277:
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73:
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31:
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On June 9, Brown also pled guilty, but he was not shown the same mercy as
Fairbanks. Chase accepted the guilty plea, but insisted on trying the case anyway so that the "degree of his guilt might be duly ascertained." Chase offered Brown a chance to reduce his sentence by naming everyone involved with
65:(a kind of skullcap that identified a freed slave, not in fact a Phrygian cap) carried on the tip of a spear. This symbolized that the Roman people had been freed from the rule of Caesar, which the assassins claimed had become a tyranny because it overstepped the authority of the
213:
518:, authorities indicted several men in Massachusetts for erecting a liberty pole bearing the inscription "No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President".
407:
201:
During the 18th century, the Roman pileus was confused with the
Phrygian cap, and this mis-identification then led to the Phrygian cap, familiar from other uses in Roman sculpture, becoming the standard shape when a cap of liberty was used as a political symbol.
106:
After the
Renaissance, the liberty pole became a common element in the depiction of liberty, initially in a small version carried by personifications, and also later as a larger actual physical object planted in the ground, used as a type of flagstaff.
755:
Brown was sentenced to 18 months in prison and a $ 480 fine, the harshest sentence ever imposed under the
Sedition Act. As he did not have the money, and had no way of earning it while in prison, Brown petitioned President
256:
371:
566:
was raised (usually red) on a liberty pole, it would be a calling for the Sons of
Liberty or townspeople to meet and vent or express their views regarding British rule. The pole was known to be a symbol of
150:
fighting to escape from
Spanish rule, often carries a hat on a pole. In these cases, the hat is the normal contemporary respectable man's hat, usually with a broad and stiff brim. With considerable cheek,
1110:
174:
she normally carried for a liberty pole. An example of this is a large monument, originally called the "Column of
British Liberty", now usually just the "Column to Liberty", begun in the 1750s on his
294:
722:, an itinerant veteran of the American Revolution who traveled from town to town in Massachusetts, drumming up subscribers for a series of political pamphlets he had written. Brown was assisted by
387:
88:
status to a slave, where the subject was touched with the rod, and given the hat. But the hat raised on the end of the pole was shown as an attribute held by
Libertas on some coins of the emperor
547:(aka Continental Colors) are reported to have flown on Prospect Hill. The 76 foot long liberty pole was originally a ship's mast that had been recently captured from the British armed schooner
1711:
748:
sentenced
Fairbanks to six hours in prison and a fine of five dollars, plus court costs of 10 shillings, the lightest sentence ever given for any of the Sedition Act defendants.
607:
along the roads or in town centers as a protest against the federal government's tax on distilled spirits, and evoke the spirit embodied by the liberty poles of decades earlier.
358:
1704:
699:
752:
his "mischievous and dangerous pursuits," and the names of all those who subscribed to his pamphlets. Brown refused, saying, "I shall lose all my friends."
744:
When the trial came, Fairbanks was brought before the court first. Fairbanks, facing the "powerful forces" arrayed against him, confessed on June 8. Justice
733:
Fairbanks, a prosperous farmer and former
Selectman but also an "impressionable, rather excitable man," was quickly arrested and charged with violating the
643:
135:(personified as a woman) flanked by several symbolic persons, one of whom represents Liberty, dressed as a peasant hoisting a red Phrygian cap on a spear.
1697:
159:
ended the war started by his invasion of the Netherlands; this showed the Maiden "standing beside Peace, and receiving the instructions of Prudence".
352:
668:. It makes explicit the connections of the United Irishmen with revolution in American and France, and mentions "branches" of the "tree of liberty".
2104:
934:
1918:
333:
84:, the Roman goddess of liberty, who is very often shown holding out a pileus, and carrying a pole or rod. Both refer to the ceremony granting
1668:
1928:
1004:
514:
came to power in 1775. The liberty pole in New York City had been crowned with a gilt vane bearing the single word, "Liberty". Under the
1093:"raised the mast that came out of the schnoner that was burnt at Chelsea, for to hoist our flag upon, in the fort upon Prospect Hill"
1108:
The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, Vol. 4: To Joseph Reed Cambridge, January 4, 1776.
283:
1023:
1923:
1143:
17:
1634:
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was also very likely involved. When it appeared, Fisher Ames and the rest of Dedham's Federalist community were enraged.
183:
1138:
Revolutionary War Soldier's Journal/Diary in the Longfellow House Collections, Moses Sleeper, Tuesday, August 1st, 1775
1954:
1611:
764:
became president, one of his first acts was to issue a general pardon for any person convicted under the Sedition Act.
