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concentration of the mature AimP peptide increases until it reaches the threshold level required to bind to the AimR receptor. If and when this occurs, AimR stops activating aimX expression, causing the stimulation of the lysogenic cycle as well as the integration of the prophage into the bacterial chromosome. This then keeps eradication of the bacterial population by the phage from occurring. The arbitrium communication system thus allows infecting phages to decide the cell fate.
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143:(OPP) transporter channel. The OPP transport channel is capable of transporting peptides inside the bacteria cell with no specific size, composition, charge, or sequence. Once inside, the mature AimP binds to the AimR receptor and regulates its activity. As a result, AimR loses its DNA-binding ability. AimX, whose expression is promoted by AimR, is also thus suppressed.
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pathway. The lytic pathway causes the host to produce and release progeny virions, usually killing it in the process. The lysogenic pathway involves the virus inserting itself into the bacterium's chromosome. At a later stage, the viral genome is activated, and it continues along the lytic pathway of
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bacteria - in particular, how bacteria infected with phages warn nearby uninfected bacteria about the presence of these viruses. They found that the phages (strain phi3T) communicated with each other to co-ordinate their infection. Additionally, they found similarities between the human innate immune
524:
Dou, Chao; Xiong, Jie; Gu, Yijun; Yin, Kun; Wang, Jinjing; Hu, Yuehong; Zhou, Dan; Fu, Xianghui; Qi, Shiqian; Zhu, Xiaofeng; Yao, Shaohua; Xu, Heng; Nie, Chunlai; Liang, Zongan; Yang, Shengyong; Wei, Yuquan; Cheng, Wei (15 October 2018). "Structural and functional insights into the regulation of the
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In the early stages of infection the number of active phages is quite low. At this point, the arbitrium peptide is not yet present and AimR activates aimX expression. This would then promote the lytic cycle of the phage. Once the phage has replicated multiple times, AimP builds up in the medium. The
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The arbitrium protein is synthesized by three genes: aimP, responsible for encoding the arbitrium peptide, aimR, responsible for encoding transcription factors that bind to aimP, and aimX, which produces non-coding RNA that suppresses lysogeny. The structure of aimR complex is still unknown. As a
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AimR, and suppresses the activity of AimX, a negative regulator of lysogeny. Marina has also shown in the same system that the virus's arbitrium receptor interacts not only with bacterial genes that help it reproduce, but also with several other stretches of DNA. He has suggested that arbitrium
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Arbitrium is used by at least some phages to judge how common fresh hosts are. Each infection causes the production of some arbitrium, and the remaining phages gauge the concentration of arbitrium around them. If the arbitrium concentration is too high, it may indicate that uninfected hosts are
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result lysis is induced by a mechanism that we still are unaware of. The AimP gene codes for a 43 amino acid (aa) peptide, which matures into a 6 amino acid (aa) active form. The mature protein is transported to neighboring bacteria using the
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can cause active and latent infections, they might be using an arbitrium-like system to communicate. In this case, that analogue could be used to suppress infections by making the viruses completely latent. Prof.
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Brady, Aisling; Quiles-Puchalt, Nuria; Gallego del Sol, Francisca; Zamora-Caballero, Sara; Felipe-RuĂz, Alonso; Val-Calvo, Jorge; Meijer, Wilfried J.J.; Marina, Alberto; PenadĂ©s, JosĂ© R. (November 2021).
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Erez, Zohar; Steinberger-Levy, Ida; Shamir, Maya; Doron, Shany; Stokar-Avihail, Avigail; Peleg, Yoav; Melamed, Sarah; Leavitt, Azita; Savidor, Alon; Albeck, Shira; Amitai, Gil; Sorek, Rotem (2017-01-26).
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More recently, another team at the Sorek lab, headed by
Avigail Stokar-Avihail and Nitzan Tal, has shown similar systems in other species of Bacillus bacteria, the pathogenic species
37:(aa) long, and so is also referred to as a hexapeptide. It is produced when a phage infects a bacterial host. and signals to other phages that the host has been infected.
671:
Larsen, Christopher N; Sun, Guangyu; Li, Xiaomei; Zaremba, Sam; Zhao, Hongtao; He, Sherry; Zhou, Liwei; Kumar, Sanjeev; Desborough, Vince; Klem, Edward B (1 March 2020).
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Guan, Zeyuan; Pei, Kai; Wang, Jing; Cui, Yongqing; Zhu, Xiang; Su, Xiang; Zhou, Yuanbao; Zhang, Delin; Tang, Chun; Yin, Ping; Liu, Zhu; Zou, Tingting (28 May 2019).
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system and the bacterial defense system against phages. It appears that components of the immune system originated from the bacterial defense system.
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122:. They speculate that "the occurrence of peptide-based communication systems among phages more broadly remains to be explored."
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According to a team led by
Alberto Marina at the Biomedical Institute of Valencia in Spain, also studying the
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622:"The Oligopeptide Permease Opp Mediates Illicit Transport of the Bacterial P-site Decoding Inhibitor GE81112"
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477:"Structural insights into DNA recognition by AimR of the arbitrium communication system in the SPbeta phage"
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running out. The viruses then switch from lysis to lysogeny, so as to not deplete all available hosts.
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Trinh, Jimmy T.; Zeng, Lanying (January 2019). "Structure
Regulates Phage Lysis–Lysogeny Decisions".
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673:"Mat_peptide: comprehensive annotation of mature peptides from polyproteins in five virus families"
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573:"Widespread Utilization of Peptide Communication in Phages Infecting Soil and Pathogenic Bacteria"
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Callaway, Ewen (18 January 2017). "Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages".
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Stokar-Avihail, Avigail; Tal, Nitzan; Erez, Zohar; Lopatina, Anna; Sorek, Rotem (May 2019).
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425:"Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism Underpinning Phage Arbitrium Communication Systems"
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Maio, Alessandro; Brandi, Letizia; Donadio, Stefano; Gualerzi, Claudio (24 May 2016).
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Gallego del Sol, Francisca; Penadés, José R.; Marina, Alberto (April 2019).
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signals may be able to alter the activity of important bacterial genes.
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to communicate with each other and decide host cell fate. It is six
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SPbeta phage system, arbitrium (AimP) binds to the AimX
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766:"The arbitrium system controls prophage induction"
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155:Sorek has suggested that since human viruses like
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190:Evolutionary biology portal
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319:10.1038/nature.2017.21313
577:Cell Host & Microbe
170:University of Leicester
1220:-related article is a
1075:Helper dependent virus
722:Trends in Microbiology
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119:Bacillus thuringiensis
255:Dolgin, Elie (2019).
141:oligopeptide permease
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1127:Virus quantification
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776:(22): 5037–5045.e3.
98:transcription factor
1117:Virus-like particle
782:2021CBio...31E5037B
527:Nature Microbiology
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