Sykes–Picot Agreement

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populations", and claimed that Faisal had recognized "that France is the Power qualified to render Syria the assistance of various advisors necessary to introduce order and realise the progress demanded by the Syrian populations" and on 20 April, Faisal assured Clemenceau that he had been "Deeply impressed by the disinterested friendliness of your statements to me while I was in Paris, and must thank you for having been the first to suggest the dispatch of the inter-allied Commission, which is to leave shortly for the East to ascertain the wishes of the local peoples as to the future organisation of their country. I am sure that the people of Syria will know how to show you their gratitude."

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Upper Mesopotamia another Tunis. If our support of King Hussein and the other Arabian leaders of less distinguished origin and prestige means anything it means that we are prepared to recognize the full sovereign independence of the Arabs of Arabia and Syria. It would seem time to acquaint the French Government with our detailed pledges to King Hussein, and to make it clear to the latter whether he or someone else is to be the ruler of Damascus, which is the one possible capital for an Arab State, which could command the obedience of the other Arabian Emirs.

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the indigenous populations". The French had reluctantly agreed to issue the declaration at the insistence of the British. Minutes of a British War Cabinet meeting reveal that the British had cited the laws of conquest and military occupation to avoid sharing the administration with the French under a civilian regime. The British stressed that the terms of the Anglo–French declaration had superseded the Sykes–Picot Agreement in order to justify fresh negotiations over the allocation of the territories of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Palestine.

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and concluded the ten letters of the correspondence. In April and May, there were discussions initiated by Sykes as to the merits of a meeting to include Picot and the Arabs to mesh the desiderata of both sides. At the same time, logistics in relation to the promised revolt were being dealt with and there was a rising level of impatience for action to be taken by Hussein. Finally, at the end of April, McMahon was advised of the terms of Sykes–Picot and he and Grey agreed that these would not be disclosed to the Arabs.

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Majesty's Government the deep antipathy with which the Arabs regard the prospect of French Administration of any portion of Arab territory. In this lies considerable danger to our future relations with France, because difficult and even impossible though it may be to convince France of her mistake, if we do not endeavour to do so by warning her of the real state of Arab feeling, we may hereafter be accused of instigating or encouraging the opposition to the French, which the Arabs now threaten and will assuredly give.

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Palestine Affairs at the Foreign Office) he continued his criticism of Sykes–Picot, minuting on 16 February that "the Anglo–French Agreement of 1916 in regard to Asia Minor should come up for reconsideration" and then on 3 March, writing to Clayton, "the stipulations in regard to the red and blue areas can only be regarded as quite contrary to the spirit of every ministerial speech that has been made for the last three months".

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February based on the private agreement reached between Clemenceau and Lloyd George the previous December. (According to Lieshout, just before Faisal made his presentation to the conference on the 6th, Clemenceau handed Lloyd George a proposal which appears to cover the same subject matter; Lieshout having accessed related British materials dated the 6th whereas the date in the minutes is unsourced.)

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compatible with their policy they should modify their policy". After many discussions, Sykes was directed to conclude with Picot an agreement or supplement to Sykes–Picot ("Projet d'Arrangement") covering the "future status of the Hejaz and Arabia" and this was achieved by the end of September. However, by the end of the year, the agreement had yet to be ratified by the French Government.

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a telegram to Cairo telling the High Commissioner to be as vague as possible in his next letter to the Sharif when discussing the northwestern, Syrian, corner of the territory Hussein claimed and left McMahon with "discretion in the matter as it is urgent and there is not time to discuss an exact formula", adding, "If something more precise than this is required you can give it."

1983:(a revised version of which had been agreed at the end of April) claiming to have known nothing about it and not wanting it to become an issue while Clemenceau claimed that had not been the subject of any argument. There were also discussions as to what precisely had been agreed or not at the private meeting between Clemenceau and Lloyd George the previous December. 1691:, replied on 25 December that the "question of State allegiance of national groups which possess no State independence" should be solved by "every State with its peoples independently in a constitutional manner", and that "the right of minorities forms an essential component part of the constitutional right of peoples to self-determination". 1687:

indemnities, based on the principle of the independence of nations, and of their right to determine the nature of their own development themselves". Peace negotiations with the Quadruple Alliance—Germany, Austria–Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey—started at Brest–Litovsk one month later. On behalf of the Quadruple Alliance,

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cooperation was thought paramount and Cairo made aware of that. (Wingate was informed in late November that "it would seem desirable to impress upon your subordinates the need for the most loyal cooperation with the French whom His Majesty's Government do not suspect of ulterior designs in the Hijaz".)

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As originally cast, Sykes–Picot allocated part of Northern Kurdistan and a substantial part of the Mosul vilayet including the city of Mosul to France in area B, Russia obtained Bitlis and Van in Northern Kurdistan (the contemplated Arab State included Kurds in its Eastern limit split between A and B

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In May, Clayton told Balfour that Picot had, in response to a suggestion that the agreement was moot, "allowed that considerable revision was required in view of changes that had taken place in the situation since agreement was drawn up", but nevertheless considered that "agreement holds, at any rate

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was instructed to request the same from the French on the grounds that the mission was hostile to the Arab cause and which "cannot but prejudice Allied relations and policy in the Hedjaz and may even affect whole future of French relations with the Arabs". After the French response to this, on 31 May

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was not considered by the report of the committee, submitted in June 1915, which concluded that, in case of the partition or zones of influence options, there should be a British sphere of influence that included Palestine while accepting that there were relevant French and Russian as well as Islamic

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On 21 October 1915, Grey met Cambon and suggested France appoint a representative to discuss the future borders of Syria as Britain wished to back the creation of an independent Arab state. At this point Grey was faced with competing claims from the French and from Hussein and the day before had sent

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Satisfactory as it may be to note his general acceptance for the time being of the proposed relations of France with Arabia, his reference to the future of those relations adumbrates a source of trouble which it will be wise not to ignore. I have on more than one occasion brought to the notice of His

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took over from Clemenceau on the 20th. A Syrian National Congress meeting in Damascus declared an independent state of Syria on 8 March 1920. The new state intended to include portions of Syria, Palestine, and northern Mesopotamia. Faisal was declared the head of State. At the same time Prince Zeid,

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those to the French", Faisal noting that the arrangement "seemed to be based on the 1916 agreement between the British and the French". Clemenceau, replying in respect of the Aide Memoire, refused to move on Syria and said that the matter should be left for the French to handle directly with Faisal.

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On 21 April, Faisal left for the East. Before he left, on 17 April Clemenceau sent a draft letter, in which the French government declared that they recognized "the right of Syria to independence in the form of a federation of autonomous governments in agreement with the traditions and wishes of the

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In the subsequent discussions, France staked its claim to Syria (and its mandate) while the British sought to carve out the Arab areas of zones A and B arguing that France had implicitly accepted such an arrangement even though it was the British that had entered into the arrangement with the Arabs.

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of November 1918 pledged that Great Britain and France would "assist in the establishment of indigenous Governments and administrations in Syria and Mesopotamia" by "setting up of national governments and administrations deriving their authority from the free exercise of the initiative and choice of

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had rejected all secret agreements made between the Allies and promoted open diplomacy as well as ideas about self-determination. On 22 November 1917, Leon Trotsky addressed a note to the ambassadors at Petrograd "containing proposals for a truce and a democratic peace without annexation and without

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later in May to discuss the agreement with Faisal and Hussein. Hussein was persuaded to agree to a formula to the effect that the French would pursue the same policy in Syria as the British in Baghdad; since Hussein believed that Baghdad would be part of the Arab State, that had eventually satisfied

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In the Treaty of London of 26 April 1915, Article 9 included commitments regarding Italian participation in any partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The article stated: "If France, Great Britain and Russia occupy any territories in Turkey in Asia during the course of the war, the Mediterranean region

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of Sykes–Picot in 2016, great interest was generated among the media and academia concerning the long-term effects of the agreement. The agreement is frequently cited as having created "artificial" borders in the Middle East, "without any regard to ethnic or sectarian characteristics, has resulted

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The French chose Picot as French High Commissioner for the soon to be occupied territory of Syria and Palestine. The British appointed Sykes as Chief Political Officer to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. On 3 April 1917, Sykes met with Lloyd George, Curzon and Hankey to receive his instructions in

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In his doctoral thesis, Gibson discusses the part played by oil in British strategic thinking at the time and mentions the Mosul vilayet as the largest potential oilfield and France's agreement in 1918 to agree to its inclusion in the Iraq Mandate (the Clemenceau Lloyd George Agreement) in exchange

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Mark Sykes was dispatched on instructions of the War Office at the beginning of June to discuss the committee's findings with the British authorities in the Near and Middle East and at the same time to study the situation on the spot. He went to Athens, Gallipoli, Sofia, Cairo, Aden, Cairo a second

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M. Picot may inform his government that the acceptance of the whole project would entail the abdication of considerable British interests, but provided that the cooperation of the Arabs is secured, and that the Arabs fulfil the conditions and obtain the towns of Homs, Hama, Damascus and Aleppo, the

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The memorandum was forwarded to the Foreign Office and circulated for comments. On 16 January, Sykes told the Foreign office that he had spoken to Picot and that he thought Paris would be able to agree. An interdepartmental conference was convened by Nicolson on 21 January. Following the meeting, a

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Hussein's letter of 18 February 1916 appealed to McMahon for £50,000 in gold plus weapons, ammunition and food claiming that Feisal was awaiting the arrival of "not less than 100,000 people" for the planned revolt and McMahon's reply of 10 March 1916 confirmed the British agreement to the requests

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A second meeting of the Nicolson committee with Picot took place on 21 December 1915 wherein Picot said that he had obtained permission to agree to the towns of Aleppo, Hama, Homs and Damascus being included in the Arab dominions to be administered by the Arabs. Although the French had scaled back

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Meanwhile, as of late May, the standoff between the French and the British as to disposition of forces continued, the French continued to press for a replacement of British by French troops in Syria amid arguments about precise geographical limits of same and in general the relationship suffered;

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The Arab revolt was officially initiated by Hussein at Mecca on 10 June 1916 although his sons 'Ali and Faisal had already initiated operations at Medina starting on 5 June. The timing had been brought forward by Hussein and, according to Cairo, "Neither he nor we were at all ready in early June,

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Vereté describes how a dispute with the Ottoman Empire over the Eastern boundary of Egypt ended in 1906 when the borders were redrawn along the Rafa-Aqaba line and subsequently the fear of an attack on Egypt led to an increased strategic importance of "The hinterland of Sinai, western and eastern

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In the chain of agreements between France, Russia and Britain, the Russian claims were assented to first: France confirmed their agreement on 26 April and Britain on 23 May, with formal sanction on 23 October. The Anglo-French agreement was confirmed in an exchange of letters on 9 May and 16 May.

