1891:
1879:
62:
1867:
42:
1855:
312:
Neotropical parrots comprise at least two monophyletic clades, one of primarily long-tailed species such as the macaws, conures, and allies, and the other of primarily short-tailed parrots such as amazons and allies.
1056:
Schweizer, M.; Seehausen, O.; Güntert, M.; Hertwig, S. T. (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations".
1092:
de Kloet, RS; de Kloet SR (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the
Psittaciformes".
906:
Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F.; Schodde, Richard (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)".
1007:
Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Matsumoto, T.; Eberhard, J. R.; Graves, G. R.; Sanchez, J. J.; Capelli, S.; Muller, H.; Scharpegge, J.; Chambers, G. K.; Fleischer, R. C. (2008).
1168:
Ribas, C.; Gaban-Lima, R.; Miyaki, C.; Cracraft, J. (2005). "Historical biogeography and diversification within the
Neotropical parrot genus Pionopsitta (Aves: Psittacidae)".
2007:
588:
Schodde, et al. recognize a division of the remaining genera into several distinct clades, indicating possible previously undefined tribes:
290:
by clear-cutting, burning, and flooding by construction of dams, capture for the pet trade, and introduction of non-native predators.
1216:
1188:
935:"Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations"
297:, and have been geographically isolated for at least 30–55 million years by molecular dating methods. Though fairly few
213:
remarked upon them in his journal in 1492. Systematic descriptions of the birds were first available in German naturalist
1128:
305:
and parakeets; the oldest are from 16 million years ago. They attest that modern genera were mostly distinct by the
1009:"A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous"
964:
Leo Joseph; Alicia Toon; Erin E. Schirtzinger; Timothy F. Wright (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera
1997:
1992:
262:. A few of these are in imminent danger of extinction with fewer than 500 individuals in the wild or in captivity:
1777:
1530:
343:
of the neotropical parrots is not yet fully resolved, but the following subdivision is supported by solid studies.
2002:
1129:"Correspondence: Higher classification of New World parrots (Psittaciformes; Arinae), with diagnoses of tribes"
795:
1443:
1209:
219:
1560:(extinctions: † indicates a species confirmed to be extinct, ₴ indicates evidence only from sub-fossils)
1845:
833:
735:
1255:
1381:
61:
1202:
934:
1959:
1907:
1883:
1757:
1659:
1497:
759:
730:
398:
17:
1954:
1719:
1624:
1406:
1401:
1369:
1265:
49:
1357:
1895:
1747:
1737:
1523:
1428:
1352:
1300:
1280:
1275:
414:
279:
210:
203:
963:
877:
8:
1649:
1629:
1386:
1364:
1332:
1295:
1270:
857:
810:
566:
558:
530:
447:
406:
283:
275:
271:
247:
195:
972:
illuminate the ecological radiation of
Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)".
1772:
1474:
1433:
1413:
1391:
1322:
1290:
1033:
1008:
791:
354:
340:
255:
56:
1714:
1709:
1689:
1654:
1639:
1458:
1453:
1423:
1342:
1337:
1181:
1151:
1109:
1074:
1038:
989:
950:
893:"TiF Checklist: BASAL AUSTRALAVES: Cariamiformes, Falconiformes & Psittaciformes"
454:
430:
187:
1260:
1987:
1945:
1878:
1871:
1767:
1762:
1347:
1305:
1177:
1143:
1101:
1066:
1028:
1020:
981:
946:
915:
892:
872:
828:
1194:
1982:
1812:
1670:
1604:
1586:
1516:
1491:
1418:
1317:
1310:
763:
720:
522:
442:
422:
267:
179:
1105:
1070:
985:
1827:
1795:
1634:
1581:
1576:
1327:
1250:
725:
683:
667:
263:
214:
1147:
932:
919:
194:. Among them are some of the most familiar and iconic parrots, including the
1976:
1930:
1816:
1644:
1567:
1374:
1225:
819:
772:
635:
615:
578:
516:
386:
370:
348:
287:
191:
175:
150:
146:
1024:
582:– amazon parrots (about 30 living species – one subspecies recently extinct)
1859:
1822:
1787:
1396:
1285:
1155:
1113:
1078:
1042:
993:
858:"Parrot evolution and paleogeographical events: Mitochondrial DNA evidence"
623:
506:
486:- sun conure and allies (six living species, at least one recently extinct)
362:
294:
251:
224:
1939:
1664:
462:
336:
317:
306:
123:
41:
1832:
1615:
699:
691:
498:
490:
466:– true macaws (eight living species, and at least one recently extinct)
243:
199:
1127:
Schodde R, Remsen JV Jr, Schirtzinder EE, Joseph L, Wright TF (2013).