314:
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1720:
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for a pardon in July 1800, and then again in February 1801. Adams refused both times, keeping Brown in prison. When
1883:
1807:
1797:
103:", on some very famous coins made by the assassins of Julius Caesar in the civil war following the assassination.
247:
187:
1959:
1817:
1680:
1657:
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872:
2176:
1964:
1832:
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1127:"Our standard was presented in the midst of the regiments with this inscription upon it, "Appeal to Heaven."
490:—the pole raising there is reenacted annually). An often violent struggle over liberty poles erected by the
2156:
511:
1776:
2166:
2048:
2026:
727:
698:
awoke one October morning in 1798 to find a large wooden pole had been erected on the Hartford Road in
439:
422:
1290:
Free speech, "the people's darling privilege": struggles for freedom of expression in American history
1090:
1067:
Free speech, "the people's darling privilege": struggles for freedom of expression in American history
980:
61:
as they called themselves, went through the streets with their bloody weapons held up, one carrying a
2171:
2130:
2053:
1857:
1847:
1781:
1575:
What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States
654:
533:
2161:
1842:
1827:
143:
726:
and about 40 others. Brown held the ladder while another, presumably Fairbanks, put up the sign.
166:, who in one medal presents a cap of liberty to the kneeling England, Scotland and Ireland. When
115:
When the motif was revived during the 16th century it was mostly carried by national or political
1913:
1822:
910:
889:
773:
556:
1673:
The American Liberty Pole: Popular Politics and the Struggle for Democracy in the Early Republic
1001:
2010:
1974:
1852:
738:
483:
463:
163:
57:
by a group of Rome's Senators in 44 BCE. Immediately after Caesar was killed the assassins, or
46:
is a wooden pole, or sometimes spear or lance, surmounted by a "cap of liberty", mostly of the
1661:
1624:
976:
676:
appears on many mid- and late-19th-century U.S. silver coins. These are broadly classified as
2083:
1990:
1893:
1802:
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1251:
1065:
695:
506:), only to be replaced by the Sons with new ones. The conflict lasted from the repeal of the
503:
487:
479:
471:
467:
1246:
Perilous times: free speech in wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the war on terrorism
450:
219:
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1949:
1903:
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515:
499:
156:
8:
2125:
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1888:
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152:
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was in 1556, later followed by many others. In his "Apotheosis of Venice" (1585) in the
1995:
1969:
1908:
1898:
1744:
1137:
1020:
737:. Brown, on the other hand, eluded authorities until March 1799, when he was caught in
723:
343:
191:
132:
1689:
250:, left, "Indian princess" and classical hybrid for the US centre, Dutch Maiden right.
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2043:
2005:
1878:
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622:, mostly living trees newly planted. The first was planted in 1790 by a pastor of a
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475:
431:
305:
179:
1125:
Paul Lunt's Diary, Lieutenant Paul Lunt, May–December 1775, Tuesday, July 18, 1775,
634:
on 4 March 1795, in celebration of the alliance between the French Republic and the
536:, a fortified high-ground overlooking the road to British-occupied Boston. Both the
458:
Liberty poles were often erected in town squares in the years before and during the
2031:
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548:
544:
339:
124:
92:, which was enough, with the literary references, to bring it to the attention of
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politics. Set at the top of a steep hillock, the monument itself is taller than
116:
1604:
Liberty's First Crisis: Adams, Jefferson, and the Misfits Who Saved Free Speech
540:
430:
The image of Libertas holding a liberty pole can be found on the seals of some
320:
147:
128:
89:
51:
50:. The symbol originated in the immediate aftermath of the assassination of the
1684:
583:
482:). Some colonists erected liberty poles on their own private land (such as in
2150:
1645:
810:
Some historians have suggested that the words were written by Nathaniel Ames.
572:
563:
495:
100:
54:
2040:
1091:
Journal kept by continental soldier Lieutenant Paul Lunt, May-December 1775
525:—a liberty tree rather than a pole served the same political purpose.
72:
745:
673:
650:. After resumption of Papal rule, the Vatican reinstated the Roman ghetto.
