Areus I - Knowledge

718:. The outcome of the war therefore depended on Areus, who apparently passed the Isthmus of Corinth unhindered during the first year of the war, but then could not join with Patroklos because Gonatas had built a wall in Attica to block him. He returned home once his supplies ran out. Gonatas then garrisoned the wall on the Isthmus to prevent Areus from passing through, which he tried to do one or two times (in the years 266–265 and/or 265–264). In about 265, a battle took place near Corinth between the bulk of Gonatas' army and that of Areus, in which the latter was killed, and apparently a lot of his troops as well, because Sparta is not found attacking the isthmus again. Gonatas had not been able to concentrate his troops against Areus the previous year because of a short-lived revolt of his Gallic mercenaries in 602: 29: 287: 734: 3335: 543:

him pass through its territory. He likewise received the support of the Achaian League, on the other side of the Corinthian Gulf, as well as Elis, and then settled in Megalopolis, another new ally, where he received embassies from multiple states, notably Argos, which had a strong pro-Pyrrhus faction. Pyrrhus disguised his real intentions to the Spartans, by assuring them that his only ambition was to remove Gonatas' influence from the Peloponnese, and to bring his young sons to Sparta so they could be trained in the

801:) without mentioning the other king or even the city of Sparta, but is very similar to the coins of the Diadochi. Several dates have been suggested for the production of these tetradrachms, but recent studies support a date at the beginning of the Chremonidean War in order to pay the vast number of mercenaries hired by Areus. They were probably minted outside Sparta, perhaps near Corinth. Areus also produced a second series of smaller coins, which were more likely intended for local circulation within Sparta. These 686: 817: 438:, in the southwest of Delphi. Despite posturing as the liberator of Delphi's sacred land, Areus let his soldiers disperse to plunder the area; as a result, the Aitolians inflicted a resounding defeat on Areus' scattered army, although the figures cited by Justin are improbable: he says that 500 Aitolians killed 9000 Spartans and allies. In fact, Areus might have commanded 3,000 men at most. The Spartans likely buried their dead on the spot, either in a 166:

attracted by the sponsorship of Areus, who probably built the first theatre of the city. Areus is also known as the king who first minted coins in Sparta, whereas money was hitherto banned. His posture as a Hellenistic king brought him considerable international prestige, but altered the constitutional order of the city, notably by eclipsing kings of the other Spartan dynasty.

531:. Plutarch and Pausanias tell that Cleonymus fled to Pyrrhus in order to request his help to become king of Sparta, but this is unlikely, as Pyrrhus' campaign against Sparta only dates from 272. Pyrrhus' first confrontation was instead against Antigonos Gonatas, as he coveted the Macedonian throne, during which he gave Cleonymus the important command of the Epirote 483:. This policy of intervening into Cretan affairs was continued by Areus, as Polyrrennia later built a statue in his honour. The island produced a lot of mercenaries, on which Sparta relied for its operations. Crete was furthermore one of the few places where Sparta could extend its influence without angering any of the big three Hellenistic kingdoms (Macedonian, 988:. This puzzling connection between a Greek state and a people subject of Ptolemaic Egypt has attracted considerable attention among modern scholars. Already in 1934 Michael Ginsburg noted that "it is a hard and ungrateful task to wade through the vast literature dealing with this problem". The core of the academic debate is whether the letters reproduced in 1035:

Jewish mercenaries. The language of the letter is furthermore "suspiciously biblical" ("ours are yours"), which would not have been written by a Greek. Gruen thinks instead that this correspondence is a Jewish invention, which results from the need for them to find their place in the new Hellenistic order that followed the conquest of the

499:, who was the daughter of a Leotychidas, a name commonly found in the Eurypontid dynasty, the other royal family of Sparta. As daughters could inherit property in Sparta, Chilonis was a particularly attractive bride, because of her royal descent and wealth. It shows that Cleonymus tried to get closer to the other king, 234:—the supreme assembly at Sparta—still upheld the traditional linear succession of the Spartan kingship, and ruled in favour of Areus. However, this story may be a retrojection from Pausanias in light of the later opposition between Areus and Cleonymus. Moreover, succession disputes were normally settled before the 881:

Areus' goals behind this transformation of his role as Spartan king was to picture himself as the peer of the massively more powerful Hellenistic kings. Although he still retained the constitutional framework of Sparta, Areus' enhancement of his kingship dangerously shook the institutional balance in

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has been the most vocal critic of the authenticity of Areus' letter. He considers that Areus would have not engaged in independent diplomacy with the Jews, as they were the subjects of his ally Ptolemy II. He adds that Areus would not have needed to highlight his alleged descent from Abraham to hire

614:, who was an enemy of Gonatas and had tried to get a foothold in mainland Greece. Dated from 268 to 267, the text of the Athenian decree sealing the alliance with Sparta is still extent, and is the major source of these otherwise poorly documented events. The Athenian leader behind this alliance was 562:

before the Battle of Leuctra, relationships between the two cities considerably improved during the third century, as evidences show ties between respective aristocrats. Even more unexpected is the help sent by Gonatas, who in fact feared that Pyrrhus would be able to challenge his throne if he took

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In 272, Pyrrhus assembled a large army of 25,000 foot soldiers, 2,000 cavalry, and 24 elephants, and moved to the Peloponnese. His plan was to take the whole region in order to further weaken Gonatas, while giving Sparta to his friend Cleonymus. The Aitolian League, which had abandoned Gonatas, let

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Cleonymus was therefore given all the military commands between 279 and 275, probably because he was seen as more capable than Areus following the king's defeat against the Aitolians, a situation that must have concerned Areus. In addition, Plutarch tells that Cleonymus married a much younger woman

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Areus was chosen by several other states to lead the alliance against the Aitolians, perhaps because the campaigns of Cleonymus made a good impression, and Sparta was seen as producing capable commanders again. Modern historians however disagree on the extent of this alliance as most of this war is

678:, while Knossos might have joined later. Ptolemy brought his massive fleet to the alliance, as well as military subsidies, which enabled the allies to enlist mercenaries. Areus' army indeed counted numerous mercenaries from his Cretan allies, and from the reopening of the large mercenary market of 165:

Although the military activity of Areus shows that Sparta had temporarily regained some of its former glory, the main interest of his reign is the introduction of Hellenistic features in the traditionally austere Sparta. For the first time in centuries, prominent artists are found in Sparta—likely

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were expelled from Egypt at the same time as the Jews. As Danaos was an ancestor of Heracles and therefore the Spartans, it may be the origin for the claim of the kinship between Spartans and Jews. The most common explanation of Areus' claim of such kinship was his need to hire mercenaries, since

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The victory against Pyrrhus increased Areus' prestige on the international stage, which turned Sparta into a regional power again. Areus became one of the leaders of a new coalition with Athens directed against Macedonia. As both Athens and Sparta had been allied with Egypt before concluding an

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near Delphi, or in a place called Lakonikon in the Kirrhan plain. The new alliance collapsed following Areus' defeat, likely because his military leadership was by now discredited. Another possibility is that as Antigonos Gonatas was far away campaigning in Asia, the Peloponnesians did not feel

705:

The Chremonidean War started in 267–266, but its development is obscure as it is one of the least known wars of Greek history, with only short mentions by Justin and Pausanias. Despite the large number of participants, the anti-Macedonian alliance suffered from the isolation of its individual

571:. He then ravaged southern Laconia, but retreated to Argos in order to support his faction in the civil war that had just broken out in this city. However, Areus, who had landed in Laconia with a thousand Cretan mercenaries, organised ambushes against Pyrrhus' army; one of which was fatal to 877:

and other Diadochi; a second one was an equestrian monument, typical of the new era; the third was dedicated by the city of Elis, another ally of Sparta. Outside Olympia, two statues have also been found in cities allied with Sparta: Arkadian Orchomenos and Polyrrhenia in Crete.