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48.S2 (1976): 99–139, esp. p. 131: "Given these facts, plus the circumstances surrounding the fall of the Russian government and its withdrawal from the war in late 1917 and early 1918, it is easy to understand why Sonnino was so incensed, particularly at the British, for their invocation of the

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On 18 September, Faisal arrived in London and the next day and on the 23rd had lengthy meetings with Lloyd George who explained the Aide Memoire and British position. Lloyd George explained that he was "in the position of a man who had inherited two sets of engagements, those to King Hussein and

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The Anglo-French Declaration was read into the minutes, Pichon commenting that it showed the disinterested position of both governments in regard to the Arabs and Lloyd George that it was "more important than all the old agreements". Pichon went on to mention a proposed scheme of agreement of 15

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at Paris in Paris on the non-Turkish elements of the Ottoman Empire, including liberated Jerusalem. Sykes had stated that the accomplished fact of the independence of the Hejaz rendered it almost impossible that an effective and real autonomy should be refused to Syria. However, the minutes also

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In a further sign of British discontent with Sykes–Picot, in August, Sykes penned a "Memorandum on the Asia Minor Agreement" that was tantamount to advocating its renegotiation else that it be made clear to the French that they "make good—that is to say that if they cannot make a military effort

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The British Government, in authorising the letters despatched to King Hussein before the outbreak of the revolt by Sir Henry McMahon, would seem to raise a doubt as to whether our pledges to King Hussein as head of the Arab nation are consistent with French intentions to make not only Syria but

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Loevy makes a similar point in respect of sections 4 to 8 of the agreement and refers to British and French practicing "Ottoman colonial development as insiders" and that this experience acted as a road map for the later wartime negotiations. Khalidi point to the negotiations between Britain and

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The failure of the Projet d'Arrangement reflected poorly on Sykes and following on from the doubts about his explanations of Sykes–Picot to Hussein the previous year, weakened his credibility on Middle Eastern affairs throughout 1918. Still (at his own request, now Acting Adviser on Arabian and

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On 15 September, the British handed out an Aide Memoire (which had been discussed privately two days before between Lloyd George and Clemenceau ) whereby the British would withdraw their troops to Palestine and Mesopotamia and hand over Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo to Faisal's forces. While

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At the French embassy in London on Sunday 1 December, David Lloyd George and Clemenceau had a private and undocumented meeting where the latter surrendered French rights to Mosul (the city of Mosul and south to the Little Zab) and to Palestine that had been given by the Sykes–Picot Agreement.

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was dispatched to Arabia in September 1916 as head of the French military mission to the Arabs. According to Cairo, Brémond was intent on containing the revolt so that the Arabs might not in any way threaten French interests in Syria. These concerns were not taken up in London, British-French

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Faisal arrived in Paris on 20 October and eventually on 6 January 1920 Faisal accepted a French mandate "for the whole of Syria", while France in return consented "to the formation of an Arab state that included Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, and was to be administered by the Emir with the

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whether it be Syria or Mesopotamia, that he thought the issues involved the peace of the world and were not necessarily just a matter between France and Britain. He suggested that an Inter-Allied Commission be formed and sent out to find out the wishes of local inhabitants in the region. The

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in April 1917; at this conference, Lloyd George had raised the question of a British protectorate of Palestine and the idea "had been very coldly received" by the French and the Italians. The War Cabinet, reviewing this conference on 25 April, "inclined to the view that sooner or later the

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also recommended a form of autonomy in "the natural geographical area which lies between the proposed Armenia on the north and Mesopotamia on the south, with the divide between the Euphrates and the Tigris as the western boundary, and the Persian frontier as the eastern boundary".

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In his turn, Lloyd George delivered a speech on war aims on 5 January, including references to the right of self-determination and "consent of the governed" as well as to secret treaties and the changed circumstances regarding them. Three days later, Wilson weighed in with his

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On 5 October, with the permission of General Allenby, Faisal announced the establishment of a fully and absolutely independent Arab constitutional government. Faisal announced it would be an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion.

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of 1917, Constantinople and the Straits could have been given to Russia upon the Allied victory. This agreement and the Sykes–Picot Agreement were complementary, as France and Britain first had to satisfy Russia in order to finalize the partitioning of the Middle East.

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on the Euphrates and from there southwards along the desert border, finishing eventually at the Egyptian frontier. Picot, however, added that he was prepared "to propose to the French government to throw Mosul into the Arab pool, if we did so in the case of Baghdad".

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This organization, formed in France in 1917, later made a presentation to the Paris peace conference claiming to represent Syria and with a position opposed to that of Faisal. It later transpired that its chairman, Shukri Ghanim had spent the previous 35 years in

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time and then to India coming back to Basra in September and a third time to Cairo in November (where he was apprised of the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence) before returning home on 8 December and finally delivering his report to the War Committee on 16 December.

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is to reverse the effects of the Sykes–Picot Agreement for the purpose of building a united Islamic State. "We don't recognise it and we will never recognise it. This is not the first border we will break, we will break other borders," a jihadist from the ISIL,

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was in the midst of a revolution. The lack of Russian consent to the Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne agreement was subsequently used by the British at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to invalidate it, a position that greatly incensed the Italian government.

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as well as Lloyd George and Arthur Balfour, explained the British and French points of view concerning the agreement. It was the first topic brought up during the discussion of Syria and Turkey, and formed the focus of all discussions thereafter.

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record that the Syrian Arabs in Egypt were not happy with developments and absent a clearer, less ambiguous statement in regard to the future of Syria and Mesopotamia then the Allies as well as the King of the Hedjaz would lose much Arab support.

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Eventually, Russia having agreed on 26 April 1916, the final terms were sent by Paul Cambon, the French Ambassador in London, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Edward Grey, on 9 May 1916, and ratified in Grey's reply on 16 May 1916.

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British Government would not object to the arrangement. But, as the Blue Area extends so far Eastwards, and affects Russian interests, it would be absolutely essential that, before anything was concluded, the consent of Russia was obtained.

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arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. After many vicissitudes, "mired in confusion and intrigue", "Lloyd George had second thoughts...", the French and British had declined to participate.

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along with its potential claim in Palestine was in the meantime issued on 2 November and the British entered Jerusalem on 9 December, with Allenby on foot 2 days later accompanied by representatives of the French and Italian detachments.

1843:, Lloyd George promised at least one or even all of, support for French claims on the Ruhr, that when oil production in Mosul began, France would receive a share and that Sykes–Picot obligation would be maintained as regards Syria. 1476:

In his introduction to a 2016 Symposium on the subject of Sykes–Picot, law professor Anghie notes that much of the agreement is given over to "commercial and trade arrangements, to access to ports and the construction of railways".

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and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement took place between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats,

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On 23 December 1917, Sykes (who had been sent to France in mid-December to see what was happening with the Projet d'Arrangement) and a representative of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs had delivered public addresses to the

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and 15 miles from the borders of Ottoman Palestine. Lloyd George "at once" consulted his War Cabinet about a "further campaign into Palestine when El Arish had been secured". Pressure from Lloyd George (over the reservations of

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delegates. The conclusions of the Eastern Committee at page 4 of the P-memo included as objectives the cancellation of Sykes–Picot and supporting the Arabs in their claim to a state with capital at Damascus (in line with the

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final draft agreement was circulated to the cabinet on 2 February, the War Committee considered it on the 3rd and finally at a meeting on the 4th between Bonar Law, Chamberlain, Lord Kitchener and others it was decided that:

911:(d) Lastly, such a settlement has to be worked in with an arrangement satisfactory to the conscientious desires of Christianity, Judaeism, and Mohammedanism in regard to the status of Jerusalem and the neighboring shrines." 4417: 4644: 988:

On Monday 3 January 1916, they agreed and initialled a joint memorandum containing what was to become known as the Sykes–Picot Agreement. They had agreed to compromise on the two primary areas of difference—they split the

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and established their own mandatory regime in Palestine, without first obtaining approval from the Council of the League of Nations, or obtaining the formal cession of the territory from the former sovereign, Turkey.

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Lloyd George set up a new small War Cabinet initially comprising Lords Curzon and Milner, Bonar Law, Arthur Henderson and himself; Hankey became the Secretary with Sykes, Ormsby-Gore and Amery as assistants. Although

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on 26 November 1917, such that "the British were embarrassed, the Arabs dismayed and the Turks delighted". The agreement's legacy has led to much resentment in the region, among Arabs in particular but also among

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These eleven letters, starting with Sazonov's 26 April letter to Paléologue and ending with Grey's 23 October letter to Benckendorff, were compiled in a memorandum circulated to the British War Cabinet in April

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which had been under increasing pressure and criticism mainly due to its conduct of the war, gave way on 6 December to David Lloyd George who had been critical of the war effort and had succeeded Kitchener as

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Formed from the merger in March of the Middle East Committee (previously the Mesopotamia Administration Committee) with the Foreign Office Committee on Russia and the interdepartmental Persia Committee.

1931:(initially a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan, but Japan withdrew from the conference) agreed, on 30 January, the outlines of a 2906: 2498:

criticised the proposed agreement on the basis that "the Jews have a strong material, and a very strong political, interest in the future of the country" and that "in the Brown area the question of

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into areas of British and French control and influence. The British- and French-controlled countries were divided by the Sykes–Picot line. The agreement allocated to the UK control of what is today

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assistance of French advisers" (acknowledged "the right of Syrians to unite to govern themselves as an independent nation".). In the meantime, British forces withdrew from Damascus on 26 November.

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Many sources contend that Sykes–Picot conflicted with the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916 and that the publication of the agreement in November 1917 caused the resignation of Sir

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him. Later reports from participants expressed doubts about the precise nature of the discussions and the degree to which Hussein had really been informed as to the terms of Sykes–Picot.

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of June 1861 and September 1864, and added that the rights granted to France in what is today modern Syria and parts of Turkey under Sykes–Picot were incompatible with that agreement.

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that he had "been given the Picot negotiations". Sykes and Picot entered into "almost daily" private discussions over the six-day period; no documents survive from these discussions.