647:
627:
600:
588:
398:
223:
139:
66:
62:
47:
35:
80:
The liberty pole was not thereafter part of the normal Roman depiction of
1944:
1837:
791:
604:
267:
120:
99:. The pileus itself was shown between two daggers, with the inscription "
96:
93:
58:
1140:"Raised the mast that Came out of the Schooner that was burnt at Chelsa"
1021:
Resistance and Dissent : Independence & its Enemies in New York
965:
Northern Landscapes: Representations and Realities of North-East England
1873:
757:
660:
418:
30:
857:
631:
571:
against Great Britain. The symbol is also apparent in many seals and
507:
394:
286:, or The Genius of America Encouraging the Emancipation of the Blacks
231:
167:
861:
85:
81:
1626:
The American counterrevolution: a retreat from liberty, 1783-1800
786:
665:
568:
498:
raged for 10 years. The poles were periodically destroyed by the
414:
195:
175:
171:
119:. Its first appearance as an attribute of Liberty in an Italian
76:
Germans dancing round a Tree of Liberty/Liberty Pole, 1792–1795.
865:
522:
630:
of Boston. One was also planted in front of the City Hall of
170:
was pictured as "British Liberty", she usually exchanged the
194:
in London, and topped by a bronze female figure, originally
162:
The imagery was introduced to Britain, partly by the Dutch
246:
Dutch allegory for the Netherlands/US trade treaty, 1782.
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397:, 1874, hat and costume in styles from the start of the
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family’ as the protector of the Republican state), 1672
110:
1650:
Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form
1324:
1322:
706:
No Stamp act; no sedition; no alien bill; no land tax.
532:
on August 1, 1775, a tall liberty pole was erected on
1524:
1366:
1201:
638:. In 1798, with the establishment of the short-lived
1536:
1509:
1485:
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1458:
1443:
1431:
1407:
1395:
1351:
1334:
1307:
1184:
288:, 1792, Samuel Jennings. A liberty tree is outside.
266:, c. 1790. The cap is a contemporary man's hat. The
1497:
1419:
1319:
1268:
1243:
575:as a sign of liberty, freedom, and independence.
413:A liberty pole marking the French border at the
2148:
1163:Whiskey rebels: the story of a frontier uprising
712:President and the minority; May moral government
672:The image of Liberty holding a pole topped by a
710:retirement to the President; long live the vice
702:. At the top was a hand painted sign declaring
425:. "Cette terre est libre" ("this land is free")
708:Downfall to the tyrants of America; peace and
1705:
27:Tall wooden pole surmounted by a Phrygian cap
664:United Irish "catechism" carved in stone in
612:
381:coin, the first of the "Seated Liberty" type
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1153:
1712:
1698:
2079:Washington calls off invasion of New York
911:"Apotheosis of Venice by Verinyes, Paolo"
776:, unincorporated community, United States
653:The liberty pole can also be seen on the
206:Liberty poles carried by personifications
1652:, 2000, University of California Press,
1222:
659:
582:
449:
284:Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences
71:
29:
1919:Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)
1159:
967:, 136-137, 2010, Boydell & Brewer,
642:, a liberty tree was planted in Rome's
618:("liberty trees") were a symbol of the
198:, carrying a cap of liberty on a pole.
14:
2149:
1929:Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)
1924:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery
1675:, 2023, University of Virginia Press,
1558:
1389:
1286:
1250:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1216:
1063:
683:
591:(national lion) holding a liberty pole
445:
2136:Washington's Farewell to His Officers
2105:Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh
1693:
1601:
1571:
1542:
1518:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1437:
1413:
1401:
1360:
1345:
1313:
1293:. Duke University Press. p. 88.
1241:
1195:
1070:. Duke University Press. p. 88.
1038:
847:. London: Phoenix, 2007. pp. 596–619.
646:, to mark the legal abolition of the
1622:
1530:
1425:
1328:
1280:
1274:
678:United States Seated Liberty coinage
454:Fifth Liberty Pole, New York Commons
155:had a medal cast in 1678, after the
111:Revival from the Renaissance onwards
1813:Submarine attack in New York Harbor
1721:New York in the American Revolution
587:A Dutch coin of 1753 depicting the
24:
1572:Simon, James F. (March 10, 2003).
714:be the basis of civil government.
25:
2193:
718:This liberty pole was erected by
521:In some locales—notably in
302:The Contrast: 1792: Which Is Best
1798:New York and New Jersey campaign
1629:. Stackpole Books. p. 421.
1562:Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890
879:. London: Phoenix, 2007. p. 619.
510:in 1766 until the revolutionary
406:
386:
370:
351:
332:
313:
293:
275:
255:
239:
228:Allegory of the Freedom of Trade
212:
69:and thus betrayed the Republic.
1552:
1160:Baldwin, Leland Dewitt (1968).
