755: 5735:(University of Michigan Press, 2004) 5654: 5565:Campbell, Leslie (August 27, 2015). 5252:Ghobadzadeh, Naser (December 2013). 4922: 4826: 4521: 4236: 3578: 3006:. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. 7291:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 5595:Clarke, Duncan (February 1, 2009). 5547:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 5475:Liebhold, David (19 October 1998). 5163: 4529:- Representations of Place: Albania 4276:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 132. 4064:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 139. 4012:Catholic News Service June 23, 2005 2659: 2618: 2142:A famous 1876 editorial cartoon by 24: 6846:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5995:The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918 5986:"Religion and the State in Angola" 5138:Ostling, Richard (June 24, 2001). 4375:Azcarate, Camilo A. (March 1999). 3514: 3182:McGowan, Dale (7 September 2012). 3039:2006 University Press of Kentucky 2946: 2748:members were murdered by rioters. 2277:, against the Mexican government. 2026:for the traffic congestion in the 1593:2011 Polish parliamentary election 25: 8978: 6056:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 6027:. University of Notre Dame Press. 5890:. Penn State Press. p. 165. 5258:Philosophy & Social Criticism 5195: 4847:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 4049:. Emory University School of Law. 3977:Friesen, Joe (10 December 2010). 3827:The Anticlericalism of Jose Rizal 2592:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 2178:Anti-clericalism in Latin America 1808:13 bishops (from the dioceses of 1672:1834 massacre of friars in Madrid 1224: 1166:campaign to dechristianize France 1041:. Anti-clericalism is related to 776:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter 94:Catholic priests in public office 27:Opposition to religious authority 7767:Constitutional references to God 7730:Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry 7653: 7641: 6972:Fourth Council of Constantinople 6927:Second Council of Constantinople 6074:Stiller, Brian (June 18, 2013). 6025:Anticlericalism: A Brief History 5745:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5698:"The people against the mullahs" 5686:"Christians in Marxist Ethiopia" 5504: 5487: 5468: 5450: 5437: 5352: 5245: 4947: 4545:Religion and the State in Angola 4317:p. 297-300, 1889 Burns and Oates 4026:Fewer Catholics in Latin America 3714:Jedin, Dolan & Adriányi 1981 3562:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3513:, p. 9 (footnote 26) cites 3241:Helmstadter, Richard J. (1997). 3210:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). 2782: 2650:. Hence, he refuted the idea of 2445: 2434:Cuba, under the rule of atheist 2422:In Venezuela, the government of 2171: 2133: 2086:establishment. In Upper Canada, 2022:. In 2015, he blamed and cursed 1899:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1762:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1629:The fall of the Monarchy in the 1138:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 7882:Religious rejection of politics 6942:Third Council of Constantinople 6866:First Council of Constantinople 6059:. Scarecrow Press. p. 10. 6053:Sanders, Alan (April 9, 2003). 5865:Kellner, Mark A. (2014-10-31). 5618:Journal of Contemporary History 5521: 4394: 4368: 4333: 4320: 4307: 4290: 4263: 4142: 4091: 4053: 4038: 4002: 3989: 3970: 3945: 3930: 3842:"Rizal and the Catholic Church" 3751: 3739: 3719: 3669: 3641: 3626: 3613: 3596: 3549: 3535: 3504: 3482: 3460: 3426: 3400: 3366: 3332: 3298: 3261: 3166: 3147: 3141: 3123:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). 2974:Mitchell, Travis (3 Oct 2017). 2758:Anticlericalism and Freemasonry 2752:Certain branches of Freemasonry 2652:absolute guardianship of jurist 2602:theorized a model of religious 2250: 1172:and France's first established 8967:Separation of church and state 8825:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7945:Separation of church and state 7181:Dissolution of the monasteries 6447:History of the Catholic Church 6295:Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). 6023:Sánchez, José Mariano (1972). 5997:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan 5963:Mallin, Jay (1 January 1994). 5601:. Profile Books. p. 194. 4785:Christians in Marxist Ethiopia 4047:Emory International Law Review 4035:San Diego Tribune May 15, 2005 3785:Jedin, Repgen & Dolan 1999 3379:. Cambridge University Press. 3116: 3100: 2927: 2859:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2648:occultation of the Imam of Age 2524:). This deference is known as 2393:Argentine Constitution of 1853 2099:two-party coalition government 1924: 1499:Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour 961:Christian countercult movement 870:Oriental Orthodox Christianity 79:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 7055:Fourth Council of the Lateran 7030:Second Council of the Lateran 6639:Apostles in the New Testament 6328:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 6215:Williford, Thomas J. (2005), 6192:Wessinger, Catherine (2000). 6136:. p. 180. Archived from 5948:. la University of Michigan. 