335:
which along with the
African or Old World parrots comprise the family
1700:
470:
329:
164:
73:
1901:
502:– genus of parakeets in Central and South America, and the Caribbean
1924:
1006:
482:
378:
301:
of modern parrots are known, most of these are from tribe Arini of
93:
1556:
1242:
538:
435:
391:
171:
1055:
933:
Manuel
Schweizer; Ole Seehausen & Stefan T. Hertwig (2011).
209:
The parrots of the New World have been known to
Europeans since
1126:
715:
659:
599:
550:
298:
232:
183:
167:
113:
83:
856:
Miyaki, C. Y.; Matioli, S. R.; Burke, T.; Wajntal, A. (1998).
1548:
1539:
1229:
1167:
643:
474:– some of the mini-macaws (three species, previously called
320:
or orange-headed parrot, was discovered as recently as 2002.
302:
239:
905:
802:
282:. The chief reasons for decline in parrot populations are
259:
229:
Natural
History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands
103:
1508:
855:
390:– blue macaws (two living species, one probably recently
382:(around two dozen species, one possibly recently extinct)
808:
758:
1843:
2008:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the
Neotropics
1224:
1091:
1738:Red-shouldered macaw (Hahn's macaw or noble macaw)
834:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22685766A110475642.en
1974:
1720:Golden-collared macaw (or yellow-collared macaw)
1625:Blue-and-yellow macaw (or blue-and-gold macaw)
1524:
1210:
339:, one of three families of true parrots. The
1049:
926:
1650:Red-and-green macaw (or green-winged macaw)
1531:
1517:
1217:
1203:
223:published in 1648, and English naturalist
40:
1032:
876:
832:
1660:Chestnut-fronted macaw (or severe macaw)
1191:South American Classification Committee.
1085:
542:(7 species; all previously included in
246:in recent centuries. A second genus is
14:
1975:
1715:Blue-winged macaw (or Illiger's macaw)
1906:
1905:
1640:Great green macaw (or Buffon's macaw)
1512:
1198:
1094:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1059:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1000:
974:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
957:
878:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025954
570:– yellow-faced parrot (previously in
494:– South and Middle American parakeets
374:– thick-billed parrots (two species)
820:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
773:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
752:
24:
328:Neotropical parrots belong to the
25:
2019:
1189:Split Gypopsitta from Pionopsitta
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1778:Dominican green-and-yellow macaw
1182:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01289.x
951:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x
60:
1120:
865:Molecular Biology and Evolution
809:BirdLife International (2017).
899:
885:
848:
174:in 32 genera found throughout
13:
1:
745:
220:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
7:
1106:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013
1071:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021
986:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017
709:
323:
309:, a few million years ago.
10:
2024:
1538:
813:Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
627:(two species, formerly in
293:The New World parrots are
254:species are classified as
1914:
1804:
1786:
1746:
1728:
1698:
1680:
1613:
1595:
1565:
1546:
1483:
1467:
1442:
1256:Vinaceous-breasted amazon
1241:
1148:10.11646/zootaxa.3691.5.5
920:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2
827:: e.T22685766A110475642.
