1135:. In 1893 they began to publish propaganda toward the non Armenian subjects. The main theme of these materials were people should take control of their own life against the oppressors. The propaganda did not have any effect on the Muslims. These activities ended with clashes between the Armenian revolutionaries and Ottoman police. Most revolutionaries received jail time. The Ottoman Empire and Britain would then negotiate the release of the activists. Some British observers concluded that Armenian revolutionaries were the responsible party. Local authorities took initiative against the revolutionaries as they were cutting telegraph wires and bombing government buildings. Britain or European powers concluded that further intervention would end with sectarian conflict.
184:
522:
771:
788:
1764:
537:
22:
618:. Educated and influential members of the large diaspora tried to transmit these ideas back to their own, with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity. The European intellectual currents such as ideas of French Revolution were transmitted through the 23,000 Armenian students within 127 Protestant congregations with 13,000 communicants, and 400 schools.
724:
capital meet very seldom. Local assemblies were often deaf to the complaints of the poorer members of the community. In 1880, the wealthy and influential
Armenians signed an address of loyalty and devotion to the Sultan, condemning nationalist agitation as the work of misguided persons who have no authority or influence. This alienation from the center was highlighted by the work of bishop
922:
thousand deaths were spread over a long period of time. This fact supports the "revolutionary view" instead of clash of civilizations, which showed the
European powers the true nature of Ottoman rule. European powers needed to do something about these events through the international agreements. Assuredly Europe would do nothing if those thousand deaths were spread over years.
124:
757:
1008:. In some of these districts they formed pluralities. Besides other difficulties, Armenians perceived the stipulations of the treaty (Article LXI) of Berlin as an early realization of their autonomy. In 1879, one year of after the agreements, the only thing missing was the practical events to enable the articles for the demand of an Armenian state.
367:
While there are reasonable scholarly scenarios that there was a Proto-Armenian component in Urartu, and that the early
Armenians were the bona fide cultural heirs to Urartu, but the essentialist view of Armenian nationhood that simply equates Urartu with Armenia cannot be sustained (Kohl and Tsetskhladze 1995).
897:
administration can provide the equality, justice and the freedom of conscience. A Christian administration should replace the Muslim administration. Armenia (Eastern
Anatolia) and Kilikya, are the regions, where the Christian administration should be founded... The Turkish Armenians want this... That
841:
come to another turn. The newly established relations were complex. The change did not only affected the
Armenian Millet but also the local non-tribal Kurds as well. The Kurdish tribal leaders that fled during the war began to express their power along the countryside. The region's social structure,
723:
worked to increase the influence of sub-councils of
Armenian National Assembly. The Armenian National Assembly had a general assembly in Constantinople and sub-councils in the provincial centers. The general assembly consisted of 120 Armenian Nobles and 20 ecclesiastical members. The assembly in the
366:
native to the
Armenian plateau, and attributes the invention of metallurgy to the Armenians (Kohl and Tsetskhladze 1995). Heavily slanted depictions of Urartu are common in this literature. Armenian historical view must explain why Urartian epigraphy is in the non-Indo-European Urartian language.