5742:"Masonry (Freemasonry)" 5567:"Yemen: The Tribal Islamists" 5171:"Taqlid: Meaning and Reality" 4152:288.1 (July/August 2001): 85. 4128:. Macmillan. pp. 264–5. 2231: 2090:began as protest against the 1749: 1631:Republican revolution of 1910 1142:National Constituent Assembly 1131: 1063:Anti-clericalism appeared in 865:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 806:Traditional African religions 8077:German Christians (movement) 8063:Evangelical environmentalism 7169:Catholic Counter-Reformation 7035:Third Council of the Lateran 7025:First Council of the Lateran 6481:Catholic ecumenical councils 6346:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 5764:. Cornell University Press. 4062:Mexico and the United States 3410:. Gordon.edu. Archived from 2725: 2417: 2386: 2373:Colombian Conservative Party 2242:Starting in 1855, President 1858:4,172 diocesan priests; 1647:Mexican Constitution of 1917 1643:Spanish Constitution of 1931 761:Apostasy in Islam by country 7: 8915:Religious aspects of Nazism 8168:Christian reconstructionism 6381:. Oxford University Press. 6230:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 6169:10.1177/0002716286483001011 5560:, Edinburgh: Addison Wesley 4943:Yemen: The Tribal Islamists 4651:Kideckel & Halpern 2000 2955:. Western Oregon University 2775: 2353:Colombian Civil War of 1876 2342: 1624: 1350:Austria (Holy Roman Empire) 781:Religious male circumcision 10: 8983: 8581:Jewish political movements 8057:Christian environmentalism 7869:Religion and peacebuilding 6515:History of the Roman Curia 6089:Temperman, Jeroen (2010). 5969:. Transaction Publishers. 5658:The rough guide to Vietnam 4927:The rough guide to Vietnam 4859:Van den Bergh-Collier 2007 4407:Orlando Sentinel (Florida) 3127:. Wadsworth. p. 549. 3000:Hillerbrand, H.J. (2013). 2904:Suppression of the Jesuits 2755: 2732:1998 East Java ninja scare 2729: 2471: 2346: 2326: 2254: 2235: 2224:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 2221: 2175: 2146:which portrays bishops as 1999:formal-education curricula 1928: 1759: 1753: 1669: 1383: 1379: 1196:Committee of Public Safety 8871: 8865: 8860: 8780: 8769: 8652: 8639: 8503: 8490: 8327: 8314: 7998: 7992:Christianity and politics 7985: 7719: 7708: 7636: 7536: 7402: 7329: 7264: 7251:European wars of religion 7148: 7083: 6985: 6907: 6798: 6721: 6581: 6570: 6562:Eastern Catholic Churches 6437: 6270:Syracuse University Press 6198:Syracuse University Press 6008:. Duke University Press. 5942:Leustean, Lucian (2009). 4495:A History of Christianity 4417:claimed nearly 300,000... 4126:A History of Christianity 3523:"Freemasonry in France". 3492:. Citeaux.net. 1947-02-28 3059:The Story of Christianity 3057:Collins, Michael (1999). 2740:in 1998, a witch hunt in 2626: 2217: 2057: 2045: 2037: 2014:, the country's previous 1579: 1549:, removed the status of " 1491:"prisoner" in the Vatican 1421:Bismarck accelerated the 1336:private schools in France 1258:'s government passed the 1170:Cult of the Supreme Being 1118: 1110: 766:Blasphemy laws by country 8881:Disestablishmentarianism 8144:Christian libertarianism 8052:Christian egalitarianism 8013:Christian anti-communism 7382:Mary of the Divine Heart 7005:Clash against the empire 6957:Second Council of Nicaea 6851:Old St. Peter's Basilica 6303:Cornell University Press 6224:Zuckerman, Phil (2009). 6032:Stanton, Andrea (2012). 5781:The Geographical Journal 5739:Gruber, Hermann (1909). 5710:Franklin, James (2006), 5528:Avramović, Sima (2007). 5458:"The Banyuwangi murders" 5270:10.1177/0191453713507014 5125:, or more specifically, 4243:Marjorie Becker (1995). 4216:John W. Sherman (1997). 3666:Retrieved April 14, 2022 3632:Richard J. Helmstadter, 3468:"Wootton and Fishbourne" 3186:. ABC-CLIO. p. 14. 2920: 2706:Islamic Republic of Iran 2637:Muhammad Kazim Khurasani 2261:More severe laws called 2165:The New Anti-Catholicism 2125:embraced formerly taboo 2094:of the Anglican church. 1740:Radical Republican Party 1665: 1516:were finalised in 1929. 1468: 1269:Forcible closure of the 201:Central African Republic 54:Religious discrimination 8962:Liberalism and religion 8876:American civil religion 8785:Buddhist anti-communism 8098:Protestant Reich Church 7648:Vatican City portal 7000:Investiture Controversy 6856:First Council of Nicaea 6379:Iran's First Revolution 6219:, Vanderbilt University 6002:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 5756:Haas, Ernst B. (1997). 5712:"Freemasonry in Europe" 5684:Doulos, Mikael (1986). 5447:, Norton, (2005), p.163 4894:(subscription required) 4800:Atheism and Secularity. 4712:Clark & Decalo 2012 4586:(subscription required) 4527:(subscription required) 4199:p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) 4170:Faith & Reason 1994 3824:Meyer, Lois M. (1971). 3531:: 164–72, 241–50. 1905. 3433:Chadwick, Owen (1998). 3172:Fremont-Barnes, p. 119. 2577: 2568:1979 Islamic Revolution 2429: 2369:Colombian Liberal Party 2323:between 1935 and 1939. 2162:notes in his 2003 book 1955:Spanish colonial period 1804:This number comprises: 1733:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 1184:counter-revolutionaries 956:New religious movements 702:Palestinian territories 8727:Hindu environmentalism 8553:Revisionist Maximalism 8032:Christian anti-Zionism 8018:Christian anti-Masonry 7838:Religious anti-Zionism 7833:Religious anti-Masonry 7660:Catholicism portal 7471:Second Vatican Council 7357:Our Lady of La Salette 7164:Protestant Reformation 7151:Protestant Reformation 7070:Second Council of Lyon 6459:Ecclesiastical history 6377:Bayat, Mangol (1991). 