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Another aspect of Areus' innovativeness was the promotion of his image. He was honoured by an important number of statues, more than any other Spartan king, while a century earlier Agesilaus II had always refused to be portrayed. Pausanias describes three of his statues at the

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is the most obscure of all the Spartan kings; the dates of their reign are highly conjectural. The Eurypontids were also denied any military command; even when Pyrrhus attacked Sparta while Areus was away, the defence of the city was entrusted to Areus' young son

257:. Pausanias further tells that Cleonymus was given the command of the army as a compensation for his denied claim on the throne, but this is probably another invention as there is nothing unusual for the regent to receive such command. For example, in 479, 828:

in Delphi, which would have been unthinkable in the Classical era, when theatre was held great contempt by the Spartans. Paul Cartledge thinks the first theatre of Sparta was precisely built during his reign. In the 280s or 270s Areus hired the sculptor

756:(5th and 4th centuries BC), monarchy became the prevalent form of government during the Hellenistic era. Areus' rule as king shows that he tried to emulate the Hellenistic monarchs, who by now ruled the Greek world, at the expense of the ancestral 781:. In the engraved Athenian decree forging the alliance with Sparta before the Chremonidean War, Areus is mentioned by name five times, while his co-king is absent, therefore showing that for the Athenians, Areus was the sole ruler of Sparta. 784:

The most striking feature of this new era is the introduction of coinage in Sparta. The use of coins had been allegedly banned since the time of Lycurgus because money was seen as a source of greed and corruption. Areus' first coins were

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in the 440s, Sparta had assumed the role of Delphi's protector and Areus denounced the profanation of sacred soil by the Aitolians. The attack on the Aitolian League may have been determined by the impossibility of passing through the

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by Alexander the Great. He writes that "the Jews attempted to assimilate Greeks into their own tradition", by crafting a kinship with Areus and Sparta, which were still held in high regard by the Greeks of the second century BC, when

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Nothing is known of Areus until 281, principally because of the loss of several ancient sources, but also because Sparta was now only a regional power of lesser interest for ancient historians, who did not record its activity.

646:, which used to be the instrument of Sparta's supremacy over southern Greece until its disbandment in 338, although this time Sparta did not dominate its allies. Areus' alliance looked very similar to the alliance set by king 130:, a skilled general who campaigned in Greece and abroad at the head of mercenary armies. Areus' first record in the scanty ancient sources took place in 281 BC, when he led an alliance of Greek city-states to challenge 138:(allied with Macedonia). In 275 BC, Cleonymus defected to Pyrrhus of Epirus, who launched an invasion of the Peloponnese in 272 BC. Areus nevertheless repelled the attack and pursued Pyrrhus until his death in 242:

was chosen king against the initial claim of his nephew Leotychidas. Cleonymus was then made the regent of Areus, thus indicating that he did not challenge the oligarchic order.

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Cleonymus retained a prominent place during the first half of Areus' reign, commanding mercenary armies with official support, such as in 303, when Sparta sent him to help

768:, with two kings of equal powers, Areus completely eclipsed the kings of the Eurypontid dynasty. Nothing is known of Areus' co-king Archidamus IV after his defeat against 3717: 1471:

Anne Jacquemin, "Sparte et Delphes du IVe siècle av. J.-C. au IIe siècle av. J.-C., Un déclin inscrit dans l’ espace sacré", in Legras & Jacqueline Christien (ed.),

642:) are cited; Corinth, Argos, and Megalopolis remained on the side of Gonatas, Messenia was neutral. This set of Spartan allies has been described as a revival of the 797:

and Zeus seated on a throne, which at the time formed the common imagery on the coins of Alexander the Great and all his successors. The legend reads "King Areus" (

1418:, pp. 119, 120, accepts Epidaurus, but considers an alliance with Elis and Argos "much more dubious", and does not discuss possible allies outside the Peloponnese. 2109:, p. 140, only considers Polyrrenia, Phalasarna, and Gortyn, as secure allies of Sparta, but thinks Knossos, Olous and Itanos possibly rejoined later in the war. 1007:—the main magistrates at Sparta—while their absence in the letter fits well with Areus' autocratic tendencies. It seems that the letter was originally written in 824:

Imitating the Ptolemies and Seleucids, Areus furthermore initiated a royal patronage of the arts. c.270 a Spartan comic actor named Nicon won a prize at the

170: 547:. The Spartans were therefore completely caught off-guard when Pyrrhus attacked them and besieged their city, as Areus was campaigning in Crete, supporting 173:, who answered favourably and later repeatedly renewed their friendship with Sparta, even though the reality of this Spartan-Jewish connection is disputed. 3064:

Handbook of Coins of the Peloponnesos: Achaia, Phleiasia, Sikyonia, Elis, Triphylia, Messenia, Lakonia, Argolis, and Arkadia, Sixth to First Centuries BC

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The main argument in favour of the authenticity of Areus' letter is that he was much less famous than other Spartan kings of the Hellenistic era, such as

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Gruen, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", p. 256, writes "a growing number of commentators now incline to accept the correspondence as genuine".

