Arab Revolt - Knowledge

782: 1210: 408: 396: 384: 372: 358: 209: 237: 1636:, Captain Muhammad Ould Ali Raho of the French Military Mission carried out his first railway demolition attack. Captain Raho emerged as one of the leading destroyers of the Hejaz railway. In March 1917, Lawrence led his first attack on the Hejaz railway. Typical of such attacks was the one commanded by Newcombe and Joyce, who on the night of 6/7 July 1917, planted over 500 charges on the Hejaz railway, which all went off at about 2 am. In a raid in August 1917, Captain Raho led a force of Bedouin in destroying 5 kilometers of the Hejaz railway and four bridges. 420: 223: 2176: 1967: 335: 323: 194: 1605: 2083: 2394: 7252: 311: 299: 287: 275: 261: 177: 1759: 2382: 2370: 1523:, to co-ordinate their actions in support of British strategy. Lawrence developed a close relationship with Faisal, whose Arab Northern Army was to become the main beneficiary of British aid. By contrast, Lawrence's relations with Abdullah were not good, so Abdullah's Arab Eastern Army received considerably less in way of British aid. Lawrence persuaded the Arabs not to drive the Ottomans out of 1202: 2006:, in which Lawrence claimed in a letter to his brother to have issued a "no-prisoners" order, maintaining after the war that massacre was in retaliation for the earlier Ottoman massacre of the village of Tafas, and that he had at least 250 German and Austrian POWs together with an uncounted number of Turks lined up to be summarily shot. Lawrence later wrote in 56: 1892:, which after some initial successes was fought off with heavy losses to both sides. However, the Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918. The British refused several requests from al-Askari to use mustard gas on the Ottoman garrison at Ma'an. 1252:. Hussein's letter of 18 February 1916 appealed to McMahon for £50,000 in gold, plus weapons, ammunition, and food. Faisal claimed that he was awaiting the arrival of 'not less than 100,000 people' for the planned revolt. McMahon's reply of 10 March 1916 confirmed British agreement to the requests and concluded the correspondence. 1538:. At first, Fakhri's troops defeated the Hashemite forces in several engagements, and seemed set to take Yanbu. On 11–12 December 1916, it was fire and air support from the five ships of the Royal Navy Red Sea Patrol that defeated the Ottoman attempts to take Yanbu, with heavy losses. Fakhri then turned his forces south to take 953:. They produced a set of demands for greater autonomy and equality within the Ottoman Empire, including for elementary and secondary education in Arab lands to be delivered in Arabic, for peacetime Arab conscripts to the Ottoman army to serve near their home region and for at least three Arab ministers in the Ottoman cabinet. 1819:

primary goal of tying down Ottoman troops and cutting off Medina. In January 1918, in one of the largest set-piece battles of the Revolt, Arab forces, including Lawrence, defeated a large Ottoman force at the Battle of Tafilah, inflicting over 1,000 Ottoman casualties for the loss of a mere forty men.

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to arrange Royal Navy delivery of food and supplies for the 2,500 Arabs and 700 Ottoman prisoners in Aqaba. Soon the city was co-occupied by a large Anglo-French flotilla, including warships and sea planes, which helped the Arabs secure their hold on Aqaba. Even as the Hashemite armies advanced, they

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were Sharif Naser's Hashemite camel cavalry and the cavalry of the Ruwallah tribe, led by Nuri Sha'lan, on 30 September 1918. The bulk of these troops remained outside of the city with the intention of awaiting the arrival of Sharif Faisal. A small contingent from the group was sent within the walls

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Under the direction of Lawrence, Wilson, and other officers, the Arabs launched a highly successful campaign against the Hejaz railway, capturing military supplies, destroying trains and tracks, and tying down thousands of Ottoman troops. Though the attacks were mixed in success, they achieved their

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on 27 September 1918. The Ottoman army was routed in less than 10 days of battle. Allenby praised Faisal for his role in the victory: "I send your Highness my greetings and my most cordial congratulations upon the great achievement of your gallant troops ... Thanks to our combined efforts, the

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Faisal and Sharif Hussein reportedly expected to be joined by 100,000 Arab troops. The large desertions predicted British Arab Bureau never materialized, as the majority of Arab officers remained loyal to the Ottomans until the end. Many Arabs joined the Revolt sporadically, often as a campaign was

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In the spring of 1918, Operation Hedgehog, a concerted attempt to sever and destroy the Hejaz railway, was launched. In May 1918, Hedgehog led to the destruction of 25 bridges of the Hejaz railway. On 11 May Arab regulars captured Jerdun and 140 prisoners. Five weeks later, on 24 July Nos. 5 and 7

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The Arab force had increased to about 70,000 men, armed with 28,000 rifles and deployed in three main groups. Ali's force threatened Medina, Abdullah operated from Wadi Ais harassing Ottoman communications and capturing their supplies, and Faisal based his force at Wejh. Camel-mounted Arab raiding

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The great weakness of the Ottoman forces was they were at the end of a long and tenuous supply line in the form of the Hejaz railway, and because of their logistical weaknesses, were often forced to fight on the defensive. Ottoman offensives against the Hashemite forces more often faltered due to

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and Cyril E. Wilson, arrived to provide the Arabs rifles, explosives, mortars, and machine guns. Artillery was only sporadically supplied due to a general shortage, though Faisal would have several batteries of mountain guns under French Captain Pisani and his Algerians for the Megiddo Campaign.

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In 1918, the Arab cavalry gained in strength, as it seemed victory was at hand, and they were able to provide Allenby's army with intelligence on Ottoman army positions. They harassed Ottoman supply columns, attacked small garrisons, and destroyed railway tracks. A major victory occurred on 27

1314:, there ensued over a month of bloody street fighting between the out-numbered, but far better armed Ottoman troops and Hussein's tribesmen. Hashemite forces in Mecca were joined by Egyptian troops sent by the British, who provided much needed artillery support, and took Mecca on 9 July 1916. 1651:

in December 1916 led to the increased strengthening of the Hashemite forces, and led to the Ottoman forces to go on the defensive. Lawrence later claimed that the failure of the offensive against Yanbu was the turning point that ensured the ultimate defeat of the Ottomans in the

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out of the war, Allenby asked that Emir Faisal and his Arab Northern Army launch a series of attacks on the main Turkish forces from the east, which was intended to both tie down Ottoman troops and force Turkish commanders to worry about their security of their flanks in the

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still encountered sometimes fierce opposition from local residents. In July 1917, residents of the town of Karak fought against the Hashemite forces and turned them back. Later in 1917, British intelligence reports suggested that most of the tribes in the region east of the

1454:, to work with the Hashemite forces in the Hejaz in October 1916. The British historian David Murphy wrote that though Lawrence was just one out of many British and French officers serving in Arabia, historians often write as though it was Lawrence alone who represented the 1493: 1384: 919:, which was adjusted as the conditions warranted. At heart, the CUP were Turkish nationalists who wanted to see the Turks as the dominant group within the Ottoman Empire, which antagonised Arab leaders and prompted them to think in similarly nationalistic terms. 1317:

Indiscriminate Ottoman artillery fire, which did much damage to Mecca, turned out to be a potent propaganda weapon for the Hashemites, who portrayed the Ottomans as desecrating Islam's most holy city. Also on 10 June, another of Hussein's sons, the Emir

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that "In a madness born of the horror of Tafas we killed and killed, even blowing in the heads of the fallen and of the animals; as though their death and running blood could slake our agony." In part due to these attacks, Allenby's last offensive, the

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and other nomadic desert tribes, who were only loosely allied, loyal more to their respective tribes than the overall cause. The Bedouin would not fight unless paid in advance with gold coin. By the end of 1916, the French had spent 1.25 million gold

1625:. Starting in early 1917, the Hashemite guerrillas began attacking the Hejaz railway. At first, guerrilla forces commanded by officers from the Regular Army such as al-Misri, and by British officers such as Newcombe, Lieutenant Hornby and Major 1542:, but owing to the guerrilla attacks on his flanks and supply lines, air attacks from the newly established Royal Flying Corps base at Yanbu, and the over-extension of his supply lines, he was forced to turn back on 18 January 1917, to Medina. 2580:

Süleyman Beyoğlu, The end broken point of Turkish-Arabian relations: The evacuation of Medine, Atatürk Atatürk Research Centre Journal (Number 78, Edition: XXVI, November 2010) (Turkish). 8000 Ottoman troops surrendered at the end of the

1561:, and 380 baggage camels. The Royal Navy resupplied Faisal from the sea during his march on Wejh. While the 800-man Ottoman garrison prepared for an attack from the south, a landing party of 400 Arabs and 200 Royal Navy bluejackets 1806:

and the Eastern Army commanded by Abdullah that had the responsibility of protecting Ali's eastern flank from Ibn Rashid. Medina was never taken by the Hashemite forces, and the Ottoman commander, Fakhri Pasha, only surrendered

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The year 1917 began well for the Hashemites, when the Emir Abdullah and his Arab Eastern Army ambushed an Ottoman convoy led by Ashraf Bey in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the

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By late September and October 1918, an increasingly demoralized Ottoman Army began to retreat and surrender whenever possible to British troops. "Sherifial irregulars" accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence captured

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during a campaign against imperialist powers attempting to divide and govern Muslim lands. The Turks said the revolting Arabs gained nothing after the revolt; rather, the Middle East was carved up by the British and French.