1020:
trusted the Kurds in safeguarding the southern and eastern fringe of the empire and mountainous topography, and limited transportation and communication system. The state had little access to these provinces and were forced to make informal agreements with tribal chiefs, for instance the
Ottoman
632:
in 1676. He entered a monastery but was concerned about the level of culture and education in
Armenia at that period and sought to do something about it. Contacts with Western missionaries led him to become interested in translating material from the West into Armenian and setting up an order to
921:
preserved the Empire for centuries. A strong argument behind rejecting the "clash of civilizations" originated from the analysis of the activity timetable. The clashes collected in distinct events. Each event had high density with distinct beginning and an end. There was no single period that a
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and the
European powers were asked to intervene. Instead of Armenian autonomy in these regions, Kurds (Kurdish tribal chiefs) retained much of their autonomy and power. Abdulhamid made little attempt to alter the traditional power structure of “segmented, agrarian Kurish societies”. The Sultan
502:
Armenians were able to maintain their houses of worship, obtain religious literature, and employ clergy of their faith for their congregations. These were rights given in the local level. These rights become limited with the economic and technological developments of the 18th century. Armenian
845:
Kagik Ozanyan claims that the Tanzimat spurred the formation of an Armenian political strata and incited the Armenian national spirit, which was aligned with the nation building through revolution. General Mayewski, who was the Russian Consul General to Ottoman Empire recorded the following
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were forcefully deported to Ottoman Empire. These emigrations brought tensions and changed the population distribution and balance of power within the local communities in eastern Anatolia. Russia proclaimed itself protector of Christian Armenians and this created a relatively more hostile
577:
in 1831 to the end of World War I, the missionaries made considerable contributions to the education of Armenians. They not only stressed elementary education, but established colleges and other institutions of learning. The notable institutions included Central College of
263:. As Armenian Ottomans had their own courts of law, collected their own taxes, and their own prisons, hospitals, and schools, some observers noted the community resembled a state within a state. Over the course of Ottoman Armenia, the Armenian elite grew more favorable for
1182:(Europe), mostly by active Russian Armenians, took the idea of nationalism and gave it a clear imprint of Caucasian revolutionary thought in 1887. Caucasian revolutionary thought was directed at the Ottoman Empire, which the diaspora saw as its homeland. The
1170:
by any means possible". H. K. Vartanian wrote that the Armenian revolutionary movement was a direct and necessary response to the increasingly intolerable social, economic and political conditions of the 19th century decaying and declining Ottoman Empire.
728:. He worked to increase the influence of sub-councils of the towns of eastern Anatolia in the capital. The Armenian National Assembly's policies aligned with Anatolia with the increased influence of sub-councils. 1892 Khrimyan was unanimously elected
877:
According to one essentialist position, the breakdown of the "coexistence of the communities within the Ottoman Empire" was the direct result of the Christian Armenians and Muslims Turks and Kurds not being able to live together. Armenian
975:
produced an immediate change. Unfortunately there were special difficulties for the realization of the so-called Ottoman liberal political program. For one thing not all the Armenians were under the Ottoman Empire. There was
804:
made the movement far more similar to that of the Greeks than those of other ethnic groups. Unresolved social issues in the Empire began to feed Armenian national politics, along the other ethnic groups. As the
486:. The Ottoman millet specifically referred to the separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which sections of the society were allowed to rule themselves with fairly little interference from the
968:. There had been no considerable movement in behalf of Armenian independence before Abdul Hamid II's reign. 1878 marked the first down turn of relations between Armenians and Ottoman Empire.
1028:
did not have jurisdiction over religious law which bolstered Kurdish authority and autonomy. The Armenian national movement had discovered through their revolutionary movement that neither
940:
The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to secure recognition as an independent sovereign power. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the
633:
facilitate education. Amongst their countrymen the influence of the Mekhitarist Order not only connected Armenians closer to God but facilitated an early sense of national ambition.
1150:. The Armenian diaspora, which lived in Europe mainly, was composed of the elite whom were being educated in European Universities or performing the trade. The Armenians in Europe (
732:. These two Ottoman reforms, which were theoretically examples of social change by law, brought serious stress over Ottoman political and administrative structure. Armenian Nobles (
1104:(ARF) originally aimed for autonomy of the Armenian-populated areas, which changed to the establishment of an Armenian state with the coming years. The ARF adopted a decentralized
1069:, local groups, such as the 'Protectors of the Fatherland' (1881) which was established in Erzurum. Protectors of the Fatherland was almost certainly affected by the ideas of
461:
1194:
campaigns into Ottoman territory. The Tsarist regime cracked down on any attempt by Russian Armenians to engage in action across the border, a leading example being the
566:
The 18th century generated new schools and libraries and a chance to study in the universities of Western Europe for well-connected Christians of the Ottoman Empire.
1015:
the Armenian population in the six vilayets, which overlapped with some Kurdish regions, declined between 80,000 and 300,000. These massacres were perpetuated by the
551:
Enlightenment among Armenians, sometimes called as renaissance of the Armenian people, came from two sources; The first being the Armenian monks belonging to the
1183:
291:(Dashnak) were the main representatives of Armenian interests in the Ottoman government, while sometimes also using violence to defend their constituents. After
1300:
Philip L. Kohl and Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, 'Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology in the Caucasus' in: Philip L. Kohl, Clare P. Fawcett (eds.),
856:(3). Supporting of these ideas by Western governments and publication through the inspiration and efforts of Armenian clerical men (Humanitarian intervention).