6334:Middle Eastern Studies 6227:Atheism and Secularity 5477:"That New Black Magic" 4541:Marques de Morais 2014 3937:Wilton, Carol (2000). 3725:Germán Rueda Hernánz, 3478:on September 14, 2008. 3472:www.ryde.shalfleet.net 2762:According to the 1913 2715: 2640: 2622: 2587: 2469: 2269:eventually led to the 2155: 2117:In Quebec itself, the 2053:Lower Canada Rebellion 1915:massacres of Catholics 1728: 1715:In 1836 following the 1697: 1653:was banned, all minor 1401: 1274: 1192:Maximilien Robespierre 1128: 1054:Protestant Reformation 949:Religious antisemitism 8920:Creativity (religion) 8775:Buddhism and politics 8646:Hinduism and politics 8337:Human Rights in Islam 8254:Political Catholicism 8160:Christian peacemaking 8149:Christian nationalism 8091:Positive Christianity 8042:Christian corporatism 7887:Religious segregation 7858:Religious nationalism 7367:First Vatican Council 7065:First Council of Lyon 6829:Constantine the Great 6525:Christian monasticism 6112:The Spanish Civil War 6110:Thomas, Hugh (1961), 5748:Catholic Encyclopedia 5140:"Cross meets Kremlin" 4697:deccanherald.com 2011 4340:Stokes, Doug (2005). 4330:p.323 1876 Rivingtons 4168:Blood-Drenched Altars 3565:Catholic Encyclopedia 3292:Yale University Press 3286:Duffy, Eamon (1997). 2953:Department Of History 2765:Catholic Encyclopedia 2730:Further information: 2710: 2683:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2623: 2612: 2585: 2453: 2424:Antonio Guzmán Blanco 2347:Further information: 2337:Gabriel García Moreno 2295:Tomás Garrido Canabal 2267:Plutarco Elías Calles 2141: 2020:staunchest supporters 1971:Philippine Revolution 1919:nationalist movements 1851:and the auxiliary of 1774:from the country. On 1768:Republican government 1760:Further information: 1738:Many years later the 1687: 1393: 1268: 1231:French Third Republic 1126: 798:Religious persecution 8910:Neopaganist feminism 8805:Buddhist nationalism 8627:World Agudath Israel 8497:Judaism and politics 8357:Islamic anti-Zionism 8352:Islamic anti-Masonry 8084:National Catholicism 7892:Religious separatism 7818:Organized secularism 7777:Engaged Spirituality 7702:Religion in politics 7544:Sexual abuse scandal 7453:Mit brennender Sorge 7296:Age of Enlightenment 7075:Bernard of Clairvaux 6952:Byzantine Iconoclasm 6891:Council of Chalcedon 6671:Council of Jerusalem 6540:Role in civilization 6520:Religious institutes 6452:By country or region 6257:Encyclopædia Iranica 5993:Okey, Robin (2002), 5432:Economist staff 2000 4891:, pp. 118–134, 4876:, pp. 141–145, 4583:, pp. 426–441, 4409:: G1. Archived from 4270:Cora Govers (2006). 4150:The Atlantic Monthly 4024:Oppenheimer, Andres 4008:Fraser, Barbara J., 3676:Maier, Hans (2004). 3650:The Wilson Quarterly 3125:Western Civilization 3035:Joes, Anthony James 2799:Age of Enlightenment 2500:Bolshevik revolution 2478:Marxism and religion 2308:by Catholic radical 2123:Quebec Liberal Party 1680:Spanish confiscation 1473:Anti-clericalism in 1316:government, General 59:Religious censorship 8843:Humanistic Buddhism 8518:Jewish anti-Zionism 8332:Hui pan-nationalism 8227:Liberation theology 8183:Christian socialism 8047:Christian democracy 8037:Christian communism 8008:Christian anarchism 7897:Religious socialism 7843:Religious communism 7828:Religious anarchism 7803:Freedom of religion 7372:Papal infallibility 7362:Our Lady of Lourdes 7311:Shimabara Rebellion 7155:Counter-Reformation 5793:1999GeogJ.165..161H 5580:. Scarecrow Press. 5202:Die Welt des Islams 4195:Scheina, Robert L. 4060:Stacy, Lee (2003). 3926:. 25 February 2019. 3912:. 24 February 2020. 3875:The Washington Post 3729:Arco Libros. 1997. 3439:. Clarendon Press. 3311:. Berg Publishers. 2839:Christian anarchism 2669:proclaimed himself 2265:during the rule of 2088:The Reform Movement 2082:conflicted with an 2051:and its associated 1637:, like that of the 1529:Christian Democracy 1069:Pew Research Center 1031:religious authority 69:Religious pluralism 34:Freedom of religion 8905:Khalistan movement 8833:Buddhist socialism 8800:Buddhist modernism 8757:Uniform civil code 8459:Political quietism 8321:Islam and politics 8299:Neo-ultramontanism 8273:Sphere sovereignty 8173:Christian republic 8154:Christian pacifism 8120:Christian humanism 8106:Christian feminism 7912:Secular liberalism 7863:Religious pacifism 7848:Religious humanism 7823:Political religion 7417:Our Lady of Fátima 7206:Ignatius of Loyola 7130:Catherine of Siena 7098:Pope Boniface VIII 6917:Benedict of Nursia 6886:Council of Ephesus 6723:Ante-Nicene period 6676:Split with Judaism 6510:Crusading movement 5907:The Russian Review 5731:Gross, Michael B. 5655:Dodd, Jan (2003). 5360:سیاست نامه خراسانی 4983:Bosnia-Herzegovina 4088:(2007), pp. 167–72 4031:2012-03-13 at the 3983:The Globe and Mail 3856:"Revista Filipina" 3758:Dilectissima Nobis 3746:Dilectissima Nobis 3619:Michael B. Gross, 3556:Franz, H. (1910). 3519:. pp. 138–41. 