1131:
1119:
1101:
1084:
1057:
1032:
1014:
995:
986:
813:
804:
248:Personification of the Americas
1818:Staten Island Peace Conference
1168:University of Pittsburgh Press
957:
948:
939:
928:
903:
894:
882:
850:
837:
626:village, inspired by the 1765
377:Obverse of 1839 United States
13:
1:
1965:Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga
1559:Hanson, Robert Brand (1976).
1287:Curtis, Michael Kent (2000).
1064:Curtis, Michael Kent (2000).
830:
578:
363:We Owe Allegiance To No Crown
1565:. Dedham Historical Society.
819:Hanson has the fine as five
512:New York Provincial Congress
7:
1808:New York Prison Ships begin
1777:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
1740:First Liberty poles erected
1242:Stone, Geoffrey R. (2004).
1043:. W.W. Norton and Company.
780:
10:
2198:
1945:Setauket Spy Ring launched
1606:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
877:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
845:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
687:
555:, in the aftermath of the
423:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
182:by the hugely wealthy Sir
2131:British evacuate New York
2118:
2097:
2062:
2054:Battle of Fort St. George
2019:
1983:
1937:
1884:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
1866:
1858:Battle of Fort Washington
1790:
1769:
1753:
1727:
1113:February 8, 2011, at the
767:
655:coat of arms of Argentina
432:British American colonies
1843:Battle of Valcour Island
1838:Execution of Nathan Hale
1828:Battle of Harlem Heights
797:
559:on May 27 and 28, 1775.
144:national personification
2074:runs aground at Montauk
2049:Battle of Klock's Field
2027:Battle of Young's House
1960:Attack on German Flatts
1914:Battle of Staten Island
1623:Tise, Larry E. (1998).
1602:Slack, Charles (2015).
774:Liberty Pole, Wisconsin
557:Battle of Chelsea Creek
393:Dutch Maiden statue in
359:John Archibald Woodside
262:French painting of the
2011:Boyd and Parker ambush
1975:Cherry Valley massacre
1955:West Point established
1853:Battle of White Plains
1848:Battle of Pell's Point
1833:Great Fire of New York
1578:. Simon and Schuster.
875:; Adrian Goldsworthy.
716:
700:Clapboard Trees parish
669:
613:
592:
484:Bedford, Massachusetts
464:Concord, Massachusetts
455:
308:. Anti-French cartoon.
164:William III of England
77:
39:
38:topping a Liberty pole
2084:Battle of Fort Slongo
1991:Battle of Stony Point
1894:Siege of Fort Stanwix
1803:Battle of Long Island
1761:Battle of Golden Hill
704:
696:Dedham, Massachusetts
663:
586:
504:Battle of Golden Hill
488:Woburn, Massachusetts
480:Englewood, New Jersey
472:Caughnawaga, New York
468:Newport, Rhode Island
453:
300:"British Liberty" in
270:accompanies Liberty.
75:
33:
2177:Headgear in heraldry
1950:Battle of Cobleskill
1904:Battle of Bennington
1823:Landing at Kip's Bay
1039:Foner, Eric (2008).
843:Adrian Goldsworthy.
735:Sedition Act of 1798
614:arbres de la liberté
599:, locals in western
516:Sedition Act of 1798
421:) in 1793, drawn by
2157:American Revolution
2126:Newburgh Conspiracy
2089:Battle of Johnstown
2001:Sullivan Expedition
1889:Battle of Fort Anne
981:"Column to Liberty"
690:Dedham Liberty Pole
684:Dedham Liberty Pole
460:American Revolution
446:American Revolution
434:, notably those of
153:Louis XIV of France
18:Arbre de la liberté
2044:conspiracy exposed
2032:First Purple Heart
1996:Battle of Minisink
1909:Battle of Setauket
1899:Battle of Oriskany
1782:Invasion of Canada
1745:Stamp Act Congress
1146:2009-02-12 at the
1026:2003-06-06 at the
1007:2012-03-13 at the
1002:Historic Englewood
963:Green, Adrian, in
741:, 28 miles away.
724:Benjamin Fairbanks
670:
644:Piazza delle Scole
593:
538:"Appeal to Heaven"
456:
344:Napoleon Bonaparte
264:Triumph of Liberty
220:GĂ©rard de Lairesse
157:Treaty of Nijmegen
133:Republic of Venice
131:has the ascendant
78:
40:
2167:French Revolution
2144:
2143:
2006:Battle of Newtown
1879:Saratoga campaign
1683:, 9780813950129,
1660:, 9780520227330,
1636:978-0-8117-0100-6
1585:978-0-684-84871-6
1533:, pp. 421–2.