327:
Beyond the mostly accepted terms of the Armenian nationalism as given in the above paragraphs, the concept has come to include a range of interpretations of
1108:
according to which the various chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere.
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with the coming years. These secret societies (or parties for some) which developed "National Policies" stated goals as "freeing the Armenians from the
1881:
708:
1178:, where Armenians could meet, organize funds, and send materials to their comrades in the Ottoman Empire easily. The organization that was founded in
700:
1174:
The Armenian national movement was an international movement. However, the practical center of gravity for Armenian revolutionaries was within the
886:
454:
1752:
656:, identified today as the "Nationalist Armenian Flag." Its colors were red, green, and blue respectively, representing the band of colors that
193:", the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, standing next to the tomb of Bel, with Hayk's arrow still in Bel's chest. The map depicts the
1376:
F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr., Bilal N. ÂŞimsir, British Documents On Ottoman Armenians 1856-1880), Vol. I, Ankara 19R2, pp.173. Document No. 69
1730:
1214:
672:
213:
142:
39:
1154:) began to hold meetings about their oppressed status leading to the foundation of parties that would formalize "national politics" under
980:
approaching to 900,000 at the nineteenth century. Ottoman subjects amounted to perhaps 1,200,000, and were mainly distributed through the
86:
2188:
1545:
716:
447:
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originate after the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 that led to the re-establishment of a Bulgarian Sovereign state with the
58:
1896:
389:
610:, in which institutions many Armenian students received their education. Here they came into contact with the radical ideas of the
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In addition, Protestant missionaries soon became involved evangelizing among the Apostolic Armenians. From the first day when Rev.
487:
65:
712:
260:
354:
interpretations of Armenian ethnicity over the ages abound in Armenian historiography, and flourished particularly during the
1309:
1288:
1260:
1100:). The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hentchaks) had the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire. The
1081:
1060:
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degraded, Armenians begin to rethink their position in the world. The Armenian subjects of the Empire were influenced by the
800:
The Armenian national ideology developed long after the Greek movement, however the factors contributing to the emergence of
72:
645:
711:) defined the condition of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, but also introduced regulations defining the authority of the
2157:
1423:
918:
54:
1745:
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Ottoman citizens wanted representation in national level. They wanted to have participation more than the local level.
425:
2106:
2076:
1824:
1163:
1155:
1101:
1093:
1085:
814:
288:
284:
160:
105:
2111:
498:. The Millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. As
2183:
1850:
1089:
854:(2). Development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenian opinion (Revolution Perspective),
280:
2142:
1866:
1835:
1669:
1538:
1175:
1012:
977:
953:
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Civilization: "It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together... (Nerses Varjabedian)"
2071:
1845:
1694:
957:
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coexistence of the communities was broken. The broken social structure required implementation of new reforms.
688:
415:
410:
336:
300:
248:
43:
913:
Most of the Ottoman sources do not give credit to these claims. They present the argument that the system of "
2178:
2132:
1891:
1738:
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During 1880-1890 the local communication channels were developed. The organizations were fully functional in
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and the network of congregations and schools of the Protestant missionaries throughout the Empire. After the
603:
1760:
1664:
570:
1901:
1689:
1631:
1591:
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405:
134:
79:
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1840:
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1601:
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838:
599:
256:
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560:
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276:
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Ottoman Armenians educated with the European Way began to make attempts in forming organizations –
479:
339:. Identification with the distant glories of Urartu and its prehistoric forerunners, together with
229:
1205:
was the first recorded bloody encounter between the Armenians and the Ottoman Empire in May 1889.