351:); Areus' plan was possibly to win a victory against the Aitolians, then attack Corinth from both the north and south. This war is sometimes called the 984:

Both sources describe Areus as a friend of the Jews, who claimed a common ancestry between Jews and Spartans, said to be "brothers" and descendants of

618:—after whom the subsequent war is named—who compared the alliance with Sparta and against Macedonia to the Greek coalition against the Persian emperor 352: 507:

to seduce Chilonis in order to thwart the political ambitions of his uncle Cleonymus. In 275, angered Cleonymus left Sparta and went into exile in

981:, a Jewish historian of the 1st century AD, also refers to these letters, which all establish and renew friendship ties between Sparta and Judea. 3727: 3722: 622:

in 480. Athens had no other ally, but Sparta is described as bringing its own allies into the coalition. Elis, Achaia, and five Arcadian cities (

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took place in Argos, where Pyrrhus was killed during streetfighting against the armies of Areus and Gonatas. Although he had taken the city of

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Jean‑Georges Texier, "192-182 avant J.‑C. : regards et réflexions sur dix ans d’ histoire spartiate", in Legras & Christien (eds.),

654:, showing the enduring support enjoyed by Sparta in the Peloponnese. Areus also counted several allies in Crete: Polyrrenia, Phalasarna, 3048:

Hans Hauben, "Callicrates of Samos and Patroclus of Macedon, champions of Ptolemaic thalassocracy", in Kostas Buraselis, Mary Stefanou,

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or Kleomenes III. A forger would presumably have picked an universally known figure. A forger would have also not failed to mention the

3864: 3287: 3140: 3884: 399:), because Areus would not have been able to cross the Peloponnese to Aitolia without their support. Other possible allies were 3859: 3222: 3101: 3085: 3057: 2916: 204:). As Cleomenes' reign was very long, his son Acrotatus died before him, and Areus succeeded his grandfather in about 309. 3052:(editors), The Ptolemies, the sea and the Nile: studies in waterborne power, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 39–65. 3889: 3215:

The Splendors and Miseries of Ruling Alone, Encounters with Monarchy from Archaic Greece to the Hellenistic Mediterranean

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are forgeries. The growing majority view has been to consider them authentic, with some elaborations from the authors of

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After the defeat of Areus, military operations were headed by Cleonymus again. He is recorded in 279 campaigning against

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members, while Gonatas' territories formed one block. Furthermore, Gonatas still had control of the Athenian harbour of

367:, a Roman historian of the 2nd century AD, whose account is very short. The only certain allies of Sparta were the four 2889: 2088:, that Polyrrenia, Phalasarna, Gortyn, Itanos, Olous, Aptera, Rhithymna, and Lyttos, were pro-Spartan, while Knossos, 714:, but his forces were not sufficient to dislodge Gonatas from Piraeus, although he built several forts on the shore of 496: 3078:

The Hellenistic Peloponnese: Interstate Relations, A Narrative and Analytic History, from the Fourth Century to 146 BC

3177: 3021: 3004: 2984: 2967: 2903: 2280:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 81, 82, suggests Areus died during his third campaign in 264.

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feature the head of Herakles and his club, alluding to their ancestry. The Spartan kings were indeed the last of the

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Christien, "Areus et le concept de symmachie", p. 167, rejects Argos, but tentatively adds Thebes and Western Crete.

3874: 3869: 3131:

James L. O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", in Paul McKechnie & Philippe Guillaume (editors),

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Jacqueline Christien, "Iron money in Sparta: myth and history", in Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson (editors),

1932:, p. 142, says that it is not possible to tell who between Areus and Ptolemy took the initiative of the alliance. 722:. Despite the death of Areus, Athens held out until its surrender in 263–262, thus concluding Gonatas' victory. 1877:, p. 113. Phyrrhus was nevertheless able to counter-attack and defeat the Spartan group that had killed his son. 3879: 3193: 3071: 3043: 2953: 725:

Areus was succeeded by his son Acrotatus, who died soon after before the walls of Megalopolis, likely in 262.

3280: 2972: 182: 1011:; its wording also shows that Areus was well aware of Jewish customs. A Greek writer contemporary of Areus, 853:. Eutychides possibly made another statue of Herakles seated and reclining on his mace, because the tyrant 290:

The Fifth Sacred War (281–280 BC), with the hypothetical allies of Sparta, and Areus' plan to take Corinth.

2170:, p. 124, 145, writes that "Clearly, Antigonus' forces surrounded Athens right after the outbreak of war". 318:. In Greece, many cities immediately attempted to recover their independence from the new Macedonian king 307: 131: 112: 583:, in the southeastern Peloponnese, Cleonymus had to go into exile after the death of Pyrrhus, likely in 3904: 3894: 3604: 3569: 3412: 778: 169:

In order to facilitate his recruitment of Jewish mercenaries, Areus claimed a shared ancestry with the

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Dialogues d'histoire ancienne Supplément N° 11, Sparte hellénistique, IVe-IIIe siècles avant notre ère

3807: 3667: 3012:, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", in Robert W. Wallace & Edward M. Harris (editors), 452: 3677: 3273: 1024:

Jews were known to be good soldiers. The Jewish-Spartan connection was repeated by the High Priest

572: 3849: 3296: 2835: 1370:, p. 66, accepts Argos, Epidauros, Megara and Boeotia, but rejects Elis and Athens as "doubtful". 611: 368: 330:

in 331. Sparta did not frontally attack Macedonia though, targeting instead its weaker ally, the

201: 42: 3854: 3351: 3314: 3247: 2821: 769: 508: 219: 120: 3145:

Manolis E. Pagkalos, "The coinage of King Areus revisited: use of the past in Spartan coins",

601: 3657: 2989: 2802: 2085: 963: 948: 710:, which equated to a permanent siege of Athens. Ptolemy helped Athens by sending his admiral 651: 327: 2122:, pp. 130, 142 (note 57), follows Marasco, adding that the Cretan cities were led by Gortyn. 2058:, pp. 130, 131, rejects the comparison between Areus' alliance and the Peloponnesian League. 3692: 3672: 3549: 3544: 757: 643: 631: 564: 558:

Surprisingly, Sparta received help from Messena. Although its inhabitants had been Spartan

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has suggested that Areus was born shortly after his father had come back from a mission in

151: 108: 8: 3594: 3559: 3504: 3489: 3049: 3014:

Transitions to Empire, Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360–146 B.C., in Honor of E. Badian

2994: 1025: 1012: 850: 711: 455:, which prevented them from sending aid to the Aitolians, who were facing an invasion of 396: 299: 227: 127: 142:. Thanks to the prestige of this victory, Areus founded another alliance in 267 BC with 28: 3687: 3161: 2867: 2809: 825: 761: 698: 408: 364: 344: 311: 205: 139: 100: 1396:, p. 29, considers Boeotia, Megara, and "some towns in the Argolid" as Spartan allies. 126:

The first part of Areus' reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and regent

3737: 3356: 3218: 3189: 3173: 3136: 3097: 3081: 3067: 3053: 3039: 3017: 3000: 2980: 2963: 2949: 2899: 2885: 1036: 745: 536: 512: 484: 460: 339: 262: 235: 147: 116: 865:

in Sparta can furthermore be dated from his reign, as they decorated banquet rooms.

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from 309 to 265 BC. His reign is noted for his attempts to transform Sparta into an

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the whole Peloponnese. As a result, thanks to the Macedonian mercenaries headed by

528: 420: 392: 155: 143: 459:. Sparta recovered the border area of Denthaliates, which had been lost after the 3823: 3529: 2830: 970: 895: 874: 870: 861:—Spartan collective messes—evolved into spectacular banquets. The development of 854: 846: 842: 838: 733: 694: 667: 584: 576: 568: 488: 431: 331: 315: 159: 135: 813:

of Macedonia in 309 BC, an important source of prestige within the Greek world.