3414:on 26 October 2019 2894:Secular liberalism 2874:Left-wing politics 2694:Ayatollah Khomeini 2687:Islamic Revolution 2644:Aqa Buzurg Tehrani 2588: 2470: 2310:José de León Toral 2287:Cristero Rebellion 2282:Mexican Revolution 2156: 2150:who are attacking 1985:of Rizal's novels 1947:, a member of the 1871:Christian Brothers 1784:Dilectissima Nobis 1756:Red Terror (Spain) 1706:riots in Catalonia 1698: 1555:eight per thousand 1495:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1402: 1309:Affaire des Fiches 1275: 1211:Napoleon Bonaparte 1129: 124:Confessional state 8944: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8894: 8856: 8855: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8790:Buddhist feminism 8765: 8764: 8737:Indigenous Aryans 8732:Integral humanism 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682:Hindu nationalism 8635: 8634: 8604: 8591:Jewish secularism 8555: 8548: 8532:Jewish Autonomism 8526: 8486: 8485: 8478:Two-nation theory 8472: 8438: 8415:Islamic socialism 8399: 8392: 8385: 8362:Islamic democracy 8347:Islamic anarchism 8310: 8309: 8301: 8267: 8232:Maronite politics 8212:Dominion Theology 8202:Christian Zionism 8191: 8162: 8138: 8114: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8071:Christian fascism 8065: 8026: 7981: 7980: 7947: 7940: 7871: 7813:Identity politics 7797: 7795:Womanist theology 7790: 7782:Feminist theology 7756: 7732: 7668: 7667: 7628:COVID-19 pandemic 7606:Pope Benedict XVI 7511:Pope John Paul II 7286:Pope Benedict XIV 7272:French Revolution 7256:Thirty Years' War 7246:Robert Bellarmine 7231:John of the Cross 7135:Pope Alexander VI 7120:Council of Vienne 7050:Francis of Assisi 7040:Pope Innocent III 6909:Early Middle Ages 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6841:Arian controversy 6794: 6793: 6742:Apostolic Fathers 6388:978-0-19-506822-1 5976:978-1-4128-2053-0 5264:(10): 1005–1027. 5177:. 20 January 2013 5152:on 13 August 2007 4666:Kalkandjieva 2015 4481:(2007), pp. 167–8 4353:978-1-84277-547-9 4283:978-3-8258-9751-2 4256:978-0-520-08419-3 4229:978-0-275-95736-0 4205:978-1-57488-452-4 4124:Chadwick (1995). 3995:Jenkins, Philip, 3904:"Manila Standard" 3735:978-84-7635-270-0 3559:"Joseph II" 3515:Larkin, Maurice. 3267:Censer and Hunt, 3093:978-1-108-06772-0 3068:978-0-7513-0467-1 3013:978-1-136-59677-3 2824:Anti-Christianity 2594:, the Shia Marja 2127:social democratic 1997:in the country's 1994:El filibusterismo 1953:class during the 1795:Spanish Civil War 1744:Alejandro Lerroux 1731:) promulgated by 1717:First Carlist War 1639:French Revolution 1561:the positions of 1551:official religion 1525:Italian Socialist 1521:Italian Communist 1416:Otto von Bismarck 1290:Radical-Socialist 1277:In 1880 and 1882 1273:monastery in 1903 1271:Grande Chartreuse 1235:Concordat of 1801 1219:Concordat of 1801 1188:War in the Vendée 1058:French Revolution 1045:, which seeks to 1029:is opposition to 1024: 1023: 860:Jehovah's Witness 836:post–Cold War era 788: 787: 143:Status by country 64:Religious liberty 16:(Redirected from 8974: 8957:Anti-clericalism 8927:Personality cult 8890: 8862: 8861: 8848:Secular Buddhism 8838:Engaged Buddhism 8823: 8816: 8809: 8771: 8770: 8722:Hindu revivalism 8717:Hindu revolution 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8641: 8640: 8600: 8596:Jewish socialism 8551: 8544: 8537:Jewish democracy 8522: 8513:Jewish anarchism 8492: 8491: 8468: 8434: 8410:Islamic republic 8405:Islamic pacifism 8395: 8388: 8381: 8372:Islamic feminism 8316: 8315: 8297: 8263: 8187: 8158: 8136:Evangelical left 8134: 8110: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8061: 8022: 8003:Blaine Amendment 7987: 7986: 7943: 7938:Secular religion 7936: 7907:Secular humanism 7877:Religious police 7867: 7793: 7786: 7754:Clerical fascism 7752: 7728: 7724:Anti-clericalism 7714:General concepts 7710: 7709: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7658: 7657: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7623:Patriarch Kirill 7496:Pope John Paul I 7301:Anti-clericalism 7281:Pope Innocent XI 7201:Society of Jesus 7186:Council of Trent 7140:Age of Discovery 7085:Late Middle Ages 6987:High Middle Ages 6977:East–West Schism 6861:Pope Sylvester I 6807: 6806: 6796: 6795: 6706:General epistles 6701:Pauline epistles 6634:John the Baptist 6617:Great Commission 6579: 6578: 6530:Catholic culture 6420: 6413: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6373: 6324: 6291: 6268:. Syracuse, NY: 6249: 6220: 6211: 6188: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6124: 6106: 6085: 6070: 6049: 6028: 6019: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5959: 5938: 5901: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5820: 5775: 5763: 5752: 5744: 5728: 5706: 5692: 5690: 5680: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5641:deccanherald.com 5632: 5612: 5591: 5570: 5561: 5548: 5536: 5534: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5454: 5448: 5445:The Soul of Iran 5443:Molavi, Afshin, 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5196:Peter, Rudolph. 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5148:. Archived from 5135: 5129: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4920: 4914: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4824: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4793: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4759: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4725: 4719: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4678: 4672: 4663: 4657: 4648: 4631: 4622: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4578: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4425: 4419: 4414: 4413:on May 31, 2006. 