1033:
997:
972:
914:
806:
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of 1967 which besides "numerous plagiarisms and mistakes" goes as far as to postulate a separate
233:
32:
1626:
1276:
961:
872:
734:
430:
1313:
817:, the Russian-Ottoman border region brought on new the political and military structure. Many
1325:
G. Warneck, Outline of a History of Protestant Missions (Edinburgh and London, 1901), p. 241.
1021:
965:
1523:
2081:
1886:
1768:
1674:
1581:
1202:
1187:
801:
611:
321:
217:
8:
2152:
1714:
1596:
1334:
Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times", page 198
1195:
328:
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James J. Reid. "Total War, the Annihilation Ethic, and the Armenian Genocide, 1870-1918"
1048:
555:. The second one being the socio-political developments of the 19th century, mainly the
228:
movement and then with transforming the state into a constitutional monarchy during the
1975:
1925:
1719:
1704:
1586:
1016:
1001:
906:
882:
834:
625:
499:
435:
237:
255:, protecting Armenian rights and privileges. This corresponded with the opening of an
2091:
2086:
1920:
1636:
1621:
1305:
1284:
1256:
1246:
1151:
1070:
1044:
1029:
931:
810:
621:
615:
556:
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527:
379:, the social structure of Armenian Ottomans before the 18th century was based on the
344:
296:
272:
494:('national' leader), most often a religious hierarch. Armenian millet was under the
183:
2101:
2030:
1970:
1955:
1935:
1930:
1641:
1554:
1074:
945:
935:
725:
692:
542:
236:, or courts of law for confessional communities, further entrenched the problem of
893:
It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together. Only a
591:
521:
335:. The Armenians are the original inhabitants of the territory of what is named as
2045:
2040:
2035:
1980:
1876:
1861:
1709:
1250:
993:
756:
720:
649:
637:
475:
268:
252:
1477:
Eddie Arnavoudian; In defence of the Armenian National Liberation Movement, 2002
1343:
The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics By Richard G. Hovannisian p.129
684:
2020:
2000:
1965:
1945:
1940:
1813:
1782:
1615:
1611:
1226:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1066:
1040:
989:
829:
667:
In 1863, Ottoman Armenians were introduced to major reforms as an extension of
653:
607:
595:
483:
395:
376:
355:
1427:
770:
2172:
2010:
1995:
1960:
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is, a Christian administration is demanded in Turkish Armenia, as in Lebanon.
380:
363:
264:
1606:
1124:
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as well as prominent reformers who were European-educated bureaucrats. The
350:
The idea which claims people living under Urartu were consciously Armenian,
343:
has come to be a powerful symbol of Armenian ethnicity especially among the
1654:
981:
941:
704:
661:
641:
351:
340:
198:
1699:
1364:
General MAYEWSKI; Statistique des Provinces de Van et de Bitlis, pp. 11-13
852:(1). Their known evolution in political matters (Issue of Civilizations),
1005:
818:
292:
787:
676:
2015:
1352:
Esat Uras, Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi, Ä°stanbul 1976, 5. 463;
894:
822:
225:
1646:
1404:. The Kurds and the State. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005)
1159:
903:
879:
850:
The rebellion of Armenians resulted from the following three causes:
696:
680:
598:. There were also colleges, such as International College at Smyrna;
579:
244:
21:
2005:
1950:
1818:
1097:
738:) were not happy, and they were the owners of the economic system.
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587:
574:
536:
491:
221:
194:
1486:
Vartanian; The Western Armenian Liberation Struggle, Yerevan, 1967
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777:
583:
1830:
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expresses his position to British Minister of Foreign Affairs,
332:
317:
259:, which took over responsibility of temporal matters from the
1990:
1571:
1553:
1138:
Armenians mainly lived in the intersection of three empires,
1132:
1025:
629:
320:
has come to play a significant role in 19th and 20th-century
212:
resembles that of other non-Turkish ethnic groups during the
1449:
Storm Centres of the Near East: personal memories, 1879-1929
657:
624:
had exclusive devotion to all persons and things Armenian.
190:
1413:
The Times, 10 January 1883, p. 5; ibid., 8 June 1883, p. 5
793:
Armenian Question: Negotiations for San Stefano Agreement
679:
period emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like
1504:
Nalbandian, Armenian Revolutionary Movement, pp. 145–7.
1302:
Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology
1372:
1370:
971:
The stipulation in favor of Armenian autonomy in the
1495:
Nalbandian, Armenian Revolutionary Movement, p. 115.
1424:"Chapter VIII: WESTERN ARMENIA (FROM 1820 TO 1913)"
719:was seen as a milestone by progressive Armenians.
652:. Alishan designed a flag inspired by the national
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1882:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
1367:
2170:
1084:gathered momentum with the establishment of the
925:
331:, including the link to the Iron Age kingdom of
303:declared independence from the Ottoman Empire.
673:nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire
243:During the Armenian national awakening, Sultan
137:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1043:who agreed to transfer what will be named as "
490:. Each millet was under the supervision of an
1746:
1539:
1039:The first effective intervention had come by
455:
1385:Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 42.
1215:Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
214:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
866:
648:appealed to him to create the first modern
311:
1897:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
1753:
1739:
1546:
1532:
462:
448:
358:, with examples such as S. A. Sardarian's
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1054:
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1360:
1358:
1245:
1077:as 'Freedom or Death' was their motto.
952:from the Ottoman Empire granted by the
837:, who were left under Russian control.
506:
370:
2171:
1426:. Armenianhistory.info. Archived from
1388:
1036:'s Liberalism were dependable allies.
1734:
1527:
1355:
1082:Armenian national liberation movement
1061:Armenian national liberation movement
232:. However, the reorganization of the
1304:, Cambridge University Press, 1995,
1283:, Cambridge University Press, 1995,
646:Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe
216:. Ottoman statesmen tried to negate
117:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
2158:Western Armenia Government in Exile
833:environment to the Muslims, mostly
741:
604:Syrian Protestant College at Beirut
287:(Ramgavar Party or Armenakan), and
271:, with some being interested in an
13:
2189:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
1468:Graves, Storm Centres, pp. 132-139
715:. The "Armenian Constitution" and
390:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans
14:
2200:
2107:Turkish consulate attack in Paris
1825:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1819:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
1220:
1102:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1086:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
671:. Attempting to stem the tide of
360:Pervobytnoye obshchestvo v Amenii
289:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
285:Armenian Democratic Liberal Party
1851:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
1762:
1090:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
861:Russian General Counsel Mayewski
786:
769:
755:
749:Perspectives of National Revival
535:
520:
281:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
182:
122:
20:
2143:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1441:
1416:
1407:
1379:
1176:Armenians in the Russian Empire
1047:" back to the Armenians in the
1013:Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896
978:Armenians in the Russian Empire
247:sanctioned the promulgation of
31:needs additional citations for
2112:Ankara EsenboÄźa Airport attack
2072:Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
1873:Defunct militant organizations
1846:Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1294:
1270:
1239:
958:National awakening of Bulgaria
689:Armenian National Constitution
594:, and St. Paul's Institute at
1:
1892:New Armenian Resistance Group
1459:Graves, Storm Centres, p. 138
1232:
926:Armenian Question Perspective
55:"Armenian national awakening"
2077:Yıldız assassination attempt
590:, Central Girls' College at
530:in the island of San Lazzaro
7:
2133:Provisional Republic of Van
2062:Armenian national awakening
1902:Armenian Revolutionary Army
1841:National Revival of Artsakh
1208:
815:1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War
730:Catholicos of All Armenians
275:for themselves. During the
210:Armenian national awakening
10:
2205:
2097:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2067:Armenian national movement
1058:
929:
870:
839:Kurdish-Armenian relations
717:Armenian National Assembly
600:American College for Girls
306:
257:Armenian National Assembly
2138:First Republic of Armenia
2125:
2054:
1910:
1803:
1775:
1562:
691:(150 articles drafted by
561:Russian nihilist movement
496:Armenian Apostolic Church
277:Second Constitutional Era
253:Gregorian Armenian Millet
2117:1983 Orly Airport attack
1987:Militants and commanders
1810:Active political parties
954:Treaty of Constantinople
867:Civilization Perspective
644:in Venice. In 1885, the
312:Prehistoric-Historic Era
230:First Constitutional Era
2184:19th century in Armenia
1557:during the 19th century
1247:Redgate, Anne Elizabeth
1186:was founded in 1889 by
642:Mkhitarist Congregation
582:, Euphrates College of
301:First Armenian Republic
267:than allegiance to the
1447:Sir Robert W. Graves,
1277:Anne Elizabeth Redgate
1055:Revolution Perspective
1032:with his idealism nor
962:liberation of Bulgaria
911:
873:Clash of Civilizations
864:
586:, Anatolia College at
480:confessional community
394:Nationalism under the
240:in the Ottoman state.