3767: 3747: 3697: 3634: 3619: 3524: 3009: 2877: 2853: 1031: 810: 388: 254: 213: 104: 96: 86: 1015:, precisely published a work on the Jews, where he told that the Greek heroes 503:, and therefore enhance his status within Sparta. However, Areus sent his son 226:, tell that since Areus was still a young child in 309, Cleomenes' second son 3843: 3797: 3782: 3752: 3624: 3584: 3579: 3451: 3119:

Sparta agli inizi dell'età ellenistica, il regno di Areo I (309/8-265/4 a.C.)

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the city, which later lead to the abolition of dyarchy and the reduction the

524: 500: 197: 2917:

Areus et le concept de symmachie au IIIe siècle. Les réalités hellénistiques

685: 322:, and Sparta is found leading allies for the first time since the defeat of 3802: 3787: 3762: 3712: 3589: 3574: 3554: 3519: 3257: 3240: 3210: 3162:

Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

3152: 2236:, p. 146, thinks Areus could not even break through the Isthmus of Corinth. 974: 857:

later used this scene typical of Eutychides on his coins. Under Areus, the

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Areus makes a surprising appearance in the ancient Jewish literature. The

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and Josephus, although the minority—or sceptical—view remains important.

959: 943: 816: 806: 802: 786: 737: 690: 615: 476: 439: 416: 348: 33: 3156: 1627:, pp. 97, 98, does not write that Areus sent his son to seduce Chilonis. 873:. One was dedicated by Ptolemy II and likely placed next to a statue of 748:

on the reverse. All symbols allude to the ancestry of the Spartan kings.

3817: 3707: 3702: 3539: 3509: 3107: 2898:, London and New York, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1989). 830: 480: 463:

in 371. Between 279 and 276, Cleonymus took the Macedonian garrison of

303: 3036:

Hellenistic Constructs, Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography

2934: 1112:, pp. 205 (note 4), 206, also supports an earlier birthdate for Areus. 605:

Operations during the first stage of the Chremonidean War (267–265 BC)

3828: 3742: 3732: 3682: 3629: 3514: 3386: 3381: 2779:

Gruen, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", pp. 260, 261, 264.

2505:, pp. 24, 25, favour a date at the beginning of the Chremonidean War. 671: 627: 412: 250: 3772: 3609: 3499: 3494: 3479: 3402: 3371: 3366: 2842: 1000: 978: 887: 858: 794: 741: 647: 635: 619: 323: 231: 223: 3265: 2997:, I Maccabees, A New Translation, with Introduction and Commentary 3792: 3757: 3662: 3652: 3474: 3407: 3376: 3361: 3324: 3026:——, "Fact and Fiction: Jewish Legends in a Hellenistic Context", 2847: 2093: 2089: 1008: 985: 966: 765: 707: 639: 552: 532: 468: 464: 404: 384: 376: 246: 238:—the citizen assembly at Sparta—not the Gerousia, as in 400 when 158:

was however a disaster for the Greeks; Areus died in battle near

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Gruen, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", pp. 255, 256.

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after an unsuccessful expedition against the Roman Republic and

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O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 78, 81.

2249:, pp. 145, 146, is unsure whether Areus could pass the Isthmus. 2179:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 71, 72.

1020: 1016: 862: 834: 719: 715: 675: 659: 655: 559: 548: 435: 400: 372: 335: 209: 200:, one of the two royal families at Sparta (the other being the 2315:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 80–83.

2214:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 74–76.

1985:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", pp. 66–71.

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alliance between them, it seems that the initiative came from

3319: 3038:, Berkeley, University of California press, 1997, pp. 72–88. 2815:

Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs

1004: 883: 809:—the descendants of Herakles—following the extinction of the 740:

of Areus, minted c. 265 BC. The obverse features the head of

663: 623: 580: 544: 472: 456: 424: 90: 1341:, p. 116, she summarises the historiography p. 139 (note 8). 2912:, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, 2002, pp. 171–190. 380: 2761:

Gruen, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", p. 257.

2752:

Gruen, "The Purported Jewish-Spartan Affiliation", p. 256.

2131:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", p. 65.

2003:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", p. 67.

1994:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", p. 66.

1954:

O’Neil, "A re-examination of the Chremonidean War", p. 66.

820:

The ancient theatre of Sparta, possibly built under Areus.

334:, which had taken control of the Panhellenic sanctuary of 2084:, p. 236, follows with reservation the old statement of 222:, a Greek geographer of the 2nd century AD, as well as 3066:, Lancaster/London, Classical Numismatic Group, 2011. 1562:

Christien, "Areus et le concept de symmachie", p. 169.

752:

While the Spartan kingship had been an anachronism in

446: 134:

control over Greece, but was rapidly defeated by the

2874:(2nd edition), Berlin and Leipzig, De Gruyter, 1927. 973:

c.144, and a third dated c.142 from the Spartans to

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in the background. The fortifications date from the

347:, which was heavily garrisoned by Macedonia (in the 3016:, University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, pp. 254–269. 2884:, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987. 1028:, who attempted to seek shelter to Sparta in 168. 927:

We are ready to write in reply to you, 'Your cattle

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of Areus, minted c. 265 BC. The first Spartan coin.