1019:, which was recruited from Ottoman Arab POWs and fought in conventional battles. Hashemite forces were initially poorly equipped, but later received significant supplies of weapons, most notably rifles and machine guns from 1923:, of the well-defended Hejaz railway station at Mudawwara. They captured 120 prisoners and two guns, suffering 17 casualties in the operation. Buxton's two companies of Imperial Camel Corps Brigade continued on towards 1236:

of 1 November 1914 from Kitchener, recently appointed as Secretary of War, to Hussein, wherein Britain would, in exchange for support from the Arabs of Hejaz, "guarantee the independence, rights and privileges of the

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Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence; Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the

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focused their efforts on blowing up unguarded sections of the Hejaz railway. Garland was the inventor of the so-called "Garland mine", which was used with much destructive force on the Hejaz railway.

1310:, but were defeated by an aggressive Turkish defence, led by Fakhri Pasha. The revolt proper began on 10 June 1916, when Hussein ordered his supporters to attack the Ottoman garrison in Mecca. In the 2285:

While the revolt failed to garner significant support from within the Ottoman Empire's soon-to-be Iraq provinces, it found huge support from Arab populated Levantine provinces. This early

1489:, particularly about the Howeitat group." It was this information, Hogarth emphasized, which "Lawrence, relying on her reports, made signal use of in the Arab campaigns of 1917 and 1918." 1746:, but succeeded in ambushing and destroying the train of General Mehmed Cemal Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman VII Corps. Allenby's victories led directly to the British capture of 2256:

Though the Sharifian revolt has tended to be regarded as a revolt rooted in a secular Arab nationalist sentiment, the Sharif did not present it in those terms. Rather, he accused the

1344:, provided crucial air support to the Hashemite forces. The Ottoman garrison surrendered on 16 June. By the end of September 1916, the Sharifian Army had taken the coastal cities of 1695:. Capture of Aqaba would aid transfer of British supplies to the Arab revolt. Lawrence and Auda left Wedj on 9 May 1917 with a party of 40 men, to recruit a mobile force from the 5790: 1150:, allowing the British to undertake offensive operations with a lower risk of counter-attack. This was the British justification for supporting the revolt, a textbook example of 5805: 520: 5989: 3687: 2664:

Arab Question; Sykes and Georges-Picot, Memorandum, not dated (known from other sources as 3 January 1916), and Nicolson, covering letter, 5 January 1916 (F.O. 371/2767/2522)

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parties had an effective radius of 1,000 miles (1,600 km), carrying their own food and taking water from a system of wells approximately 100 miles (160 km) apart.

1612:, on the Damascus-Mecca pilgrim route, built at great expense by the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. It quickly fell into disrepair after the Arab revolt of 1917. 1527:. Instead, the Arabs attacked the Hejaz railway on many occasions. This tied up more Ottoman troops, who were forced to protect the railway and repair the constant damage. 2643:

Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915–March, 1916 (with map)

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sent most of its Arab troops to the Western front-lines of the war, and thus only a handful of deserters actually joined the Arab forces until later in the campaign.

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After the war, the Arab Revolt had implications. Groups of people were put into classes that were based on whether they had fought in the revolt and their rank. In

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It is estimated that the Arab forces involved in the revolt numbered around 5,000 soldiers. This number probably applies to the Arab regulars who fought during the

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troops, several British armored car squadrons, the Egyptian Camel Corps, a group of Algerian artillery men commanded by Captain Pisani and air support from the

5994: 4508: 1927:, where they hoped to destroy the main bridge. 20 miles (32 km) from the city they were attacked by aircraft, forcing them to withdraw eventually back to 1734:. Typical of such raids was one led by Lawrence in September 1917, that saw Lawrence destroy a Turkish rail convoy by blowing up the bridge it was crossing at 1584:

and, unlike the tribal guerrillas, fought full-time and in conventional battles. Some of the more notable former Ottoman officers to fight in the Revolt were

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ports allowed the British to send over a force of 700 Ottoman Arab POWs, who primarily came from what is now Iraq, who had decided to join the revolt led by

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in that they included a number of Muslim officers, such as Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho, Claude Prost, and Laurent Depui. The latter two converted to

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The main contribution of the Arab Revolt to the war was to pin down tens of thousands of Ottoman troops who otherwise might have been used to attack the

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was "a man with grandiose ambitions" who had first started to fall out with his masters in Istanbul when the dictatorship, a triumvirate known as the

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troops marched into Damascus. Auda Abu Ta'yi, T. E. Lawrence and Arab troops rode into Damascus the next day, 1 October. At the end of the war, the

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In February 1917, Garland succeeded for the first time in destroying a moving locomotive with a mine of his own design. In February 1917, around

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on 9 January 1919. The total number of Ottoman troops bottled up in Medina by the time of the surrender were 456 officers and 9,364 soldiers.

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and then ambushing the Turkish repair party. In November 1917, as aid to Allenby's offensive, Lawrence launched a deep-raiding party into the

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were "firmly in the Ottoman camp." The tribes feared repressions and losing the money they had received from the Ottomans for their loyalty.

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The French military mission of 1,100 officers under Brémond established good relations with Hussein and especially with his sons, the Emirs

1326:, which after an initial repulse, settled down into a siege. With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on 22 September 1916. 5937: 5867: 5506: 4725: 4636: 2508:, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere. 5961: 4859: 4313: 2091: 1676: 1424: 666: 199: 6996: 6424: 4536: 4231: 1337:

was attacked by 3,500 Arabs on 10 June 1916 with the assistance of bombardment by British warships and seaplanes. The seaplane carrier

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of the city, where they found the Arab Revolt flag already raised by surviving Arab nationalists among the citizenry. Later that day

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were loyal primarily to their own families, clans, and tribes despite efforts of the Turkish ruling class, who pursued a policy of

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in July 1908. The fighting force of the revolt was mostly combined from Ottoman defectors and Arabian tribes loyal to the Sharif.

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was stationed in the Hejaz. It was joined by the 58th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Ali Necib Pasha, the 1st

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to sacred rebellion against the Ottoman government. The Turks answered by accusing the rebelling tribes of betraying the Muslim

2156:. Much of the history of Arab independence stemmed from the revolt beginning with the kingdom that had been founded by Hussein. 1443:, though not a Muslim, played a notable role in the revolt as an engineering and artillery officer with the Arab Northern Army. 1004:. Estimates of Faisal's effective forces vary, but through most of 1918 at least, they may have numbered as high as 30,000 men. 6493: 6311: 6301: 6169: 4212: 841: 4034: 7296: 6083: 6017: 5854: 5733: 5406: 4432: 4288: 4166: 4115: 4097: 4077: 3696: 2902: 2835: 2784: 2604: 1622: 1221: 1174: 1168: 1097: 651: 47: 6619: 1774:'s capture, many other officers joined Faisal's campaign. A large number of British officers and advisors, led by Lt. Col.s 1298:

Hussein had about 50,000 men under arms, but fewer than 10,000 had rifles. On 5 June 1916, two of Hussein's sons, the emirs

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troops at first, in that they were well supplied with modern German weapons. The Ottoman forces had the support of both the

1061:. Ottoman troops in the Hejaz numbered 20,000 men by 1917. At the outbreak of the revolt in June 1916, the VII Corps of the 7371: 6659: 6258: 5678: 4470: 966: 327: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7031: 6976: 6029: 4988: 4493: 3959: 6243: 1779:

Egyptian and Indian troops also served with the Revolt, primarily as machine gunners and specialist troops, a number of

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Faisal had hoped that he could convince Arab troops serving in the Ottoman Army to mutiny and join his cause, but the

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Hejaz Armoured Car Battery of Rolls-Royce light armoured cars with machine guns and two 10-pdr guns on Talbot lorries

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carried out a sweep of the Hejaz, that did much damage to the Hashemite forces. However, the Ottoman failure to take

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was generally moderate. Their demands were of a reformist nature and generally limited to autonomy, a greater use of

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was to be the base for attacks on the Hejaz railway. On 3 January 1917, Faisal began an advance northward along the

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The CUP now gave more emphasis to centralisation and a modernisation. It preached a message that was a mixture of

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indicated that he could not break with the Ottomans immediately, and it did not happen till the following year.