144:
139:
57:Scientific classification
55:
48:
39:
34:
1998:Birds of Central America
1993:Parrots of South America
1382:Yellow-shouldered amazon
663:– caiques (four species)
402:– golden-plumed parakeet
238:Several species and one
1170:Journal of Biogeography
939:Journal of Biogeography
766:Conuropsis carolinensis
608:clade – proposed tribe
592:clade – proposed tribe
510:– Blue-crowned parakeet
250:. Over a third of the
2003:Birds of the Caribbean
1758:Lesser Antillean macaw
1498:List of amazon parrots
760:BirdLife International
731:List of amazon parrots
418:– red-shouldered macaw
1955:Paleobiology Database
1407:Southern mealy amazon
1402:Northern mealy amazon
1370:Yellow-crowned amazon
1266:Red-spectacled amazon
1025:10.1093/molbev/msn160
562:– short-tailed parrot
534:– blue-bellied parrot
434:– Carolina parakeet (
410:– yellow-eared parrot
50:Blue-and-yellow macaw
1748:Hypothetical extinct
1429:Orange-winged amazon
1353:Yellow-headed amazon
1301:Lilac-crowned amazon
1281:Yellow-billed amazon
1276:White-fronted amazon
703:(one or two species)
280:indigo-winged parrot
204:yellow-headed amazon
35:Neotropical parrots
1809:Neotropical parrots
1630:Blue-throated macaw
1488:Neotropical parrots
1387:Blue-fronted amazon
1365:Yellow-naped amazon
1333:Blue-cheeked amazon
1296:Puerto Rican amazon
1271:Black-billed amazon
572:Amazona, Salvatoria
458:– red-bellied macaw
448:extinct in the wild
316:A new species, the
276:Puerto Rican parrot
272:blue-throated macaw
248:extinct in the wild
196:blue and gold macaw
170:comprise about 150
161:neotropical parrots
1773:Jamaican red macaw
1475:Blue-winged amazon
1434:St. Vincent amazon
1392:Scaly-naped amazon
1358:Tres Marías amazon
1323:Red-crowned amazon
1291:Hispaniolan amazon
794:}}: old-form url (
358:– burrowing parrot
235:in 1731 and 1743.
27:Subfamily of birds
1970:
1969:
1908:Taxon identifiers
1841:
1840:
1710:Blue-headed macaw
1690:Red-bellied macaw
1655:Red-fronted macaw
1506:
1505:
1459:Martinique amazon
1454:Guadeloupe amazon
1424:Red-tailed amazon
1343:Red-necked amazon
1338:Red-browed amazon
1019:(10): 2141–2156.
945:(11): 2176–2194.
526:– pileated parrot
426:– golden parakeet
190:and the southern
188:Caribbean islands
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2015:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1768:Red-headed macaw
1763:Martinique macaw
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1468:Disputed species
1348:St. Lucia amazon
1306:Red-lored amazon
1219:
1212:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1176:(8): 1409–1427.
1160:
1159:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1004:
998:
997:
961:
955:
954:
930:
924:
923:
903:
897:
896:
889:
883:
882:
880:
862:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
836:
806:
800:
799:
788:
786:
784:
756:
676:clade including
671:– red-fan parrot
652:clade including
446:– Spix's macaw (
65:
64:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1884:Central America
1876:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1800:
1782:
1751:
1742:
1724:
1694:
1676:
1671:St. Croix macaw
1609:
1591:
1561:
1542:
1537:
1507:
1502:
1479:
1463:
1446:extinct species
1445:
1438:
1419:Imperial amazon
1414:Kawall's amazon
1318:Diademed amazon
1311:Lilacine amazon
1237:
1223:
1164:
1163:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1090:
1086:
1054:
1050:
1005:
1001:
962:
958:
931:
927:
904:
900:
891:
890:
886:
860:
853:
849:
839:
837:
807:
803:
789:
782:
780:
757:
753:
748:
721:List of parrots
712:
695:(eight species)
647:(eight species)
610:Amoropsittacini
326:
180:Central America
149:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1936:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:List of macaws
1825:
1820:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1796:Catalina macaw
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Military macaw
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:Hyacinth macaw
1579:
1577:Glaucous macaw
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Yucatan amazon
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:Tucumán amazon
1258:
1253:
1251:Festive amazon
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1226:Amazon parrots
1222:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1162:
1161:
1142:(5): 591–596.
1119:
1100:(3): 706–721.
1084:
1048:
999:
980:(3): 675–684.
956:
925:
898:
884:
871:(5): 544–551.