3165:, Vol. 75, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2006), pp. 205–217. 2896:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, A tale of two cities 1099:McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 165 (note 13). 682:, located on the middle prong of the Peloponnese. 3157:Art and Royalty in Sparta of the 3rd Century B.C. 3096:, Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2014. 3841: 3205:D. Alexander Walthall, "Becoming Kings: Spartan 2928:Recherches sur les acteurs dans la Grèce antique 2532:Pagkalos, "Coinage of King Areus", pp. 147, 148. 2474:Christien, "Iron money in Sparta", pp. 172, 173. 923:Now that we have learned this, please be so good 590: 281: 176: 3080:, Swansea, The Classical Press of Wales, 2017. 1963:Hauben, "Callicrates of Samos", pp. 46, 47, 54. 962:first reproduces a letter sent by Areus to the 931:have ordered that you be given a full report on 919:there is a statement that they are brothers and 915:To Onias, Areus King of the Spartans, greeting. 539:, the historical capital of Macedonia, in 274. 518: 3170:Le territoire de Delphes et la terre d'Apollon 2651:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", pp. 132, 133, 140. 2443:McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", pp. 166, 167. 2425:McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", pp. 167, 168. 929:and property are ours, and ours are yours.' We 917:In a work concerning the Spartans and the Jews 744:, while there are a club and the stars of the 3281: 2514:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", p. 134 (note 13). 2483:Palagia, "Art and Royalty in Sparta", p. 206. 475:, acting as peacemaker between the cities of 3200:La Crète et le monde grec de Platon à Polybe 3182:Françoise Ruzé & Jacqueline Christien, 3172:, Athens, Ecole française d'Athènes, 2002. 3090:Bernard Legras & Jacqueline Christien, 2941:, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr., 1934), pp. 117–122. 2223:Hauben, "Callicrates of Samos", pp. 60, 61. 1523:Françoise Ruzé & Jacqueline Christien, 1176:Françoise Ruzé & Jacqueline Christien, 443:threatened enough to stay in the alliance. 427:, but the state of evidence is very thin. 230:contested the claim of his nephew, but the 3288: 3274: 3108:The Eurypontid House in Hellenistic Sparta 2523:Pagkalos, "Coinage of King Areus", p. 151. 2379:Pagkalos, "Coinage of King Areus", p. 152. 355:by modern scholars, named after the other 103:and to recover its former pre-eminence in 27: 3231:, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955. 3135:, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2008, pp. 65–89. 3112:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 2642:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", pp. 138, 139. 2633:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", pp. 137, 138. 2624:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", pp. 136, 137. 2465:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", pp. 135, 136. 2027:Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis 1431:, p. 96. Grainger dates the war from 280. 1167:, pp. 26, 27, accepts Pausanias' account. 3217:, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2013. 3114:, Bd. 39, H. 2 (1990), pp. 163–181. 2434:McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 166. 1241:McQueen, "The Eurypontid House", p. 163. 815: 732: 684: 600: 511:, as he had been familiar with its king 285: 2960:Cult and Koinon in Hellenistic Thessaly 2923:, 2016/Supplement 16, pp. 161–175. 1304:Cult and Koinon in Hellenistic Thessaly 523:In 275 Pyrrhus had just come back from 3842: 2412: 2410: 2387: 2385: 2362: 2360: 2354:, pp. 138, 144, 145 (notes 89, 90, 91) 3269: 3229:Aristocratic society in Ancient Crete 3133:Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World 2682:Ginsburg, "Sparta and Judea", p. 118. 2037: 2035: 1911: 1909: 1726: 1724: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1349: 1347: 969:, then a letter from the High Priest 921:that they are descended from Abraham. 901: 728: 3900:People in the deuterocanonical books 1146: 1144: 216:favours an earlier date, about 320. 95:; c. 320 or 312 – 265 BC) was Agiad 3295: 3185:Sparte, Histoire, mythe, géographie 2615:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", p. 135. 2492:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", p. 133. 2416:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", p. 132. 2407: 2391:Walthall, "Becoming Kings", p. 131. 2382: 2357: 515:since his command in Italy in 303. 447:The defection of Cleonymus (275 BC) 302:—came to an end with the deaths of 13: 3333: 2979:, Harvard University Press, 1997. 2930:, Paris, les Belles Lettres, 1976. 2882:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta 2791: 2032: 1906: 1721: 1434: 1344: 14: 3916: 3865:3rd-century BC monarchs in Europe 2861: 2770:Gruen, "Fact and Fiction", p. 76. 1141: 3188:, Malakoff, Armand Colin, 2017. 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2733: 2720: 2707: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2570: 2561: 2548: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2394: 2373: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2309: 265:as regent to his younger cousin 3885:Ancient Greeks killed in battle 3209:in the Hellenistic Period", in 2977:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2786: 2326:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2296: 2283: 2274: 2261: 2252: 2247:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2239: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2203:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2195: 2182: 2173: 2168:Athens from Alexander to Antony 2160: 2147: 2134: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2074: 2071:, pp. 203, 204, rejects Lyttos. 2061: 2048: 2019: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1943:Athens from Alexander to Antony 1935: 1922: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1854: 1841: 1828: 1815: 1802: 1789: 1776: 1763: 1750: 1737: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1669: 1656: 1643: 1630: 1617: 1604: 1591: 1578: 1565: 1556: 1543: 1530: 1517: 1504: 1491: 1478: 1465: 1452: 1421: 1408: 1399: 1386: 1383:, pp. 130, 131, rejects Athens. 1381:Athens from Alexander to Antony 1373: 1360: 1331: 1322: 1309: 1296: 1283: 1270: 1257: 1244: 1235: 1222: 1209: 1196: 1183: 1170: 1090:, vol. 4, part 2, pp. 157, 158. 191: 3126:Sparta and her Social Problems 1157: 1128: 1115: 1110:Sparta and her Social Problems 1102: 1093: 1080: 1067: 1054: 793:, featuring the head of young 387:(which soon after founded the 338:a few years before. Since the 16:King of Sparta from 309 to 265 1: 3860:4th-century BC Greek monarchs 2921:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 1553:, pp. 75, 76, 78, 79, 84, 85. 1047: 845:and perhaps copied as far as 837:to create an allegory of the 591:Chremonidean War (267–265 BC) 535:. Clenoymus notably captured 282:Fifth Sacred War (281–280 BC) 177:Family background and regency 3128:, Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1972 . 