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Desert Queen: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia

2562:: 8000 prisoners taken by the Arab insurgents in Syria-Palestine in 1918, joining 98,600 taken by the British. 1255:

Hussein, who until then had officially been on the Ottoman side, was now convinced that his assistance to the

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believed that the revolt would draw the support of all Arabs throughout the Ottoman Empire and Arab lands.

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of 3 million, serving in all ranks, from the lowest to the highest, and forming a crucial component of the

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in January 1914 and thus was able to provide a "mass of information" which was crucial to the success of

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as a state ideology, worsened the relationship between the Ottoman state and its non-Turkish subjects.

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in favor of a defensive position in Medina, with small detachments scattered along the Hejaz railway.

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Later in 1917, the Hashemite warriors made a series of small raids on Ottoman positions in support of

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on 23 January 1917. Wejh surrendered within 36 hours, and the Ottomans abandoned their advance toward

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A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

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This article is about the anti-Ottoman uprising during World War I. For other Arab uprisings, see

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on 10 June 1916. The primary goal of the Arab rebels was to establish an independent and unified

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in December 1916. Lawrence's major contribution to the revolt was convincing the Arab leaders,

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was created by 1917. The Ottoman force included a number of Arab units who stayed loyal to the

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led the Arab Regular Army in a frontal attack on the well-defended Ottoman railway station at

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By the beginning of the First World War, Arab conscripts constituted about 30% of the wartime

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ten letters, five from each side, were exchanged between Sir Henry McMahon and Sherif Hussein

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in ways that the Arabs felt were unfavourable to them. Further confusing the issue was the

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In late 1916, the Allies started the formation of the Regular Arab Army, also known as the

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comprised two distinctive forces: tribal irregulars who waged a guerrilla war against the

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Chariots of war: When T.E. Lawrence and his armored Rolls-Royces ruled the Arabian desert

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During the First World War, between 100,000 and 300,000 Arabs served in the Ottoman Army.

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September when an entire brigade of Ottoman, Austrian and German troops, retreating from

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Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East

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The Ottoman Twilight in the Arab Lands: Turkish Memoirs and Testimonies of the Great War

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Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1920

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where they arrived on 6 September; a march of 700 miles (1,100 km) in 44 days.

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In June 1916, the British sent out a number of officials to assist the revolt in the

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Revealed: TE Lawrence felt 'bitter shame' over UK's false promises of Arab self rule

2068:. Medina, cut off from the rest of the Ottoman Empire, surrendered in January 1919. 1915:

A particularly notable attack of Hedgehog was the storming on 8 August 1918, by the

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In 1917, Lawrence arranged a joint action with the Arab irregulars and forces under

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would be rewarded by an Arab empire, encompassing the entire span between Egypt and

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Oschenwald, William. 'Ironic Origins: Arab Nationalism in the Hijaz, 1882–1914' in

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began on 3 July 1908 and quickly spread throughout the empire. As a result, Sultan

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Parnell, Charles L. (August 1979) CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower"

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against all foreign external aggression, in particular that of the Ottomans." The

708:, successfully fought and expelled the Ottoman military presence from much of the 7177: 7146: 7141: 6986: 6926: 6873: 6803: 6783: 6758: 6748: 6649: 6527: 6233: 6073: 5412: 4972: 4947: 4646: 4554: 4393: 4235: 4172: 3963: 2582: 2322: 2184: 2175: 1960: 1920: 1803: 1754:

Increased Allied assistance and the end of fighting (November 1917– October 1918)

1700: 1668: 1626: 1562: 1500: 1478: 1465:

for much of the success of the Arab Revolt. She had travelled extensively in the

1412: 1242: 997: 611: 567: 562: 547: 150: 2232:, seized power in a coup d'état in January 1913 and began to pursue a policy of 1193:, in an effort to create a feeling of "Arab-ness", in order to fuel the revolt. 7182: 7021: 6916: 6911: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6828: 6753: 6743: 6624: 6552: 6447: 6066: 6046: 5717: 5430: 5275: 5066: 4957: 4813: 4717: 4700: 4142: 3956: 3807:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

2374: 2306: 2290: 2245: 2180: 2153: 2098:

that it would support Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans.

2065: 2003: 1983: 1935: 1719: 1577: 1530:

On 1 December 1916, Fakhri Pasha began an offensive with three brigades out of

1451: 1436: 1408: 1256: 1154:

that has been studied time and again by military leaders and historians alike.

1040: 1020: 1016: 1012: 973: 927: 861: 833: 701: 678: 647: 582: 339: 214: 61: 1966: 7270: 7187: 6813: 6793: 6728: 6680: 6594: 6177: 5465: 5459: 4902: 4819: 4730: 4154: 3867: 2891: 2386: 2294: 2265: 2233: 1975: 1775: 1739: 1692: 1660: 1640: 1609: 1482: 1462: 1295:

led Hussein to fear for his life if he were deposed in favour of Ali Haidar.

1189:

were arrested, then tortured. The flag of the resistance was designed by Sir

1112: 1070: 996:

in progress, or only when the fighting entered their home region. During the

704:, led by Hussein and the Hashemites with backing from the British military's 662: 315: 242: 2518:

Military Intelligence and the Arab Revolt: The first modern intelligence war

949:

In 1913, intellectuals and politicians from the Mashriq met in Paris at the

7222: 6863: 6723: 6718: 6574: 6500: 6452: 5627: 5061: 4191:

Wilson, Mary C. 'The Hashemites, the Arab Revolt, and Arab Nationalism' in

4026: 2424: 2269: 2217: 2209: 2197: 1995:, was virtually wiped out in a battle with Arab forces near the village of 1979: 1885: 1795: 1712: 1604: 1585: 1368: 1353: 1299: 1279:

immediately, because of rumours that he would soon be deposed as Sharif of

1132: 1086: 1036: 908: 388: 376: 144: 3957:

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Devleti’nin Hicaz’da Hâkimiyet Mücadelesi

3018:"Turning Point of Turkish Arab Relations:A Case Study on the Hijaz Revolt" 2082: 1378: 1287:, leader of the rival Zaʻid family. The much-publicized executions of the 1215:

Map illustrating Territorial Negotiations between H.M.G. and King Hussein.

6838: 6695: 6542: 6537: 6462: 5838: 5743: 4876: 4297: 3781:"Betrayal of Arabs after first World War set stage for turbulent century" 3418:

Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921

2257: 2221: 2213: 2148:

The Arab Revolt is seen by historians as the first organized movement of

1948: 1743: 1558: 1466: 1404: 1030:

In the early days of the revolt, Faisal's forces were largely made up of

985: 916: 814: 740: 412: 94: 4188:(1991), ed. Rashid Khalidi, pp. 189–203. Columbia University Press. 3742: 1039:

in subsidizing the revolt. By September 1918, the British were spending

6773: 6690: 6685: 6614: 4195:(1991), ed. Rashid Khalidi, pp. 204–24. Columbia University Press. 2670: 2551: 2302: 1986:, T. E. Lawrence, Faisal's slave (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri. 1905: 1763: 1723: 1644: 1508: 1357: 1260: 1233: 1190: 1143: 1104: 1008: 935: 912: 893: 686: 639: 1758: 1663:, until then, in the employ of the Ottomans, against the port city of 6457: 5633: 5400: 4070:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War.

2529: 2309:. Liberal reforms brought about by the Tanzimat also transformed the 2141:

in 1925, as part of his military and sociopolitical campaign for the

1928: 1909: 1747: 1735: 1727: 877: 869: 4241: 2662: 1699:, a tribe located in the area. On 6 July, after an overland attack, 7197: 6906: 6402: 5893: 4260: 3966:(The Struggle of Ottomans in Hijaz Region During the World War I). 2810:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

2183:

holding the flag of the Arab Revolt, commemorating the site of the

2138: 2134: 2036: 1992: 1952: 1944: 1889: 1696: 1486: 1474: 1323: 1292: 1182: 1147: 943: 881: 752: 363: 980:. On a few occasions, particularly during the final campaign into 938:

of the Young Turks. He was driven away to exile in Selanik by the

2268:

and discriminating against its non-Turkish population and called

2137:

and Hussein received British aid, it was eventually conquered by

2057: 1672: 1618: 1550: 1546: 1364: 1330: 1031: 802: 3882:"The Young Turks and The Armenians: From Revolution to Genocide" 1599: 2167:

remain influenced by the actions of the revolt's Arab leaders.