1300:978-0-8223-2529-1
1261:978-0-393-05880-2
1077:978-0-8223-2529-1
1050:978-0-393-93257-7
1011:City of Englewood
983:, National Trust.
975:, 9781843835417,
856:Not mentioned by
636:Batavian Republic
620:French Revolution
597:Whiskey Rebellion
500:royal authorities
476:Savannah, Georgia
306:Thomas Rowlandson
186:, reflecting his
180:Newcastle-on-Tyne
16:(Redirected from
2189:
2172:Heraldic charges
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1055:
1054:
1041:Give Me Liberty!
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762:Thomas Jefferson
616:
545:Grand Union Flag
410:
390:
374:
355:
340:French Consulate
336:
317:
297:
279:
259:
243:
216:
148:United Provinces
117:personifications
21:
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2191:
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2187:
2186:
2162:Liberty symbols
2147:
2146:
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2114:
2110:Newburgh letter
2093:
2058:
2015:
1979:
1970:Carleton's Raid
1933:
1862:
1786:
1765:
1749:
1735:Sons of Liberty
1723:
1718:
1637:
1614:
1590:
1588:
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1359:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1331:, pp. 422.
1327:
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1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1240:
1223:
1215:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1170:. p. 208.
1158:
1154:
1148:Wayback Machine
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1132:
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1115:Wayback Machine
1106:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1078:
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1028:Wayback Machine
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1009:Wayback Machine
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908:
904:
899:
895:
887:
883:
855:
851:
842:
838:
833:
828:
827:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
783:
770:
713:
711:
709:
707:
692:
686:
581:
530:Siege of Boston
492:Sons of Liberty
486:since 1964 and
448:
436:Trustee Georgia
426:
411:
402:
391:
382:
379:Gobrecht dollar
375:
366:
356:
347:
337:
328:
318:
309:
298:
289:
280:
271:
260:
251:
244:
235:
217:
192:Nelson's Column
178:estate outside
113:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1665:
1664:
1646:Warner, Marina
1642:
1641:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1613:978-0802123428
1612:
1598:
1597:
1584:
1568:
1567:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:, p. 232.
1535:
1523:
1521:, p. 221.
1508:
1496:
1494:, p. 183.
1484:
1482:, p. 182.
1469:
1467:, p. 180.
1457:
1455:, p. 179.
1442:
1440:, p. 178.
1430:
1428:, p. 421.
1418:
1416:, p. 177.
1406:
1404:, p. 140.
1394:
1392:, p. 175.
1365:
1363:, p. 141.
1350:
1348:, p. 138.
1333:
1318:
1316:, p. 139.
1306:
1299:
1279:
1277:, p. 420.
1267:
1260:
1221:
1219:, p. 174.
1200:
1198:, p. 137.
1183:
1176:
1152:
1130:
1118:
1100:
1083:
1076:
1056:
1049:
1031:
1013:
994:
985:
956:
947:
938:
927:
902:
893:
881:
849:
835:
834:
832:
829:
826:
825:
812:
802:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
789:
782:
779:
778:
777:
769:
766:
728:Nathaniel Ames
688:Main article:
685:
682:
640:Roman Republic
580:
577:
541:Pine Tree Flag
447:
444:
440:North Carolina
428:
427:
417:river (modern
412:
405:
403:
392:
385:
383:
376:
369:
367:
357:
350:
348:
338:
331:
329:
321:Nanine Vallain
319:
312:
310:
299:
292:
290:
281:
274:
272:
261:
254:
252:
245:
238:
236:
218:
211:
208:
207:
129:Paolo Veronese
112:
109:
90:Antoninus Pius
52:Roman dictator
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2194:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1506:, p. 55.