2556:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 2454:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 2339:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1732:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1638:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1447:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1394:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1252:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1204:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1165:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1123:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1075:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 772:in 294, and Archidamus' son 575:, one of Pyrrhus' sons. The 519:War against Pyrrhus (272 BC) 359:for the control of Delphi. 150:against the Macedonian king 107:, notably against the kings 7: 2946:The League of the Aitolians 2894:—— & Antony Spawforth, 2352:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 2120:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 2056:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1862:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1836:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1771:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1512:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1486:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1429:The League of the Aitolians 1416:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1355:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1339:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1317:The Hellenistic Peloponnese 1265:The League of the Aitolians 960:First Book of the Maccabees 925:as to write us how you are. 567:, Pyrrhus had to raise the 10: 3921: 3890:Hellenistic Jewish history 2926:Paulette Ghiron-Bistagne, 2543:Recherches sur les acteurs 594: 91: 3643: 3448: 3426: 3395: 3344: 3331: 3307: 3254: 3245: 3237: 3149:20, 2015, 2, pp. 145–159. 3034:, Erich Gruen (editors), 2910:Sparta: beyond the mirage 2368:Handbook of Greek Coinage 1890:, pp. 112, 114 (note 86). 1062:Handbook of Greek Coinage 907:Areus' letter to the Jews 471:and is also mentioned in 196:), king of Sparta of the 76: 66: 56: 48: 41: 26: 21: 2602:Legras & Christien, 2589:Legras & Christien, 2576:Legras & Christien, 2501:Legras & Christien, 1460:Le territoire de Delphes 1306:, pp. 121–123 (note 38). 1291:Le territoire de Delphes 977:, Jonathan's successor. 764:. Although Sparta was a 298:—the former generals of 276: 3875:3rd-century BC Spartans 3870:4th-century BC Spartans 3147:Graeco-Latina Brunensia 2962:, Leiden, Brill, 2011. 2948:, Leiden, Brill, 1999. 841:, which was praised by 701:occupation of the area. 430:Areus then crossed the 3338: 3198:Henri Van Effenterre, 2933:Michael S. Ginsburg, " 2826:Description of Greece. 2096:, were Pro-Macedonian. 939: 821: 749: 702: 606: 291: 185:, and the grandson of 3880:Agiad kings of Sparta 3337: 2990:Jonathan A. Goldstein 2872:Grechische Geschichte 2803:Bibliotheca Historica 1473:Sparte hellénistique, 1088:Grechische Geschichte 909: 819: 770:Demetrios Poliorketes 736: 688: 652:Battle of Megalopolis 604: 289: 181:Areus was the son of 3545:Cleombrotus (regent) 3248:Agiad King of Sparta 2604:Sparte héllenistique 2591:Sparte héllenistique 2578:Sparte héllenistique 2503:Sparte héllenistique 2402:Sparte héllenistique 2082:Aristocratic society 1797:Aristocratic Society 1462:, pp. 170, 216, 217. 871:Sanctuary of Olympia 758:Spartan constitution 644:Peloponnesian League 565:Ameinias the Phocian 349:Acrocorinth fortress 296:Wars of the Diadochi 3050:Dorothy J. Thompson 2939:Classical Philology 2580:, p. 181 (note 37). 1013:Hecataeus of Abdera 693:fortress, with the 689:Aerial view of the 391:), and most of the 300:Alexander the Great 101:Hellenistic kingdom 3646:Eurypontid dynasty 3595:Cleonymus (regent) 3560:Nicomedes (regent) 3550:Pausanias (regent) 3339: 3117:Gabriele Marasco, 3062:Oliver D. Hoover, 2999:, New York, 1976. 2958:Denver Graninger, 2944:John D. Grainger, 2868:Karl Julius Beloch 2836:Historia Naturalis 2086:Giuseppe Cardinali 1125:, p. 221 (note 5). 949:Jonathan Goldstein 902:Areus and the Jews 822: 750: 729:A Hellenistic king 703: 650:in 331 before the 607: 434:and landed in the 345:Isthmus of Corinth 292: 206:Karl Julius Beloch 3905:Pyrrhus of Epirus 3895:Hellenistic Crete 3837: 3836: 3264: 3263: 3255:Succeeded by 3252:309–265 BC 3223:978-3-515-10259-9 3141:978 90 04 17089 6 3102:978-2-84867-493-3 3086:978-1-910589-60-1 3058:978-1-107-03335-1 2973:Christian Habicht 2935:Sparta and Judaea 2567:Pliny, xxxiv. 78. 2541:Ghiron-Bistagne, 1588:, pp. 84, 89, 90. 953: 791:Athenian standard 551:in a war against 461:Battle of Leuctra 340:Second Sacred War 320:Antigonos Gonatas 314:, founder of the 263:Battle of Plataea 152:Antigonos Gonatas 109:Antigonos Gonatas 80: 79: 3912: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3238:Preceded by 3235: 3234: 3227:R. F. Willetts, 3121:, Firenze, 1980. 3106:E. I. McQueen, " 3030:Paul Cartledge, 2995:The Anchor Bible 2798:Diodorus Siculus 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2097: 2078: 2072: 2067:Van Effenterre, 2065: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1328:Justin, xxiv. 1. 1326: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1161: 1155: 1148: 1139: 1132: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1106: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1071: 1065: 1058: 979:Flavius Josephus 954: 952: 947:, translated by 826:Soteria festival 754:Classical Greece 597:Chremonidean War 353:Fifth Sacred War 294:In 281–280, the 195: 193: 156:Chremonidean War 154:. The following 94: 93: 31: 19: 18: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3645: 3639: 3530:Anaxandridas II 3450: 3444: 3427:Early Heraclids 3422: 3391: 3340: 3329: 3303: 3294: 3260: 3251: 3243: 3168:Denis Rousset, 3076:Ioanna Kralli, 2864: 2831:Pliny the Elder 2794: 2792:Ancient sources 2789: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743:, pp. 456, 457. 2738: 2734: 2730:, pp. 457, 458. 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606:, pp. 182, 183. 2601: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2404:, pp. 256, 257. 2399: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2293:, pp. 152, 153. 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271:, pp. 151, 152. 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205:, pp. 144, 145. 2200: 2196: 2192:, pp. 144, 145. 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2157:, pp. 145, 146. 2152: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2020: 2016:, pp. 139, 140. 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945:, pp. 142, 143. 1940: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1864:, pp. 123, 124. 1859: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1760:, pp. 105, 106. 1755: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1705:, pp. 103, 104. 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1657: 1653:, pp. 101, 102. 1648: 1644: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1479: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1352: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319:, pp. 116, 117. 