2164: 2105:

reneged on the original deal and divided up the area under the

1956: 1940: 1808: 1688: 1633: 1539: 1531: 1524: 1392: 1388: 1345: 1334: 1307: 1264: 1186: 901: 873: 818: 810: 764: 747:, jointly controlled by the British and the French. Amidst the 690: 4266: 3688:

Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence

1263:, with the exception of imperial possessions and interests in 498: 7001: 6061: 3230:. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 2431:

had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June

2314: 2313:

into a secular empire, which weakened the Islamic concept of

2261: 2122: 2022: 1996: 1924: 1771: 1664: 1653: 1648: 1566: 1554: 1535: 1512: 1428: 1400: 1349: 1280: 1272: 1001: 989: 981: 897: 865: 806: 709: 682: 643: 110: 69: 3636: 3634: 3351: 3349: 3327: 3325: 1843:

British Section commanded by Lieutenant Colonel P. C. Joyce

1473:

with a First in Modern History. Bell met Sheikh Harb of the

1092:

In face of increasing attacks on the Hejaz railway, the 2nd

825:

to allow Arab conscripts local service in the Ottoman army.

3712:

The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement

2160: 2114: 1707: 889: 694: 2597:

Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919

1955:, and Howeitat tribes. In addition, Faisal had a group of 697:, which the British government had promised to recognize. 85:(2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) 55: 3631: 3346: 3322: 1639:

In March 1917, an Ottoman force joined by tribesmen from

1492: 1383: 1356:, and 6,000 Ottoman prisoners with the assistance of the 1201: 1196: 755:

came under a joint military occupation by the victorious

3558: 3556: 3510: 3508: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3363: 3361: 3339: 3337: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3199: 3197: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3128: 2966: 2964: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2571:

Parnell, p. 75: 6,000 prisoners taken by the end of 1916

2289:

came about when the majority of the Arabs living in the

1306:, began the revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison in 813:. The political orientation of Arab nationalists before 2498:

Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II

2317:

that tied the different races together. The arrival of

1999:, which the Turks had plundered during their retreat. 1423:

was sent out. The French enjoyed an advantage over the

1379:

Arrival of T. E. Lawrence (October 1916 – January 1917)

724:, a short-lived monarchy that was led by Hussein's son 2948: 1826:

Arab Regular Army commanded by Ja'far Pasha el Askeri

1742:

valley, which failed to destroy the railway bridge at

972:, and not the irregular forces under the direction of 4040:

from the original on 11 April 2024 – via JSTOR.

3553: 3505: 3469: 3358: 3334: 3252: 3238: 3194: 3137: 3125: 2961: 2908: 2871: 2716: 2358: 1934:

For the final Allied offensive intended to knock the

3823: 1481:, covering the "tribal elements ranging between the 633: 618: 4108:

The Arab Revolt 1916–18 Lawrence sets Arabia Ablaze

2958:, New Haven: Harvard University Press, 2006 p. 128. 1671:. Aqaba was the only remaining Ottoman port on the 7012:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 4085: 3715:. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott. p. 238 3223: 1822:In March 1918 the Arab Northern Army consisted of 1333:of Ottoman gunboats early in the war. The port of 1139:supply problems than to the actions of the enemy. 4033:. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies. 1553:with 5,100 camel riders, 5,300 men on foot, four 1131:, whose tribesmen dominated what is now northern 1103:The Ottoman troops enjoyed an advantage over the 852:(CUP) managed to gain the upper hand against the 7268: 4053:Cleveland, William L. and Martin Bunton. (2016) 2941:. Hagop Kevorkian center, Near eastern studies. 2687:(3rd ed.). Delmar, New York: Caravan Books Inc. 2661: 930:. The dethroned sultan attempted to restore the 205: 190: 5243:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4159:Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia 2896:Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia 2659: 1123:. The Ottomans relied upon the support of Emir 219: 3733:Sole, Kent M. "The Arabs, a people betrayed". 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2639: 2594: 1868:French Detachment commanded by Captain Pisani 836:was forced to announce the restoration of the 7042:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 6489:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 6418: 4282: 4229:T.E. Lawrence's Original Letters on Palestine 2588: 2560:. London H.M. Stationery Office. p. 633. 2026:Ottoman army is everywhere in full retreat." 1908:to arrive at Aqaba on 30 July, to attack the 1787:often supported the Arab operations, and the 1600:Northward expeditions (January–November 1917) 922:Arab members of the parliament supported the 514: 3414: 2305:" among the different ethnicities under the 1762:Arab fighters in Aqaba on 28 February 1918. 1329:French and British naval forces cleared the 628: 36: 16:1916–1918 uprising against the Ottoman Turks 5726: 4027:"The Ottoman Tanzimat and the Constitution" 3804: 3588: 3586: 3421:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. 3077: 6425: 6411: 4289: 4275: 4024: 2550: 2483: 2481: 2251: 1407:, Colonel Pierce C. Joyce, and Lt-Colonel 1085:), which was under the command of General 848:. In the 1908 elections, the Young Turks' 521: 507: 4123:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 3015: 2640:McMahon, Henry; bin Ali, Hussein (1939), 2086:A map of the region at the end of the war 1874:four machine guns and 10 automatic rifles 795:rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 233: 7122:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 7052:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 7017:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 5525:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3708: 3583: 3221: 2772: 2174: 2081: 1965: 1757: 1603: 1491: 1382: 1208: 1200: 780: 6997:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 6982:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 5902:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4083: 4065:Vol. 2. London: H. M. Stationery Office 3829: 2823: 2585:and were evacuated to Egypt afterwards. 2478: 1043:220,000/month to subsidize the revolt. 984:, this number grew significantly. The 173: 7302:Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 7269: 6992:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 3977: 3975: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3297: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3118: 3116: 2653: 2113:of 1917, which promised support for a 2035:The first Arab Revolt forces to reach 1507:Lawrence obtained assistance from the 1419:military mission commanded by Colonel 1283:by the Ottoman government in favor of 1197:Prelude (November 1914 – October 1916) 821:in education and changes in peacetime 7367:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire 7362:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 7307:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 6406: 5855:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 5198:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 4270: 4200:History in Dispute: World War I Vol 8 3981: 3905: 3903: 3841: 3399: 2798: 2796: 2768: 2766: 1534:, with the aim of taking the port of 1248:From 14 July 1915, to 10 March 1916, 1175:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1169:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 751:, the defeated Ottomans' mainland in 652:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 502: 48:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 6432: 6259:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4055:A History of the Modern Middle East. 2802: 2461:"T.E. Lawrence on guerrilla warfare" 2170: 1703:with only a handful of casualties. 1181:. Many Arab nationalist figures in 1173:The Ottoman Empire took part in the 1100:and fought well against the Allies. 763:, which established the present-day 7032:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 6188:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4989:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3972: 3442: 3379: 3292: 3278: 3266: 3180: 3169:. London: Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd. 3113: 2805:"Arab Officers in the Ottoman Army" 1835:one battalion mule-mounted infantry 1791:served with the Arabs for a time. 1371:and a number of Muslim troops from 809:, particularly in countries of the 785:The flag of the Arab Revolt in the 759:. This was gradually broken by the 677:, the rebellion against the ruling 629: 615: 37: 13: 6972:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 6494:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 4928:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4129: 4006:from the original on 7 August 2022 3900: 3737:, vol. 2, no. 2, 1985, pp. 59–62. 3215: 2817: 2793: 2763: 2622:, Eliezer Tauber, Routledge, 2014 2541:Erickson 2001, p. 238, Appendix F. 2301:and hoped to create a feeling of " 2280: 2260:of violating the sacred tenets of 1675:and threatened the right flank of 1511:to turn back an Ottoman attack on 1469:since 1888, after graduating from 1415:was also involved. In addition, a 823:conscription in the Ottoman Empire 14: 7408: 7037:Palestine Liberation Organization 4206: 2685:The Emergence of Arab Nationalism 2620:The Arab Movements in World War I 1730:defensive line, which led to the 7251: 7250: 6977:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 6660:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 5291:Second Battle of the Piave River 4913:Russian invasion of East Prussia 4018: 4000:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2005.00222.x 3949: 3860:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2005.00222.x 2669:. UK Foreign Office – via 2392: 2380: 2368: 2224:, which represented the radical 2101:However, the United Kingdom and 1852:one Company Egyptian Camel Corps 1706:Lawrence then rode 150 miles to 1687:, and preparing to advance into 743:were broken up into a number of 638:), was an armed uprising by the 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 356: 333: 321: 309: 297: 285: 273: 259: 235: 221: 207: 192: 175: 54: 6620:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 6355:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5555:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4296: 4193:The Origins of Arab Nationalism 4186:The Origins of Arab Nationalism 4088:The Origins of Arab Nationalism 4047: 3928: 3874: 3835: 3805:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 3798: 3773: 3754:Barnett, David (30 Oct 2022). " 3748: 3727: 3702: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3574: 3565: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3496: 3483: 3460: 3451: 3408: 3393: 3370: 3313: 3304: 3206: 3159: 3104: 3095: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3009: 2996: 2982: 2973: 2943:World War I and the Middle East 2932: 2885: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2738: 2707: 2698: 2677: 2633: 2613: 2434: 2417: 2354:South Arabia during World War I 2321:to power and the creation of a 2319:Committee of Union and Progress 2078:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 1701:Aqaba fell to those Arab forces 850:Committee of Union and Progress 749:partition of the Ottoman Empire 635:al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya al-Kubrā 528: 126:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 7062:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 6824:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 6178:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6037:Deportations from East Prussia 5834:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3809:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 799–802. 3735:Journal of Third World Studies 3415:Rogan Eugene (11 April 2002). 2574: 2565: 2544: 2535: 2511: 2490: 2453: 2096:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1856:Egyptian Camel Transport Corps 1479:Lawrence's occupation of Aqaba 1450:sent a young officer, Captain 1275:coast. He decided to join the 1232:and Kitchener culminated in a 659:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 490:~10,000 disease-related deaths 83:10 June 1916 – 25 October 1918 1: 6089:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4238:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 4092:. Columbia University Press. 2990:"Who Was Lawrence of Arabia?" 2746:"Who Was Lawrence Of Arabia?" 2447: 1984:Captain Rosario Pisani (rear) 1213:1918 British government map: 860:. The new parliament had 142 844:. The period is known as the 770: 7297:20th century in Saudi Arabia 7007:Federation of Arab Republics 6967:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 6957:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 6558:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 6506:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 6244:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5543:Estonian War of Independence 5218:Southern Palestine offensive 3886:Facing History and Ourselves 3491:Steel Chariots in the Desert 2410: 2339:Campaigns of the Arab Revolt 2071: 2046:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 1898:Imperial Camel Corps Brigade 1783:were allocated for use. The 1750:just before Christmas 1917. 