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Arab Question; Sykes and Georges-Picot, Memorandum, not dated (known from other sources as 3 January 1916), and Nicolson, covering letter, 5 January 1916 (F.O. 371/2767/2522)

1346: 4499: 4470: 4436: 4391: 4279: 5249: 4688:... resolved to submit the following as defining the aspirations of the people who have chosen us to place them before the American section of the Inter-Allied Commission. 2874: 2855: 1179: 4570:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4541:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4500:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4471:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919" 4153:

Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "France's Middle Eastern Ambitions, the Sykes–Picot Negotiations, and the Oil Fields of Mosul." The Journal of Modern History 66.4 (1994): 717.

716:). Their correspondence comprised ten letters exchanged from July 1915 to March 1916, in which the British government agreed to recognize Arab independence after the war 4637:"FRUS: Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: The Council of Four: minutes of meetings May 24 to June 28, 1919" 6144: 5071: 2290: 1748:

in Damascus declared a government loyal to the Sharif of Mecca. He had been declared King of the Arabs by a handful of religious leaders and other notables in Mecca.

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After the Constantinople agreement, the French approached the British with a view to working out their mutual desiderata and the British, on 8 April 1915, set up the

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in the Levant. More broadly it was to lead, indirectly, to the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following Ottoman defeat in 1918. Shortly after the war,

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with François Georges-Picot took place on 23 November 1915. Picot informed the Nicolson committee that France claimed the possession of land starting from where the

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reached at a London conference on 12 February, based on a slightly different version of the Long Berenger agreement previously initialled in London on 21 December.

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was signed on 28 June and with the departure of Wilson and Lloyd George from Paris, the result was that the Turkey/Syria question was effectively placed on hold.

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Later, in February and March, Sykes and Picot acted as advisors to Sir George Buchanan and the French ambassador respectively, during negotiations with Sazonov.

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1916, and it was only with the greatest of difficulty that a minimum of sufficient assistance in material could be scraped together to ensure initial success."

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was a letter (also secret) dated 8 February 1918 from the British Government to Hussein following his request for an explanation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement.

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The agreement was drafted and negotiated by the countries' diplomats over the coming months, and signed by the allies between 18 August and 26 September 1917.

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On 17 December, Sykes set out his objectives for the negotiation in an interview with the British War Committee. He stated his desire for British control over

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printed the texts on 26 November 1917. That caused great embarrassment to the allies and growing distrust between them and the Arabs. Earlier, in April, the

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this regard, namely to keep the French onside while pressing for a British Palestine. First Sykes in early May and then Picot and Sykes together visited the

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replaced Grey as Foreign Secretary, his exclusion from the War Cabinet and the activist stance of its members weakened his influence over foreign policy.

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Picot was informed and five days later Cambon told Nicolson that "the French government were in accord with the proposals concerning the Arab question".

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Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: the peace negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers 21 November, 1917–3 March, 1918, p. 40

954:

their demands to some extent, the British also claimed to want to include Lebanon in the future Arab State and this meeting also ended at an impasse.

903:"The main problem to be solved is to discover a middle course which will harmonise with the requirements of the various parties, which are as follows: 6875: 6869: 3843:

Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: the peace negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers 21 November, 1917–3 March, 1918, p. 8

1598:

In between the meetings with Hussein, Sykes had informed London that "the sooner French Military Mission is removed from Hedjaz the better" and then

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The Eastern Committee met nine times in November and December to draft a set of resolutions on British policy for the benefit of the negotiators.

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in June 1920. They deposed the indigenous Arab government, and removed King Faisal from Damascus in August 1920. Great Britain also appointed a

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and other places was a question apart, and affected various other nations including Russia: and that this question could not now be gone into."

4300:

Goldstein, Erik (1987). "British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: The Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918".

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potentially provided for a Kurdish territory subject to a referendum and League of Nations sanction within a year of the treaty. However, the

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Fitzgerald, Edward Peter (1994). "France's Middle Eastern ambitions, the Sykes–Picot negotiations, and the oil fields of Mosul, 1915–1918".

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before the terms had been accepted by the Council of the League of Nations. The French issued an ultimatum and intervened militarily at the

6935: 6398: 1599: 623: 6122: 2230: 7001: 6602: 6596: 6410: 6404: 5866: 1558: 339: 179: 144: 5035: 6927: 6917: 4916: 3874:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume III – Office of the Historian" 2211: 2091: 1387:; to settle the Italian interest in the Ottoman Empire—specifically article 9 of the Treaty of London. The agreement was needed by the 1253: 1130: 184: 98: 6991: 6130: 5187: 3948:. Supplement 1, The World War Volume I, Part I: The continuation and conclusion of the war—participation of the United States, p. 243 2237: 4885: 2721: 1196:

British agreement to the Sykes–Picot Agreement (this document is the official English-language version of the Sykes–Picot Agreement)

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a major British war aim, and two days after taking office told Robertson that he wanted a major victory, preferably the capture of

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East. Faisal entered Damascus on 4 October and appointed Rikabi Chief of the Council of Directors (i.e. prime minister) of Syria.

1136:

French agreement to the Sykes–Picot Agreement (this document is the official French-language version of the Sykes–Picot Agreement)

1760: 480: 1217:

Proposed an Anglo-Russian acceptance to the Russo-French Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement and the Anglo-French Sykes–Picot Agreement

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accepting the withdrawal, Clemenceau continued to insist on the Sykes–Picot agreement as being the basis for all discussions.

1782: 5720: 5624: 5596: 5568: 5547: 5523: 5502: 5459: 5401: 5337: 5316: 4997: 4858: 4609: 4255: 4225: 4198: 4091: 4051: 4024: 3967: 3522: 3444: 3414: 3387: 3011: 2760: 2609: 2575: 1643:, Monday, November 26, 1917. This was the first English-language reference to what became known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement. 1431: 1395: 5061: 4669: 542:

in exchange for supporting the British against the Ottoman Empire. The agreement, along with others, was made public by the

239: 5986: 5951: 5806: 3571:

Khalidi, Rashid I (1988). "The Economic Partition of the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire before the First World War".

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had been recalled from his position as Consul-General in Egypt; his secretary Oswald FitzGerald discussed the matter with

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Dodge, Toby (2016). "The Danger of Analogical Myths: Explaining the Power and Consequences of the Sykes–Picot Delusion."

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in endless conflict." The extent to which Sykes–Picot actually shaped the borders of the modern Middle East is disputed.

2052: 701: 476: 4938: 3539: 1085: 885:

as far south as Deir ez-Zor and thence in south-westerly direction." With respect to Palestine, the British noted that "

818:

Hussein's reply of 1 January to McMahon's 14 December 1915 was received at the Foreign Office, McMahon's cover stating:

437: 6956: 6590: 6514: 6287: 6186: 3711: 3483: 2636: 2365: 2356:

The result was that the Kurds, along with their Assyrian neighbors, were divided between Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran.

1921: 1548:, to impress British public opinion. The EEF were, at the time, in defensive mode at a line on the eastern edge of the 922: 713: 691: 535: 1980: 1633: 1352:

The agreement ratified between the Allies, subject to the consent of Russia (which was never achieved), in August 1917

5759: 4794: 4371: 4115: 4000: 3665: 3646: 2457: 2277: 2117: 1936: 1715:

a secret January 1918 message to Hussein following his request for an explanation of the Balfour Declaration and the

508: 2752:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

2099: 386:, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916. 5676: 5634: 2495: 2165: 2143: 697: 5485: 2294:"Maunsell's map", the British government's pre-World War I ethnographical map of the area covered by the agreement 2036:

handed out Class A mandates over Syria to France, and Iraq and Palestine to Britain. The same conference ratified

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on 16 June, the first British pronouncement to the Arabs advancing the principle of national self-determination.

359: 5515:

The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. British-French supremacy, 1914–1945. 2

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Although Lloyd George and others have suggested that nothing was given in return, according to Ian Rutledge and

654:

for France. The UK and French claims were both agreed, all sides also agreeing that the exact governance of the

6996: 6966: 6833: 6763: 6757: 6635: 6493: 5746: 2338: 2215: 2161: 2095: 5130: 1595:

Sykes–Picot Agreement might have to be reconsidered ... No action should be taken at present in this matter".

7046: 6685: 6542: 6457: 6260: 6229: 2984: 3227: 2793:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1917, Supplement 2, The World War, Volume I" 6308: 6152: 2318: 2251: 1916: 1887: 5093:"Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict" 3354:

Russian consent clause as a means of invalidating the St. Jean agreement at the Peace Conference in 1919."

2502:, and also of British control of all Palestine railways, in the interest of Egypt, have to be considered". 2157:

was signed on 30 October 1918 although the British continued their advance, entering Mosul on 2 November.

1831:. On 2 November, the British occupied the Mosul Vilayet which led to the territorial dispute known as the 1561:) resulted in the capture of Rafa and the arrival of British forces at the borders of the Ottoman Empire. 843:

Minutes of the first negotiation on 23 November 1915, in which both sides set out their starting positions

7051: 6629: 5912: 3726:'"The erosion of Foreign Office influence in the making of foreign policy, 1916–1918", Roberta M.Warman, 3349:

Helmreich, Paul C. "Italy and the Anglo-French Repudiation of the 1917 St. Jean de Maurienne Agreement."

2805: 2346: 1283:

Confirmed Russian and British agreement to the Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

516: 5633:

Ottaway, Marina. "Learning from Sykes–Picot." (WWIC Middle East Program Occasional Paper Series, 2015).

2299:

areas). Bowman says there were around 2.5 million Kurds in Turkey, mainly in the mountain region called

6986: 6775: 6753: 6689: 5829: 5824: 5560:

From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949

5533: 3704:

Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front: The Experience of the British Empire Soldier, 1916–18

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released a copy of the Sykes–Picot Agreement (as well as other treaties). They revealed full texts in

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Anghie, Antony T. (2016). "Introduction to Symposium on the Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes–Picot".

4761: 4364:

The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923

3873: 2322: 1987: 1951: 1932: 1403: 5382:

Donaldson, Megan (2016). "Textual Settlements: The Sykes–Picot Agreement and Secret Treaty-Making."

4762:"Notes of a Meeting of the Heads of Delegations of the Five Great Powers, Paris, 15 September, 1919" 4706: 4068:

Struggle for Arab Independence: Western Diplomacy and the Rise and Fall of Faisal's Kingdom in Syria

3804: 2666: 383: 161: 89: 7016: 6536: 6532: 6224: 6214: 6011: 5946: 5474:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

2813: 2597:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

2080: 1995: 1911:

On 21 October, the War Cabinet asked Smuts to prepare the peace brief in summary form and he asked

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within the limits indicated above shall be reserved to Italy, who shall be entitled to occupy it."