1314: 1310: 1301: 1297: 1293:, pp. 216, 217. 1288: 1284: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1055: 1050: 956: 941: 938: 937: 936: 934: 933:these matters." 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 913: 908: 904: 843:Pliny the Elder 731: 695:Corinthian Gulf 599: 593: 569:siege of Sparta 521: 449: 432:Corinthian Gulf 332:Aitolian League 316:Seleucid Empire 284: 279: 190: 179: 136:Aitolian League 37: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3918: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850:310s BC births 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3768:Archidamus III 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Leotychidas II 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3698:Anaxandridas I 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3635:Agesipolis III 3632: 3627: 3622: 3620:Cleombrotus II 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3203: 3202:, Paris, 1948. 3196: 3180: 3166: 3150: 3143: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3104: 3088: 3074: 3060: 3046: 3024: 3010:Erich S. Gruen 3007: 2987: 2970: 2956: 2942: 2931: 2924: 2913: 2906: 2892: 2890:978-0715630327 2878:Paul Cartledge 2875: 2863: 2862:Modern sources 2860: 2859: 2858: 2854:Parallel Lives 2840: 2828: 2819: 2807: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2706: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2595: 2582: 2569: 2560: 2547: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2406: 2393: 2381: 2372: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2308: 2295: 2282: 2273: 2260: 2251: 2238: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2172: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2124: 2111: 2098: 2073: 2060: 2047: 2031: 2018: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1934: 1921: 1905: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1853: 1851:, p. 111, 114. 1840: 1838:, pp. 124–126. 1827: 1825:, p. 117, 118. 1814: 1812:, p. 115, 116. 1801: 1788: 1775: 1762: 1749: 1736: 1720: 1707: 1694: 1681: 1668: 1666:, pp. 100–104. 1655: 1642: 1629: 1616: 1603: 1590: 1577: 1564: 1555: 1542: 1529: 1516: 1503: 1490: 1477: 1464: 1451: 1433: 1420: 1407: 1398: 1385: 1372: 1359: 1343: 1330: 1321: 1308: 1295: 1282: 1269: 1256: 1243: 1234: 1221: 1208: 1195: 1182: 1169: 1156: 1140: 1127: 1114: 1101: 1092: 1079: 1066: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1037:Persian Empire 912: 911: 910: 906: 905: 903: 900: 811:Argead dynasty 799:Basileos Areos 730: 727: 595:Main article: 592: 589: 520: 517: 448: 445: 389:Achaian League 283: 280: 278: 275: 255:Roman Republic 214:Paul Cartledge 194: 370–309 178: 175: 97:King of Sparta 78: 77: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50: 46: 45: 43:King of Sparta 39: 38: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3917: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:265 BC deaths 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3798:Eudamidas III 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783:Archidamus IV 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Archidamus II 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728:Hippocratidas 3726: 3724: 3723:Leotychidas I 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625:Cleomenes III 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Agesipolis II 3583: 3581: 3580:Cleombrotus I 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3452:Agiad dynasty 3447: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345:Lacedaemonids 3343: 3336: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3178:9782869581630 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124:Pavel Oliva, 3123: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032:Peter Garnsey 3029: 3025: 3023: 3022:0-8061-2863-1 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005:0-385-08533-8 3002: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:9780674051119 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968:9789004207103 2965: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2904:0-415-26277-1 2901: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2564: 2558:, pp. 33, 34. 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2456:, pp. 32, 33. 2455: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1837: 1831: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1640:, pp. 29, 30. 1639: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1613: 1607: 1601:, pp. 93, 94. 1600: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1540:, pp. 74, 75. 1539: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1507: 1500: 1494: 1487: 1481: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1363: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1340: 1334: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1238: 1231: 1225: 1219:, iii. 6 § 2. 1218: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1179: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1138:, iii. 6 § 2. 1137: 1131: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1105: 1096: 1089: 1083: 1077:, pp. 24, 26. 1076: 1070: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1044:was written. 1043: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 965: 961: 955: 950: 946: 945: 935: 899: 897: 893: 892:Kleomenes III 889: 885: 879: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:Eurotas river 836: 832: 827: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 747: 743: 739: 735: 726: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 603: 598: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:Magna Graecia 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:Archidamus IV 498: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Gallic tribes 454: 444: 441: 437: 436:Kirrhan plain 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 288: 274: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Agiad dynasty 188: 184: 174: 172: 167: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 88: 84: 75: 72: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 44: 40: 35: 30: 25: 20: 3803:Archidamus V 3788:Eudamidas II 3763:Agesilaus II 3713:Archidamus I 3599: 3590:Cleomenes II 3575:Agesipolis I 3555:Pleistarchus 3520:Eurycratides 3258:Acrotatus II 3246: 3241:Cleomenes II 3228: 3214: 3211:Nino Luraghi 3206: 3199: 3183: 3169: 3160: 3153:Olga Palagia 3146: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3091: 3077: 3063: 3035: 3027: 3013: 2993: 2976: 2959: 2945: 2938: 2927: 2920: 2909: 2895: 2881: 2871: 2852: 2846: 2834: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2787:Bibliography 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2401: 2396: 2375: 2367: 2351: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2106: 2101: 2081: 2076: 2068: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1916: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1715: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1650: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1624: 1619: 1614:, pp. 95–97. 