1681:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 1563:attacked Wejh from the north 1125:Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid 970:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 963:Sinai and Palestine campaign 706:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 681:was officially initiated at 21:Arab Revolt (disambiguation) 7: 7372:Rebellions in Ottoman Syria 7132:Flag of the Arab Federation 6962:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 6952:Arab Socialist Action Party 6198:USA against Austria-Hungary 5597:Turkish War of Independence 5549:Latvian War of Independence 5281:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4872:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4246:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje 4181:. Doubleday, Doran, and Co. 2332: 2244:against the Ottoman sultan 2143:unification of Saudi Arabia 2017:, was a stunning success. 1919:, closely supported by the 1667:. This is now known as the 1448:British government in Egypt 840:and the reconvening of the 761:Turkish War of Independence 731:Having covertly signed the 634: 619: 10: 7413: 7292:1918 in the Ottoman Empire 7287:1917 in the Ottoman Empire 7282:1916 in the Ottoman Empire 7103:On the Way of Resurrection 7096:The Battle for One Destiny 7027:Lebanese National Movement 6468:Third International Theory 6281:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5829:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5296:Second Battle of the Marne 5183:Second battle of the Aisne 5052:Second Battle of Champagne 4893:German invasion of Belgium 4213:History of the Arab Revolt 4025:Kawtharani, Wajih (2013). 3936:The Berlin–Baghdad Express 2830:. Henry Holt and Company. 2779:. Academic Studies Press. 2264:by pursuing the policy of 2191: 2107:1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 2075: 2028: 2002:This led to the so-called 1863:Wireless Station at 'Aqaba 1166: 1157: 1109:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 797:dates from at least 1821. 774: 745:League of Nations mandates 716:. By 1918, the rebels had 18: 7246: 7155: 7112: 7080: 7057:Unified Political Command 6947:Arab Nationalist Movement 6892: 6844:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 6704: 6673: 6640:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6511:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 6476: 6440: 6387: 6346: 6267: 6206: 6168: 6112: 6101: 6062:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6005: 5977: 5925: 5847: 5821: 5773: 5666: 5659: 5591:Irish War of Independence 5487: 5369: 5341:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5326:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5251: 5153: 5080: 4981: 4938:First Battle of the Marne 4885: 4847: 4782: 4773: 4716: 4590: 4579: 4545: 4517: 4479: 4431: 4384: 4377: 4304: 4234:22 September 2014 at the 4072:Westport, CT: Greenwood. 4014:– via ResearchGate. 3709:Antonius, George (1939). 2599:. Routledge. p. 73. 2496:Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, 1982:, Prince Faisal (front), 1832:one battalion Camel Corps 1177:, under the terms of the 1162: 1075:Hejaz Expeditionary Force 988:of the British Empire in 956: 934:by putting an end to the 846:Second Constitutional Era 805:, the Arab lands east of 777:Second Constitutional Era 538: 468: 433: 249: 167: 75: 53: 45: 32: 6565:1952 Egyptian revolution 6214:Constantinople Agreement 5507:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5370:Co-belligerent conflicts 5346:Second Romanian campaign 5316:Third Transjordan attack 5027:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4933:Battle of Grand Couronné 4148:A Peace to End All Peace 4135:Anderson, Scott (2014). 4084:Khalidi, Rashid (1991). 3962:16 February 2015 at the 3955:Mustafa Bostancı (2014) 3016:Yesilyurt, Nuri (2006). 2773:Deringil, Selim (2019). 2660:Sykes and Picot (1916). 2405: 1722:'s winter attack on the 1409:Stewart Francis Newcombe 1129:Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1083:Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi 7342:20th century in Lebanon 7218:Palestinian nationalism 7137:Flag of the Arab Revolt 6630:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6610:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6590:1961 Syrian coup d'état 6277:Modus vivendi of Acroma 6229:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5537:Greater Poland Uprising 5437:National Protection War 5321:Meuse–Argonne offensive 5271:German spring offensive 5266:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5042:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5017:Second Battle of Artois 4898:Battle of the Frontiers 4178:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 4057:6th ed. Westview Press. 3988:Nations and Nationalism 3848:Nations and Nationalism 3770:. Retrieved 2023-11-08. 3745:. Accessed 8 Nov. 2023. 3404:. Penguin. p. 152. 3226:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 3222:Lawrence, T.E. (1935). 3031:: 107–8. Archived from 2824:Fromkin, David (2010). 2595:Matthew Hughes (2013). 2349:History of Saudi Arabia 2344:Flag of the Arab Revolt 2325:in 1913 which mandated 2252:Religious justification 2206:Sharif Hussein of Mecca 2031:Battle of Aleppo (1918) 2009:Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1811:when ordered to by the 1720:British General Allenby 1461:David Hogarth credited 1403:, most notably Colonel 1179:Ottoman–German Alliance 66:flag of the Arab Revolt 7357:1910s in Ottoman Syria 7337:20th century in Jordan 6645:1969 Libyan revolution 6523:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 6302:Paris Peace Conference 6290:Ukraine–Central Powers 6084:Massacres of Albanians 6052:Late Ottoman genocides 5859:Bulgarian occupations 5567:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5531:Hungarian–Romanian War 5356:Naval Victory Bulletin 5351:Armistice with Germany 5301:Hundred Days Offensive 5228:Battle of La Malmaison 5178:Second battle of Arras 5145:Battle of Transylvania 4999:Second Battle of Ypres 4867:Sarajevo assassination 4756:South African Republic 3601:Murphy, pp. 70–72, 75. 3400:Rogan, Eugene (2011). 3004:The White Man's Burden 2683:Zeine N. Zeine (1973) 2500:, Tughra Books, 2006, 2188: 2087: 2042:Australian Light Horse 1987: 1849:one Flight of aircraft 1767: 1613: 1504: 1396: 1224:was Consul-General in 1217: 1206: 1082: 790: 620:al-Thawra al-‘Arabiyya 250:Commanders and leaders 135:British occupation of 7203:Jordanian nationalism 6937:Arab Islamic Republic 6932:Arab Higher Committee 6809:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 6789:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6600:North Yemen civil war 6533:Arab–Israeli conflict 6312:Treaty of St. Germain 6285:Russia–Central Powers 6239:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6067:Pontic Greek genocide 6042:Destruction of Kalisz 6018:Eastern Mediterranean 5579:Polish–Lithuanian War 5361:Armistice of Belgrade 5331:Armistice of Salonica 5261:Operation Faustschlag 5208:Third Battle of Oituz 5130:Baranovichi offensive 5098:Lake Naroch offensive 5072:Battle of Robat Karim 5047:Vistula–Bug offensive 5022:Battles of the Isonzo 4953:First Battle of Ypres 4106:Murphy, David (2008) 3934:Sean McMeekin (2012) 3691:. William Heinemann. 3685:Jeremy Wilson (1989) 3177:. pp. 25, 115–8, 202. 3165:Janet Wallach (1997) 2178: 2085: 2060:, large parts of the 1972:Versailles Conference 1969: 1860:Egyptian Labour Corps 1761: 1607: 1495: 1431:during their time in 1386: 1212: 1204: 1167:Further information: 1111:, air squadrons from 858:Sultanzade Sabahaddin 830:Young Turk Revolution 801:has its roots in the 784: 775:Further information: 737:French Third Republic 733:Sykes–Picot Agreement 722:Arab Kingdom of Syria 630:الثورة العربية الكبرى 623:), also known as the 469:Casualties and losses 149:French occupation of 130:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7238:Tunisian nationalism 7208:Lebanese nationalism 7168:Egyptian nationalism 7163:Algerian nationalism 7067:United Arab Republic 6942:Arab Liberation Army 6922:Arab Ba'ath Movement 6779:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6307:Treaty of Versailles 6023:Mount Lebanon famine 5938:in the United States 5906:Russian occupations 5620:Turkish–Armenian War 5561:Polish–Ukrainian War 5501:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5448:Central Asian Revolt 5238:Armistice of Focșani 4968:Battle of Sarikamish 4918:Battle of Tannenberg 4314:Military engagements 4242:The Revolt in Arabia 4060:Falls, Cyril (1930) 3982:Ülker, Erol (2005). 3842:Ülker, Erol (2005). 3402:The Arabs: A History 3025:The Turkish Yearbook 2750:Imperial War Museums 1917:Imperial Camel Corps 1789:Imperial Camel Corps 1621:into loyalty to the 1545:The coastal city of 1205:Outline map of Hejaz 661:, exchanged between 657:On the basis of the 109:Independence of the 7228:Sahrawi nationalism 6585:1959 Mosul uprising 6518:Great Syrian Revolt 6374:They shall not pass 6297:Treaty of Bucharest 6254:Treaty of Bucharest 6193:USA against Germany 6170:Declarations of war 5874:German occupations 5787:British casualties 5646:Soviet–Georgian War 5573:Egyptian Revolution 5513:Armeno-Georgian War 5377:Somaliland campaign 5336:Armistice of Mudros 5213:Battle of Caporetto 5203:Battle of Mărășești 5173:Zimmermann telegram 5168:February Revolution 5113:Battle of the Somme 5037:Bug-Narew Offensive 5012:Battle of Gallipoli 5004:Sinking of the RMS 4796:Scramble for Africa 4790:Franco-Prussian War 4446:Sinai and Palestine 4202:(Gale, 2003) online 3489:Rolls S.C. (1937). 2956:Islamic Imperialism 2939:New York University 2803:Provence, Michael. 2695:. pp. 60–61, 83–92. 