1867:National United Party
1836:National Agenda Party
1515:Looking Toward Ararat
1184:Young Armenia Society
966:Treaty of San Stefano
948:won independence for
891:
848:
660:saw after landing on
261:Armenian Patriarchate
2179:Armenian nationalism
2082:Battle of Sardarabad
1887:Army of Independence
1769:Armenian nationalism
1203:Bashkaleh Resistance
1188:Kristapor Mikayelian
802:Armenian nationalism
640:was a member of the
612:Age of Enlightenment
514:Armenian Renaissance
507:Armenian Renaissance
371:Armenian Classic Era
322:Armenian nationalism
224:era, first with the
218:Armenian nationalism
40:improve this article
2153:Republic of Artsakh
2148:Republic of Armenia
1196:Gugunian Expedition
889:on April 13, 1878.
329:Prehistoric Armenia
279:, parties like the
2126:Political entities
1976:Rafayel Ishkhanian
1926:Mikayel Nalbandian
1017:Hamidiye regiments
956:in July 1832. The
919:State and Religion
907:Nerses Varjabedyan
883:Nerses Varjabedyan
500:People of The Book
201:, with Noah's ark.
141:You can assist by
2166:
2165:
2092:Karabakh movement
2087:February Uprising
1921:Khachatur Abovian
1728:
1727:
1555:National revivals
1310:978-0-521-48065-9
1289:978-0-521-48065-9
1262:978-0-631-22037-4
1152:Armenian diaspora
1071:French Revolution
1045:Wilsonian Armenia
1030:Tsar Alexander II
960:and consequently
932:Armenian question
811:Armenian Diaspora
622:Mekhitarist Order
616:French Revolution
557:French Revolution
553:Mekhitarist Order
528:Mekhitarist Order
472:
471:
398:
316:The discovery of
297:Armenian genocide
273:autonomous region
171:
170:
163:
116:
115:
108:
90:
2196:
2102:Khojaly massacre
2031:Movses Gorgisyan
1971:Silva Kaputikyan
1956:Avetis Aharonian
1936:Mkrtich Khrimian
1767:
1766:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1548:
1541:
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1190:which organized
1096:(later named as
1075:Greek Revolution
1067:secret societies
1049:Treaty of Sèvres
973:Treaty of Berlin
946:Greek Revolution
936:Eastern question
909:
862:
790:
773:
759:
742:National Revival
726:Mkrtich Khrimian
709:Krikor Margosian
693:Nahabet Rusinian
543:Mkrtich Khrimian
539:
524:
464:
457:
450:
393:
386:
385:
337:historic Armenia
186:
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159:
155:
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126:
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118:
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2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2121:
2050:
2046:Jirair Sefilian
2041:Vazgen Sargsyan
2036:Monte Melkonian
1981:Monte Melkonian
1906:
1877:Armenian fedayi
1862:Armenakan Party
1858:Defunct parties
1799:
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721:Khrimian Hayrik
701:Nigoghos Balian
638:Ghevont Alishan
571:William Goodell
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548:
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476:Armenian millet
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431:North Macedonia
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373:
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269:Ottoman Dynasty
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2026:Hagop Hagopian
2023:
2021:Garegin Nzhdeh
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Kevork Chavush
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Kevork Ajemian
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:Garegin Nzhdeh
1943:
1941:Shahan Natalie
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1918:
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1783:United Armenia
1779:
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1221:External links
1219:
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1210:
1207:
1168:Ottoman Empire
1148:Persian Empire
1144:Russian Empire
1140:Ottoman Empire
1106:modus operandi
1056:
1053:
1041:Woodrow Wilson
927:
924:
900:
887:Lord Salisbury
868:
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830:Russian Empire
807:Millets system
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654:Flag of France
628:, was born at
608:Robert College
575:Constantinople
541:
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2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Aram Manukian
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
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1996:Aghbiur Serob
1994:
1992:
1989:
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1961:Hayk Asatryan
1959:
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1804:Organizations