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In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and Its Interpretations 1914–1939

2423:

presented a similar geopolitical analysis in an editorial contribution for the French newspaper

1939:. The Big Four would later decide which communities, under what conditions and which Mandatory. 1371:

on 19 April 1917, a tentative agreement was reached between British and French Prime Ministers,

6976: 6785: 6781: 5971: 4141: 3555:"Railways, Ports and Irrigation: The Sykes–Picot Agreement's Forgotten Regional Moment (draft)" 2037: 1928: 1506:

Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes–Picot Agreement in 1916

1471: 5614: 5391: 5327: 4599: 4215: 4188: 4081: 4041: 3434: 3377: 2750: 2601: 1942:

Minutes taken during a meeting of The Big Four held in Paris on 20 March 1919 and attended by

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The formal agreements between Britain, France and Russia comprised the eleven letters below.

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While Sykes and Picot were in negotiations, discussions were proceeding in parallel between

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discussion concluded with Wilson agreeing to draft a Terms of Reference to the commission.

1648: 1524: 558: 5966: 3892:"The Emergence of the Middle East into the Modern State System, Eugene Rogan, ch. 2 p. 48" 827:

After discussions, Grey instructed that the French be informed of the situation, although

8: 6641: 6566: 6548: 6526: 6431: 6371: 6356: 6339: 6333: 6265: 6250: 6198: 6154: 5836: 5736: 5304: 4241: 2713: 2466: 2443: 2330: 2154: 2135: 2033: 2025: 2002:

and to present Arab views contained in a 2 July resolution to the King-Crane Commission.

1912: 1840: 1828: 1621: 1540:

after his untimely death in June. Lloyd George had wanted to make the destruction of the

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lasted until 1946. The Anatolian parts of the agreement were assigned by the August 1920

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after the meeting on the 21st, Lloyd George had written to Clemenceau and cancelled the

1157:

Mutual confirmation to protect each other's pre-existing interests in the allotted areas

512: 6851: 6807: 6675: 6006: 5696: 5664: 5436: 5428: 5364: 5016: 4694: 4317: 4173:

Woodrow Wilson and world settlement. Written from his unpublished and personal material

4154: 3580: 2540: 2350: 2317:

known as Sharif Pasha presented a "Memorandum on the Claims of the Kurd People" to the

2048: 1947: 1879: 1372: 962: 871: 851: 647: 627: 520: 487:

to the British. Mandates in the Levant and Mesopotamia were assigned at the April 1920

465: 398: 5036:"'Lines Drawn on an Empty Map': Iraq's Borders and the Legend of the Artificial State" 4874: 4335:

Dockrill; Steiner (2010). "The Foreign Office at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919".

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The Russians gave up territorial claims following the Bolshevik revolution and at the

1238:

Replaced the word "protect" with "uphold" before the words "an independent Arab State"

605: 54: 6813: 6718: 6508: 6175: 5917: 5811: 5716: 5620: 5592: 5564: 5543: 5519: 5498: 5455: 5440: 5397: 5333: 5312: 5020: 4854: 4790: 4605: 4367: 4251: 4221: 4194: 4111: 4087: 4047: 4020: 3996: 3963: 3707: 3661: 3642: 3518: 3479: 3440: 3410: 3383: 2756: 2632: 2605: 2571: 1727: 1399: 1032: 969:"), creating "a belt of English-controlled country" south of "a line from the 'e' in 788: 390: 5741: 5329:

Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

3514:

Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes–Picot Agreement

3247: 6901: 6724: 6323: 6255: 5846: 5688: 5656: 5420: 5356: 5006: 4344: 4309: 1819: 926: 422: 351: 258: 5537: 4388:"Peace conference: memoranda respecting Syria, Arabia and Palestine, p. 50, Syria" 4348: 3639:

Palestine, a Twice-promised Land?: The British, the Arabs & Zionism, 1915–1920

1790: 933:, following the Taurus Mountains and the mountains further East, so as to include 6907: 6560: 6361: 6328: 6303: 6204: 6106: 5876: 5641: 5586: 5558: 4945: 4934: 4923: 4903: 4892: 4881: 4445: 4421: 3992: 3945: 3234: 2881: 2862: 2819: 2626: 1785:

agreement, which concerned governance and non-intervention in the affairs of the

1712: 1696: 1688: 1549: 1376: 1089: 982: 721: 449: 441: 394: 5309:

A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East

4247:

A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East

6209: 6001: 5192: 4665: 2471: 2177: 1999: 1943: 1883: 1832: 1802: 1716: 1683: 1680: 1571: 1541: 1414: 1384: 1072: 847: 796: 729: 643: 635: 631: 539: 504: 445: 370: 366: 347: 222: 218: 6487: 5692: 5360: 5226: 5151: 5011: 4992: 4313: 2314: 1430:

Palestine was discussed between various members of the British Civil Service.

1334: 569: 6950: 5981: 5579:

England and the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1921

5468: 4807: 3421:

P.R.O. 30/57/45, the Kitchener Papers, Storrs to Fitzgerald, 28 December 1914

2591: 2563: 2371: 1935:

system (including three levels of Mandate) later to become Article 22 of the

1896: 1755:

and British armies entered Damascus on 1 October 1918, and on 3 October 1918

1439: 1402:, even though they were replaced with the forces of what would be called the 1380: 990: 875: 867: 772: 771:, up to the border of Persia; on the east by the borders of Persia up to the 705: 527: 335: 33:

Map signed by Sykes and Picot, enclosed in Cambon's 9 May 1916 letter to Grey

2856:

Castles Made of Sand: A Century of Anglo-American Espionage and Intervention

2043:

France had decided to govern Syria directly, and took action to enforce the

674: 6747: 5605:

Kitching, Paula (2015). "The Sykes–Picot Agreement and Lines in the Sand".

5066: 4840: 2885: 1010: 970: 921:

The first meeting of the British interdepartmental committee headed by Sir

866:, turning east of that place and running north to include the whole of the 776: 717: 414: 126: 74: 5647:

Tanenbaum, Jan Karl (1978). "France and the Arab Middle East, 1914–1920".

4127:

CAB 27/24, E.C. 41 War Cabinet Eastern Committee Minutes, December 5, 1918

3222: 6797: 5782: 5480:

Gil‐Har, Yitzhak. "Boundaries Delimitation: Palestine and Trans‐Jordan."

3960:

Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: the Sherifian solution

3406:

Balfour and Weizmann: The Zionist, the Zealot and the Emergence of Israel

2490:

In 12 January 1916, a memorandum commenting on a draft of the agreement,

2448: 2400: 1752: 1745: 1124: 946: 859: 828: 735:

The area of Arab independence was defined to be "bounded on the North by

725: 685:

Map illustrating Territorial Negotiations between H.M.G. and King Hussein

655: 639: 622:

In the Constantinople Agreement of 18 March 1915, following the start of

417:

to allow access to the Mediterranean. France was to control southeastern

374: 214: 196: 94: 5286:

Documents on British Foreign Policy, series I, vol. IV, pp. 241–251

3763:

UK National Archives CAB/24/143, Eastern Report, No. XVIII, May 31, 1917

3584: 2310:

Partitioning of Ottoman Empire according to the aborted Treaty of Sèvres

1677:

had confirmed the details of the Agreement with the British government.

916:"Preliminary Observations"; Sykes–Picot Joint Memorandum, 3 January 1916 834: 6584: 6388: 5751: 5700: 5668: 5432: 5368: 4321: 4158: 3086: 2875:

Middle East still rocking from first world war pacts made 100 years ago

2218: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1756: 1652: 994: 934: 543: 531: 379: 243: 149: 85: 6712: 5347:

Brecher, Frank W. (1993). "French Policy toward the Levant 1914–18".

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Why border lines drawn with a ruler in WW1 still rock the Middle East

2383: 2300: 1545: 886: 882: 118: 5660: 5122: 5062:"Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria" 4272:"Peace conference: memoranda respecting Syria, Arabia and Palestine" 3923: 3078: 2193: 2069: 1927:

At the Peace Conference, which officially opened on 18 January, the

389:

The agreement effectively divided the Ottoman provinces outside the

5451:

The Question of Palestine: British–Jewish–Arab Relations, 1914–1918

5424: 2425: 1786: 1657: 1553: 890: 800: 461: 5747:

Eighth Report UK Government policy on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

3475:

The Gentile Zionists: A Study in Anglo-Zionist Diplomacy 1929–1939

2782:

Interview with Kamel Abu Jaber, former Foreign Minister of Jordan.

1033:

Formal British, French and Russian agreements (April–October 1916)

881:

The British had proposed as an eastern boundary: "the line of the

6791: 5169: 4438:

The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919

4414:

The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919

3677:

Arab Bulletin No 52, 31 May 1917, Hejaz, A Year of Revolt, p. 249

2499: 1674: 1450: 930: 784: 748: 668: 651: 430: 65: 5494:

A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians

4965:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from 5616:

Britain and the Arab Middle East: World War I and its Aftermath

4671:

Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress: Syria, July 2, 1919

4451: 3599: 3129:; Minutes of the second negotiation meeting on 21 December 1915 2306: 2142:. Although never ratified, the British had also initialled the 1798: 1663: 1647:

Russian claims in the Ottoman Empire were denied following the

1410: 1006: 974: 863: 812: 792: 768: 760: 756: 736: 634:, wrote to the French and UK ambassadors and staked a claim to 475:

The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the

418: 402: 45: 3379:

Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East

1915:

to carry out this task resulting in a "P-memo" for use by the

1502: 317: 284: 4432: 4430: 2416: 2131: 1794: 1579: 1002: 998: 966: 942: 938: 764: 740: 554: 426: 410: 1998:

had been convened in May 1919 to consider the future of the

1047:

The eleven letters of the British-French-Russian agreements

5188:"How the Curse of Sykes–Picot Still Haunts the Middle East" 3680: 3616: 3180: 3042: 2946:"Sykes-Picot: The map that spawned a century of resentment" 2176:

it was decided that Faisal should be installed as ruler in

1482: 1421: 1318: 846:

Picot proposed that the French area include: "the whole of

808: 804: 780: 752: 570:

Earlier agreements with Russia and Italy (March–April 1915)

406: 326: 308: 290: 267: 16:

Secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France

5393:

Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916–19

4886:

How the curse of Sykes–Picot still haunts the Middle East"

4427: 4108:

Allenby and General Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919

409:, and an additional small area that included the ports of 3295: 3293: 3278: 3098: 3096: 2956: 1564: 1088:

confirming French agreement to the Russian annexation of

675:

Earlier agreement with the Arabs (July 1915 – March 1916)

658:

was to be left for later settlement. Were it not for the

299: 4742: 4617: 4521: 4217:

Enemy on the Euphrates: The Battle for Iraq, 1914 - 1921

3201:"Dividing the bear's skin while the bear is still alive" 3156: 3132: 3127:

Official outcome of the negotiations of 21 December 1915

2359: 1489:

for "a share of the oil and British support elsewhere".