2327:Turkish nationalism 2226:Turkish nationalist 2202:Bar-Ilan University 2131:self-declared state 2117:"national home" in 2111:Balfour Declaration 1904:, marched from the 1900:commanded by Major 1829:brigade of infantry 1776:Stewart F. Newcombe 1732:Battle of Beersheba 1594:'Aziz 'Ali al-Misri 1557:mountain guns, ten 1373:French North Africa 1363:The capture of the 1228:, contacts between 1117:Ottoman Gendarmerie 951:First Arab Congress 924:countercoup of 1909 720:and proclaimed the 187:(and allied tribes) 7377:20th-century Islam 7233:Syrian nationalism 7213:Libyan nationalism 7173:Greater Mauritania 7089:The Arab Awakening 7072:United Arab States 7047:Rejectionist Front 6854:Gamal Abdel Nasser 6665:Yemeni unification 6655:Lebanese Civil War 6635:17 July Revolution 6605:Ramadan Revolution 6580:14 July Revolution 6334:Treaty of Lausanne 6249:Paris Economy Pact 6183:UK against Germany 6113:Entry into the war 6079:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5798:Ottoman casualties 5608:Franco-Turkish War 5488:Post-War conflicts 5472:Russian Revolution 5454:Invasion of Darfur 5419:Kelantan rebellion 5407:Kurdish rebellions 5383:Mexican Revolution 5223:October Revolution 5188:Kerensky offensive 5163:Capture of Baghdad 5140:Monastir offensive 5125:Brusilov offensive 4963:Battle of Kolubara 4802:Russo-Japanese War 4259:, 10 August 2017, 4110:. Osprey: London. 4068:Erickson, Edward. 3658:Murphy, pp. 77–79. 3640:Murphy, pp. 76–77. 3610:Murphy, pp. 75–76. 3571:Murphy, pp. 73–74. 3550:Murphy, pp. 68–73. 3532:Murphy, pp. 64–68. 3523:Murphy, pp. 39–46. 3502:Murphy, pp. 59–60. 3466:Murphy, pp. 57–59. 3457:Murphy, pp. 56–57. 3355:Murphy, pp. 43–44. 3331:Murphy, pp. 39–43. 3310:Murphy, pp. 14–15. 3110:Murphy, pp. 33–34. 3101:Murphy, pp. 34–35. 3038:on 12 October 2017 3002:William Easterly, 2868:Murphy, pp. 21–22. 2859:Murphy, pp. 20–23. 2850:Murphy, pp. 20–21. 2423:although his sons 2242:Young Turks revolt 2189: 2088: 1988: 1813:Turkish government 1785:Royal Flying Corps 1768: 1766:colour photograph. 1614: 1505: 1497:Lawrence of Arabia 1397: 1218: 1207: 1152:asymmetric warfare 1048:Ottoman government 842:Ottoman parliament 791: 765:Republic of Turkey 642:-led Arabs of the 456:6,500–7,000 troops 425:Saud bin Abdulaziz 7347:Ottoman Palestine 7322:Conflicts in 1918 7317:Conflicts in 1917 7312:Conflicts in 1916 7264: 7263: 7193:Iraqi nationalism 6884:Constantin Zureiq 6734:Abdul Rahman Arif 6714:Butrus al-Bustani 6400: 6399: 6383: 6382: 6367:The Golden Virgin 6361:Mutilated victory 6342: 6341: 6322:Treaty of Trianon 6317:Treaty of Neuilly 6224:Damascus Protocol 6097: 6096: 6057:Armenian genocide 6014:Allied blockades 5986:Belgian refugees 5769: 5768: 5679:Strategic bombing 5655: 5654: 5640:Franco-Syrian War 5614:Greco-Turkish War 5602:Anglo-Turkish War 5585:Polish–Soviet War 5519:German Revolution 5495:Russian Civil War 5478:Finnish Civil War 5311:Battle of Megiddo 5286:Battle of Goychay 5233:Battle of Cambrai 5193:Battle of Mărăști 5108:Battle of Jutland 5088:Erzurum offensive 4943:Siege of Przemyśl 4923:Siege of Tsingtao 4908:Battle of Galicia 4838:Second Balkan War 4826:Italo-Turkish War 4783:Pre-War conflicts 4769: 4768: 4659:Portuguese Empire 4575: 4574: 4537:German New Guinea 4519:Asian and Pacific 4167:978-0-06-171261-6 4139:. Atlantic Books. 4116:978-1-84603-339-1 4099:978-0-231-07435-3 4078:978-0-313-31516-9 3938:. Belknap Press. 3915:nzhistory.govt.nz 3697:978-0-434-87235-0 2945:. Oct 24-25, 2015 2903:978-0-06-171261-6 2837:978-1-4299-8852-0 2786:978-1-64469-090-1 2713:Zeine, pp. 91–93. 2704:Zeine, pp. 79–82. 2606:978-0-7146-4473-8 2520:, Polly a. Mohs, 2311:Ottoman Caliphate 2171:Underlying causes 2062:Arabian peninsula 2015:Battle of Megiddo 1974:. Left to right: 1896:Companies of the 1871:two mountain guns 1458:cause in Arabia. 1285:Sharif Ali Haidar 1222:Herbert Kitchener 1094:Kuvve i Mürettebe 1067:Kuvvie- Mürettebe 940:31 March Incident 932:Ottoman Caliphate 838:1876 constitution 787:Martyrs' Memorial 718:captured Damascus 625:Great Arab Revolt 601: 600: 497: 496: 163: 162: 7404: 7387:1918 in religion 7382:1917 in religion 7352:History of Hejaz 7332:1916 in religion 7254: 7253: 7127:Eagle of Saladin 6834:Amin al-Husseini 6799:Faisal I of Iraq 6769:Sultan al-Atrash 6764:Mansur al-Atrash 6739:Abdul Salam Arif 6548:War of Attrition 6434:Arab nationalism 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6327:Treaty of Sèvres 6219:Treaty of London 6110: 6109: 5888:Northeast France 5819: 5818: 5791:Parliamentarians 5724: 5723: 5686:Chemical weapons 5664: 5663: 5425:Senussi campaign 5395:Muscat rebellion 5389:Maritz rebellion 5306:Vardar offensive 5135:Battle of Romani 5103:Battle of Asiago 5093:Battle of Verdun 5057:Kosovo offensive 4832:First Balkan War 4780: 4779: 4679:Russian Republic 4588: 4587: 4382: 4381: 4324:Economic history 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4103: 4091: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3979: 3970: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3771: 3752: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3706: 3700: 3683: 3677: 3676:Falls, pp. 582–3 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493:. 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E. 4132: 4130:Further reading 4100: 4050: 4045: 4037: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3994:(14): 613–636. 3980: 3973: 3964:Wayback Machine 3954: 3950: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3888:. 31 March 2015 3880: 3879: 3875: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3785:The Irish Times 3779: 3778: 3774: 3753: 3749: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3253: 3248: 3239: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3006:, (2006) p. 295 3001: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2909: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2771: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2682: 2678: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2593: 2589: 2583:Siege of Medina 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2516: 2512: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2335: 2323:one-party state 2283: 2281:Ethnic tensions 2254: 2240:only after the 2194: 2185:Battle of Aqaba 2173: 2080: 2074: 2033: 1963:to assist him. 1921:Royal Air Force 1880:In April 1918, 1804:siege to Medina 1770:By the time of 1756: 1669:Battle of Aqaba 1627:Herbert Garland 1602: 1501:Battle of Aqaba 1421:Édouard Brémond 1413:Herbert Garland 1381: 1312:Battle of Mecca 1199: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1146:and conquering 998:Battle of Aqaba 959: 779: 773: 671:Hussein bin Ali 604: 603: 602: 597: 534: 529: 527: 493: 463: 461: 459:September 1918: 457: 455: 448: 444: 442: 429: 419: 417: 407: 405: 395: 393: 389:Ömer F. Türkkan 383: 381: 371: 369: 357: 355: 349: 345:Édouard Brémond 334: 332: 322: 320: 310: 308: 304:Ali bin Hussein 298: 296: 286: 284: 274: 272: 267:Hussein bin Ali 260: 258: 236: 234: 232: 229:Rashidi Emirate 222: 220: 218: 208: 206: 193: 191: 189: 186: 176: 174: 159: 121: 115: 97: 84: 59: 35: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7397:Decolonization 7394: 7392:1910s in Islam 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Guerrilla wars 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7157: 7156:Related topics 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7022:Islamic Legion 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 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5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5749:United Kingdom 5746: 5744:Ottoman Empire 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5720: 5718:Trench warfare 5715: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5670: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5434: 5431:Volta-Bani War 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:Zeebrugge Raid 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5067:Battle of Loos 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Black Sea raid 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4860:Historiography 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4814:Bosnian Crisis 4811: 4808:Tangier Crisis 4805: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4784: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4741:Ottoman Empire 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4718:Central Powers 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4701:British Empire 4696:United Kingdom 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4674:Russian Empire 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4592:Entente Powers 4585: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4560:North Atlantic 4551: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4471:Central Arabia 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4433:Middle Eastern 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334:Historiography 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4248: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4208: 4207:External links 4205: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4170: 4155:Korda, Michael 4152: 4143:Fromkin, David 4140: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4081: 4066: 4058: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4017: 3971: 3968:Akademik Bakış 3948: 3946:. pp. 288, 297 3927: 3899: 3873: 3854:(4): 613–636. 3834: 3822: 3816:978-1598843361 3815: 3797: 3772: 3747: 3726: 3701: 3678: 3669: 3667:Murphy, p. 79. 3660: 3651: 3649:Murphy, p. 77. 3642: 3630: 3628:Murphy, p. 76. 3621: 3619:Murphy, p. 75. 3612: 3603: 3594: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3562:Murphy, p. 73. 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3514:Murphy, p. 81. 3504: 3495: 3482: 3480:Murphy, p. 59. 3468: 3459: 3450: 3448:Parnell, p. 83 3441: 3427: 3407: 3392: 3390:Parnell, p. 82 3378: 3376:Murphy, p. 45. 3369: 3367:Murphy, p. 44. 3357: 3345: 3343:Murphy, p. 43. 3333: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3301:Parnell, p. 81 3291: 3289:Parnell, p. 80 3277: 3275:Parnell, p. 79 3265: 3263:Murphy, p. 38. 3251: 3249:Murphy, p. 37. 3237: 3214: 3212:Murphy, p. 13. 3205: 3203:Murphy, p. 36. 3193: 3191:Parnell, p. 78 3179: 3158: 3156:Murphy, p. 17. 3136: 3134:Murphy, p. 35. 3124: 3122:Parnell, p. 76 3112: 3103: 3094: 3092:Parnell, p. 75 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3008: 2995: 2981: 2979:Murphy, p. 15. 2972: 2970:Murphy, p. 23. 2960: 2954:Karsh, Efraim 2947: 2931: 2929:Murphy, p. 24. 2907: 2884: 2882:Murphy, p. 21. 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2836: 2816: 2792: 2785: 2762: 2737: 2735:Murphy, p. 34. 2715: 2706: 2697: 2676: 2652: 2632: 2628:978-1135199784 2612: 2605: 2587: 2573: 2564: 2543: 2534: 2510: 2489: 2487:Murphy, p. 26. 