847:
801:
750:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
733:
728:
726:List of macaws
723:
718:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
704:
696:
688:
687:(four species)
684:Hapalopsittaca
674:
673:
672:
664:
650:
649:
648:
640:
632:
620:
606:
605:
604:
603:(nine species)
586:
585:
584:
583:
575:
563:
559:Graydidascalus
555:
547:
535:
527:
513:
512:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
467:
459:
451:
439:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
383:
375:
367:
359:
325:
322:
264:glaucous macaw
227:'s two-volume
215:Georg Marcgraf
155:
154:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
114:Psittaciformes
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1896:South America
1887:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1788:Hybrid macaws
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1682:Orthopsittaca
1679:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Scarlet macaw
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:Anodorhynchus
1564:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1444:Hypothetical
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:Panama amazon
1373:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
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1065:(3): 984–94.
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639:(two species)
638:
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629:Bolborhynchus
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619:(two species)
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19:
1915:
1823:Hybrid macaw
1808:
1729:
1699:
1681:
1614:
1605:Spix's macaw
1596:
1587:Lear's macaw
1566:
1555:
1547:
1487:
1397:Mealy amazon
1286:Cuban amazon
1233:
1173:
1169:
1139:
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624:Psilopsiagon
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567:Alipiopsitta
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557:
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507:Thectocercus
505:
497:
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407:Ognorhynchus
405:
399:Leptosittaca
397:
385:
377:
369:
363:Enicognathus
361:
353:
332:
327:
315:
311:
295:monophyletic
292:
284:habitat loss
268:Spix's macaw
242:have become
237:
228:
225:Mark Catesby
218:
208:
160:
158:
145:
133:
29:
1940:Wikispecies
1833:Mini-macaws
1730:Diopsittaca
1665:Cuban macaw
1597:Cyanopsitta
966:Psittacella
840:13 November
783:26 November
554:(8 species)
544:Pionopsitta
523:Pionopsitta
476:Propyrrhura
443:Cyanopsitta
415:Diopsittaca
355:Cyanoliseus
337:Psittacidae
318:bald parrot
307:Pleistocene
130:Subfamily:
124:Psittacidae
1977:Categories
746:References
700:Myiopsitta
692:Brotogeris
499:Psittacara
491:Eupsittula
431:Conuropsis
256:threatened
200:sun conure
1872:Caribbean
1701:Primolius
970:Pezoporus
914:: 26–40.
792:cite iucn
740:parakeets
668:Deroptyus
531:Triclaria
471:Primolius
330:subfamily
165:New World
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
1925:Wikidata
1494:: Arini)
1156:26167605
1114:16099384
1079:19699808
1043:18653733
994:21453777
762:(2012).
738:Aratinga
736:List of
710:See also
660:Pionites
483:Aratinga
379:Pyrrhura
341:taxonomy
324:Taxonomy
286:through
211:Columbus
120:Family:
94:Chordata
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1988:Parrots
1931:Q278968
1846:Portals
1557:Species
1243:Species
1234:Amazona
1136:Zootaxa
1034:2727385
908:Zootaxa
594:Forpini
579:Amazona
539:Pyrilia
436:extinct
423:Guaruba
392:extinct
299:fossils
258:by the
244:extinct
172:species
168:parrots
140:Tribes
110:Order:
100:Class:
1983:Arinae
1960:400978
1946:Arinae
1916:Arinae
1750:macaws
1540:Macaws
1154:
1112:
1077:
1041:
1031:
992:
716:Conure
600:Forpus
551:Pionus
515:Tribe
347:Tribe
333:Arinae
303:macaws
278:, and
252:extant
233:London
202:, and
186:, the
184:Mexico
134:Arinae
18:Arinae
1860:Birds
1817:Arini
1813:tribe
1549:Genus
1492:tribe
1230:genus
1132:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
654:Arini
644:Touit
349:Arini
240:genus
176:South
147:Arini
1152:PMID
1140:3691
1110:PMID
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1039:PMID
990:PMID
968:and
912:3205
842:2021
825:2017
796:help
785:2013
778:2012
260:IUCN
178:and
159:The
104:Aves
1673:† ₴
1616:Ara
1178:doi
1144:doi
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1067:doi
1029:PMC
1021:doi
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