1394:

The goal was to balance the military power drops at the

515:; however, these ambitions were thwarted by the 1919–23 5059: 3822: 3798:"International Boundary Study; Jordan – Syria Boundary" 3778: 3745: 3733: 3331: 3168: 3144: 2660:"International Boundary Study; Jordan – Syria Boundary" 1726:

On 28 March 1918 the first meeting of the newly formed

1391:

to secure the position of Italian forces in West Asia.

1379:, and the Italian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, 854:, and that their southern boundary must be the present 472:, was to fall under an "international administration". 5250:"Ne laissons pas le Moyen-Orient à la barbarie !" 5219:"First Appearance of ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi" 4960:"Islam and prospects for democracy in the Middle East" 4190:

Enemy on the Euphrates: The Battle for Iraq, 1914–1921

3492: 3290: 3266: 3108: 3093: 2714:"Sykes-Picot Agreement - World War I Document Archive" 2029:

Faisal's brother, was declared Regent of Mesopotamia.

1340:

Map of the agreement, signed by Balfour in August 1917

538:

regarding a national Arab homeland in the area of the

6379:

Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence

5893: 5247: 3766: 3453: 3030: 3018: 2748: 2353:

in which there was no provision for a Kurdish State.

2153:, on 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad, the 835:

Anglo-French negotiations (October 1915 – March 1916)

323: 305: 287: 273: 270: 264: 4674:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 180–182 3357: 2999: 1815:

1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)

1628: 1398:

as Russian (Tsarist) forces were pulling out of the

526:

The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in

314: 296: 281: 4016:

Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

3924:"Maronite figures embracing " Syrian nationalism "" 3326:

The Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1914–22

1846: 1808: 320: 302: 278: 261: 5679:(1970). "The Balfour Declaration and Its Makers". 5649:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4169: 3510: 1781:said the Great Powers were still committed to the 1586:Italy's participation in the war, governed by the 456:. Italy assented to the agreement in 1917 via the 4915:See, for example, academic conferences hosted by 4012: 2981:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2778:Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 1827:On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire had signed the 1497: 997:river, with the French taking the northern part ( 491:following the Sykes–Picot framework; the British 6948: 5707: 5055: 5053: 4787:Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 3537: 3077: 1966:Wilson intervened and stressed the principle of 365:The agreement was based on the premise that the 4334: 4110:, By Matthew Hughes, Taylor and Francis, 1999, 3075: 1427:Palestine at least up to the Acre-Dar'a line". 4897:Fractured lands: How the Arab world came apart 4813:The New World: Problems in Political Geography 4039: 3436:A Companion to International History 1900–2001 3402: 2735: 2703:Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans, p. 286 2024:Faisal returned to Damascus on 16 January and 564: 546:in Moscow on 23 November 1917 and repeated in 6473: 6138: 5794: 5767: 5120: 5050: 4079: 4070:p. 34. Caravan Books. Delmar, New York. 1977. 3730:, CUP, Vol. 15, No. 1, Mar. 1972, pp. 133–159 3604:(PhD). Glasgow Theses Service. pp. 45–46 3432: 3375: 2624: 2543:described this "agreement" as a secret treaty 1413:was not represented in this agreement as the 4846:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 4213: 4207: 4186: 4019:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 53–. 3938:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1918 3063:, James Barr, Simon and Schuster, 2011 Ch. 2 2164:at San Remo, the British were faced with an 2059: 1510: 1492: 1481:France in 1913 and 1914 with respect to the 1454:interests in Jerusalem and the Holy Places. 1005:) and the British taking the southern part ( 981:On Tuesday 28 December, Mark Sykes informed 858:," that the boundary line would then go to " 6411:American trusteeship proposal for Palestine 5454:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 97–118. 3862:. Government Print Office Washington. 1918. 3846:. Government Print Office Washington. 1918. 3552: 3504: 3311:Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts, 2130:In November 1914, the British had occupied 2098:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 831:did not take the agreement that seriously. 7037:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 6936:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 6480: 6466: 6367:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report 6145: 6131: 5774: 5760: 5410: 5303: 5280: 5123:"Extremists in Iraq need a history lesson" 4240: 4073: 4033: 4006: 3697: 3695: 3010:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKedouri2014 ( 2776:James Hawes (Director) (21 October 2003). 2631:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. 2349:led to the treaty being superseded by the 2168:from July until February 1921, as well as 1304: 1286: 1262: 1241: 1220: 1199: 1178: 1160: 1139: 1112: 1094: 27: 6646:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 6620:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 5646: 5010: 4873:Such coverage includes Osman, T. (2013) " 4299: 3396: 3071: 3069: 2832:"Syria and Lebanon are often in the news" 2694:magazine, Time-Life Books, no 75, p. 2078 2278:Learn how and when to remove this message 2118:Learn how and when to remove this message 862:and from there Eastwards to the south of 799:" lying to the west of "the districts of 5781: 5612: 5584: 5532: 5511: 5447: 5152:"El video del militante chileno de ISIS" 5060:Mark Tran; Matthew Weaver (2014-06-30). 4816:. New York: World Book Company. p. 4789:, by Timothy J. Paris, Routledge, 2003, 4748: 4623: 4527: 4457: 4234: 4086:. Yale University Press. pp. 154–. 3828: 3784: 3751: 3739: 3686: 3633: 3631: 3622: 3498: 3439:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 132–. 3337: 3299: 3284: 3272: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3150: 3114: 3102: 3048: 2962: 2812:magazine, no. 75, Time-Life Books, 1973 2628:The Middle East in the Twentieth Century 2305: 2289: 1818: 1744:On 30 September 1918, supporters of the 1632: 1501: 1422:The brown zone and the imperial interest 1319:Agreement with Italy (April–August 1917) 956: 838: 779:, with the exception of the position of 678: 6053:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 5490: 5346: 5325: 5033: 4366:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 3701: 3692: 3570: 3517:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 26–. 3459: 3162: 3138: 3036: 3005: 2706: 2590: 2394:(ISIL) claimed one of the goals of its 1761:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 783:to remain as it is; on the west by the 481:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 369:would achieve success in defeating the 7027:Treaties involving territorial changes 6949: 6928:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 6918:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 5675: 5556: 5389: 5182: 4806: 4800: 4604:, Yale University Press, p. 213, 4597: 4144:, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1970), pp. 273–294 . 3772: 3597: 3363: 3250:. Yale Law School The Avalon Project. 3066: 3024: 2183: 1565:Lloyd George Government (1917 onwards) 795:", with the exception of "portions of 7032:Treaties of the French Third Republic 6461: 6126: 5755: 5384:American Journal of International Law 5377:American Journal of International Law 5298:American Journal of International Law 4998:American Journal of International Law 4993:"Sykes–Picot and "Artificial" States" 4939:American Society of International Law 4849:. Harlow, England: Longman. pp. 4830:See CAB 24/271, Cabinet Paper 203(37) 4361: 3957: 3628: 2562: 2360:Conflicting promises and consequences 1396:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 479:, which provided a framework for the 468:, with a smaller area than the later 6923:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 6662:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 6017:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 5290: 5248:Dominique de Villepin (2014-08-09). 4990: 4839: 4250:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 83–. 3471: 3226:This content is available under the 2392:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2216:adding citations to reliable sources 2187: 2096:adding citations to reliable sources 2063: 1592:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1360:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1325:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 485:the French ceded Palestine and Mosul 458:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 6417:Israeli Declaration of Independence 5396:. Psychology Press. pp. 317–. 4957: 4928:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 3601:British Strategy and Oil, 1914–1923 3315:, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 1036 3199:Desplatt, Juliette (May 16, 2016). 2974: 1759:was appointed Military Governor of 1667:on 23 November 1917; subsequently, 1461: 13: 6913:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 6804:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 5715:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 143–145. 5225:. 17 November 2014. Archived from 3962:. London: Frank Cass. p. 50. 3921: 3660:, Eliezer Tauber, Routledge, 2014 3542:. Oxford Public International Law. 2928:"Sykes and Picot's lasting legacy" 2377: 1901:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 710:British High Commissioner to Egypt 354:, to define their mutually agreed 14: 7063: 5730: 4043:The Arab Movements in World War I 3658:The Arab Movements in World War I 3248:"The Sykes–Picot Agreement: 1916" 2458:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 2321:and the suppressed report of the 2134:. According to the report of the 1629:After public disclosure (1917–18) 1367:In a meeting in a railway car at 1256:, British Deputy Foreign Minister 509:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 6992:Documents of Mandatory Palestine 6842:Agreement on Movement and Access 6158: 5241: 5211: 5176: 5144: 5114: 5085: 5046:from the original on 2016-10-28. 5027: 4984: 4951: 4909: 4867: 4833: 4824: 4780: 4754: 4713: 4658: 4629: 4591: 4562: 4533: 4492: 4463: 4337:The International History Review 3382:. Open Court. pp. 161–162. 3221: 3085:. UK Foreign Office – via 2568:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2192: 2172:in Northern Iraq. Following the 2166:Iraqi revolt against the British 2144:Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 2068: 1871: 1855: 1847:Paris Peace Conference (1919–20) 1809:Mosul and Palestine modification 1345: 1333: 698:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 604: 588: 452:already promised under the 1915 257: 234: 190: 178: 155: 143: 117:23 November 1917 by the Russian 73: 64: 53: 44: 6876:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6870:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 6838:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 6112:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 5275: 5260:from the original on 2014-08-10 5200:from the original on 2017-11-12 5133:from the original on 2015-03-22 5103:from the original on 2014-07-14 5074:from the original on 2014-07-01 4768:from the original on 2017-08-09 4731:from the original on 2017-08-08 4686:, Modern World History Reader. 4647:from the original on 2017-08-08 4580:from the original on 2017-08-08 4551:from the original on 2017-08-08 4510:from the original on 2017-08-07 4481:from the original on 2011-06-04 4406: 4394:from the original on 2017-05-31 4380: 4355: 4328: 4293: 4282:from the original on 2017-05-31 4264: 4180: 4163: 4147: 4138:Mesopotamia in British War Aims 4130: 4121: 4100: 4060: 3984:Jordan: Living in the Crossfire 3976: 3951: 3930: 3915: 3904:from the original on 2021-08-15 3884: 3866: 3850: 3834: 3790: 3757: 3720: 3671: 3651: 3641:(Transaction Publishers 2000), 3598:Gibson, Martin William (2012). 3591: 3573:Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 3564: 3546: 3531: 3465: 3426: 3369: 3343: 3318: 3305: 3254:from the original on 2016-04-14 3240: 3211:from the original on 2017-08-06 3192: 3120: 3054: 2968: 2938: 2920: 2909:from the original on 2017-09-15 2891: 2868: 2849: 2838:from the original on 2016-03-02 2824: 2799: 2785: 2724:from the original on 2009-04-26 2534: 2525: 2515: 2505: 2484: 2411:, in a July 2014 speech at the 2203:needs additional citations for 595:Area allotted to Russia in the 534:relations. It reneged upon the 477:1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi 360:partition of the Ottoman Empire 7002:France–United Kingdom treaties 6515:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 6309:Western Wall Commission report 6187:McMahon–Hussein correspondence 5034:Pursley, Sara (June 2, 2015). 3986:, Alan George, Zed Books, 2005 3324:C.J. Lowe, and M.L. Dockrill, 2769: 2749:Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). 2697: 2684: 2652: 2618: 2584: 2556: 2496:Director of Naval Intelligence 2366:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 2339:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 2333:, the French were awarded the 2319:Paris Peace Conference in 1919 2162:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1922:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1886:'s press secretary during the 1498:Syria, Palestine and the Arabs 1277:, Russian ambassador to London 714:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 692:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 630:the Russian Foreign Minister, 611:Area allotted to Italy in the 1: 7042:United Kingdom in World War I 7012:Ottoman Empire in World War I 6603:American trusteeship proposal 6288:Palestinian citizenship order 4349:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640205 3409:. A&C Black. p. 96. 2975:Ure, Pinar (April 25, 2018). 2550: 1730:was held, chaired by Curzon. 1531:As 1916 drew to a close, the 1449:to consider British options. 1127:, French ambassador to London 1081:, French ambassador to Russia 683:1918 British government map: 667:bordering on the Province of 6235:King–Crane Commission report 5613:Lieshout, Robert H. (2016). 5497:. I. B. Tauris. p. 84. 5326:Berdine, Michael D. (2018). 4046:. Routledge. pp. 240–. 3228:Open Government Licence v3.0 1711:Sykes was the author of the 1086:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 501:replaced by a similar treaty 495:ran until 1948, the British 438:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 436:As a result of the included 7: 6022:Italian reparation payments 4895:; and Anderson, S. (2016) " 4170:Ray Stannard Baker (1923). 3511:Michael D. Berdine (2018). 2755:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 861–. 2432: 2403:, warned in a video titled 2347:Turkish War of Independence 2160:Following the award of the 1986:In June 1919, the American 1981:Long–Bérenger Oil Agreement 1801:communities, regarding the 565:Motivation and negotiations 517:Turkish War of Independence 358:and control in an eventual 10: 7068: 7022:Treaties concluded in 1916 6972:1916 in the United Kingdom 6776:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 6764:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 6758:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6690:Palestinian autonomy talks 6334:Woodhead Commission report 6266:Haycraft Commission report 6220:Anglo-French Modus Vivendi 5042:. Arab Studies Institute. 4013:William E. Watson (2003). 3958:Paris, Timothy J. (2003). 3478:. Routledge. p. 264. 2977:"Constantinople Agreement" 2795:. Office of the Historian. 