2477: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2307:Ottoman domain 2291:Ottoman Empire 2282: 2279: 2253: 2250: 2246:Abdul Hamid II 2193: 2190: 2181:Aqaba Flagpole 2172: 2169: 2154:Ottoman Empire 2094:agreed in the 2092:United Kingdom 2073: 2070: 2066:southern Syria 2029:Main article: 2004:Tafas massacre 1936:Ottoman Empire 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1755: 1752: 1744:Tel ash-Shehab 1601: 1598: 1578:Sharifian Army 1452:T. E. Lawrence 1437:Rosario Pisani 1380: 1377: 1257:Triple Entente 1198: 1195: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1017:Sharifian Army 1013:Ottoman Empire 1009:Hashemite Army 974:T. E. Lawrence 958: 955: 928:Abdul Hamid II 834:Abdul Hamid II 772: 769: 702:Sharifian Army 667:United Kingdom 648:Ottoman Empire 616:الثورة العربية 599: 598: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 536: 535: 526: 525: 518: 511: 503: 495: 494: 492: 491: 488: 485: 484:10,000 wounded 482: 478: 475: 471: 470: 466: 465: 450: 449:50,000+ troops 436: 435: 431: 430: 428: 427: 415: 403: 401:Muhittin Akyüz 391: 379: 367: 352: 350: 348: 347: 342: 340:T. E. Lawrence 330: 328:Edmund Allenby 318: 306: 294: 282: 270: 255: 252: 251: 247: 246: 215:Ottoman Empire 203: 200:United Kingdom 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 160: 158: 157: 147: 132: 123: 117: 116: 114: 113: 106: 103: 99: 98: 93: 91: 87: 86: 81: 73: 72: 62:Sharifian Army 51: 50: 43: 42: 38:الثورة العربية 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7409: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Greater Yemen 7186: 7184: 7183:Greater Syria 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6894:Organizations 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:George Habash 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794:Izzat Darwaza 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729:Yasser Arafat 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6706:Personalities 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681:Arab identity 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Arab Cold War 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6160:United States 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5761:United States 5759: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5711:Convoy system 5709: 5708: 5707: 5706:Naval warfare 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5466:Kaocen revolt 5464: 5461: 5460:Easter Rising 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Great Retreat 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Battle of Cer 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820:Agadir Crisis 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4708:United States 4706: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4625:French Empire 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4578: 4568: 4567:Mediterranean 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4547:Naval warfare 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4423:Italian Front 4421: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4411:Eastern Front 4409: 4407: 4406:Western Front 4404: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Puppet states 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151:. Avon Books. 4150: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3592:Falls, p. 408 3589: 3587: 3580:Murphy, p. 74 3577: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3547: 3541:Falls, p. 405 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3430: 3428:9780521892230 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3319:Murphy, p. 38 3316: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3260: 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2430: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:Turkification 2292: 2288: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266:Turkification 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:Turkification 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196:According to 2186: 2182: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Rustum Haidar 1973: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 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Retrieved 3991: 3987: 3967: 3951: 3935: 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3914: 3890:. Retrieved 3885: 3876: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3832:, p. 7. 3830:Khalidi 1991 3825: 3806: 3800: 3788:. Retrieved 3784: 3775: 3760:The Observer 3759: 3750: 3734: 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3711: 3704: 3686: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3576: 3567: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3498: 3490: 3485: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3417: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3372: 3315: 3306: 3225: 3217: 3208: 3166: 3161: 3106: 3097: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3033:the original 3028: 3024: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2984: 2975: 2955: 2950: 2934: 2895: 2887: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2826: 2819: 2808: 2775: 2753:. Retrieved 2749: 2740: 2709: 2700: 2684: 2679: 2663: 2655: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2596: 2590: 2576: 2567: 2556: 2546: 2537: 2517: 2513: 2497: 2492: 2468:. 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Captain 1358:Royal Navy 1271:, and the 1261:Qajar Iran 1191:Mark Sykes 1144:Suez Canal 913:Ottomanism 894:Bulgarians 771:Background 687:Arab state 440:June 1916: 292:Abdullah I 7114:Symbolism 6458:Nasserism 6453:Ba'athism 6104:Diplomacy 5811:Olympians 5734:Australia 5701:Logistics 5634:Vlora War 5563:(1918–19) 5539:(1918–19) 5533:(1918–19) 5521:(1918–19) 5468:(1916–17) 5450:(1916–17) 5401:Zaian War 5391:(1914–15) 5118:first day 5006:Lusitania 4834:(1912–13) 4828:(1911–12) 4816:(1908–09) 4810:(1905–06) 4792:(1870–71) 4581:Principal 4441:Gallipoli 4344:Memorials 4329:Geography 4319:Aftermath 3868:1469-8129 3768:0029-7712 2630:pp. 80–81 2530:Routledge 2411:Footnotes 2274:Caliphate 2129:became a 2119:Palestine 2072:Aftermath 2050:Palestine 1929:Beersheba 1910:Mudawwara 1748:Jerusalem 1736:Mudawwara 1728:Bersheeba 1582:keffiyahs 1339:HMS 1239:Sharifate 1105:Hashemite 878:Armenians 870:Albanians 856:, led by 735:with the 640:Hashemite 573:Wadi Musa 453:May 1916: 137:Palestine 7256:Category 7198:Islamism 6907:Al-Fatat 6674:Concepts 6441:Ideology 6392:Category 5979:Refugees 5945:Italians 5934:Germans 5894:Ober Ost 5674:Aviation 4775:Timeline 4746:Bulgaria 4527:Tsingtao 4504:Togoland 4451:Caucasus 4386:European 4378:Theatres 4261:Autoweek 4232:Archived 4175:(1935). 4145:(1989). 4035:Archived 4031:Tabayyun 4010:12 April 4004:Archived 3960:Archived 3920:12 April 3892:12 April 3743:45197139 3699:. p. 548 2554:(1922). 2532:, p. 41. 2333:See also 2139:Ibn Saud 2135:Ibn Saud 2037:Damascus 1800:Abdullah 1697:Howeitat 1521:Abdullah 1485:and the 1475:Howeitat 1320:Abdullah 1293:Damascus 1234:telegram 1230:Abdullah 1183:Damascus 1148:Damascus 1115:and the 1073:and the 1032:Bedouins 1015:and the 944:Mehmed V 900:and one 896:, three 888:), five 886:Hunchaks 884:and two 882:Dashnaks 753:Anatolia 726:Faisal I 588:Damascus 464:340 guns 434:Strength 364:Mehmed V 280:Faisal I 90:Location 6902:Al-Awda 6477:History 6130:Germany 6030:Germany 5958:Germany 5878:Belgium 5863:Albania 5822:Disease 5802:Sports 5754:Ireland 5667:Warfare 5660:Aspects 4855:Origins 4848:Prelude 4751:Senussi 4731:Germany 4726:Leaders 4664:Romania 4605:Belgium 4600:Leaders 4499:Kamerun 4481:African 4416:Romania 4394:Balkans 4309:Outline 2905:, p. 19 2470:1 April 2375:History 2361:Portals 2192:Hussein 2058:Lebanon 1993:Mezerib 1677:Britain 1673:Red Sea 1643:led by 1619:Bedouin 1439:of the 1425:British 1395:, 1917. 1365:Red Sea 1331:Red Sea 1158:History 1127:of the 1113:Germany 1079:Turkish 1021:Britain 892:, four 803:Mashriq 673:of the 665:of the 578:Megiddo 474:Unknown 243:Germany 155:Lebanon 122:changes 6150:Russia 6125:France 5953:Canada 5868:Serbia 5739:Canada 5696:Horses 5648:(1921) 5642:(1920) 5636:(1920) 5630:(1920) 5622:(1920) 5575:(1919) 5569:(1919) 5515:(1918) 5480:(1918) 5474:(1917) 5462:(1916) 5456:(1916) 5421:(1915) 4840:(1913) 4822:(1911) 4804:(1905) 4761:Darfur 4686:Serbia 4669:Russia 4632:Greece 4620:France 4610:Brazil 4456:Persia 4399:Serbia 4225:at PBS 4165: 4114: 4096: 4076: 3942: 3866: 3813: 3766: 3741: 3695: 3434:1 June 3425: 3173: 3042:8 July 3029:XXXVII 2901: 2834: 2783: 2691: 2666: 2626: 2603: 2524: 2504: 2429:Faisal 2387:Jordan 2220:, and 2165:Jordan 2127:Arabia 2115:Jewish 2103:France 1957:Gurkha 1945:Rwalla 1941:Levant 1809:Medina 1689:Sanjak 1634:Medina 1623:Sultan 1540:Rabegh 1532:Medina 1525:Medina 1517:Faisal 1471:Oxford 1456:Allied 1433:Arabia 1417:French 1393:Jeddah 1389:Rabegh 1346:Rabigh 1335:Jeddah 1308:Medina 1304:Faisal 1273:Syrian 1265:Kuwait 1243:Sharif 1187:Beirut 1163:Revolt 1037:francs 1025:France 978:Faisal 957:Forces 915:, and 874:Greeks 819:Arabic 811:Levant 757:Allies 691:Aleppo 612:Arabic 593:Aleppo 548:Medina 240: 226: 212: 197: 180: 143:, and 102:Result 7002:Fatah 6347:Other 6140:Japan 6135:Italy 5962:camps 5806:Rugby 4642:Japan 4637:Italy 4615:China 4509:North 4038:(PDF) 3739:JSTOR 3036:(PDF) 3021:(PDF) 2649:, HMG 2647:(PDF) 2406:Notes 2315:Ummah 2262:Islam 2023:Deraa 1997:Tafas 1953:Agyal 1925:Amman 1890:Ma'an 1772:Aqaba 1685:Egypt 1665:Aqaba 1654:Hejaz 1649:Yanbu 1567:Mecca 1555:Krupp 1536:Yanbu 1513:Yenbu 1487:Nefud 1429:Islam 1401:Hejaz 1350:Yanbu 1324:Ta'if 1281:Mecca 1226:Egypt 1220:When 1121:zaptı 1002:Aqaba 990:Cairo 982:Syria 965:with 902:Vlach 898:Serbs 876:, 12 872:, 23 868:, 25 866:Arabs 864:, 60 862:Turks 807:Egypt 710:Hejaz 683:Mecca 679:Turks 644:Hejaz 583:Tafas 568:Aqaba 558:Yanbu 543:Mecca 183:Hejaz 151:Syria 111:Hejaz 70:Yanbu 5927:POWs 5253:1918 5155:1917 5081:1916 4982:1915 4886:1914 4691:Siam 4494:East 4215:(on 4163:ISBN 4112:ISBN 4094:ISBN 4074:ISBN 4012:2021 3940:ISBN 3922:2021 3894:2021 3864:ISSN 3811:ISBN 3792:2023 3764:ISSN 3721:2023 3693:ISBN 3436:2017 3423:ISBN 3171:ISBN 3044:2017 2899:ISBN 2832:ISBN 2781:ISBN 2757:2022 2689:ISBN 2624:ISBN 2601:ISBN 2522:ISBN 2502:ISBN 2472:2022 2427:and 2425:‘Ali 2179:The 2161:Iraq 2090:The 2064:and 1884:and 1798:and 1724:Gaza 1708:Suez 1608:The 1592:and 1547:Wejh 1519:and 1446:The 1302:and 1300:ʻAli 1269:Aden 1185:and 1023:and 1007:The 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