4398: 4392: 4388: 4383:. Archived from 4372: 4366: 4361: 4356:. Archived from 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4213: 4207: 4193: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4166:Van Hove, Brian 4164: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4022: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3892:. December 2015. 3886: 3880: 3879: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3770:de la Cueva 1998 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3474:. Archived from 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3357:Internet Archive 3354: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3283: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3054: 3048: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2889:Secular humanism 2819:Anti-Catholicism 2792: 2787: 2786: 2722:'s rumor mill." 2698:Islamic Republic 2661: 2638: 2632: 2620: 2596:Akhund Khurasani 2492:communist states 2465: 2459: 2119:Quiet Revolution 2062: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2028:national capital 1963:day of execution 1659:Religious orders 1620: 1506:Benito Mussolini 1487:Kingdom of Italy 1260:Jules Ferry laws 1027:Anti-clericalism 1016: 1009: 1002: 148: 147: 84:Anti-clericalism 30: 29: 21: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8936: 8867: 8852: 8776: 8761: 8677:Hindu modernism 8648: 8631: 8576:Jewish pacifism 8561:Jewish feminism 8541:Jewish fascism 8499: 8482: 8425:Islamic Zionism 8367:Islamic fascism 8323: 8306: 8197:Christian state 8178:Christian right 8112:Mormon feminism 7994: 7977: 7762:Confessionalism 7715: 7704: 7699: 7669: 7664: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7632: 7554:World Youth Day 7532: 7521:World Youth Day 7465:Pacem in terris 7459:Pope John XXIII 7398: 7325: 7316:Edict of Nantes 7274: 7270: 7260: 7226:Teresa of Ávila 7221:Tridentine Mass 7157: 7153: 7144: 7125:Knights Templar 7079: 6981: 6937:Gregorian chant 6895: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6802: 6790: 6717: 6586: 6574: 6566: 6433: 6431:Catholic Church 6424: 6389: 6321: 6280: 6238: 6208: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6122: 6103: 6067: 6046: 6016: 5977: 5956: 5898: 5875: 5873: 5871:DeseretNews.com 5841: 5801:10.2307/3060414 5772: 5726: 5688: 5669: 5646: 5644: 5609: 5588: 5532: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5473: 5469: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422:, pp. 167. 5418: 5414: 5410:, pp. 166. 5406: 5402: 5398:, pp. 436. 5394: 5390: 5386:, pp. 220. 5382: 5378: 5374:, pp. 434. 5370: 5366: 5357: 5353: 5349:, pp. 162. 5345: 5341: 5337:, pp. 161. 5333: 5329: 5325:, pp. 160. 5321: 5317: 5313:, pp. 159. 5309: 5305: 5301:, pp. 152. 5297: 5293: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5213: 5209: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5136: 5132: 5079:North Macedonia 4952: 4948: 4937: 4933: 4925:, p. 571, 4921: 4917: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4872: 4868: 4861:, p. 180, 4857: 4853: 4841: 4837: 4829:, p. 231, 4825: 4821: 4810: 4806: 4794: 4790: 4783:, p. 140, 4779: 4772: 4760: 4756: 4749:, p. 125, 4745: 4738: 4726: 4722: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4683:, p. 282, 4679: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4653:, p. 165, 4649: 4634: 4627:, p. 599, 4623: 4608: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581:Kowalewski 1980 4579: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4443: 4441: 4426: 4422: 4399: 4395: 4373: 4369: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4194: 4187: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4033:Wayback Machine 4023: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3909:Manila Standard 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3844:. 16 June 2018. 3840: 3839: 3835: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3701: 3694: 3674: 3670: 3656:(2): 122, 128. 3646: 3642: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3522: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3490:"RGM 2005 OCSO" 3488: 3487: 3483: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3239: 3232: 3222: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3121: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3055: 3051: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947:Weight, Alexa. 2945: 2941: 2933:Luke W. Galen. 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2790:Religion portal 2788: 2781: 2778: 2760: 2754: 2746:Nahdlatul Ulama 2738:fall of Suharto 2734: 2728: 2702:velayat-e faqih 2639: 2636: 2580: 2572:velayat-e faqih 2508: 2484: 2472:Main articles: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2440:Communist Party 2432: 2420: 2389: 2355: 2345: 2329: 2275:Catholic Church 2259: 2253: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2220: 2180: 2174: 2136: 2112:sexual morality 2107:Wilfrid Laurier 2092:"establishment" 2080:Reform movement 2040: 2012:Rodrigo Duterte 2003:Catholic Church 1988:Noli me tangere 1959:national heroes 1937: 1927: 1905:hundreds more. 1881:, and 114 1764: 1758: 1752: 1729:Desamortización 1702:Trienio Liberal 1682: 1668: 1627: 1614: 1608:Roman Kotliński 1582: 1514:Lateran Accords 