2600:. New York: Owl. pp. 2439:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 2363: 1812: 1559:Chief of the General Staff 1538:Secretary of State for War 1465: 1436:Secretary of State for War 1322: 1275:Alexander von Benckendorff 1133:, British Foreign Minister 1075:, Russian Foreign Minister 689: 573: 6890: 6733: 6686:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6611: 6543:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6500: 6426: 6349: 6296: 6277:League of Nations mandate 6261:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 6243: 6230:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 6168: 6101: 6061: 6040: 5942: 5935: 5889: 5790: 5737:The Sykes–Picot Agreement 5693:10.1080/00263207008700138 5518:. Yale University Press. 5448:Friedman, Isaiah (1992). 5413:Journal of Modern History 5361:10.1080/00263209308700971 5160:(in Spanish). 2 July 2014 5012:10.1017/S2398772300002919 4725:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4641:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4574:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4545:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4504:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4475:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4314:10.1080/00263208708700719 3538:Antony T. Anghie (2016). 3351:Journal of Modern History 3313:World War I: Encyclopedia 2648:– via Google Books. 2570:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2060:Iraq and the Persian Gulf 2007:Peace treaty with Germany 1952:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1511:Asquith Government (1916) 1493:The agreement in practice 1434:, the recently appointed 1404:First Republic of Armenia 1282: 1237: 1156: 1083: 1046: 870:; thence West to include 240:The Sykes–Picot Agreement 233: 228: 221:succeed in defeating the 205: 170: 135: 125: 113: 105: 38: 26: 21: 6725:Israel–Lebanon agreement 6537:Anglo-French Declaration 6533:Declaration to the Seven 6225:Anglo-French Declaration 6215:Declaration to the Seven 6032:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 6027:Sino-German Peace Treaty 5713:Turkey: A Modern History 5512:Hurewitz, J. C. (1979). 5311:. Simon & Schuster. 4917:York St. John University 3328:(vol 2 1972) pp. 223–227 3076:Sykes and Picot (1916). 2477: 2407:. ISIL's former leader, 1996:Syrian National Congress 1772:Anglo-French Declaration 1739:Declaration to the Seven 1705:Central Syrian Committee 1590:, eventually led to the 965:("such country south of 945:, and then returning to 874:, and on to include the 597:Constantinople Agreement 576:Constantinople Agreement 454:Constantinople Agreement 6256:Palin Commission report 6181:The Future of Palestine 5585:Kedourie, Elie (2014). 5577:Kedourie, Elie (1978). 5557:Kattan, Victor (2009). 5491:Huneidi, Sahar (2001). 5281:Original correspondence 4937:, and symposium by the 4684:Bronx Community College 4598:Allawi, Ali A. (2014), 4220:. Saqi. pp. 313–. 4193:. Saqi. pp. 128–. 4040:Eliezer Tauber (2014). 3403:Geoffrey Lewis (2009). 2462:Mandate for Mesopotamia 2413:Great Mosque of al-Nuri 2335:French Mandate of Syria 2227:"Sykes–Picot Agreement" 2045:French Mandate of Syria 1968:consent of the governed 1737:The British issued the 1670:The Manchester Guardian 1640:The Manchester Guardian 1369:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 856:Egypto-Turkish frontier 747:, on which degree fall 580:Treaty of London (1915) 549:The Manchester Guardian 497:Mandate for Mesopotamia 6834:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 6754:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 6636:Tripartite Declaration 6329:Peel Commission report 6304:Shaw Commission report 5895:Paris Peace Conference 5681:Middle Eastern Studies 5539:Palestine: the reality 5482:Middle Eastern Studies 5349:Middle Eastern Studies 4884:"; Wright, R. (2016) " 4362:Prott, Volker (2016). 4302:Middle Eastern Studies 4142:The Historical Journal 4080:Ali A. Allawi (2014). 3728:The Historical Journal 3433:Gordon Martel (2008). 3376:Bernard Lewis (2011). 2625:Martin Sicker (2001). 2311: 2295: 2140:Berlin–Baghdad railway 1888:Paris Peace Conference 1864:British Foreign Office 1824: 1644: 1614: 1507: 1472:San Remo Oil Agreement 1468:Berlin–Baghdad railway 1024: 978: 913: 894: 825: 775:; on the South by the 745:37 degrees of latitude 687: 536:UK's promises to Arabs 460:and received southern 384:François Georges-Picot 162:François Georges-Picot 90:François Georges-Picot 6997:France in World War I 6967:1916 in Ottoman Syria 6957:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6882:John Kerry Parameters 6555:Churchill White Paper 6521:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6494:Arab–Israeli conflict 6319:Passfield white paper 6271:Churchill White Paper 6193:Sykes–Picot agreement 6048:Regime of the Straits 5908:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 5807:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 5742:Sykes-Picot from Yale 5390:Fisher, John (1999). 4460:, p. 340 et seq. 4214:Ian Rutledge (2015). 4187:Ian Rutledge (2015). 3205:The national Archives 2932:america.aljazeera.com 2492:William Reginald Hall 2454:Mandate for Palestine 2421:Dominique de Villepin 2323:King–Crane Commission 2309: 2293: 2151:Mesopotamian campaign 1988:King–Crane Commission 1823:Mosul Vilayet in 1892 1822: 1636: 1609: 1505: 1466:Further information: 1019: 960: 901: 842: 820: 682: 626:in the run up to the 493:Mandate for Palestine 253:Sykes–Picot Agreement 22:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7047:World War I treaties 6864:Annapolis Conference 6858:UNSC Resolution 1701 6848:UNSC Resolution 1850 6830:UNSC Resolution 1583 6824:UNSC Resolution 1566 6820:UNSC Resolution 1559 6770:Wye River Memorandum 6626:Armistice agreements 5484:36.1 (2000): 68–81. 3702:Woodfin, E. (2012). 3560:. NYU School of Law. 3553:Karen Loevy (2017). 3237:. © Crown copyright. 2987:on November 17, 2020 2409:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 2337:and the English the 2212:improve this article 2092:improve this section 1895:Maps of the wartime 1649:Bolshevik Revolution 929:approach the sea in 440:, Russia was to get 356:spheres of influence 211:spheres of influence 6707:UNSC Resolution 497 6701:UNSC Resolution 478 6695:UNSC Resolution 452 6682:UNSC Resolution 446 6672:UNSC Resolution 425 6666:UNSC Resolution 350 6656:UNSC Resolution 339 6652:UNSC Resolution 338 6642:Khartoum Resolution 6630:Lausanne Conference 6579:Morrison–Grady Plan 6549:San Remo conference 6527:Balfour Declaration 6384:Morrison–Grady Plan 6372:Survey of Palestine 6340:White Paper of 1939 6314:Hope Simpson report 6251:San Remo Resolution 6199:Balfour Declaration 6155:Mandatory Palestine 5837:Act of 5th November 5121:David L. Phillips. 4390:. British Library. 4276:The British Library 4176:. London Heinemann. 3689:, pp. 234–235. 3625:, pp. 108–112. 3472:Rose, N.A. (2013). 3189:, pp. 100–102. 3051:, pp. 103–104. 2888:, December 30, 2015 2810:The British Empire 2467:Scramble for Africa 2444:Balfour Declaration 2331:San Remo conference 2184:Kurds and Assyrians 2155:Armistice of Mudros 2136:de Bunsen Committee 2034:San Remo conference 2032:In April 1920, the 1829:Armistice of Mudros 1783:Règlement Organique 1622:Balfour Declaration 1605:William Ormsby-Gore 1447:De Bunsen Committee 1254:Robert Crewe-Milnes 973:to the last 'k' in 660:Russian Revolutions 557:who were denied an 519:and the subsequent 489:San Remo conference 470:Mandatory Palestine 346:, with assent from 213:and control in the 7052:Eponymous treaties 6852:Quartet Principles 6786:Clinton Parameters 6676:Camp David Accords 6357:Biltmore Programme 5640:2017-10-12 at the 5542:. Hyperion Press. 5186:(April 30, 2016). 4944:2016-11-07 at the 4933:2016-11-07 at the 4922:2016-11-07 at the 4902:2017-03-07 at the 4891:2016-10-19 at the 4880:2018-08-02 at the 4444:2017-08-07 at the 4420:2009-10-04 at the 3991:2022-11-28 at the 3944:2017-10-07 at the 3233:2017-06-28 at the 3061:A Line in the Sand 2880:2017-01-26 at the 2861:2022-10-27 at the 2818:2019-01-05 at the 2541:Ray Stannard Baker 2405:End of Sykes–Picot 2382:Leading up to the 2351:Treaty of Lausanne 2312: 2296: 2049:Battle of Maysalun 1948:Georges Clemenceau 1880:Ray Stannard Baker 1825: 1791:Orthodox Christian 1757:Ali Rida al-Rikabi 1645: 1533:Asquith government 1508: 1373:David Lloyd George 1079:Maurice Paléologue 979: 895: 765:Jerizat (Ibn ʿUma) 702:Lieutenant Colonel 688: 628:Gallipoli campaign 521:Treaty of Lausanne 209:Defining proposed 6987:Boundary treaties 6944: 6943: 6814:Geneva Initiative 6782:Camp David Summit 6742:Madrid Conference 6719:Reagan peace plan 6692: 6597:UN Partition Plan 6591:London Conference 6573:London Conference 6509:Damascus Protocol 6455: 6454: 6405:UN Partition Plan 6375: 6176:Damascus Protocol 6153:Key documents of 6120: 6119: 6097: 6096: 5931: 5930: 5913:Neuilly-sur-Seine 5885: 5884: 5722:978-1-86064-958-5 5626:978-1-78453-583-4 5598:978-1-135-30842-1 5570:978-0-7453-2579-8 5549:978-0-88355-327-5 5525:978-0-300-02203-2 5504:978-1-86064-172-5 5461:978-1-4128-3868-9 5403:978-0-7146-4875-0 5339:978-1-78672-406-9 5318:978-1-84739-457-6 5291:Secondary sources 4860:978-0-582-49380-3 4611:978-0-300-12732-4 4257:978-1-84983-903-7 4227:978-0-86356-767-4 4200:978-0-86356-767-4 4093:978-0-300-19936-9 4053:978-1-135-19978-4 4026:978-0-275-97470-1 3969:978-0-7146-5451-5 3878:history.state.gov 3637:Isaiah Friedman, 3524:978-1-78673-406-8 3446:978-0-470-76629-3 3416:978-1-84725-040-7 3389:978-0-8126-9757-5 3165:, pp. 77–79. 3141:, pp. 78–80. 2965:, pp. 16–21. 2780:. PBS Home Video. 2762:978-1-59884-337-8 2690:Peter Mansfield, 2611:978-0-8050-6884-9 2577:978-1-4058-8118-0 2341:. The subsequent 2288: 2287: 2280: 2262: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2053:High Commissioner 1728:Eastern Committee 1400:Caucasus campaign 1312: 1311: 789:Mediterranean Sea 559:independent state 507:, and the French 391:Arabian Peninsula 249: 248: 7059: 6902:Trump peace plan 6894: 6688: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6399:Ad Hoc Committee 6369: 6324:MacDonald letter 6163: 6162: 6161: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6124: 6123: 5940: 5939: 5891: 5890: 5792: 5791: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5726: 5709:Erik Jan Zürcher 5704: 5672: 5630: 5619:. I. B. Tauris. 5602: 5574: 5553: 5534:Jeffries, J.M.N. 5529: 5508: 5465: 5444: 5407: 5372: 5343: 5332:. I. B. Tauris. 5322: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 4991:Bali, A (2016). 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4972:on June 14, 2010 4971: 4964: 4955: 4949: 4913: 4907: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4804: 4798: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4601:Faisal I of Iraq 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4434: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4151: 4145: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4083:Faisal I of Iraq 4077: 4071: 4066:Zeine N. Zeine. 4064: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4010: 4004: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3955: 3949: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3922:Melhem, Edmond. 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3803:. Archived from 3802: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3655: 3649: 3635: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3244: 3238: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2983:. Archived from 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2899:"The war within" 2895: 2889: 2872: 2866: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2665:. Archived from 2664: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2560: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2488: 2343:Treaty of Sèvres 2283: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2220: 2196: 2188: 2174:Cairo Conference 2170:a Kurdish revolt 2123: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2072: 2064: 2038:an oil agreement 1917:Peace Conference 1875: 1859: 1588:Treaty of London 1462:Economic aspects 1349: 1337: 1308: 1290: 1271:1 September 1916 1266: 1245: 1224: 1203: 1182: 1164: 1143: 1116: 1098: 1044: 1043: 927:Taurus Mountains 917: 876:whole of Cilicia 624:naval operations 615:on 26 April 1915 613:Treaty of London 608: 599:on 18 March 1915 592: 513:Treaty of Sèvres 466:Palestine region 423:Kurdistan Region 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 293: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 238: 237: 195: 194: 183: 182: 160: 159: 148: 147: 77: 68: 57: 48: 31: 19: 18: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7017:Secret treaties 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6908:Abraham Accords 6892: 6886: 6729: 6711:1981–1982 6607: 6561:Peel Commission 6496: 6490:peace proposals 6486: 6456: 6451: 6422: 6362:Harrison Report 6345: 6292: 6239: 6205:Hogarth message 6164: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6121: 6116: 6107:Fourteen Points 6093: 6057: 6036: 5927: 5881: 5786: 5780: 5733: 5723: 5661:10.2307/1006273 5642:Wayback Machine 5627: 5599: 5571: 5563:. Pluto Press. 