1611: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1475:pp. 144, 145 1472: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1446: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1362: 1354: 1338: 1333: 1324: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1290: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1203: 1198: 1193:, pp. 31–38. 1190: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1151: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1104: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1056: 1041: 1030: 998: 993: 989: 983: 957: 942: 940: 914: 880: 867: 823: 798: 787:tetradrachms 783: 774:Eudamidas II 751: 724: 704: 608: 577:final battle 557: 541: 522: 493: 450: 429: 423:and Western 361: 293: 271: 267:Pleistarchus 244: 240:Agesilaus II 218: 187:Cleomenes II 180: 168: 164: 125: 82: 81: 71:Acrotatus II 61:Cleomenes II 3778:Eudamidas I 3615:Leonidas II 3565:Pleistoanax 3535:Cleomenes I 3485:Agesilaus I 3470:Echestratus 3460:Eurysthenes 3434:Aristodemus 2741:I Maccabees 2739:Goldstein, 2728:I Maccabees 2726:Goldstein, 2715:I Maccabees 2713:Goldstein, 2702:I Maccabees 2700:Goldstein, 2662:I Maccabees 2660:Goldstein, 2554:Cartledge, 2452:Cartledge, 2337:Cartledge, 1795:Willetts , 1730:Cartledge, 1636:Cartledge, 1445:Cartledge, 1392:Cartledge, 1302:Graninger, 1250:Cartledge, 1215:Pausanias, 1202:Cartledge, 1163:Cartledge, 1134:Pausanias, 1121:Cartledge, 1073:Cartledge, 1042:I Maccabees 1032:Erich Gruen 994:I Maccabees 990:I Maccabees 964:High Priest 944:I Maccabees 807:Heracleidae 760:written by 691:Acrocorinth 616:Chremonides 477:Polyrrennia 440:polyandrion 397:Megalopolis 363:known from 357:Sacred Wars 328:Megalopolis 202:Eurypontids 162:in 265 BC. 57:Predecessor 34:Tetradrachm 3844:Categories 3818:Machanidas 3708:Anaxidamus 3703:Zeuxidamus 3693:Theopompus 3673:Polydectes 3540:Leonidas I 3510:Eurycrates 3352:Lacedaemon 3213:(editor), 3194:220061814X 3072:0980238773 3044:0520206762 2954:9004109110 2080:Willetts, 1427:Grainger, 1263:Grainger, 1150:Plutarch, 1048:References 831:Eutychides 632:Orchomenos 612:Ptolemy II 481:Phalasarna 371:cities of 306:, king of 304:Lysimachus 132:Macedonian 52:309–265 BC 3829:Laconicus 3743:Demaratus 3733:Agasicles 3683:Charilaus 3644:Heraclids 3630:Eucleidas 3605:Acrotatus 3570:Pausanias 3515:Anaxander 3505:Polydorus 3490:Archelaus 3449:Heraclids 3413:Tisamenus 3387:Hippocoon 3382:Tyndareus 2822:Pausanias 2717:, p. 455. 2704:, p. 456. 2664:, p. 445. 2593:, p. 181. 2545:, p. 176. 2370:, p. 143. 2328:, p. 146. 2324:Habicht, 2306:, p. 153. 2302:Marasco, 2289:Marasco, 2267:Marasco, 2245:Habicht, 2232:Marasco, 2201:Habicht, 2188:Marasco, 2166:Habicht, 2153:Marasco, 2144:, p. 144. 2140:Marasco, 2105:Marasco, 2045:, p. 141. 2041:Marasco, 2029:, p. 514. 2025:Nielsen, 2012:Marasco, 1976:, p. 139. 1972:Marasco, 1941:Habicht, 1928:Marasco, 1919:, p. 142. 1915:Marasco, 1903:, p. 115. 1899:Marasco, 1886:Marasco, 1873:Marasco, 1847:Marasco, 1821:Marasco, 1808:Marasco, 1786:, p. 105. 1782:Marasco, 1773:, p. 123. 1756:Marasco, 1747:, p. 105. 1743:Marasco, 1718:, p. 104. 1714:Marasco, 1701:Marasco, 1692:, p. 104. 1688:Marasco, 1679:, p. 101. 1675:Marasco, 1662:Marasco, 1649:Marasco, 1623:Marasco, 1610:Marasco, 1597:Marasco, 1584:Marasco, 1571:Marasco, 1549:Marasco, 1536:Marasco, 1527:, p. 330. 1514:, p. 121. 1497:Marasco, 1488:, p. 120. 1458:Rousset, 1379:Habicht, 1366:Marasco, 1357:, p. 118. 1289:Rousset, 1276:Marasco, 1267:, p. 105. 1228:Marasco, 1189:Marasco, 1180:, p. 326. 1064:, p. 142. 875:Ptolemy I 779:Akrotatus 712:Patroklos 672:Rhithymna 628:Mantineia 505:Acrotatus 485:Ptolemaic 413:Epidauros 395:(without 393:Arcadians 308:Macedonia 259:Pausanias 251:Lucanians 228:Cleonymus 220:Pausanias 183:Acrotatus 128:Cleonymus 113:Macedonia 67:Successor 3820:(regent) 3808:Lycurgus 3773:Agis III 3718:Anaxilas 3688:Nicander 3668:Prytanis 3610:Areus II 3500:Alcmenes 3495:Teleclus 3480:Doryssus 3441:(regent) 3403:Menelaus 3372:Perieres 3367:Cynortas 3308:Lelegids 3207:Basileia 2843:Plutarch 2366:Hoover, 2350:Kralli, 2341:, p. 33. 2118:Kralli, 2069:La Crète 2054:Kralli, 1860:Kralli, 1834:Kralli, 1799:, p. 235 1769:Kralli, 1734:, p. 30. 1575:, p. 85. 1510:Kralli, 1501:, p. 73. 1484:Kralli, 1449:, p. 29. 1414:Kralli, 1353:Kralli, 1337:Kralli, 1315:Kralli, 1280:, p. 71. 1254:, p. 28. 1232:, p. 37. 1206:, p. 27. 1086:Beloch, 1060:Hoover, 1001:Agis III 971:Jonathan 888:Gerousia 884:ephorate 859:syssitia 795:Herakles 762:Lycurgus 746:Dioscuri 742:Herakles 699:Venetian 680:Tainaron 648:Agis III 636:Phigalia 529:Carthage 497:Chilonis 489:Seleucid 453:Messenia 324:Agis III 312:Seleucus 261:won the 253:and the 249:against 247:Tarentum 236:ekklesia 232:Gerousia 224:Plutarch 212:in 312. 3793:Agis IV 3758:Agis II 3738:Ariston 3678:Eunomus 3663:Eurypon 3653:Procles 3600:Areus I 3475:Labotas 3408:Orestes 3396:Atreids 3377:Oebalus 3362:Argalus 3357:Amyclas 3325:Eurotas 2848:Moralia 2094:Praisos 2090:Kydonia 1217:Laconia 1152:Pyrrhus 1136:Laconia 1108:Oliva, 1017:Cadmeus 1009:Aramaic 986:Abraham 967:Onias I 951:., 863:mosaics 847:Salamis 789:of the 766:diarchy 708:Piraeus 640:Kaphyae 573:Ptolemy 553:Knossos 533:phalanx 513:Pyhrrus 469:Argolis 467:in the 465:Troezen 405:Boeotia 377:Tritaia 369:Achaian 160:Corinth 117:Pyrrhus 83:Areus I 22:Areus I 3813:Pelops 3465:Agis I 3439:Theras 3301:Sparta 3221: 3192: 3176: 3139: 3100: 3084: 3070: 3056: 3042: 3020: 3003: 2983: 2966: 2952: 2902: 2888: 2810:Justin 2304:Sparta 2291:Sparta 2269:Sparta 2234:Sparta 2190:Sparta 2155:Sparta 2142:Sparta 2107:Sparta 2092:, and 2043:Sparta 2014:Sparta 1974:Sparta 1930:Sparta 1917:Sparta 1901:Sparta 1888:Sparta 1875:Sparta 1849:Sparta 1823:Sparta 1810:Sparta 1784:Sparta 1758:Sparta 1745:Sparta 1716:Sparta 1703:Sparta 1690:Sparta 1677:Sparta 1664:Sparta 1651:Sparta 1625:Sparta 1612:Sparta 1599:Sparta 1586:Sparta 1573:Sparta 1551:Sparta 1538:Sparta 1525:Sparte 1499:Sparta 1368:Sparta 1278:Sparta 1230:Sparta 1191:Sparta 1178:Sparte 1021:Danaos 1005:ephors 890:under 851:Cyprus 835:Sikyon 720:Megara 716:Attica 676:Lyttos 674:, and 668:Aptera 660:Itanos 656:Gortyn 638:, and 620:Xerxes 560:helots 549:Gortyn 509:Epirus 495:named 487:, and 421:Athens 401:Megara 385:Pharai 373:Patrai 365:Justin 336:Delphi 310:, and 210:Sicily 144:Athens 121:Epirus 105:Greece 3824:Nabis 3320:Myles 3315:Lelex 3297:Kings 2915:——, " 1154:, 26. 1026:Jason 975:Simon 896:Nabis 855:Nabis 803:obols 664:Olous 624:Tegea 585:Syria 581:Zarax 545:Agoge 537:Aigai 473:Crete 425:Crete 409:Argos 277:Reign 148:Egypt 140:Argos 92:Ἀρεύς 87:Greek 49:Reign 3658:Soos 3525:Leon 3418:Dion 3219:ISBN 3190:ISBN 3174:ISBN 3137:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3054:ISBN 3040:ISBN 3018:ISBN 3001:ISBN 2981:ISBN 2964:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2900:ISBN 2886:ISBN 1019:and 894:and 886:and 738:Obol 479:and 417:Elis 383:and 381:Dyme 171:Jews 146:and 115:and 3299:of 3159:", 3155:, " 3110:", 2937:", 2919:", 849:in 833:of 491:). 326:at 269:. 119:of 111:of 3846:: 3028:in 2992:, 2975:, 2880:, 2870:, 2851:, 2845:, 2833:, 2824:, 2812:, 2800:, 2409:^ 2384:^ 2359:^ 2034:^ 1908:^ 1723:^ 1436:^ 1346:^ 1143:^ 898:. 670:, 666:, 662:, 658:, 634:, 630:, 626:, 587:. 555:. 419:, 415:, 411:, 407:, 403:, 379:, 375:, 192:r. 123:. 89:: 3289:e 3282:t 3275:v 2857:. 2839:. 2818:. 2806:. 189:( 85:(

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Index