1471: 1388: 1382: 1352: 1340:French politics 1297:Alsace-Lorraine 1227: 1207:First Coalition 1174:state sponsored 1157:Reign of Terror 1146:of the faithful 1134: 1121: 1113: 1065:Catholic Europe 1020: 990:Religion portal 984: 983: 982: 848:Catholic Church 800: 790: 789: 594:North Macedonia 559:Northern Cyprus 366:Northern Cyprus 145: 135: 134: 133: 109: 108: 99:Confessionalism 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Anticlericalism 15: 12: 11: 5: 8980: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8747:Saffronisation 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8662:Hindu feminism 8659: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8549: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8510: 8508:Halachic state 8504: 8501: 8500: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8470:Talibanization 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8293:Ultramontanism 8290: 8285: 8283:Temporal power 8280: 8275: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8130:Christian left 8127: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7963:State religion 7960: 7955: 7953:Spiritual left 7950: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7932:Secularization 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7791: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7745: 7743:Civil religion 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7705: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7650: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7442:Lateran Treaty 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7267:Baroque period 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7236:Peter Canisius 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7211:Francis Xavier 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7175:Exsurge Domine 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7115:Pope Clement V 7112: 7111: 7110: 7108:Avignon Papacy 7103:Western Schism 7100: 7095: 7093:Thomas Aquinas 7089: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6947:Saint Boniface 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:Pope Gregory I 6929: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871:Biblical canon 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6825: 6823: 6804: 6800:Late antiquity 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Pope Clement I 6737:Church Fathers 6734: 6728: 6726: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6498:Biblical canon 6493:Catholic Bible 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6374: 6340:(3): 430–453. 6325: 6319: 6305:. p. 67. 6301:. Ithaca, NY: 6292: 6278: 6259: 6253:AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ 6250: 6236: 6221: 6212: 6206: 6189: 6163:(1): 118–134. 6152: 6126: 6120: 6114:, Touchstone, 6107: 6101: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6050: 6044: 6029: 6020: 6014: 5999: 5990: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5939: 5919:10.2307/128810 5913:(4): 426–441. 5902: 5896: 5881: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5821: 5787:(2): 161–172. 5776: 5770: 5753: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5707: 5693: 5681: 5667: 5652: 5633: 5624:(3): 355–369, 5613: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5571: 5562: 5554:Berenger, Jean 5550: 5541:Beevor, Antony 5537: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5503: 5486: 5467: 5449: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5244: 5230: 5207: 5188: 5162: 5130: 4946: 4931: 4915: 4909:, p. 92, 4899: 4881: 4874:Temperman 2010 4866: 4851: 4835: 4819: 4804: 4796:Zuckerman 2009 4788: 4770: 4754: 4736: 4720: 4704: 4689: 4681:Wessinger 2000 4673: 4658: 4632: 4625:Avramović 2007 4606: 4601:, p. 94, 4591: 4548: 4533: 4514: 4509:, p. 32, 4499: 4497:(1995), p. 266 4483: 4470: 4468:, p. 218. 4466:Williford 2005 4458: 4420: 4393: 4387:on 2008-09-07. 4367: 4360:on 2016-01-09. 4352: 4332: 4326:Burke, Edmund 4319: 4306: 4289: 4282: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4228: 4208: 4185: 4172: 4154: 4141: 4134: 4116: 4090: 4077: 4070: 4052: 4037: 4014: 4001: 3988: 3969: 3944: 3929: 3915: 3895: 3881: 3861: 3847: 3833: 3816: 3814:, p. 174. 3804: 3789: 3787:, p. 617. 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3718: 3716:, p. 612. 3699: 3692: 3668: 3640: 3625: 3612: 3595: 3593:, p. 102. 3583: 3571: 3548: 3534: 3503: 3481: 3459: 3445: 3425: 3399: 3385: 3365: 3331: 3317: 3297: 3273: 3260: 3253: 3230: 3220: 3202: 3192: 3174: 3165: 3159:Tallet, Frank 3152: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3099: 3092: 3074: 3067: 3049: 3025: 3012: 2992: 2966: 2939: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2899:Secularization 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2777: 2774: 2756:Main article: 2753: 2750: 2727: 2724: 2634: 2579: 2576: 2566:Following the 2507: 2504: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2431: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2412:excommunicated 2388: 2385: 2344: 2341: 2328: 2325: 2306:Alvaro Obregón 2280:Following the 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2222:Main article: 2219: 2216: 2176:Main article: 2173: 2170: 2160:Philip Jenkins 2152:public schools 2135: 2132: 2047:Parti canadien 2039: 2036: 1975:was recognized 1926: 