5550: 5526: 5505: 5462: 5404: 5340: 5319: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5181: 5177: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5058: 5051: 5032: 5028: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4946:Wayback Machine 4935:Wayback Machine 4924:Wayback Machine 4914: 4910: 4904:Wayback Machine 4893:Wayback Machine 4882:Wayback Machine 4872: 4868: 4861: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4805: 4801: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4702: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4677: 4675: 4666:Hurewitz, J. C. 4664: 4663: 4659: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4446:Wayback Machine 4435: 4428: 4422:Wayback Machine 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4360: 4356: 4333: 4329: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4185: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4152: 4148: 4136:V.H. Rothwell: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4011: 4007: 3993:Wayback Machine 3981: 3977: 3970: 3956: 3952: 3946:Wayback Machine 3935: 3931: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3592: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235:Wayback Machine 3214: 3212: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3094: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882:Wayback Machine 2873: 2869: 2863:Wayback Machine 2854: 2850: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2820:Wayback Machine 2806:Peter Mansfield 2804: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2747: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2718:wwi.lib.byu.edu 2712: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2435: 2380: 2378:Modern politics 2368: 2362: 2284: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2221: 2219: 2209: 2197: 2186: 2149:As part of the 2124: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2089: 2073: 2062: 2000:region of Syria 1937:League Covenant 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1897:secret treaties 1892: 1891: 1890: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1860: 1849: 1817: 1811: 1713:Hogarth Message 1697:Fourteen Points 1631: 1567: 1525:Édouard Brémond 1513: 1500: 1495: 1474: 1464: 1424: 1377:Alexandre Ribot 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1327: 1321: 1295:23 October 1916 1090:Western Armenia 1035: 983:Gilbert Clayton 923:Arthur Nicolson 919: 915: 910: 908: 906: 904: 880: 879: 845: 844: 837: 722:Sharif of Mecca 718:in exchange for 694: 677: 620: 619: 618: 617: 616: 609: 601: 600: 593: 582: 572: 567: 540:region of Syria 450:Turkish Straits 444:in addition to 442:Western Armenia 395:southern Israel 313: 295: 277: 260: 256: 235: 201: 189: 177: 166: 154: 142: 101: 92: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 70: 69: 60: 59: 58: 50: 49: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7065: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6982:Aleppo vilayet 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6962:1916 in France 6959: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6844: 6826: 6816: 6810: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6750: 6744: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6678: 6668: 6658: 6648: 6638: 6632: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6488:Diplomacy and 6485: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6210:Bassett letter 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6012:Rapallo (1922) 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5947:Rapallo (1920) 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5851:Brest-Litovsk 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5795:During the war 5788: 5787: 5779: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5731:External links 5729: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5673: 5644: 5631: 5625: 5610: 5603: 5597: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5554: 5548: 5530: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5488: 5478: 5469:Fromkin, David 5466: 5460: 5445: 5425:10.1086/244937 5419:(4): 697–725. 5408: 5402: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5355:(4): 641–663. 5344: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5240: 5210: 5193:The New Yorker 5175: 5143: 5113: 5099:. 2014-02-07. 5084: 5049: 5026: 5005:(3): 115–119. 4983: 4958:Ibrahim, S.E. 4950: 4908: 4866: 4859: 4832: 4823: 4808:Bowman, Isaiah 4799: 4779: 4753: 4751:, p. 374. 4741: 4712: 4657: 4628: 4626:, p. 352. 4616: 4610: 4590: 4561: 4532: 4530:, p. 353. 4520: 4491: 4462: 4450: 4426: 4405: 4379: 4372: 4354: 4327: 4308:(4): 419–436. 4292: 4263: 4256: 4233: 4226: 4206: 4199: 4179: 4162: 4146: 4129: 4120: 4099: 4092: 4072: 4059: 4052: 4032: 4025: 4005: 3975: 3968: 3950: 3929: 3914: 3883: 3865: 3849: 3833: 3831:, p. 207. 3821: 3789: 3787:, p. 422. 3777: 3775:, p. 423. 3765: 3756: 3754:, p. 281. 3744: 3742:, p. 165. 3732: 3719: 3713:978-1137264800 3712: 3691: 3679: 3670: 3650: 3627: 3615: 3590: 3579:(2): 251–264. 3563: 3545: 3540:"Introduction" 3530: 3523: 3503: 3491: 3485:978-1135158651 3484: 3464: 3452: 3445: 3425: 3415: 3395: 3388: 3368: 3356: 3342: 3340:, p. 205. 3330: 3317: 3304: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3239: 3191: 3179: 3177:, p. 111. 3167: 3155: 3153:, p. 106. 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3092: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3027:, p. 101. 3017: 2998: 2967: 2955: 2952:. 16 May 2016. 2937: 2919: 2905:. 2016-05-14. 2890: 2867: 2848: 2823: 2798: 2784: 2768: 2761: 2734: 2705: 2696: 2692:British Empire 2683: 2651: 2638:978-0275968939 2637: 2617: 2610: 2592:Fromkin, David 2583: 2576: 2564:Wells, John C. 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2533: 2524: 2514: 2504: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2472:Treaty of Kars 2469: 2464: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2379: 2376: 2364:Main article: 2361: 2358: 2286: 2285: 2200: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2178:Mandatory Iraq 2126: 2125: 2076: 2074: 2067: 2061: 2058: 1944:Woodrow Wilson 1899:regarding the 1894: 1893: 1884:Woodrow Wilson 1877: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1833:Mosul Question 1810: 1807: 1803:Beirut Vilayet 1717:Bassett Letter 1684:Woodrow Wilson 1681:U.S. President 1630: 1627: 1572:Arthur Balfour 1566: 1563: 1542:Ottoman Empire 1512: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1463: 1460: 1432:Lord Kitchener 1423: 1420: 1415:Tsarist regime 1385:Sidney Sonnino 1357: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250:30 August 1916 1247: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229:25 August 1916 1226: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1082: 1076: 1073:Sergey Sazonov 1070: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1034: 1031: 993:in two at the 900: 868:Mosul district 836: 833: 730:Ottoman Empire 724:launching the 676: 673: 636:Constantinople 632:Sergey Sazonov 610: 603: 602: 594: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 571: 568: 566: 563: 505:Mandatory Iraq 446:Constantinople 371:Ottoman Empire 367:Triple Entente 340:United Kingdom 247: 246: 231: 230: 226: 225: 223:Ottoman Empire 219:Triple Entente 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 187: 174: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 152: 139: 137: 133: 132: 129: 123: 122: 115: 111: 110: 109:3 January 1916 107: 103: 102: 83: 72: 71: 63: 62: 61: 52: 51: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7064: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977:Adana vilayet 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6589:1946–47 6588: 6586: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6156: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6100: 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Routledge. 5590: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5386:110: 127–131. 5385: 5381: 5379:110: 132–136. 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300:110: 105–108. 5299: 5295: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5259: 5256:(in French). 5255: 5251: 5244: 5229:on 2018-11-16 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5184:Wright, Robin 5179: 5171: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5117: 5102: 5098: 5097:LA Daily News 5094: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4887: 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3334: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3302:, p. 94. 3301: 3300:Hurewitz 1979 3296: 3294: 3286: 3285:Hurewitz 1979 3281: 3275:, p. 56. 3274: 3273:Friedman 1992 3269: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3187:Lieshout 2016 3183: 3176: 3175:Friedman 1992 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3151:Friedman 1992 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3117:, p. 94. 3116: 3115:Lieshout 2016 3111: 3105:, p. 84. 3104: 3103:Lieshout 2016 3099: 3097: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3049:Lieshout 2016 3045: 3039:, p. 65. 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2963:Hurewitz 1979 2959: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2903:The Economist 2900: 2894: 2887: 2884:Published in 2883: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2672:on 2009-03-27 2668: 2661: 2655: 2640: 2634: 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1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913:Erle Richards 1909: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1865: 1862:January 1919 1858: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:George Curzon 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1689:Count Czernin 1685: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1637:Excerpt from 1635: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1504: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1440:Ronald Storrs 1437: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:Paolo Boselli 1378: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1348: 1336: 1326: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 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614: 607: 598: 591: 581: 577: 562: 560: 556: 551: 550: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405:and southern 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:secret treaty 334:) was a 1916 331: 254: 245: 241: 232: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 198: 193: 188: 186: 181: 176: 175: 173: 169: 163: 158: 153: 151: 146: 141: 140: 138: 134: 131:9–16 May 1916 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 76: 67: 56: 47: 37: 30: 25: 20: 6850: / 6840: / 6836: / 6832: / 6822: / 6806: / 6784: / 6756: / 6748:Oslo Accords 6693: / 6684: / 6674: / 6664: / 6654: / 6644: / 6628: / 6535: / 6520: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6415: 6403: 6338: 6283:Constitution 6275: 6197: 6185: 5987:Tartu (1921) 5972:Alexandropol 5952:Tartu (1920) 5801: 5712: 5687:(1): 48–76. 5684: 5680: 5652: 5648: 5615: 5606: 5587: 5578: 5559: 5538: 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Retrieved 3886: 3877: 3868: 3858: 3852: 3842: 3836: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3805:the original 3792: 3780: 3768: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3706:. Springer. 3703: 3682: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3638: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3600: 3593: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3548: 3533: 3513: 3506: 3494: 3474: 3467: 3460:Huneidi 2001 3455: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3405: 3398: 3378: 3371: 3359: 3350: 3345: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3280: 3268: 3256:. Retrieved 3242: 3213:. Retrieved 3204: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3163:Berdine 2018 3158: 3146: 3139:Berdine 2018 3134: 3122: 3110: 3079: 3060: 3056: 3044: 3037:Huneidi 2001 3032: 3020: 3008:, p. 3. 3006:Kedouri 2014 3001: 2991:November 12, 2989:. Retrieved 2985:the original 2980: 2970: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2911:. Retrieved 2902: 2893: 2886:The Guardian 2870: 2865:Google Books 2851: 2840:. Retrieved 2826: 2809: 2801: 2787: 2777: 2771: 2751: 2726:. Retrieved 2717: 2708: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2667:the original 2654: 2642:. 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5962:Riga (1920) 5802:Sykes–Picot 5783:World War I 5655:(7): 1–50. 5609:128: 18–22. 5223:YouTube.com 4976:November 6, 4703:|work= 3773:Fisher 1999 3364:Vereté 1970 3025:Kattan 2009 2449:Durand Line 2401:Abu Safiyya 2315:Şerif Pasha 1746:Arab Revolt 1600:Lord Bertie 1208:23 May 1916 1187:16 May 1916 1169:15 May 1916 1148:15 May 1916 1131:Edward Grey 1125:Paul Cambon 947:Deir ez-Zor 860:Deir ez-Zor 829:Paul Cambon 726:Arab Revolt 656:Holy Places 646:(including 640:Dardanelles 375:World War I 217:should the 215:Middle East 197:Paul Cambon 185:Edward Grey 171:Signatories 99:Edward Grey 95:Paul Cambon 6951:Categories 6934:2022 6906:2020 6900:2019 6880:2016 6874:2013 6868:2010 6862:2007 6856:2006 6846:2006 6828:2005 6818:2004 6812:2003 6802:2002 6796:2001 6790:2000 6780:2000 6774:1999 6768:1998 6762:1995 6752:1994 6746:1993 6740:1991 6723:1983 6717:1982 6705:1981 6699:1980 6680:1979 6670:1978 6660:1974 6650:1973 6640:1967 6634:1950 6624:1949 6618:1948 6601:1948 6595:1947 6585:Bevin Plan 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5607:Historian 5441:144249048 5233:23 August 5157:BBC Mundo 5040:Jadaliyya 5021:188882508 4772:August 8, 4705:ignored ( 4695:cite book 4343:(1): 58. 4118:, 113–118 3668:pp. 80–81 2384:centenary 2301:Kurdistan 2079:does not 2026:Millerand 1546:Jerusalem 963:Palestine 887:Jerusalem 883:Euphrates 852:Palestine 648:Palestine 399:Palestine 229:Full text 136:Author(s) 119:Bolshevik 114:Presented 6808:Road map 6439:Timeline 6089:Portugal 6041:Montreux 6007:Lausanne 5812:Damascus 5785:treaties 5711:(2004). 5638:Archived 5536:(1939). 5471:(1991). 5307:(2012). 5258:Archived 5254:Le Monde 5198:Archived 5131:Archived 5101:Archived 5072:Archived 5044:Archived 4942:Archived 4931:Archived 4920:Archived 4900:Archived 4889:Archived 4878:Archived 4843:(1987). 4810:(1921). 4766:Archived 4729:Archived 4678:8 August 4668:(1979). 4645:Archived 4578:Archived 4549:Archived 4508:Archived 4479:Archived 4442:Archived 4418:Archived 4398:6 August 4392:Archived 4280:Archived 4244:(2011). 3989:Archived 3942:Archived 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106:Created 6394:UNSCOP 6084:Sweden 6079:Norway 6074:Greece 5997:Angora 5977:Moscow 5957:Warsaw 5923:Sèvres 5872:Vienna 5867:Berlin 5855:Russia 5847:Buftea 5842:Acroma 5817:London 5719: 5699: 5667: 5635:online 5623: 5595: 5567: 5546: 5522: 5501: 5458: 5439: 5431: 5400: 5367: 5336: 5315: 5019: 4926:, the 4857: 4793: 4608: 4448:, p. 3 4424:, p. 1 4370: 4320: 4254: 4224: 4197: 4157: 4140:, in: 4114: 4090: 4050: 4023: 4003:, p. 6 3999: 3966: 3710: 3664: 3645: 3583: 3521: 3482: 3443: 3413: 3386: 3082: 2759: 2635: 2608: 2574: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2225: 1799:Muslim 1664:Pravda 1603:1917, 1411:Russia 1389:Allies 1259:Cambon 1232:Cambon 1193:Cambon 1172:Cambon 1154:Cambon 1007:Kirkuk 975:Kirkuk 864:Kirkuk 813:Aleppo 791:up to 787:, the 769:Amadia 761:Midiat 757:Mardin 743:up to 700:, and 669:Adalia 650:) and 464:. 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