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1788:Tseghakronism
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1430:on 2003-05-24
1429:
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1410:
1403:
1402:Denise Natali
1398:
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1281:The Armenians
1278:
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1252:The Armenians
1248:
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663:
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650:Armenian flag
647:
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402:
401:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
382:
381:Millet system
378:
368:
365:
364:Armenian race
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:republicanism
262:
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246:
241:
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227:
223:
219:
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196:
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185:
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154:
144:
138:
136:
131:This article
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2061:
1792:
1648:
1576:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1418:
1409:
1381:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1301:
1296:
1280:
1272:
1251:
1241:
1200:
1173:
1137:
1110:
1105:
1079:
1064:
1038:
1010:
982:six vilayets
970:
942:Great Powers
939:
912:
892:
876:
849:
844:
799:
776:Revolution:
733:
705:Krikor Odian
666:
662:Mount Ararat
635:
620:
568:
565:
550:
473:
374:
359:
352:essentialist
349:
341:Mount Ararat
326:
315:
242:
209:
207:
199:Mount Ararat
157:
148:
135:copy editing
133:may require
132:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
685:Abdul Majid
573:settled in
426:Herzegovina
293:World War I
283:(Hunchak),
249:a basic law
220:during the
197:region and
2173:Categories
2016:Armen Garo
1821:(Ramgavar)
1690:Lithuanian
1592:Belarusian
1434:2006-11-09
1233:References
1160:Hnchakians
1156:Armenakans
1125:Diyarbakır
1059:See also:
1011:After the
1002:Diyarbekir
930:See also:
871:See also:
819:Circassian
356:Soviet era
245:Abdul Aziz
226:Ottomanism
143:editing it
66:newspapers
1853:(Hunchak)
1827:(Dashnak)
1720:Ukrainian
1695:Norwegian
1670:Icelandic
1665:Hungarian
1602:Bulgarian
1291:, p. 276.
1267:, p. 276.
1255:. Wiley.
1198:of 1890.
1094:Armenakan
1034:Gladstone
904:Patriarch
895:Christian
880:Patriarch
828:from the
713:Patriarch
697:Servichen
681:Mahmud II
2006:Andranik
1951:Siamanto
1917:Thinkers
1776:Ideology
1655:Galician
1632:Estonian
1622:Croatian
1582:Asturian
1577:Armenian
1567:Albanian
1249:(2000).
1209:See also
1164:Dashnaks
1098:Ramgavar
901:—
859:—
778:Fedayees
677:Tanzimât
669:Tanzimat
630:Sebastia
626:Mekhitar
614:and the
588:Marsovan
559:and the
492:Ethnarch
416:Bulgaria
345:diaspora
295:and the
251:for the
222:Tanzimat
195:Lake Van
2055:History
1794:Miatsum
1715:Turkish
1710:Serbian
1700:Occitan
1685:Latvian
1675:Italian
1649:Vormärz
1647:German
1642:Flemish
1637:Finnish
1614:(incl.
1607:Catalan
1597:Bengali
1517:, p. 46
1192:Fedayee
994:Erzerum
835:Kurdish
826:muhacir
636:Father
584:Harpout
482:in the
406:Albania
375:In the
307:Origins
238:dualism
234:millets
80:scholar
1911:People
1831:Hosank
1705:Polish
1680:Jewish
1612:Celtic
1587:Basque
1513:Suny.
1314:p. 157
1308:
1287:
1259:
1180:Geneva
1162:, and
1131:, and
1129:Yozgat
1117:Amasya
1113:Ankara
1004:, and
998:Harput
990:Bitlis
950:Greece
944:, the
917:" and
915:Millet
675:, the
596:Tarsus
592:Marash
478:was a
436:Serbia
421:Greece
411:Bosnia
333:Urartu
318:Urartu
299:, the
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1991:Arabo
1931:Raffi
1660:Greek
1627:Czech
1616:Irish
1133:Tokat
1121:Çorum
1026:mufti
986:Sivas
735:Amira
580:Antep
87:JSTOR
73:books
1572:Arab
1306:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1201:The
1146:and
1092:and
1080:The
1073:and
1024:and
1022:qadi
934:and
821:and
707:and
683:and
658:Noah
606:and
474:The
208:The
191:Hayk
59:news
1006:Van
984:of
823:Laz
42:by
2175::
1390:^
1369:^
1357:^
1316:f.
1312:,
1279:,
1158:,
1142:,
1127:,
1123:,
1119:,
1115:,
1088:,
1051:.
1000:,
996:,
992:,
988:,
703:,
699:,
695:,
664:.
602:,
563:.
347:.
324:.
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1618:)
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
1437:.
1265:.
463:e
456:t
449:v
383:.
189:"
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
145:.
139:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