1923: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1859: 1856: 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1667: 1664: 1626: 1623: 1589:Janusz Palikot 1581: 1578: 1544:Prime Minister 1470: 1467: 1397:Kladderadatsch 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1351: 1348: 1226: 1225:Third Republic 1223: 1180:Cult of Reason 1133: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1004: 996: 993: 992: 986: 985: 981: 980: 978:Zoroastrianism 975: 970: 965: 964: 963: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 931: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 894: 884: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 851: 850: 840: 839: 838: 823: 818: 813: 808: 802: 801: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 755: 754: 750: 749: 748: 747: 739: 738: 732: 731: 730: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 651: 650: 644: 643: 642: 641: 639:United Kingdom 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 503: 502: 496: 495: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 315: 314: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 262: 261: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 155: 154: 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 114:State religion 110: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 45: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8979: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8886:Imperial cult 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702:Panun Kashmir 8699: 8696: 8695:Hindu Rashtra 8692: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657:Akhand Bharat 8655: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8479: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420:Islamic state 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8398: 8397:In South Asia 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Theodemocracy 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8249:Pillarisation 8247: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8237:Phoenicianism 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Christian law 8123: 8121: 8118: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:State atheism 7956: 7954: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917:Secular state 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Religious law 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Caesaropapism 7736: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7501:Mother Teresa 7499: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7427:Pope Pius XII 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7393:Rerum novarum 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7377:Pope Leo XIII 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:United States 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7337:Pope Pius VII 7335: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Scholasticism 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995:Pope Urban II 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Justin Martyr 6769: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6681:New Testament 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6644:Commissioning 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588:Apostolic Age 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6474:Papal primacy 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6320:9781501714856 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6279:9780815633884 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6237:9780313351822 6233: 6229: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6207:9780815628095 6203: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6143:on 2019-03-29 6139: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6121:0-671-75876-4 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6102:9789004181489 6098: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6066:9780810874527 6062: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6047: 6045:9781412981767 6041: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6015:9780822320708 6011: 6007: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5955:9780230594944 5951: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5897:9780271044354 5893: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5840:9780860120926 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5825:Jedin, Hubert 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5771:9780801431098 5767: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725:9780975801543 5721: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703:The Economist 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5668:9781405389730 5664: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5608:9781847654557 5604: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5587:9780810879898 5583: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5420:Farzaneh 2015 5416: 5409: 5408:Farzaneh 2015 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5384:Farzaneh 2015 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5358:محسن کدیور، " 5355: 5348: 5347:Farzaneh 2015 5343: 5336: 5335:Farzaneh 2015 5331: 5324: 5323:Farzaneh 2015 5319: 5312: 5311:Farzaneh 2015 5307: 5300: 5299:Farzaneh 2015 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5233: 5231:0-300-03531-4 5227: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5216:Momen, Moojan 5211: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939:Campbell 2015 4935: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4908: 4907:Leustean 2009 4903: 4897: 4890: 4889:Walaszek 1986 4885: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4440:on 2007-11-11 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346:. Zed Books. 