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1177:9780822951513
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
998:
989:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
960:
951:
942:
936:
931:
916:
912:
906:
897:
891:
888:Warner, 275;
885:
878:
874:
870:
869:Bellum Civile
867:
863:
859:
853:
846:
840:
836:
822:
816:
807:
803:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
775:
772:
771:
765:
763:
759:
753:
749:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
715:
703:
701:
697:
694:Residents in
691:
681:
679:
675:
667:
662:
658:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
608:
606:
602:
598:
590:
585:
576:
574:
573:coats of arms
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
552:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:Prospect Hill
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:New York City
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
452:
443:
441:
437:
433:
424:
420:
416:
409:
404:
400:
396:
389:
384:
380:
373:
368:
364:
360:
354:
349:
345:
341:
335:
330:
326:
322:
316:
311:
307:
303:
296:
291:
287:
285:
278:
273:
269:
265:
258:
253:
249:
242:
237:
233:
230:(glorify the
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
146:of the Dutch
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:Doge's Palace
122:
118:
108:
104:
102:
101:Ides of March
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:Julius Caesar
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2071:
1739:
1672:
1669:Lurie, Shira
1662:google books
1649:
1625:
1603:
1589:. Retrieved
1574:
1561:
1553:Bibliography
1538:
1526:
1499:
1487:
1460:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1309:
1289:
1282:
1270:
1245:
1162:
1155:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1066:
1059:
1040:
1034:
1016:
997:
988:
977:google books
964:
959:
950:
941:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:
905:
896:
884:
876:
868:
864:, but is in
852:
844:
839:
820:
815:
806:
754:
750:
746:Samuel Chase
743:
732:
717:
705:
693:
674:Phrygian cap
671:
652:
648:Roman Ghetto
628:Liberty Tree
611:
609:
603:would erect
601:Pennsylvania
594:
589:Leo Belgicus
561:
550:
537:
527:
520:
457:
429:
399:Dutch Revolt
362:
324:
301:
282:
263:
227:
224:Dutch Maiden
200:
184:George Bowes
161:
140:Dutch Maiden
137:
114:
105:
97:antiquarians
79:
48:Phrygian cap
44:liberty pole
43:
41:
2182:Iconography
1591:October 24,
1390:Hanson 1976
1217:Hanson 1976
992:Warner, 275
954:Warner, 275
945:Warner, 275
900:Warner, 275
792:Fort Gaddis
720:David Brown
595:During the
528:During the
268:Gallic cock
121:emblem book
94:Renaissance
59:Liberatores
36:Liberty cap
2151:Categories
1874:Meigs Raid
1681:0813950112
1658:0520227336
1543:Slack 2015
1519:Slack 2015
1504:Simon 2003
1492:Slack 2015
1480:Slack 2015
1465:Slack 2015
1453:Slack 2015
1438:Slack 2015
1414:Slack 2015
1402:Slack 2015
1361:Slack 2015
1346:Slack 2015
1314:Slack 2015
1196:Slack 2015
973:184383541X
915:www.wga.hu
831:References
758:John Adams
579:Other uses
419:Luxembourg
1685:UVA Press
1531:Tise 1998
1426:Tise 1998
1329:Tise 1998
1275:Tise 1998
871:, 2.119,
858:Suetonius
821:shillings
632:Amsterdam
508:Stamp Act
502:(see the
395:Rotterdam
232:De Graeff
168:Britannia
2072:Culloden
1144:Archived
1111:Archived
1024:Archived
1005:Archived
920:23 April
862:Plutarch
781:See also
562:When an
342:Seal of
82:Libertas
890:example
787:Maypole
739:Andover
666:Wexford
569:dissent
415:Moselle
325:Liberté
226:in his
176:Gibside
172:trident
86:freeman
2037:Arnold
1679:
1656:
1633:
1610:
1582:
1297:
1258:
1174:
1074:
1047:
971:
866:Appian
768:Places
624:Vienne
564:ensign
553:(1775)
523:Boston
462:(e.g.
365:, 1814
346:, 1799
327:, 1794
222:, the
196:gilded
67:Senate
63:pileus
2041:André
935:photo
798:Notes
605:poles
551:Diana
304:, by
2119:1783
2098:1782
2070:HMS
2063:1781
2020:1780
1984:1779
1938:1778
1867:1777
1791:1776
1770:1775
1754:1770
1728:1765
1677:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1593:2020
1580:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1045:ISBN
969:ISBN
922:2018
873:text
610:The
549:HMS
543:and
478:and
438:and
188:Whig
138:The
860:or
494:in
2153::
1671:,
1648:,
1511:^
1472:^
1445:^
1368:^
1353:^
1336:^
1321:^
1254:.
1252:64
1224:^
1203:^
1186:^
1166:.
979:;
913:.
680:.
657:.
474:;
470:;
466:;
442:.
361:,
323:,
142:,
127:,
42:A
34:A
2039:–
1713:e
1706:t
1699:v
1639:.
1616:.
1595:.
1303:.
1264:.
1180:.
1150:.
1097:.
1080:.
1053:.
924:.
823:.
401:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