4345: 4344: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4310: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4183:(2003), p. 33 4182: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4135:9780312187231 4131: 4127: 4120: 4105:on 2012-03-18 4104: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4071:9780761474050 4067: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3959:on 2011-10-10 3958: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3772:, p. 355 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3693:0-7146-8529-1 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3638:(1997), p. 19 3637: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3604:Enlightenment 3599: 3592: 3591:Berenger 1990 3587: 3581:, p. 44. 3580: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3525:Austral Light 3518: 3512: 3511:Franklin 2006 3507: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3448: 3446:9780198269229 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3388: 3386:9780521590907 3382: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3341:The Churchman 3335: 3320: 3318:9781859732496 3314: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3254:9780804730877 3250: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3221:9780313334467 3217: 3213: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3193:9781598849790 3189: 3185: 3178: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3148:Tallet (1991) 3144: 3136: 3134:9780534646028 3130: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112:0-7876-4004-2 3109: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3045:0-8131-2339-9 3042: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2996: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2854:Denis Diderot 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2633: 2630: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608:Imam al-Mahdi 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488:state atheism 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474:State atheism 2452: 2446:State atheism 2443: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2391:The original 2384: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Dwight Morrow 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2244:Benito Juárez 2239: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2200:pre-Columbian 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2172:Latin America 2169: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2134:United States 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Nonconformist 2064: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979:United States 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1908:Prior to the 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1710:Ferdinand VII 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610:'s newspaper 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600:modern Polish 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Your Movement 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Camillo Ruini 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Bettino Craxi 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1301:German Empire 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209:(1792–1797), 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1161:state atheism 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1125: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 997: 995: 994: 991: 988: 987: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 962: 959: 958: 957: 954: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 883: 880: 876: 875:Protestantism 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831:Christophobia 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 799: 794: 793: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 752: 751: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740: 737: 734: 733: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 649: 646: 645: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 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prayer 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 19: 8932:State Shinto 8892:Ancient Rome 8811:969 Movement 8795:Buddhist law 8586:Jewish right 8444:Islamization 8278:Subsidiarity 8265:In Argentina 8217:Febronianism 7723: 7615: 7611:Pope Francis 7537:21st century 7486:Pope Paul VI 7463: 7451: 7404:20th century 7391: 7342:Pope Pius IX 7330:19th century 7306:Pope Pius VI 7300: 7173: 7045:Latin Empire 7015:Universities 6967:Pope Leo III 6834:Christianity 6819:state church 6811:Great Church 6612:Resurrection 6575:(30–325/476) 6572:Early Church 6557:Latin Church 6552:Papal States 6547:Vatican City 6378: 6337: 6333: 6297: 6264: 6226: 6216: 6193: 6160: 6156: 6145:. 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